Science,English,and math Ⅱ

【Weight and mass.】

《A Japanese word of 重さ causes a confusion among us.》

…and when beginning to learn on the power,the 重さ is used as meaning of weight many times.

The word of 重さ is used for both meaning of the mass and the meaning of the power which the thing is pulled by the earth,it means the weight. When using it everyday life,even if which one we adopt,it’s all right,the author said like that.

The author continued like the next. When learning science,we have to distinguish between the two words. Instead of the unclear word,when wanting to indicate the scale of the power,we should say so,and as to the amount of the thing itsel,we should use the word of the mass for it.

When measuring something,we have to fix a thing which becomes the standard,and compare the one with other which is the standard.

The standard of the mass is fixed the one of the standard international kilogram 国際キログラム原器 in France. Every country regards the mass in the standard international kilogram as 1…

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【Weight and mass.】

《A Japanese word of 重さ causes a confusion among us.》

Every country regards the mass in the standard international as 1 kilogram. To be concrete,it’s a cylinder,and we’ve fixed it as 1 kilogram,and we use its copy as standard,and we’ve fixed the mass. The kilogram and gram is the unit of the mass.

【Power is shown with an arrow.】

When wanting to shown a power which a thing receives,we need next three things. A scale,a direction,and a point of action. As to the point of action,to be exact,it’s the point which receives the power,and the point which the power works.

However,no one can show the three elements in the single point simultaneously,so we start to illustrate the arrow from the point where power works,and the length of the arrow is the scale of the power.and the direction of the arrow is the direction to the power.

『We should be careful of the point of the action.』

When two things touch and the power works,the point where the two things touch is the …

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【Power is shown with an arrow.】

《We should be careful of the point of the action.》

When two things touch and the power works the point where the two things touch is the point of working. When touching on the surface we select the typical place as the point of working.

Even if being away from a thing,there is the power which works like the gravitation. Its point of working is the center of the thing. We also call the place the center of gravity.

【A way of finding a power which a thing receives.】

Even if we understand how to express the arrow,if we don’t know what kind of power the thing receives,we can’t show it. Let’s think over it in the next orders.

We need to be clear which thing we should pay attention. We make sure which thing is on the matter,the spring,the weight,or the ceiling which the spring is suspended.

When showing the gravitation power,we draw it downward. The thing always receives the gravitation power on the earth,but if disregarding the gravitation power,we…

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【A way of finding power which a thing receives.】

…but if we disregard the gravitation,we don’t have to show the arrow.

We have to make sure whether or not the thing receives an other power,except for the one on which the thing touches,or being pulled. Then we draw the arrow.

When the thing is motionless,and if it’s clear that it receives one power,there is always other power. As to the other power,its scale is as same as the clear one and its opposite direction to the clear one. The way of thinking is often adopted.

When the thing receives the gravitation and is motionless,the thing always receives other power of which scale is the same and of which direction is opposite.

One more effective way of thinking. Thinking over it as if we change into the thing itself.

『Question』

There is a weight suspending from the ceiling with a string. Please show the power which the weight receives with an illustration. The answer is the next one.

Pleas pay attention to the weight.

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【A way of finding power which a thing receives.】

《Question.》

We show the gravitation downward with the arrow from the center of the weight. Without showing the length of the string nor the scale of the gravitation,we show them in an appropriate way.

A thing which touches the weight is the string alone. The weight pulls the string. The weight receives the string,but the weight doesn’t,but the string also pulls the weight from the law of action and reaction. The weight receives the power.

As the weight is motionless in the air,it could have received the same scale of the power as the gravitation. Its direction is opposite of the gravitation. The string also pulls the weight.

While there is the gravitation downward,there is the power which pulls the weight upward by the string,so the weight is motionless in the air.

『Question』

1 Please show the power which the string receives. We don’t have to think over the mass of the string.

2 There is the weight on the desk. Please show…

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【A way of finding power which a thing receives.】

『Question.』

2 Please show the power which the weight receives.

It’s the answer for the 1. The string pulls the ceiling downward,for the string is suspended from the ceiling,and at the same time,the ceiling also pulls the string. There is an arrow upward. Its scale is as big as the string.

