Science,English,and math Ⅱ

【A series circuit and a parallel circuti】

《Wherever the electric currency flows,it’s the same in the series circuit》

…we tend to think the electricity decreased,but there are electrons which is flowing electricity in the conductor,without branching off on the way,the electrons don’t go anywhere else. As a result,the same scale of electricity always flows in the series circuit.

There is an illustration in which the way of thinking the electricity in the book.

There are two routes in which the water flows. The one is above the waterwheel,and the other is below. The current of the water is compared with the electricity,and the waterwheel is done with the waterwheel. The amount of the water which rotates the waterwheel doesn’t change in the both before the water wheel and after the water wheel.

It means that the electricity goes around,so the electricity won’t decrease,I’m wondering.

【If there is big voltage,the electric current is also big,and there is little electric currency…】

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【If there is a big voltage,there is also a big electric currency,and there is a little voltage,the electric currency is also little】

When the voltage is twice or three times,the electricity currency twice,and three times. We call it the law of Ohm.

【Electrical resistance which is hard to flow the electric currency】

When using an electric wire of which material and length are same but of which width is different,the book researched the relation between the electric currency and voltage. If applying the same voltage,the thin electric wire is hard to flow the electric currency than the thick one.

The electric currency to hard to flow is electric resistance. Its unit is ohm,Ω. I’m going to show the way of recognizing the scale of the voltage.

If it’s the series circuit,the scale of the electric currency is same everywhere,so adding each voltage which is applied the electrical resistance.

If it’s the parallel circuit,the electric currency branches off,and the voltage is applied each…

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【Electric resistance which is hard to flow for the electric currency】

If it’s the parallel circuit,electric currency branches off,and voltage is applied to each resistance in the same scale.

I’m going to express an effeco on the electricity from now on.

When the electric currency flows in a thing,the thing generates heat. The heat generates even in a conductor at a house. What kind of relation is the amount of generating heat with the electric currency,voltage,and electric resistance? I’m going to express the close relation between the electricity and magnetism.

【A generation of heat by an electric currency】

When connecting metallic wires like copper wire,iron wire,or an aluminum wheel with a battery and winding it around a thermometer on the part which senses the heat,its temperture goes up more and more.

When flowing the electric currency in not only electric wire but in metallic wire,it generates the heat.

The amount of generation of heat becomes bigger with being a …

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【A generation of heat by an electric currency】

The amount of generation is bigger in proportion to both the electric currency and voltage,so the amount of heat by the electric currency is multiplying the electric currency by the voltage. We call the value of multiplying the electric currency by the voltage an electric power. Its unit is watt,and IA × 1V＝ 1w,and 1.000 w ＝1kw.

Real amount of heat is in proportion to not only the electric currency,and voltage but the time when the electric current flows. In short,the amount of the heat by the electric currency is in proportion to multiplying the electric power by the time. The amount of the heat is expressed with J,the electric power is P,and the time t,so its equation is like the next. J＝p×t.

When making the electric currency run a metal,the metal generates the heat. Why? Please imagine the microscopic structure of electrons.

Free electrons move around the piling positive atoms. When putting the electric voltage,the free electrons …

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【A generation of heat by electric currency】

When putting the electric currency,the free electrons move from the negative pole to the positive pole all together in droves. Then the free electrons bump into the atoms which are moving their own places,so they are moving there more and more,so the temperature rises.

By the way,a home appliance has an indication like 100v–500w. When putting voltage of 100v,the home appliance consumes the electric power of 500w.

【The base of electric bill,an amount of electric power】

When using the electricity at home,we don’t pay the electric bill for the electric power. The electric power is multiplying the electric currency by voltage,so even if we use the electric power for a long time,the electric power is the same. Even if we use the home appliance of 100v–500w for a long time,its electric power is 500w.

Without multiplying the electric power by the time,we can’t grasp the amount of the electric power.

Multiplying the electric power by the …

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【The base of electric bill,an amount of electric power.】

Multiplying the electric power by the time is the amount of the electric power. The amount of electric power is the electric power which the home appliance consumes in some hours.

Its unit is multiplying watt by the time,w/s,but it’s too little for actual unit,we usually the one which multiplying watt by the hours,K/h,actually the k/h is often used. 1kwh is equal to 1.000wh.

Roughly speaking an ordinary home uses a few kWh a day,and 100kwh a month.

【The magnetic world around a magnet】

A magnet is used for shutting the door of a fridge,a motor,and a speaker.

A thing which has magnetism is used for a cassette tape or a telephone card. We call the thing magnetic substance.

We call an ordinary magnet a permanent magnet. Japan is a developed country as to the permanent magnet,and has led the world since the Meiji era in regard to the development of the permanent magnet.

The powerful magnet which…

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【The magnetic world around a magnet】

The most powerful magnet which is on the market is a neodymium ore,which was developed by Sumitomo Metal. The magnet of which main component is neodymium,iron,and boron ホウ素.

Even if it’s a small magnet,if it’s a powerful permanent magnet,a motor or speaker in which the magnet is used becomes small.

