Let's enjoy English 12th

【The human race and disease】

《Mutation on virus》

There are lots of virus on bird flu in the intestine of migratory birds like a duck, but the duck isn’t dead due to the bird flu, it doesn’t fall sick owing to the bird flu, but lots of birds could have been dead on account of the bird flu in the past.

Some of them were attacked by the virus, but they could be immune and survived, or mutation broke out suddenly so as to defend the virus and survive.

In short, the virus on the bird flu coexists with the bird in the body of the bird and leaves its own copies.

Without coming into the cell…

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【The human race and disease】

《Mutation on virus》

Without coming into the cell, the virus can’t increase for itself. If the creature which is the master on the cell is dead, the virus can’t leave its own copies. If saying like that, you may have thought as if the virus had its own will and hid in the body of the creature so as not to kill the creature, but it’s in the wrong.

In the process of dividing one after another, the virus also repeats mutation. If a very powerful virus kills the creature with which the virus lives, needless to say the virus disappears as well, but when repeating…

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【The human race and disease】

《Mutation on virus》

…but when repeating mutation, the virus sometimes becomes weak in order not to kill the creature. It has been thought the virus on the bird flu can survive like that, but the virus doesn’t cause the disease on the bird, but if coming into the cell of other creature, it sometimes causes serious illness.

《The reason why the new type of flu was born at the farm village in China》

The bird flu infects with a pig. On the other hand, the virus on influenza of the human does with the pig, and virus on influenza on the pig does with the human.

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【The human race and disease】

《The reason why the new type of flu was born at the farm village in China》

Then the virus of flu on the bird, the pig, and human are mixed in the body of the pig and a new type of virus was born one after another. We call it cross breeding 交雑 on the virus.

The virus comes into the creature and makes a large amount of its own copies. It’s so the large amount that when making copies, a mistake happens frequently. In short, mutation is repeated. Lots of them can’t survive as they were, so they disappear, but some of them happen to survive. The virus made by the…

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【The human race and disease】

《The reason why the new type of flu was born at the farm village in China》

The virus made by the cross breeding is equivalent to the ones which could survive after repeating mutation.

The virus on flu of the pig, bird and the human are mixed with in the body of the pig and the new type of virus was born one after another, but lots of them couldn’t survive as they were, but some of them happen to survive, and they infect with the human and the bird.

Why was the new type of flu born at the south farm village in China one after another? Because the people and…

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【The human race and disease】

《The reason why the new type of flu was born at the farm village in China》

Because the people and the pig live together under the same roof at the farm village in China. At first as the people and the pig live together the virus on the flu of the people comes in the pig easily.

They let the pig run around there, if there is a creek or pond nearby, the pig goes there and drinks water, and migratory birds come and crapped there. Then the virus on the flu of the migratory birds comes in the pig, so three of virus are mixed with in the body of the pig.

The new…

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【The human race and disease】

《The reason why the new type of flu was born at the farm village in China》

The virus on the new type of flu is born easily in that circumstance, so the catastrophe may have been caused there like Spanish flu there, as a result, that kind of warning has been issued frequently at present.

《The flu which infects from the bird direct》

The bird flu which infected with the people from the bird direct has been verified not only in Indonesia, Vietnam, but in main land of China lately. If the people infect with the bird flu direct, its fatality is near 100%. Almost all…

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【The human race and disease】

《The flu which infects from the bird direct》

Almost all of the people will be dead if being infected, but that kind of virus doesn’t infect from the person to other one. What does it mean? The virus on the bird flu doesn’t give off from the cough of the bird, and it hides in the intestine of the bird.

It comes out with the form of droppings. When being dried, it soars in the air. They keep chicken in Indonesia, Philippine, and Vietnam. When a guest comes their home, they slaughter the chicken on the spot so as to treat them a meal. Then the chicken going…

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【The human race and disease】

《The flu which infects form the bird direct》

Then the chicken going crazy like a drunk and scatters dust with dried dropping around. The person who slaughters the chicken is filled with strength, standing firm there, so the person sometimes breathes in the dried droppings with the virus deep in its throat, so it ends up falling ill.

Therefore as long as we lead an ordinary life, the risk on being infected isn’t so high with regard to the bird flu, for even if the virus comes in the trachea 気管, we won’t fall ill easily, but unfortunately if breathing in it deep …

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【The human race and disease】

《The flu which infects from the bird direct》

…but fortunately if breathing in it deep lung, it’ll infect, but the one who takes care of doesn’t infect, but even if it’s all right at present, if mutation repeats, the virus may have changed into the one which infects from the person to other, it may have ended up like Spanish flu. It has been worried about.

