Let's enjoy English 12th

【Where have we come from? Where are we going? 】

On the other hand, when being of no use is useful if taking a long range view.

Though the true liberal arts may not have been useful at once in the society, it’s basis which supports ourselves in the society, and if the basis is very strong, even if the movement on the society is fast, without being shaken by it, we can think for ourselves deeply. The author said like that.

《Seven liberal arts in the present time》

What should we learn in the liberal arts in the present time concretely? Even if not being useful at once when going out into…

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【Where have we come from? 】

《Seven liberal arts in the preset time》

Even if not being useful at once, but it'll be effective soon when going out into the society, what is the power for living to us?

What kind of thing is it for us? Staring at it, isn't it? Recognizing itself is the liberal arts for us in the present time, the author said like that.

Where have we come from? Where are we going? The word of we means ourselves, the Japanese or the human race in this case literally.

The liberal arts used to be free seven subjects in the past. What is the liberal arts in the present time?

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【Where have we come from? Where are we going? 】

Its main theme is recognizing itself, and the author said he thought of the libera arts in the present time. What is it? It's the next ones.

《Religion》

There wasn't scientific insight in the ancient time, and the people asked for themselves, after being dead, what happened to them? or how was the world formed? and they sought their answer in the existence of the supernatural.

An earthquake broke out and a typhoon attacked, and lots of people were dead in an instant. If comparing the force in the nature, the people are by far weaker.

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【Where have we come from? Where are we going? 】

《Religion》

Then the ancient people thought there must have been the stronger, the bigger power beyond their power somewhere, and religion was born from there. They tried to understnand the origin on the world through the religion.

《Outer space》

After the religion was born, they learned to seek after the logic in the world created by the god. For example, in Christianity and Judaism, they thought the god created the world.

What kind of mechanism makes the world move? When looking up at the sky, stars move. The sun rises from the east and…

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【Where have we come from? Where are we going? 】

《Outer space》

The sun rises from the east and goes down in the west. There is phases of the moon waxing and waning. The god must have fixed the regular movements. Then what is the logic by the God? They thought like that and science was born from there.

Science has made us know there is the outer space outside the earth, and tremendous outer space exists outside the our galaxy of the outer space.

Moreover scientists have studied when and how the outer space was born, and it turned out that the outer space was born some 13.8 billion years ago.

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【Where have we come from? Where are we going? 】

《Outer space》

It proved that the earth was born some four billion and six hundred million years ago. Higgs particle has been discovered by the desire from the people who have wanted to know the instant when the outer space was born.

The human activity that recognizing ourselves links to knowing the place where we have come from.

《The journey to the human race》

The outer space was born, after the earth was born as well, then the human race appeared. We’ve wanted to know when it appeared.

Bones on the human race long ago have been discovered.

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【Where have we come from? Where are we going? 】

《Journey to the human race》

It seems that the discovered bones are different from the ones on the people at present. As fossils on the bone which are between monkeys and people were discovered one after another, studying them makes us know the time when we the human race appears.

Various opinions on the human race used to be, but the more research proceeded, the newer the opinion becomes.

When the author was a child, there used to be the opinion that the present human race was born from the Neanderthal, but it turned out that two of them…

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【Where have we come from? Where are we going? 】

《Journey to the human race》

…but it proved that the human race and the Neanderthal are different altogether at present, furthermore there was the time when the human race and the Neanderthal existed together, for our chromosome 染色体 includes the one of the Neanderthal a little.

It turned out that the human race was born in Africa some two hundred thousand years ago, though as to the time when it was born, there are various opinions.

Why can we know that? How has the human race spread from Africa to over the world? Recognizing the journey to …

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【Where have we come from? Where are we going? 】

Recognizing the journey to the human race is related to the question that recognizing ourselves.

《The human race and sickness》

There is the birth and evolution on creature before the human race was born. Why can creature accomplish its evolution? It turned out that sickness has something to do with the process on the evolution on creature and the human race deeply.