A portable electric apparatus has appeared,and there has been a development on the magnet behind the scenes.

《The magnetic world is a space where a magnetic power works.》

When putting a thing made of iron around the magnet,it’s attracted to the magnet even if it’s apart,for the place around the magnet is a space where the magnet works. We call the place where the magnet works a magnetic world.

When putting an azimuth magnet 方位磁石 in the magnetic world,it indicates a fixed direction in the same place. Then the direction of the North Pole in the azimuth magnet is a direction to the magnetic world in the place.

When expressing the direction on the…

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【The magnetic world around a magnet.】

《The magnetic world is a place where a magnetic power works.》

If expressing the direction on the magnetic world with a line,when putting the azimuth magnet,we can grasp the needle of the North Pole indicates direction at once. The line which indicates the direction of the magnetic world each place of the magnetic world is a line of magnetic world.If scattering some sand around the magnet,the iron contents are lined as if it were drawn.

The magnetic world of the magnet goes through not only the vacuum,in the air,wood,glass,and metal like copper,or aluminium,and it influences over other things even if it’s apart from the magnet.

《When an iron becomes a magnet,we call the phenomenon a magnetization》

When putting an iron in the magnetic world,the iron changes into a magnet,and we call the phenomenon the iron is magnetized.

When bringing the head of a nail close to the North Pole of the azimuth magnet,the nail is magnetized,and its head becomes …

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【The magnetic world around a magnet】

《When an iron becomes a magnet,we call the phenomenon a magnetization》

…the nail is magnetized and its head becomes the South Pole and the tip of the nail the North Pole,so the azimuth magnet and the nail attract each other.

Some of iron contents 鉄粉 are added to the magnetic card like a telephone card or a ticket in a railway,so the iron contents change into the magnet as the one who made the magnetic card expected,some of information is memorized in the iron contents.

《The earth is also the magnet.》

The earth is also the tremendous magnet,and there is a magnetic world around the earth,and the needle of the azimuth magnet is along the magnetic world.

As to the magnet of the earth,there is the South Pole near the arctic where is around north end of the North American continent,and the North Pole near the Antarctic where is near 昭和基地,so the needle of the azimuth magnet directs the Arctic.

Strange to say,the magnetic world in the magnet of the…

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【The magnetic world around a magnet】

《The earth is also the magnet》

Strange to say,the magnetic world in the magnet of the earth turn out to be reversal. We’ve thought it happened once about twenty thousand years during this 20 million years.

Reversing the magnetic world means that a compass turns the reversal. Why can we understand it? The iron sand is a group of small magnet,and when putting it in the magnetic world,it’s fixed in the direction of the magnetic world.

Lava which is generated from a volcano includes the material of the iron sand. When being in high temperature,the small mganest turn in every direction,so each magnetic power is inefficient then,but when being cool,the whole direction of the small magnet are matched,and it becomes a magnet.

As a result when researching the magnet of rock which is made of cooled lava,we can understand how the magnetic world in the earth in those days was.

Why is the earth magnet? It’s a very hard problem to explain,the book said so.

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【The magnetic world which is created by electric current】

An electromagnet is an iron core with which a coil is wound. It makes the magnetic world like an ordinary magnet does. Even if getting rid of the iron core from the electromagnet,there is the magnetic world around the coil,though the magnetic power becomes weak.In short,electric current runs on a conduct wire,the magnetic world is created then.

When the electric current runs straight,the magnetic world is created as if a circle was drawn around the electric current.

Then the direction of the magnetic world is the same one which the hand of a clock turns when looking at it from direction which the electric current runs.

When screwing a right screw,if the direction which the screw advances is the direction of the electric current,the electricity goes on the direction of the right screw.In the coil,the straight electric current overlaps,and a magnetic world is created.

When running the electricity alone,there is the one which…

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【The magnetic world which is created by electric current】

When the electric current runs alone, a thing which becomes a magnet is the permanent magnet. As to the electromagnet,if the electricity becomes strong,it changes into the one which is stronger than the permanent mganet.

There are common points between the electromagnet and permanent magnet like the next.

It attracts iron. The North Pole and South Pole are created. Different poles attract each other,and the same poles repel.

The electromagnet has some peculiarities which the permanent magic doesn’t have like the next.

When the electric current runs alone,it becomes the magnet,therefore a thing which is mixed with varied one stick to an iron,and it separates when the electric current is cut.

Direction of the electric current changes the direction of both the North Pole and the South Pole.

When the electricity is bigger,and the number of wound increases,it becomes a strong electromagnet.

【The electricity receives power…】

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【The electricity receives power in the magnetic world】

There is an electric swing. I’m going to express on the situation.

There is a magnet of which shape is U. It stands which turns sideways. Please imagine the U turns sideways

There is a clip of which shape is a rectangle and conducting wire is wound around the clip. The clip is suspended from upper ward and tied with a thing like thread. Its space passes through the one end of the magnet.