《Truth on the swine flu at which the world was surprised》

As to a new flu which made us the Japanese feel anxiety recently is the one which was prevalent in Mexico in 2009. A person infected with swine flu.

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【The human race and disease】

《The truth on the flu which infects from a person to other》

After that it learned to infect from a person to other, and it became a big fuss, and the flu spread out in America as well. In the beginning, we used to call it swine flu. Actually a pig infected with the flu of the people, and swine flu and the flu on the people mixed with each other in the body of the pig and cross breeding happened. It became a new flu which was epidemic among the people then.

It may have been pandemic like Spanish flu, so we used to be high alert to prevent infection In Japan too.

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【The human race and disease】

《The truth on the swine flu which trembled the whole world wildly》

Every time an airplane arrived at Narita airport from America, the people wearing mask and protective suits from Quarantine station belonged to the Ministry of Health and Welfare came into the airplane. It was broadcast by TV so frequently that lots of people seem to remember it.

After all this virus spread out all over Japan, and was prevalent every year like ordinary flu. As the way of saying the swine flu doesn’t fit to be heard, it changed into the flu of new type. When receiving…

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【The human race and disease】

《The truth on the swine flu which trembled the whole world》

When receiving vaccination, ordinary one in the past and for the new type are done together, it’s so prevalent each year, but the situation that lots of people are dead one after another hasn’t broken out like Spanish flu. Why?

Death rate on the people who suffered from the swine flu used to be high in Mexico in the beginning. They were dead at a frightening pace, it must have been very dangerous flu, so it made a racket then.

But when researching patients in Mexico, it turned out that the flu on…

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【The human race and disease】

《The truth on the swine flu which trembled the whole world》

…it turned out that the flu on the symptom was prevalent from several months ago. As there have been lots of poor people in Mexico, though they suffered from the swine flu, all of them didn’t go to hospital owing to the swine flu. In America, it was likewise.

At present, medical insurance plan like the universal conscription system is executing there, but lots of people who didn’t join in the medical insurance were overwhelmingly in America then, they didn’t go to hospital due to the flu.

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【The human race and disease】

《The truth on swine flu which trembled the whole world》

When being lying at home, the symptom became worse and worse, the people who thought it was serious alone were carried into hospital, so the people in hospital were dead one after another. As a result it looked like that the death rate was very high then, but the death rate on the swine flu wasn’t different from the ordinary flu.

《What was the country which there were the most patients on the swine flu? 》

There were lots of patients on the swine flu in Japan than any other country in the world then. Why?

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【The human race and disease】

《The country which there were the most patients on the swine flu》

Even if having high fever a little in America or in Mexico, they don’t go to hospital easily. How about Japan? When having fever, we go to hospital at once and tamiflu is administered to us.

Though there are various problems on health insurance system in Japan, it’s arranged well in the world. As to the cost of medical bill, we have to pay 30% of medical fees. Elderly adult is 10%. When having fever, we can consult a doctor at once. Then we are identified as patient, as a result, the number of…

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【The human race and disease】

《The country which there were the most patients on the swine flu》

…the number of patients on the swine flu in Japan became No.1 in the world, but it doesn’t always mean that we the Japanese suffer from the swine flu easily. It indicates that the health insurance system is complete in Japan.

《Sickness has changed the history on the human race so much》

The author added the sickness to the liberal arts, for the sickness has changed the history on the human race so greatly like Spanish flu. Black Plague was prevalent in the Middle Age, and it is said one third of…

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【The human race and disease】

《Sickness has changed the history on the human race so much》

…it is said the one third of the people in Europe were dead on account of the Black Plague then. As a result, the ones who were engaged in agriculture could survive and they became valuable labor, so they learned to be able to claim strong demands against a feudal lord and it led to emancipation of serfs 農奴解放.

Sickness is related to the history on the American continent. The Christianity in England went over to America in the beginning of the 17th century. They were called Puritan. They did so as to …

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【The human race and disease】

《Sickness has changed the history on the human race so much》

They escaped so as to avoid the persecution in England, seeking for the freedom on religion and went over to America which was the new endeavors. This Puritan resembles Exodus by the Jews.

The Jews sought for the new endeavors, in short, sought for the land given from the God, escaped from Egypt, and reached Canaan, then established Israeli Kingdom there. The Puritan who went over to America which was the new continent from England, in a manner of speaking, tried to establish new Israel.