For example, when looking at the gene from a person, there is the one which originates from virus. The virus went into the human body and the gene of the virus did into the gene…

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【Where have we come from? Where are we going? 】

…and the gene of the virus went into the one of the human race, so we the human race have evolved. It means that knowing the sickness well makes us know the human race themselves.

《Economics》

The human race has formed the society and begun the economic activity so as to eat and to leave their offspring. Then the economy is up and down, and there are the rich and the poor. Why does the economy change? Whey are there the poor and the rich?

Learning of the economics was born from the desire to know the mechanism on the economy.

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【Where have we come from? Where are we going? 】

《Economics》

Besides, the economic has made the society and the history change greatly. For instance, a person called Marx appeared and founded economics on Marx, so the nations of socialism were born like Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and China, and all of the nations have made a blunder.

Economics was born and economists founded a new theory, so the world moved. We need to learn economics so as to know the mechanism on the society where we live.

《History》

How did our ancestor live? Desire to know it starts from enumerating various facts.

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【Where have we come from? Where are we going? 】

《History》

There must have been various theories in the various facts, and the contemplation has started and a variety of histories have been described.

As the study on the history proceeded, the facts were written down again more and more. For example, 聖徳太子 was in Japan from the sixth to seventh century. It was written in the textbook in school in the past, and the portrait on the 聖徳太子 was in the textbook together then.

But when reading the textbook on Japanese history at present, the word of 聖徳太子 is going to disappear. The word changes…

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【Where have we come from? Where are we going? 】

《History》

The word changes into 厩戸皇子, and there isn’t the portrait on the textbook. The opinion that the portrait was 厩戸皇子 has been influential lately.

Moreover there has been the opinion that the person of 聖徳太子 didn’t exist though it has been decided. No one can happen to write 聖徳太子 on the textbook easily nowadays.

The author said that with the interesting research, he was going to think over, what is the history? For example, we don’t learn on the Kanto region at the time of 平城京, and 平安京 at school.

At the time of Kamakura, the story on …

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【Where have we come from? Where are we going? 】

《History》

At the time of Kamakura, the story on the Kanto region appears on the textbook at last. Why?

Someone wrote down, so the people in the next generation described it as history. The ones who left the record in various time are winners or a man of power.

As a result, there is the side that the history was made by winners in the time. Including it, how should we understand the history in which our past was described? The author said he was going to think over it.

《Japan and the Japanese》

The author said he was going to think over…

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【Where have we come from? Where are we going? 】

《Japan and the Japanese》

The author said he was going to think over, what is Japan? And what is the Japanese? From when does Japan and the Japanese start to exist?

Some people may have said that Japan has existed from long ago, and the Japanese must have existed from then, but it’s in the wrong. There have never the Japanese until the Edo era.

To tell the truth, I’m not sure of the insistence on the author, for I’ve never read his book. It’s just until this part, but I’m sure his intention becomes clear when describing, so I’m going to go on

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【Where have we come from? Where are we going? 】

《Japan and the Japanese》

What is Japan? What is the Japanese? If pursuing of it more and more, it turned out it’s very vague. The author said he was going to make the question a clue to think over ourselves, who are ourselves?

The author said he was going to express seven liberal arts at present from now on. As the time is limited, being unable to include everything on each item.

When going to study those seven subjects still more, selecting items carefully, hoping they becomes the basis which readers study. Some of them are basic really, so…

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【Where have we come from? Where are we going? 】

…so you may have thought you’ve already known it, but just a moment! The basic thing is dangerous, for a wrong assumption makes frequently us misunderstand. Has it been so? An experience which make readers be waken to the truth may have been waiting for you.

The preface is too long. Let’s start the seven liberal arts at present.

【From where was the god which is single and absolute was born?】

《Different religions were born from different terroir》

How did the ancient people feel the natural phenomenon?