When running electricity through the conduction,the clip sways. It does left sometime and right other time. Direction of electricity change its position. In short,electricity receives the power in the magnetic world. It’s a principle for a motor.

When dismantling a motor of direct current for a model,there is a coil between magnets,and when running electricity in the coil,the power is received in the magnetic world of the magnet.

There is the law of left hand by Fleming between the electriciy,the magnetic world,and power.

《A speaker》

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《A speaker》

There is a speaker,and its phenomenon of receiving power in the magnetic world is used for the speaker.

The speaker is an apparatus which gives off electricity as sound in the air. The electricity is sent from an amplifier.

The parts of the speaker is coil,magnet,shaking board,and so on. The coil is wound as if it surrounded the magnet,and the coil is attached to the shaking board.

When electricity runs through the coil,the coil receives the power from the magnet and the coil moves. Then the shaking board which is connected with the coil also moves.

The bigger the electricity runs through the coil,the more the shaking board which is connected with the coil moves. The less the electricity,the less the shaking board does.

If the electricity runs in opposite direction,the shaking board also moves in opposite in the same way. An electric signal which changes its strength,weakness,and its direction comes from apparatus on audio like a speaker.

In response to the…

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《A speaker》

In response to the electric signal,the coil receives the power and moves,besides the shaking board also moves,and it makes the air vibrate,and we can hear a sound and a music.

【A magnetic world around the coil changes and the electricity runs.】

When bring a magnet close to a coil and move it away from the magnet,the electricity runs through the coil. We call the phenomenon electromagnetic induction.

When the magnetic world changes alone,the electromagnetic induction is caused. When the electromagnetic world doesn’t change like when the magnet stops,the phenomenon isn’t caused. The quicker the change,the bigger the electricity runs.

《The principle on a generator is the electromagnetic induction》

The phenomenon discovered by Faraday becomes the base of electricity which is used all over the Japan at present

As long as there is a magnet and a coil,electricity is caused. Actually if dismantling a generator of a bicycle,we find there is the motor and coil in the generator

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【A magnetic world around a coil changes and electricity runs.】

《The principle on a generator is the electromagnetic induction》

There is the coil and the magnet even in a direct–current motor. Can we cause the electricity by using the motor?

If rotating the axis of the motor,the coil also does in the magnetic world of the magnet. When regarding the coil as the base,the magnetic world around the coil changes,so the direct–current becomes a generator.

The base of electricity which we’ve received at home is a power plant. Hydraulic power or steam power of high temperature and high pressure makes the huge coil in the tremendous magnet rotate,and it generates the electricity.

The magnet is an electromagnet,and the electricity in which is used for the power plant is part of electricity of the power plant.

As to the hydroelectric power generation,the waterwheel is for generating the electricity,and it can generate a electricity.

As for a nuclear power energy plantation,the water is…

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【A magnetic world around a coil changes and electricity runs】

《The principle on a generator is the electromagnetic induction》

As to the nuclear power energy plantation,the water is boiled by the heat of nuclear fission,and they make the steam rotate a turbine,and the electricity is caused.

A gas is burned,and the water is boiled,and they make the steam rotate the turbine,and electricity is caused with regard to the thermal power plantation.

Wind power in the natural world is used for the roatation on the turbine in regard to the wind power plantation.

《A scientist who made scientific experiment on electricity and chemistry》

Faraday who discovered electromagnetic induction was a son of a smith. After graduating an elementary school when he was 12,he worked at a bookstore in which a book is also bound.

He improved the skill of binding a book,and was absorbed in reading books for the process of binding ones,especially he was interested in books on natural science.

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【A magnetic world around a coil changes and the electricity runs】

《A scientist who made a scientific experiment on electricity and chemistry》

Faraday bought the subjects for the experiments from what little allowance he had,and made varied scientific experiments there.

He listened to consecutive lecture from a chemist called Davy at royal laboratory in London,and his interest in the chemistry was stirred up harder. Davy was famous in London then.

He made a fair copy on the content of his lecture and changed it into a book. He wrote to Davy with the book,and he became Davy’s assistant for the experiments.

He wrote the record on research as a form of diary. We can chase his process on the research which had been for about 40 years.

Ousted had discovered an action that the electricity had some effects on a magnet. Faraday who was stimulated by Ousted tried to make reverse varied experiments. He tried to get some electric effects from the magnet.

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【A magnetic world around a coil changes and electricity runs】

《A scientist who made an experiment on electricity and chemistry》

There are two iron rings,and winding electric wires around the irons which are away each other,and when connecting one of them with what is callled a battery of Volta and running electricity,then the moment when the electricity runs and stops running alone,the electricity runs in the coil. Faraday found it.

Instead of electromagnet,he found when putting in and out a bar magnet for a coil of a conductor,he got the same result.

Thus,he found the electromagnetic induction which is a base of electrica civilization at present,in short the principle of a generator.

He became a chief in the royal laboratory at the age of 34,and succeeded to his teacher,Davy,and took charge of scientific lecture for the general people once a week,especially at Christmas he did it for children every year.