But it’s…

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【The human race and disease】

《Sickness has changed the history on the human race so much》

But it’s just that it’s selfish insistence for the Puritan, for the indigenous people already lived in the North American Continent. It’s what is called Indian. To be exact, it’s Native American. The way of calling is based on the selfish insistence by the Puritan.

Columbus thought if going straight westward from Europe more and more, he must have reached India. He headed a boat west and reached the island at last. It’s India, being under the impression, the people who were there were called Indian.

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【The human race and disease】

《Sickness has changed the history on the human race so much》

But the place was the North America. Returning to the main topic. The English came in the east coast of America, and when interacting with the indigenous people, the indigenous people were dead one after another, so the place where they lived no one lived then.

So the Puritan moved there from England and thought like that. The god wiped out them for us the Puritan. This is the place where we are given from the God.

The English brought in lots of pathogenic bacteria from Europe. When living, the…

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【The human race and disease】

《Sickness has changed the history on the human race so much》

When living, the indigenous people had nothing to do with such the sickness, so they suffered from the disease easily and were dead one after another. Then the Puritan misunderstood the place was given from the god and established colonies there more and more and drove away the indigenous people. Thus the country of America was completed.

On the other hand, the Portuguese and the Spanish went to the South America. The Portuguese colonized the place where there is Brazil at present, and the Spanish…

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【The human race and disease】

《Sickness has changed the history on the human race so much》

Except for Brazil, the Spanish colonized other places, and the Spanish brought in the lots of pathogenic bacteria the South America, so the indigenous people were dead more and more then.

Judging from the fact, we can understand the sickness has changed the history on the human race so greatly. Understanding ourselves means understanding sickness, understanding sickness is equal that understanding ourselves.

【Economics. What are the four theories which changed the history?】

Thus, the human race has…

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【Economics. What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

Thus we have found various rules in the world like the outer space, evolution. As to science, we have discovered a rule among natural phenomena. Is there a rule among the works by the human race themselves? We thought like that, and a learning was born. It’s economics.

Economy works out by the activity on individuality, on companies, on nations. What kind of rule is there in the economic activity? The learning of economic was born from the question.

The author said he was going to express four economists. They represent…

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【Economics. What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

They represent the economics and found laws in our economic activity and being based on the laws, they expressed things like prescription for each era.

《Adam Smith who is called a father of modern economics》

There are various scholars in economics, and Adam Smith is called a father of modern economics. He wrote a book of which title was the wealth of nations in 1776. He thought, what is the wealth in the first place? He defined like the next.

Wealth is something necessary and something useful produced by the work of people

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【Economics. What are the four theories which changed the history?】

《Adam Smith who is called a father of modern economics》

We work and produce something necessary and something useful one after another in our life, and Adam Smith thought it was the wealth. How can we increase the wealth concretely?

There is an example of producing a pin in the book of wealth of nations. How do we produce the pin?

Stretching the metal and changing it into a wire and cutting it a little piece and making a hole in the wire. If doing all of them from the beginning to the end by oneself, we can’t do so much.

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【Economics. What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

《Adam Smith who is a father of modern economics》

Even if doing all the day from the morning to the night, we can’t produce so much. But if sharing roles each other, for example, the one who stretch’s the metal, the other who cuts the metal and changing it into a little piece wire, another who makes a hole in the wire, we can produce lots of them.

When making bread it’s likewise. If growing wheat, grinding wheat into flour, baking bread and selling it for oneself, even if we had more than one body, it wouldn’t be enough.

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【Economics. What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

《Adam Smith who is a father of modern economics》

Sharing roles in the society such as the one who grows wheat, the other who grains the wheat, and another who bakes the bread and one more who sells the bread, we can buy various bread in bakery. How was the division of labor born?

Each of people who shares the roles gather and talk them, suggesting they share the role and make the bread. Do they do it like that?

If they could make delicious bread, they don’t be worried how much it doesn’t spend money? No they don’t.

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【Economics. What are the four theories which changed the history?】

《Wealth is something necessary and something useful by work of nations》

Farmer who grows the wheat does it because the wheat is sold, so it grows the wheat. If buying the wheat with low price and selling with high price, being able to make money, so the company produces the wheat. If kneading the wheat and baking the bread, the bread is sold with good price, so the bakery exists.

Needless to say, the bakery wants to offer us delicious bread. The farmer who grows the wheat could have wanted to offer good wheat. Therefore…

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【Economy. What are the four theories which changed the history?】

《Wealth is something necessary and something useful by work of nations》

Therefore they sell below the cost? No, they don’t, but they set the price of product so as to get enough profit. Each of people want to offer something good, something delicious, but they work so as to make a profit, we can’t deny it.