Let’s suppose a violent wind blew up…

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【Religion. From where was the god which is single and absolute born? 】

《Different regions were born from different terrors》

Let’s suppose violent wind suddenly blew up toward us. As we who live at present have knowledge on weather, we know it’s a typhoon, or the cold wind went into overhead and the atmosphere was unstable, so a tornado broke out, but what about the people in the dim and distant past?

The sky turned from blue to cloudy and lots of people died from unbelievable whirlwind, or lightning appeared suddenly and some people were dead by being struck by the lightning.

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【Religion 】

《Different religions were born from different terrors》

Why did that terrible things break out? Ancient people visualized the existence beyond human wisdom there. They thought it was the god and the terrible natural phenomenon was the anger from the god.

For example, the monotheism 一神教 like Judaism, Christianity and Islam was born from dessert. The dessert is the place where leading the life is very hard. When drought continues, the people were dead at once.

In the severe natural surrounding like the dessert, if the people offended the God, it’s very tiresome. The ancient…

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【Religion. From where was the single and absolute god born? 】

《Different religions were born from different terrors》

The way of thinking was so persuasive that the existence on the god which was strong and severe may have been thought.

The author said if he said like that, he was criticized he didn’t believe in any god, but there are various gods and varied religion in the world. If thinking logically, various religions were born in various nature which fit each of surroundings.

The Japanese used to believe in everywhere there was the god. It’s polytheism. If there is a spring that wells…

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【Religion】

《Different religions were born from different terroir》

If there is a spring that wells up, there may have been the god there. The god may have been in a meadow or in a mountain. In fact there is a shrine of which object of worship is the mountain itself.

The religion that there are gods everywhere in the nature was born because Japan is blessed with nature.

There is the way of thinking that there are the gods everywhere in Indochina peninsula. Instead of the gods, they use the word of spirit. Various spirits defend the life of the people or curse a bad behavior.

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【Religion. From where was the god which was single and absolute born? 】

《Different religions were born from different terroir》

There are some people who have a feeling of awe to the existence which is supernatural beyond the understanding by the human, even if going anywhere in the world, whether it’s monotheism or polytheism, and it’s the religion.

At India in South Asia which is tropical it’s so hot that lots of creature are dead in an instant. On the other hand, the place is full of wildlife and new creature was born one after another

Reincarnation which is the basic way of thinking …

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【Religion】

《Different religions were born from different terroir》

Reincarnation which is the basic way of thinking on Hindi and Buddhism may have been born from there.

Reincarnation means that even if every kind of creature died, each of them were born again with other form, and it repeats forever. The thought on the reincarnation was born because the religion was in India belongs to tropical, wasn’t it?

Thus when looking at the religion which was born each of different places, we find the religion has feature which fits to the each terroir in the place.

In short, various religion was…

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【Religion. From where was the single and absolute god born? 】

In short, various religion was born, according to the natural conditions each place. Let’s look at feature on each religion in this chapter.

《What kind of religion is Judaism? 》

The author said he was going to start from Judaism.

The Jews moved and started to live in Palestinian where there is present Israel some three thousand years ago, and a part of the Jews moved to Egypt, but the they were persecuted or oppressed severely and escaped from there with Moze. It’s Exodus written in the Old Testament.

Moze is the one who the…

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【Religion】

《What kind of religion is Judaism? 》

Moze is the one who the Jewish god chose as the leader for the Jews, and he was ordered to lead the Jews and to escape from Egypt, and to return to the land of Canaan. The land of Canaan means Palestinian. The God promised Abraham who was ancestor of the Jew the land of Canaan in the Old Tastement.

On the way escaping from Egypt to the land of Canaan, Moze was given ten promises with the god form Yahweh which is the single and absolute God. It’s Ten Commandments. Its contents was like the next.

They must not have any god except for Yahweh.

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【Religion】

《What kind of religion is Judaism? 》

They must not make graven image. They must not recite the name of Yahweh in vain.

Those ten commandment were given to the Jews, the contract was concluded between the Jews and the Yahweh.

The author says it doesn’t always mean that there is other god named Yahweh, but Yahweh means the god in Hebrew word.