The famous one is the consecutive one he did at the age of 60 in 1860.

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《Continuation of the last response》

The consecutive one has been put together in a book of ロウソクの科学,and it has been popular among the people all over the world at present.

I’m going to express a preface of a new chapter on force and movement.

The nature of inertia 慣性 which is formed everywhere every time,but it was hidden from our eyes because of friction.

Since it’s the time when we search for something valuable in the universe at present,let’s think of the reason why the moon and the earth have gone on moving. We are going to learn the relation between the force and movement.

【Adding and combining power. Composing the power.】

When being received more than two kinds of power in a point on an objection,we sometimes have to put together the two powers and to change into the one which functions more effective than the two powers.

Putting together more than two kinds of power,and changing into the one which…

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【Adding and combining power,the composing power.】

Putting together more than two kinds of power,and changing them into the one which functions as effective as the two kinds of power is called composing the power,and we call the power which is composed a resultant force 合力.

In short,the composing power is addition for more than two kinds of power. The addition is sometimes the one which one plus one isn’t equal to two.

For example,there is a bag in which there is something heavy. When holding it by two people,how does the force which works on arms of the people function? Is it same or not?

When thinking of the question,we have to recognize an addition of two force which has some angles.

We make a parallelogram 平行四辺形 of which sides are two kinds of power,and when drawing a diagonal line from a point of action,and the diagonal line becomes the composition of the two power. We call it the law of parallelogram from the force.

When there isn’t any angles between the two power,in short…

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【Adding and combing power,the composing power.】

When there aren’t enough angles between the two powers,if putting it in an extreme way,the angles are zero,the two powers are on the same straight line,and are the same direction,then an ordinary addition of the two powers stands up.

When the angle is 180 degrees,in short when the two powers are opposite,subtracting small power from big power,and its value becomes the direction of the big power.

《Question》

There are two illustrations. There are two hands holding a bag. It seems that two persons hold the same bag. As to the one illustration,it’s 1,there is few angles between the two arms,and as for the other one,it’s 2,there are some angles between the two arms as if they tried to drag opposite dirrection each other. Then what about the power which works on the two arms?

《Option》

A：An equal power works on the two of them.

B：Bigger power works on the 1.

C ：Bigger power works on the 2.

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【Adding and combining power,composing power】

《Answer》

Actually,the way of having the bag,in short the angle of the arm changes the power which burdens on the arm.

The bigger the angle is,the bigger the power which burdens on the arm,so the correct answer is the C.

The object which is held by the two hands is the same one,so the power which supports the object is also equal.

When there are bigger angles between the two arms,if comparing it with smaller angle,bigger powers burden each arm,otherwise they can’t support the object.

【Dismantling power which means changing a single power into two.】

We can divide a single power into two,and we call it dismantling power,and the two powers which were done by dismantled component of force.

Dismantling power is opposite of composing power,as a result,the power which holds the object is dismantled into the power which burdens each arm in relation to the previous question.

As to the difference between composing power and dismantling power…

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【Dismantling power means that changing a single power into two】


As to difference between dismantling power and composing power,we should pay attention to that there is one by two resultant force 合力 with regard to composing power.

On the other hand,as to dismantling power,if appointing two kinds of angle to the two forces,there is a couple of the resultant force,but when appointing different angles,there is a different resultant force,as a result,we can think of countless resultant forces.

When there is an object on slope,we can separate the gravitation which works on along the slope and other one which works vertically,so we can appoint each direction,so the reslutant force is set up as a pair.

【Balance on two powers】

If an object which stands still receives power,but it doesn’t move,the object receives other power from opposite direction. We call the situation that the two power is balanced.

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【Balance on two powers】

If the object which stands still starts to move by receiving a power,it means that receiving a power from one side or if being received two powers,the direction which the object starts to move received bigger power than other direction which doesn’t move.

As to the object which stands still suspended with a spring or string,two powers of gravitation or the one which is pulled from the string or spring works on the object,so it’s balanced.

An object on a desk works on two powers of gravitation and the one which is pressed from the desk,so it’s balanced.

《Question》

There is an objection of which mass is 200 kg on the floor. When trying to move it with power of 98N,I can’t move it at all. Except of power which is pressed by me,what kind of power does the object receive? Which direction does the object receive the power?

《The power of friction which works on opposite direction of the movement》

When trying to push a book on the desk,it doesn’t move at …

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【Balance on two powers】

《The power of friction which works on opposite direction of the movement》

When trying to put a book on the desk,it doesn’t move at first a bit,for there is a power of friction between the book and the desk.

If it doesn’t start to move at all,the power of friction which is equivalent to the power of pushing the book works,so it’s balanced.

When increasing the power which pushes the book gradually,the book starts to move at last. When moving the book,the power of friction works. The power of friction works on opposite direction of the movement,it stops the movement of the object,and makes the object slower.

So,the answer is the power of friction of 98N works on the direction that the object is pressed on the floor.