It’s the answer for the 2. The weight presses the desk thanks to the gravitation,and the desk also presses the weight. The power which the desk presses the weight works on an opposite direction of the gravitation,so there is an arrow upward.

There is other question. There is a spring on the desk,and there are pullleys 滑車 at the both end of the spring,and weights of which mass is the same are tied on the both pulleys. Then the spring extends,and it stops in a certain place.

If fixing at the one end alone to the spring on the wall,and connecting one weight at the other end of the spring. If comparing it with the other spring which has weight at …

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【A way of finding power which a thing receives.】

《Question.》

If comparing the spring which is connected with the weight at the one end alone with the other spring which is connected with the weight at the both ends,how about the expansion on the spring?

As a result,the expansion of the spring is same. The spring which has one weight alone pulls the wall,and at the same time,the wall also pulls the spring. The scale of pulling is same,and the direction which the power works is opposite.

【The pressure means the power which works for an area of a square meter.】

Even if it’s the same power,if the area which the power works is different,its efficiency is also different. We call the scale of the power which presses an area of a square meter vertically a pressure.

When showing the pressure with an equation,its the one the power which pushes a surface vertically divided by the area on which the power works.

For example,if holding a pencil which is sharpening with thumb and forefinger…

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【The pressure means the power works for an area of a square meter.】

…then the part of sharpening one of the lead is forefinger,and the bottom of the pencil is the thumb. Then we find the forefinger has more pain than the thumb even if both of the fingers receive the same power.

In this way,when the power which the area receives is different,its efficiency is also different.

《The unit of the pressure is pascal.》

When showing the unit of the pressure,we sometimes use pascal,of which abbreviation is Pa.

If showing the atmosphere pressure where we lead our every day life with the Pa,it’s about a hundred thousand Pa,but its number is too big,so we use other unit of hPa,the h means hundred times,so the atmosphere pressure is a thousand hPa.

Speaking of the unit of hPa,we’ve frequently heard in the information on a typhoon .

《A situation in which being stepped by a elephant and other situation in which being stepped by a woman who wears high heels.》

When standing on the snow with an…

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【The pressure means that the power works for an area of a square meter.】

《A situation in which being stepped by a elephant and other situation in which being stepped by a woman who wears high heels.》

When standing on the snow with an ordinary shoes,we sink in the snow,but if wearing ski and what’s called a カンジキ,we won’t,for our weight is scattered over bigger space. In short,the pressure becomes little then.

Even if putting same pressure on something,when using a knife or a nail its pressure becomes big,so its blade is thin and its tip is sharp.

Someone who calls itself with preternatural power sometimes walks on fragments of broken glass on TV program. Then the pressure to the broken glass became so little that it can do. It’s not the preternatural power at all,but when getting out the foot from the fragments of broken glasses,it beats the fragments from the foot.

If walking on a few pieces of fragments of the broken glasses,it is big possibility the person is stuck by the…

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【The pressure means that the power works for an area of a square meter.】

《A situation in which being stepped by an elephant and other situation in which being stepped by a woman who wears high heels.》

…it is a big possibility that the person is stuck by the fragments.

There is a needle point holder 剣山 for flower arrangement. Plenty of sharp needles are buried on the needle point holder. The author said he made a student stand on the needle point holder when teaching science,but the student wasn’t damaged,for there are such the plenty of needles that the pressure of each needle is little.

A friend of the author got a copy of a shape of the bottom of a leg of an elephant from a zoo,and calculate the area of the bottom of the foot,and figured both the pressure in which being stepped by the elephant and being done by the woman who wears the high heels.

The area of one bottom of the foot on the elephant is 1060 square centimeters,and its weight is 30.000 N,and one–fourth of weight…

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【The pressure means that the power works for an area of a square meter.】

《A situation in which being stepped by an elephant and other situation in which being done by a woman who wears high heels.》

…and one–fourth of weight is put on each foot on the elephant.