The ones who work do for their own profit. Making profit for themselves is just self interest, but everyone works from the self interest and taking the form of division of labor and keeping the economy going. Adam Smith…

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【Economy. What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

Adam Smith thought like that.

【What is the invisible hand? 】

Speaking of Adam Smith, the phrase of invisible hand is well known, but when reading the wealth of nations, the way of saying, the invisible hand appears only once. Or we often say the way of god’s invisible hand, but Adam Smith didn’t say like that.

Each of people shares jobs being based on self interest, as a result it’s guided by the invisible hand, and the whole economy goes well. It’s just that he wrote like that, but someone other who thought as if it had …

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【Economy. What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

《What is the invisible hand? 》

…but someone other who thought as if it had been the divine guidance adopted the way of saying, the god’s invisible hand, the author said like that. What does mean the invisible hand which Adam Smith said?

Everyone shares roles being based on self interest, but the economy goes well. It means that selling and buying goes well in the market. In short, the invisible hand means functions of automatic adjustment which the market economy has. If leaving the economy to the market, the price is …

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【Economics. What are the four theories which changed the history?】

《What is the invisible hand? 》

If leaving the economy to the market, the price is fixed automatically and being able to sell and to buy efficiently. As a result, the economy keeps going. The way of thinking of non interference was born from there.

When reading the wealth of nations, it wasn’t written it’s all right as long as everything is non interference, but it is certain that he gave his confidence to the free market.

The economy activity is adjusted by the invisible hand automatically, without any restriction, leaving…

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【What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

…without any restriction, leaving the economic activity to the market. It’s Adam Smith who is a father of modern economy and solved the mechanism on economy from the view of point on the free competition.

《Theory of the value on labor by Karl Marx》

Adam Smith insisted that free competition should be done in its own way in the market is important for the economy. But if the capitalism made progress being based on the way of thinking by Adam Smith, the whole world would be brought to ruin. A person foresaw like that in the 19th century

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【What are the four theories which changed the history?】

《The theory of value on the labor by Karl Marx》

It’s Karl Marx who establish the economics by Marx. He used to be the the journalist of the press in Prussia which is equivalent to the present Germany, but criticized the government, his newspaper which published its declaration was prohibited, so he moved from one place to other each place in Europe and after that finally exiled himself to England.

He shut himself up in the British library and was absorbed in the study on economics. Then the book of capitalism was born.

What kind of…

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【What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

《The theory of value on labor by Karl Marx》

What kind of theory did he develop in the capitalism?

Capitalists and labors do business equally, it’s the premise on the theory of the capitalism, but I’m sure we have to be careful of it.

Capitalists has awesome power than labors in the society of capitalism. It’s like that, but labor force is dealt with between the capitalists and labors equally as its public stance. The theory makes progress being based on the public stance. The author said he found the paradox was interesting.

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【What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

《The theory of value on the labor by Karl Marx》

Capitalists use the capital which is their own money and try to produce something new. Then what they need? As producing something, they have to buy machines. Land and building for the factory is also indispensable, and buying raw material and labor force which makes products is also necessary.

In short, capitalists buy machine, land, building, raw material and labor force and make new products and sell them. How do they buy the labor force? They buy it from a labor which the labor has.

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【What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

《The theory of value on the labor by Karl Marx》

Capitalists buy labor force from labors. There is none of inequality on the relation, for capitalists pay money enough and buy labor force from labors.

It doesn’t always mean that capitalists drive labors like a horse as if labors were a slave. There is a choice of not selling the labor force for labors in the equal relation. It’s the difference between the feudal society and the capitalist society.

When capitalists buy the labor force, capitalists and labors conclude a contract.

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【What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

《The theory of value on the labor by Karl Marx》

For example, working at this factory from Monday to Saturday, from nine in the morning to five in the evening. In this stage, both of capitalists and labors are equal. The contract has been concluded, and capitalists adopt the labor force and make products, and selling them, making a profit.

By the way why can capitalists make a profit?

Marx thought labors work, the profit is made by the labor force. It’s the labor theory of value.

To my sorrow, I’m afraid my subtitle is in the wrong

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【What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

《The labor theory of value》

The way of thinking is that something valuable is produced by the labor. The price on a thing is fixed by the cost which is spent on producing. At the same time the price on the labor force is fixed by the cost which reproduces the labor force.