《A device which decreases the friction》

When making use of the friction everyday life,we sometimes device of decreasing the friction. A tire or groove 溝 on a shoe is so big that they prevent us from slipping.

Without any friction from the…

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【Balance on two powers】

《A device which decreases the friction》

Without any friction between us and the ground we can’t walk on the ground in the least,but the friction sometimes makes us be in trouble,so we device of decreasing the friction.

When moving,it causes the friction between us and the atmosphere. We call it an air resistance.

A form on an automobile or Shinkansen is designed so as to decrease the air resistance,so the air around them flows smoothly.

【Balance on three powers】

There is a thing which is suspended with ropes from two directions. We call each power which is pulled from ropes,F1,and F2.

When lifting a thing from the ground and it stands still,the power which works on the thing should be balanced. The resultant force 合力 between the F1 and F2 is equal to the gravitation on the thing and its direction is oppsite.

Even if the powers which work on the thing are different directions,if they are balanced,the two resultant powers are equal to the rest power…

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【Balance on three powers】

Even if the powers which work on the thing are different directions,if they are balanced,the two resultant powers are equal to the rest power,and each direction is three way.

【A thing on the water receives buoyancy.】

When having something in the water,we feel it’s lighter than as it is,but it doesn’t always mean the gravitation becomes smaller in the water. The gravitation which the thing receives from the earth is same in the water.

The thing in the water receives the power of buoyancy upward,so we feel it’s lighter as it is. The thing which floats on the water receives two power. The one is gravitation downward,and the other is buoyancy upward. The two powers are balanced,so it stands still in the water.

When putting a whole thing in the water,the scale of buoyancy is found like the next.

The buoyancy is subtracting weight in the water from the weight in the air,but how do we see the weight in the water? To my sorrow, I’m not sure of it.

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【There are two kinds of speed. The one is average speed,and the other is instant speed.】

I’ve expressed the relation between the thing which stands still and the power until now,but I’m going to express the thing which moves and its power from now on.

One of function on the power is changing speed or direction on a thing. At first,I’m going to express on the speed.

When starting to run 30 meters,its speed is slow in the beginning,but it becomes faster gradually. In short,when starting its speed is zero,but it increased little by little. A person ran with 5 second exactly.

Its speed is found like the next. Thirty divided by six equals five. Its speed is average one. It ran 30 meters with the speed.

However,in fact its speed changes from the start to the goal every second. We call the speed of every second an instant speed. It is found,being based distance in which a thing moves for a short time extremely.

The value by speed gun in baseball is the instant speed.

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《Criterion on speed》

When driving a car,if looking a scene from the car,the scene looks as if it ran backward. Or if looking at a car which runs parallel to our car at the same speed,it looks as if our car didn’t move at all.

The speed of movement on a thing is different,according to its criterion. What we establish standards means what we think it doesn’t move at all.

We usually regard a thing which stands still on the ground or building as criterion.

【If going on functioning power on a thing…】

《Question》

There is two straws. The one is an ordinary one,and the other is connecting two ordinary ones. When putting a matchstick in the straw,and blowing the matchstick through the straw,which is blown farther?

《Option》

1 Same.

2 The short one.

3 The long one.

〈If going on being received the power,it becomes fast more and more.〉

Its right answer is 3,the straw of which length is two can blow the matchstick farther,for it’s so long that it continues being received power from the…

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〈If going on being received the power,it becomes faster and faster.〉

…for it’s so long that it continues being received the power from the breathing.

When being receiving the power,a thing which stands still starts to move. If being receiving additional power,its speed becomes larger. The more it receives the power,the larger its speed becomes,for the force is base which changes the speed.

In the next,when having a thing,and dropping it from a high place. Then it drops. We can research its dropping motion with some methods.

For example,with a photograph of strobe light which emits light with fixed time like one tenth second,or some dots on record timer which was done with some interval.

The motion of which distance becomes larger and larger with the fixed interval time. If ignoring the resistance in the air,the thing receives the gravitation alone.

The gravitation goes on functioning downward,so the thing falls down faster and faster.

〈Going down on the slope like the…〉

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【If going on functioning power on a thing…】

〈Going down on the slope like falling motion.〉

When going down on the slope,the thing does like the dropping motion.

If it weren’t for the friction,when the thing goes down on the slope,the gravitation which functions on the thing continues. Then the component of force 分力 along the slope functions, and its scale is as large as the gravitation.

By the way,the book expresses like that,but to my sorrow,I’m not sure that the relation between the gravitation and the component of force.

In short,without any friction,the thing goes down on the slope faster and faster,I’m wondering.

On the other hand,if going on functioning other power which is opposite from the moving one,the speed of the movement becomes smaller little by little.

〈Let’s try!〉

If dropping a golf ball and a ping pong ball from a height of 1.5 meter,which one reaches the ground faster? The golf ball or the ping pong ball?

When doing,they did on the ground at the same time.