On the other hand,the weight of the woman who wears the high heels is 400N,and the space of the heel is 1 centimeters. Half of the weight of the woman is put on each heel.

The pressure from the elephant is 7N/square centimeters,and other pressure from the woman is 200N/square centimeters. The high heel in a jam–packed train is so terrible,isn’t it?

【Depth and pressure in the sea.】

When diving into the sea deep,we feel as if something put force against our ears. It's caused by the pressure of the water.

Let’s think of a column made of water. The deeper it goes,the more the cubic volume above the column made of water increases,so water pressure increases more and more.

Being in the same depth,the same scale of water …

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【Depth and pressure in the sea.】

When being in the same depth,the water pressure of the same scale works everywhere,up and down,and right and left.

If fishing a deep sea fish from the surface of the sea suddenly,its eyes pop out,and air bladder 浮き袋 comes out of the mouth. When being in the deep sea,the fish opposed the water pressure,but as being out on the surface on the sea suddenly,and the water pressure which the fish receives becomes smaller all of sudden,it’s caused.

The wall of a dam is very strong,I’m wondering. The deeper it is in the sea,the stronger it is,otherwise,the dam will be destroyed.

【Atmospheric pressure.】

The earth is surrounded with thick layer made of the air.

The air also has the weight,the air near the ground is pressed and shrunk by the weight of the upper air,and it causes the pressure. We call it the atmospheric pressure.

The molecules of the air which move collapse each other,and the atmospheric pressure is caused. The atmospheric pressure works…

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【Atmospheric pressure.】

The atmospheric pressure works everywhere like the water pressure. It works on a person who is under a roof,and other who is outdoors.

《The atmospheric pressure which crashes a can of aluminum》

A can of aluminum for soft drink isn’t easily crashed,for there is the air inside,it has the atmospheric pressure like the outside. Plenty of molecules of the air move bump against each other both inside and outside of the can,so the can isn’t crashed easily.

However,if getting rid of the air from the can,the pressure inside the can disappears,and the atmospheric pressure works outside the can alone,so the cam will be crashed flat.

Even an oil drum ドラム缶,if letting the air out of it,or if replacing the air with steam,and making the inside cool and the pressure inside the oil drum disappears,it will be crashed with the atmospheric pressure,though I can’t believe it.

A container of which inside is vacuum is crashed,for plenty of molecules of the air bump against …

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【Atmospheric pressure.】

…for plenty of molecules of the air bump against the oil drum from the outside,but other molecules don’t from the inside.

We’ve gone through the same thing with a soup which has a lid. When wanting to take the lid we can’t easily sometimes…

When putting the lid on the hot soup,the container becomes hot,and when being cool,the atmospheric pressure inside the container becomes small. Other atmospheric pressure presses the lid from the outside,so we can’t take the lid easily.

A sucking disc 吸盤 makes use of the atmospheric pressure. When pressing an elastic sucking disc made of plastic against the wall,and taking our hand from the sucking disc,the sucking disc returns to the former size,and the air between the sucking disc and the wall becomes thin,and the atmospheric pressure also becomes small,and the atmospheric pressure presses the sucking disc from the outside,so the sucking disc sticks to the wall firmly.

《When drinking a juice with a straw,we take…》

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【Atmospheric pressure.】

《When drinking juice with a straw,we take advantage of the atmospheric pressure.》

When drinking juice,do you know we make use of the atmospheric pressure? Then we drink juice,swallowing it with the straw. There is the air in our mouth and in the straw. When drinking,we drive the air out of our mouth and the straw,and made the air thin,drop the atmospheric pressure.

The atmospheric pressure works on the surface on the juice in the glass,the atmospheric pressure pushes up the juice to the straw and to the mouth.

The atmospheric pressure push up the water to the height of 10 meters. When there is the straw of which length is 10 meter,and if using it ,can we drink the juice with the straw from the height of 10 meter?

If we can make the air our mouth and in the straw vacuum,we can do it theoretically,but it’s 5 meter at most,the author said like that.