The cost which reproduces the labor force is the one which labors need every day, today, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow. To be concrete, living at a house, having a meal, getting sleep, in addition supporting family, and bringing up children. Those living expenses…

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【What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

《The labor theory of value》

Those living expenses are the cost which reproduces the labor force.

By the way, capitalist spend the money on machine, land, building, raw material, and labor force, make product and try to make a profit. Then what should capitalist do so as to make a profit?

Dropping salary which is the cost reproducing labor force, even if it’s a little, is a fast way. Dropping the salary on labors, or even if the salary is the same, making labors work longer time, then capitalists can make a profit.

《Failure on…》

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>> 491 　Good　evaluation!

It's bring back memory's.

Back then I was talk to you

It was so fan

little　bit Great　time　was'nt!

actually

I'm not good at English(笑)🌟

Needles to say it

I miss mikura .ッ🌃🌟

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【Economics. What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

《Failure on socialism》

Even if a person who has a good will, if being the capitalist, the capitalist thinks of increasing profit alone, as a result, it learns to make labors work in a tough labor environment. It notices it’s manipulated by capital, being swayed too much by the thought of going on increasing capital. Marx thought it’s the law on capitalism.

Then labors who are forced to work with low salary or in tough labor surrounding are put in a difficult position more and more.

If that situation continues…

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＞＞492

Good evening and thank you for your message. Does it mean that I’ve talked with you here before? I’m sorry, but I can’t remember it very well.

Speaking of the name of 大鷹, it rings a bell, but you seems to be a different person who I think of.

I’m afraid I’m not good at English very much as well, but without being afraid of failing, trying to express ourselves in English more and more, our English ability will improve, I’m sure.

Let’s do our best so as to improve our English ability each other. Without giving up, the way will be open for us, I’m sure. Good luck each other. Good night.

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＞＞493

【What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

《Failure on socialism》

If going on the situation like that, labors heighten anger against capitalists, unite and the power which tries to turn over this society will be born. It becomes the revolution on socialism and capitalism collapses then. Marx forecast like that.

In short, Marx solved the law on capitalism, and if obeying the law, capitalism reaches its limit, and socialism will be established, he thought like that.

The influence by Marx was overwhelming and being based on this theory Renin in Soviet Union and Mao…

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【What are the theories which changed the history? 】

《Failure on socialism》

The influence by Marx was overwhelming and being based on this theory Renin in Soviet Union and Mao Zedong caused socialistic revolution. Thus Soviet Union, China, North Korea have been established.

While Marx analyzed how capitalism was inhumane, he didn’t show us what the socialism was concretely, therefore, even if when reading the book written by Marx, we don’t understand what the socialism was perfect and what we should do so as to build the society like that. It’s just that he pointed out a debatable point…

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【Economics. What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

It’s just that Marx pointed out a debatable point on the capitalism, but after the socialistic revolution, Renin, Stalin, Mao Zedong, and Kim Wilson were inspired and established the state of socialism, and all of them made a blunder.

《Keynes revolution which turns over the common knowledge》

Marx solved the law on capitalism and established the economic theory that capitalism collapses finally. On the other hand, as long as doing economic policy appropriately, we can make up the fault on capitalism and keep the economy go…

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【Economics. What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

《Keynes revolution which turns over the common knowledge》

Keynes who was an English economic scholar thought like that.

In capitalism, we experience the booms and busts. Sometimes the economy is brisk, but it isn’t other time. When the economy isn’t doing well, especially being economic crisis, labors are unemployed and forced to lead miserable life. Marx pointed out like that.

On the other hand, Keynes thought if the government conduct policy which overcomes the bad economy, it can stop increasing jobless workers.

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【Economics. What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

《Keynes revolution which turns over the common knowledge》

Why does the economy become bad? Because supply and demand don’t match. When the amount of supply on goods and the amount of demand from the people match, the invisible hand expressed by Adam Smith works out, but it doesn’t alway go well like that.

If a company compete with other at their own way, when being aware that some goods seems to be sold, every company makes them a lot. Then the supply increases during the severe competition. As long as consumers buy the…

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【Economics. What are the four theories which changed the history? 】

【Keynes revolution which turn overs the common knowledge】

As long as consumers buy the goods which companies made, it’s all right, but if the supply increases too much more than the demand, the goods don’t sell, so companies are forced to drop salary or to let employees go. Then the money which labors have decreases, so the goods don’t sell still more. Negative circle occurs and economy becomes bad.

When the economy becomes bad, what should the government do? Before Keynes, adopting economic policy, balanced budget plan…

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