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【If going on functioning power on a thing …】

〈Let’s try!〉

We can ignore the resistance in the air,for it isn’t high very much. If it’s by far higher,there is a big difference,but if doing in a vacuum,both of them drop on the ground at the same time even if it’s very high.

【The law of inertia 慣性の法則 and uniform liner motion 等速直線運動】

Without being functioned from outside,or being balanced the power,the thing which stands still remains its situation,and other one which moves does the uniform liner motion. We call it the law of inertia.

The uniform liner motion is its speed is fixed and going straight on a line.

There is an automobile. When starting its speed is 50 k. p. h. in the beginning,and without changing its speed at all,it moves forward on a line. Please imagine it. It’s the uniform liner motion.

When pedaling a bicycle hard,it moves at fixed speed,without increasing its speed. Then the tyre of the bicycle pushes the ground backward,and the ground pushes back the bicycle,so…

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【The law of inertia 慣性の法則 and uniform liner motion 等速直線運動】

…and the ground pushes back the bicycle,but the speed doesn’t increase at all,and the bicycle frequently moves at the fixed speed,for the power functioning backward acts on the power going forward and they are balanced. The power functioning backward is the power of fiction.

The place where we live comes together the power of friction,we hardly run across a scene in which without functioning power going on doing the uniform liner motion,but everything has a nature of inertia,so the law of inertia stands up.

The friction prevents us from recognizing the law of inertia. If looking toward outside the earth,there is the world where there is little friction. It’s the outer space.

《The outer space is the world where there is none of friction.》

A space rocket uses its fuel when escaping from the gravitational field,but once escaping,without using any fuel,it continues the uniform liner motion with the inertia forever.

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【The law of inertia and the uniform liner motion】

《The outer space is the world where there is none of friction》

When landing on a star where the space rocket tries to reach,it has only to reverse the engine.

By the way,if trying to jump upward just now,we drops in the same place. The speed that the earth rotates is 1400 k. p. h in Tokyo,but we drop at the same place,for even if jumping,we keep the speed that the earth roatates. When jumping up in a moving train,it’s same.

When the train puts on the brake,the passenger pitches forward if it stands,for the passenger tries to keep the speed before putting on the brake.

In the uniform liner motion,the distance in which it moves is in proportion to the time,and its speed is fixed even if it moves for a long time.

《Any raindrops have never fallen awfully. Why?》

When a thing falls from a high place and hits on the body direct,it’ll be awful,but the raindrops which drop from the heaven should be very fast extremely,for the gravitation…

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【The law of inertia and uniform liner motion】

《Any raindrops have never fallen with high speed extremely. Why?》

While the raindrops which drop from the sky should be very fast extremely because of the gravitation,they don't actually.

When the raindrops formed,they drop,increasing their speed gradually,and at the same time,the resistance against the air becomes bigger and biggger,and the gravitation and the resistance against the air are balanced in some spot,and after that they drop as the uniform liner motion.

Roughly speaking,the speed that the raindrops fall is from 1 to 8 per second. In addition,the shape of raindrop isn’t the drop. It’s pressed and smashed on account of the gravitation like what is called a 鏡餅.

By the way,we use the word of 仕事 in both place of everyday life and scientific field. They are same sometimes,but often different.

The 仕事 in the scientific world is defined clearly,and an energy which is based on the 仕事 in the scientific field is able to be defined.

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【What is 仕事 in science?】

I’m going to express on the energy which is an important pillar in physical science from now on.

The 仕事 in the science is different from the other one in everyday life. They are different very much. In the science it is defined clearly so as not to avoid to be unclear. Its definition is like the next.

When a thing is received power from other thing and it is moved to the direction of the power,we said the thing was done the 仕事.

By the way,I’ve said I wanted to express everything in English,so I’m sure I should express the word of 仕事 in English,but to my sorrow,I can’t find an appropriate word,so I’m forced to use the Japanese.

To return to my main topic,if considering the other thing as its center,it means that the other thing did the 仕事.

When thinking of the 仕事,it is important to be clear that the one was done the 仕事 from other one,in other words,the one did the 仕事 to the other one.

The scale of the 仕事 in which the one was received is expressed like…

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【What is 仕事 in science?】

The scale of 仕事 in which the one was received is expressed like the next.

The scale of 仕事 is equal to multiplying the scale that a thing is received by the distance that the thing moved toward the power.

The unit on the 仕事 is expressed like the next. Multiplying the unit of a power,N,by the unit of distance,meter,it’s Nm. We also call it J.

I’m going to seek the scale of 仕事 in the next case.

《Question》

There is a thing of which weight is 1 kilogram. When lifting it 1 meter by hand,what scale of the 仕事 does the hand do? What scale of the 仕事 is the thing received by the hand?

《Answer》

Both of them are 9.8Nm.

A thing of which mass is 1kg weighs 1kg on the earth. Weight of the thing is the gravitation which the thing receives,and it’s multiplying 9.8N/kg by the mass.