Thus the Jews who concluded the contract with the god built the kingdom of Israel in Palestinian in the place of the Land of Promise. What kind of religion is the Judaism in which the Jews believe in? Torah 律法 is the Buddhism scripture.

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【Religion, From where was born the single and absolute god born? 】

《What kind of religion is Judaism? 》

Torah is the first five books in the Old Testament, and it was written in the Genesis of which beginning like the next.

The God created the heaven and the earth, and He said be light, and it becomes light then. This world has been created in six days, and the God took a rest in the seventh day. It’s the story on creation of the heaven and the earth on the Judaism.

The single God has created both the world and humans, and as long as following the teaching of the God firmly, the God…

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【Religion】

《What kind of religion is Judaism? 》

…the God protects them the Jews, being based on the belief, the Judaism has formed.

The way of calling the God in Judaism were two, Yahweh and Jehovah. Why? Hebrew was expressed by the consonant alone, and the vowel wasn’t written, so the ancient people didn’t know how to pronounce for a long time.

As the time passes the Hebrew had never been used, so no one learned to know how to read, and to make matters worse, it was fixed not to recite the name of the God in vain in the Ten Commandments, the way of reading wasn’t gone down.

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【Religion. From where was the single and absolute God born? 】

《What kind of religion is the Judaism? 》

When looking at the writing on the consonant alone, they could read both Yahweh and Jehovah, but according to the latest research, it seemed to be pronounced Yahweh and the way of calling has been unified to be Yahweh in the Bible lately.

The rule on the Judaism has been fixed in detail like the punishment on the crime, or standard when leading life, and the Jews made much of obeying the rule strictly.

But without being restricted by the rule, the one who spread original teaching appeared

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【Religion】

《Difference between the Judaism and the Christianity》

The one appeared from the Jew. It’s Jesus Christ. He tried to reform on the Judaism. The Jew is the special nation chosen by the God in Judaism, so it means the Jews alone who were saved by the God finally.

On the other hand, Jesus preached everyone who believed in the God be saved. It is said that he interacted all the people without discrimination, and caused various miracles. Those activity of his were greeted with hostility by leaders on the Jewish, and Jesus was caught and was crucified. It was some two thousand years ago

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【Religion. From when was the single and absolute God born? 】

《Difference between the Judaism and Christianity》

Then around Palestinian used to be the territory belonged to the Ancient Rome Empire. The one who decided the death penalty on Jesus was the Supreme Court of autonomous organization by the Jews, but the Supreme Court itself didn’t have the authority to carry out the death penalty, so Jesus was turned in to the governor in the Ancient Rome Empire, and made him carry out the death penalty on Jesus.

After the death penalty, it turned out that the dead body of Jesus disappeared.

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【Religion】

《Difference between Judaism and Christianity》

When reading the New Testament, it was written like the next.

Jesus was crucified and after that he was buried to the tomb. It was Friday when he was put to death, and the rest of day for the Jews started from the night.

Seniors in the Jews feared that the pupils of Jesus exhumed his body and made a tremendous rock put in front of his tomb and put up a lookout, but when the rest of the day was over the dead body of Jesus disappeared. There is a religious painting that an angel told Jesus revived.

After that, Jesus showed up in…

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【Religion. From when was the single and absolute God born? 】

《Difference between Judaism and Christianity》

After that, it seemed that Jesus showed up in front of his pupils and told them to spread his teaching, and rose to the heaven after forty days.

Then the expression by the author returned to the Judaism. There is the beginning in the world, at the same time, there is the ending in the world in the Judaism, but the Jew who believed in the God alone were saved.

In short, the world would come to an end some day, but in the last judgement, it had been thought the Savior who rescued the…

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【Religion】

《Difference between Judaism and Christianity》

…it had been thought the Savior who rescued the Jews turned up, so the Savior had been long awaited eagerly in Judaism.

On the other hand, as the story of the revival on Jesus and his ascension to the heaven spread over among the people, the ones who thought Jesus was the Savior appeared, and those people increased and the belief that he was the son of the God who was sent them from the God was born and they became the Christianity.

Jesus said that everyone who believed in the God were saved, for everyone is equal in front of the God

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【Religion. From when was the single and absolute god born?】

《Difference between Judaism and Christianity》

Jesus used to be the Jew originally, so the god who he said means it’s Yahweh, so the god of the Christianity is also Yahweh and if expressing it in English, it’s god.

The difference between the Judaism and Christianity has something to do with the way of spreading.

The Jew is the national religion in which the Jews alone are saved, so it didn’t spread all over the world. On the other hand, Christianity is that everyone who believed in it would be saved, regardless of the place and …

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【Religion】

《Difference between Judaism and Christianity》

…regardless of the place and the nation, it spread more and more. Before long the emperor in the Ancient Rome Empire became the Christianity and the Christianity became the national religion in the Ancient Rome Empire in the fourth century, and then its believer increased explosively. Thus the religion of which believer increased all over the world is called the world religion.

《Old Testament and New Testament 》

New Testament is the sacred book on the Christianity, and it’s made up with four Gospels. The Gospel means a good news.

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【Religion. From when was the single and absolute god born? 】

《Old Testament and New Testament 》

The Gospel is the action and words on Jesus. Long time passed since Jesus was dead and his pupils collected his words and action. The New Testament is made up with four Gospels, but it turned out that there were other Gospels except for the four Gospels, but their contents were inconsistent each other or the were other episodes, for it’s just that oral traditions were collected each other.

When the Christianity became the national religion on the Ancient Rome Empire, and missionary work …

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【Religion】

《Old Testament and New Testament》

…and missionary work covered a wide range, they thought they should divide the Gospel which they should believe in and other Gospel which they shouldn’t believe in, and four of them has been formal ones, and they are the New Testaments.

Why do we call the sacred book on the Christianity the New Testament? The God sent Jesus this world, and it means that the people concluded the New Testament with the God, the Christianity thought like that, so the sacred book on the Christianity is called the New Testament.

On the other hand, the sacred book…

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【Religion. From when was the single and absolute god born? 】

《Old Testament and New Testament》

…the sacred book on Judaism is the old promise for the Christianity, so it’s called the Old Testament. Thus the Old Testament is the way of saying from the Christianity.

If saying the Old Testament to the Jews, they look displeased, for the sacred book for the Jews is the Old Testament alone, for the sacred book is the single one.

《The symbol on the Christianity used to be a fish》

Speaking of the symbol on the Christianity, it seems that a cross occurs to everyone, but the cross wasn’t treated…

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【Religion】

《The symbol on the Christianity used to be fish》

…but the cross wasn’t treated as symbol in the beginning of the Christianity. Then the picture on fish used to be the symbol. Jesus caused various miracles in a lake called Galilee, and one of miracles was in relation to the fish.

Jesus said fishermen to put a net in the lake, and the fishermen worked all night at the lake, but they couldn’t catch any fish, for such a great amount of fish were caught in the net that the net tore, so the fish was treated as symbol in the beginning on the Christianity.

And there is a powerful theory

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【Religion. From when was the single and absolute god born? 】

《The symbol on the Christianity in the beginning used to be fish》

When lining up initial on Jesus, Christ, son of the God, Savior, it becomes fish in the Greek, so the fish becomes the symbol on the Christianity. In the beginning of the fourth century, the emperor in the Ancient Rome Empire became the Christianity. His mother who became the Christianity made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and specified the place where Jesus was executed. She found the fragment on the wood there, and it turned out that the fragment was the cross which…

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【Religion. From when was the single and absolute god born? 】

《The symbol on the Christianity in the beginning used to be fish》

…and it turned out that the fragment on the wood was the cross which Jesus was crucified. Roughly speaking, the cross has been the symbol from then.