The scale of the 仕事 is equal multiplying the scale of power by the distance moving toward the power,so it’s 9.8N × 1m ＝9.8Nm

《Question》

There is a thing which is hanging from a pulley,and…

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【What is 仕事 in science?】

《Question》

There is a thing which is hanging from a falling block 動滑車,and its mass is 1kg. When lifting up 1 meter by pulling the string by hand,what scale of the work does the hand do? Then the mass on the falling block and friction aren’t under consideration.

When using the falling block,while the power moving the thing is half,the distance moving the thing is double,so its equation is like the next.

4.9N × 2= 9.8

When pay attention to the thing,the height that the thing is lifted is same as the one which is done by the hand.

Both using the falling block and ifting it by the hand direct,the scale of the 仕事 is same,but its weight becomes half,the distance is double.

If wanting to save the power,we use the falling block. Then we use a light falling block so we can ignore its weight.

By the way when using the falling block,why does its weight become half?

Then we regard the thing and falling block as one thing. Then the power upward and other power …

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【What’s 仕事 in science?】

Continuation on the no.339.

Then the power upward and other power downward are balanced,so the power upward is half of the gravitation.

【Even if using a tool,the scale of the 仕事 is the same. The principle on the 仕事】

Then if using a slope,what’s happened? Then the height is 1 and the length on the slope is 2 like a set square 三角定規.

Then we put a thing of which mass is 100kg on the slope,and lifting up it to the height by 1 meter.

When using the slope,the gravitation is divided into two way. The one works along the slope,and the other does vertically. When using the slope,we lift up the thing with the same power which works along the slope.

Then 490N,but even if using the slope,its 仕事 is 490N ✖️ 2 ＝ 980N. The scale of the 仕事 is as same as the time when lifting up it with the hand directly.

How about using a lever 梃子?

If using the lever,we can lift up a thing with less power,but if trying to lift up it to the height where we don’t use the lever,the point…

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【Even if using a tool,the scale of the 仕事 is the same. The principle on the 仕事】

Continuation of the last response.

…but if trying to lift up it the height where we don’t use the lever,the distance in which the point where force is applied is longer than the distance in which an acting point works,so in short,the whole amount of the 仕事 is the same.

As to the whole amount of the work,even if using the fall block,the slope or the lever,it’s same as when doing the 仕事 with our hands directly. We call it the principle on the 仕事.

When using a tool,it takes a long distance,but it eases our burden.

《Whole amount of the work is the same,but why do we use the tool?》

Even if using the tool,or doing the 仕事 with our own hands direct,the whole amount of the work is the same. Why do we use the tool? Using the tool has a relation to an efficiency. We call it the effficiency on the 仕事.

Without using any tool,there is the 仕事 which it takes for long time,if trying to use it with our own hands alone

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【Efficiency on the 仕事】

If using the tool or machinery,we can do the 仕事 at ease without being tired from anything heavy a burden for our body.

When doing the 仕事,even if the whole amount of the 仕事 is the same,its efficiency is better if using the tool.

However even if being able to do the 仕事,if it takes thousands of years,it’s useless.

As to the efficiency on the 仕事,if showing how much we can do the 仕事 in a second,we can compare it with others.

If wanting to find the efficiency on the 仕事,we divide up the whole amount of the work according to the time of the work. Its unit is Nm/s,or J/s…maybe.

《The watt on the electoric power is also the unit of the efficiency on the 仕事》

The watt on the electric power is also one of units of the efficiency on the work. 1W=1Nm/s=1J/s

In short,turning on a light bulb of which electric power is 100W in a second is equal to the 仕事 in which lifting up a thing of which weight is 10kg by 1 meter in a second.

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《The rate of 仕事 on a person is about 100 watt.》

There are numerical values on electrical appliances like an incandescent lamp and a mortar,and they are shown with watt. They are also the rate of 仕事.

When using the motor,and adding power to a thing and moving it,we can see the rate of 仕事 by electricity. The rate of 仕事 by electricity is multiplying electric current by voltage. In short,it’s electric power.

The 仕事 changes into heat,so the heat capacity which generates for a second is shown with the rate of 仕事.

For example,the heat capacity we the human being generate is about 100 watt,so when there is a person,it means that a light bulb of 100 watt turns on a light in relation to the heat capacity.

One day is 86.400 seconds,so we the human generate heat of 8640 kJ a day.its about 2000kcal. The energy has been supplied from food which we eat everyday.

【Energy】

When a thing is in a situation in which it can do 仕事 from now on,we say the thing has an energy.

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【Energy】

For example,there is a thing in a high place. If falling from it,it can hit a stake on the ground. The stake received the power from the thing,and it stuck on the ground,or it moved its position,so the 仕事 was done for the stake. As a result the thing which is in the high place has energy.

If a moving thing bumps into other one,it added the power to the other,and it makes the other move,so it also has energy.

The scale of energy is shown with the one of 仕事 which is done for other thing,so its unit is the same one on 仕事,so it's Nm or J.

【Potential energy and kinetic energy】

If a thing which is in a high place falls,it transforms other thing which is below it or it makes other thing move. In short the thing which is in the high place can do the work. It has energy,and we call it potential energy.