In addition, there is Mormonism which is a religious sect in America, and other Christianity said the Mormonism isn’t the Christianity, but the mormons have insisted on being the Christianity. It’s the religious group that the Christianity in the beginning revived in American continent. The Christianity in the…

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【Religion】

《The symbol on the Christianity in the beginning used to be fish》

The Christianity in the beginning didn’t have a faith in the cross, so the Mormonism doesn’t carry on the faith in the cross as well, they insist on like that.

《The voice of angel which Muhammad heard》

In the next, it’s a thing some one thousand and four hundred years ago.

There was the man named Muhammad in the Arabian peninsula, and he meditated in a cave one day, then someone got a full Nelson on him suddenly, and someone told him to recite what it said.

Muhammad was surprised at it and ran away from the cave

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【Religion. From when was the single and absolute god born? 】

《The voice of angel which Muhammad heard》

Then Muhammad told his wife what happening in the cave, and his wife said the angel said him the message from the god, and he had to send the message from the god to everyone, and she became the first believer. Islam has started from then.

The name of the angel was Jibril in the Arabian in Koran. It means Gabriel which means an angel in the Christianity.

The angel Gabriel told Maria she was pregnant. Before Maria got married the angel told her she was given a boy. It was written in the…

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【Religion. From when was the single and absolute god born? 】

《The voice of angel which Muhammad heard》

It was written in the New Testament, and the angel was Gabriel. In short, the angel Gabriel told Maria she was pregnant and told Muhammad the voice from the god in Arabian in the Arabian in the Arabian peninsula.

Nobody can hear the voice from the God direct, so an interpreter who sends the message from the god to the people is indispensable, and the interpreter was Gabriel, but Muhammad can neither read nor write, so he learned it by heart hard and told the others it, but the ones who …

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【Religion】

《The voice of angel which Muhammad heard》

…but the others who listened to Muhammad could hardly read and write, so they had also learn by heart, but Muhammad died and the people who remembered the message from the god were dead as well in battle one after another.

There was a sense of crisis that they couldn’t go down the message from the god to the later generation, so the work of changing the word from the god into a book was done, thus Koran completed.

Koran means it’s the one which reading aloud, so when going to the Islamic world, no one reads Koran silently.

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【Religion. From when was the single and absolute god born? 】

《The god on the Judaism, Christianity, and Islam is the same one》

When reading the Koran in Islam, the next thing is written.

A person who has a religious faith really like the Islam, the one who believe in Judaism, and Christians, everyone who believes in Allah, the one who does in the last judgement, and the one who does religious deeds, the God will give all of them a present before soon.

Koran which is the sacred book on Islam says even if Jews, Christianity believe in the God of Islam, they will be given the present from…

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【Religion】

《The God of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam is the same》

…they will be given the present from the god, in short the one who believed in the god of Islam will go to the heaven even if the Judaism, Christianity. Islam permits not only Koran but also the Old Testament, and the New Testament to exist, though the most important sacred book is Koran for them.

The god sent the message from the god which is the Old Testament to the Jews, but they didn’t obey the message from the god, so the god did the words to Jesus, it’s the New Testament, but Christianity didn’t obey it, so at last…

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【Religion. From when was the single and absolute god born? 】

《The god of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam is the same》

…and at last the god sent the message to Muhammad. It’s the Koran. The Islam have thought like that. Therefore, the god of Judaism, the god of Christianity, the god of Islam are the same one.

The Arab called the god Allah in Arabian. Allah means the god in English, so the god in English and the Allah in Arabian are the same one,

As a result, the way of saying Islam believe in the God of Allah is in the wrong. It doesn’t always mean that there is the god named Allah.

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【Religion】

《The god of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam is the same》

There is the meaning of the god in the Allah, so Islam believes in Allah, it’s the right.

For example, there is the Coptic Christian of which origin was in the beginning of the Christianity in Egypt. When Jesus was crucified they ran away to Egypt, and founded the Coptic Christianity. Its believers are all the Arabians, so when praying they call the God Allah.

I’m wondering why the people fight because of believing in different religion, in spite of having the same god. It’s meaningless and sad.

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