As to the potential energy which the thing has,the higher the bigger,and the heavier the bigger with regard to the mass. In short the potential energy is in proportion to height…

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【Potential energy and kinetic energy】

In short the potential energy is in proportion to heigh and weight.

《An energy which the moving thing has》

The moving thing bumps into other one and transformed the other or makes the other move,so it can change the situation. In short the moving thing has an ability of doing the 仕事. We call it kinetic energy.

The quicker the bigger,and heavier the bigger,in regard to the kinetic energy which the thing has. The kinetic energy is in proportion to multiplying the square of its speed by its mass.

《Conservation of dynamic energy 力学的エネルギーの保存》

The potential energy is decided with the height and the mass,the kinetic energy is done with the mass and speed. We call both of them dynamic energy.

The potential energy and kinetic energy change into other ones each other,but its sum total which is the dynamic energy is the same. We call the law of conservation of dynamic energy,though I’m not sure of the law.

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【Power generation is changing energy into other thing】

Some water drops from a higher place,and it makes a generator function in hydroelectric power generation. Potential energy in the water which is stored in a dam makes a turbine function on the generator. In short,the potential energy changes into the kinetic energy.

《Height on a roller coaster》

A roller coaster in an amusement park once reaches high place,it goes down and up along the rail over and over again. When it moves,its potential energy changes into its kinetic energy each other as if it were a pendulum.

It doesn’t have much more potential energy which it reached the high place,so the roller coaster can’t reach higher place than the first position.

《Motion and energy on a thing in outer space》

Let’s suppose that there is a thing which does equal speed linear motion 等速直線運動 in the outer space. The thing has the kinetic energy which is in proportion to amount of energy multiplying square of its speed by its mass.

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《Motion and energy on a thing in outer space》

Without adding other power,the thing never loses its potential energy,so it continues the equal speed linear motion forever.

The speed of a thing which moves on the earth becomes slow and stops,for the potential energy which the thing has changes into other one,especially the potential energy changes into thermal energy by friction.

【The law of conservation on energy】

The dynamic energy which means the potential energy and the kinetic energy replaces each other,and the dynamic energy which is sum total of the potential energy and kinetic energy is fixed.

However all the kinetic energy doesn’t change into the potential energy. Part of the kinetic energy often changes into the thermal energy. The kinetic energy changes into other one and its speed becomes slow,so the dynamic energy decreases.

As to a motion on a pendulum,the potential energy and kinetic energy replace each other.

If watching at the motion on the pendulum for a while…

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【The law of conservation on energy】

If watching at the motion on the pendulum for a while,the way of swinging of the pendulum becomes slow gradually,and the it stops finally. If the dynamic energy is preserved completely,the pendulum couldn’t have stopped.

It means the dynamic energy decreased. The pendulum stops at last,for the part of the fulcrum 支点 generates thermal energy on account of the friction.

The dynamic energy decreases,but it’s not the dynamic energy itself disappear but instead the thermal energy increases.

In short,when the pendulum swings,the first potential energy is equal to the dynamic energy plus the thermal energy.When the pendulum stops,the first potential energy is equal to the thermal one.

The first potential energy changes into the thermal one. Considering all kinds of the energy,the sum total of the energy is kept in a fixed way.

《The law of conservation on energy which rules the natural world》

Let’s think over other energy,including changing the heat

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《The law of conservation on energy which rules the natural world》

When including the thermal energy,the sum total of adding the dynamic energy to the thermal energy doesn’t change at all. It's always same. In short,the energy doesn’t disappear,and it doesn’t generate newly.

We call it the law of conservation on energy,and it has turned out that the law of conservation on energy is a basic law which controls the natural world.

While the law of conservation on the dynamic energy stands up on the condition that there isn’t any friction,the law of conservation on energy always holds water with or without friction.

《The law of conservation on energy and being short of energy》

When a machine and an equipment receive an energy,they can’t change all the energy into the form of 仕事 which we aim at. When receiving energy,how much does an implement change into 仕事？ It’s shown with percentage,and we call it efficiency.

For example,an incandescent lamp changes electric energy into thermal…

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《The law of conservation on energy which controls the natural world》

For example an incandescent lamp changes electric energy into therma energy. It’s no more than several percent,and other electric energy becomes the heat. Fluorescent lamp is more efficient,but it’s 20% at best.

On the other hand,a dry cell can change no less than 90% of chemical energy into electric energy,but as to the efficiency,none of equipment can reach 100 %,especially when changing the chemical energy of fuel into the thermal energy,and taking out kinetic energy,we can’t avoid generating the thermal energy which is useless.

Besides,we can’t ignore the heat of friction on the engine. When the fuel is complete combustion 不完全燃焼,it’s a waste of the fuel,so we have to think over it,so the efficiency ends up being about 25%.

Including the thermal energy which becomes useless,all the energies are preserved. It’s the law of conservation on energy.

It is frequently said that its short of energy,and it means…

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