By the way,I’m not sure of the relation between the atmospheric pressure and drinking the juice.

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I’m going to express on the temperature and heat. We tend to confuse the heat with the temperature our everyday life. I hope I can learn the difference between the heat and temperature in physics.

Sometimes we imagine the microscopic world. It seems that there is a limit to the low temperature,but there is no limit to the high temperature. Why?

【Temperature and heat.】

《Temperature》

A thing is made from atom and molecule. When heating it’s the same ,so we regard it as it is made from the molecule.

『The more active the movement of the thing is,the higher the temperature is.』

All the molecules which make up with the thing move. As to the solid body,it vibrates. The temperature means the degree of violent movement of the molecules in the microscopic world. If it’s the violent movement,it’s high temperature,and it’s mild movement,low temperature.

『The lowest temperature is –273℃』

Dropping the temperature means the movement of the molecules becomes slow more and more. Finally it…

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【Temperature and heat.】

『The lowest temperature is –273℃』

Finally the movement of the molecules stops. It means that the low temperature has limit. When the movement of the molecule stops,its temperature is –273℃,and there is no more lower temperature than –273℃.

How about the upper limit on the high temperature? The more violent the molecule moves,the higher the temperature rises. It is possible it’s limitless,but it’s high temperature extremely,the molecule is broken and turns into plasma.

【Temperature and change of a thing on cubic volume.】

When heating,the solid body,liquid,and gaseous body swell,when cooling,they shrink. A thing is made of extreme tiny particles like atom and molecule.

The three of the solid body,liquid,and gaseous body is material,but the way of getting together on the molecule and atom is different.

As for the solid body,both of the molecule and atom are connected with each other so regularly closely that its particle can’t move here and there at all.

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【Temperature and change of a thing on cubic volume.】

So the molecule of the solid body trembles in the same position.

On the other hand,the molecules of liquid are connected with each other less loosely than the solid body,and the space between the molecules is larger a little than the solid body,so the molecules of the liquid can move here and there.

The molecules of the gaseous body are apart away separately,and they fly around in the air.

The scale of the movement of the molecule on the solid body,liquid and gaseous body is like the next. The solid body < liquid< gaseous body.

I’m sure without using the sign of <,I should show it with English,but it doesn’t occur to me. I’m sorry for it.

As to the solid body,gazeous body,the higher the temperature is the more active the molecule is.

The higher the temperature is,the more the molecule moves. It means the solid body moves so violently that the space of vibrating expands. If the space of each molecule expands,it means the….

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【Temperature and change of a thing on cubic volume.】

…it means it swells as the whole thing. The liquid and gazeous body are also the same.

Even if the temperature goes up and swells and changes into the solid body,liquid and gazeous body,those molecules aren’t reborn,so its numbers don’t change. The mass of the thing is the total of the molecules,so while its cubic volume changes,its mass don’t .

《A clinical thermometer of mercury and the one of alcohol .》

A clinical thermometer of which shape is a bar and in which there is red liquid is an alcohol clinical thermometer, on the other hand there is other one which has mercury,a mercury clinical thermometer.

We call it the alcohol clinical thermometer,but it doesn’t always mean it has alcohol. Instead,kerosene 灯油 is used,coloring red. We used to adopt the alcohol,so we call it the alcohol clinical thermometer at present.

When the temperature goes up,the mercury and kerosene swell. We take advantage of the property for the…

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【Temperature and change of a thing on cubic volume.】

《The clinical mercury thermometer and the alcohol one.》

We take advantage of the proper for the clinical thermometer.

When taking our body’s temperature with the clinical thermometer,it doesn’t show us our body’s temperature at once,for the body emits the heat,the movement of the heat from the body to the clinical thermometer is over when the the clinical thermometer itself becomes the same temperature as our body’s temperature,so it takes time a little.

If taking our body’s temperature with an ordinary thermometer,when taking it from our body so as to recognize our body temperature,it is influenced by the air around us.

When taking the clinical thermometer from our body,its indication doesn’t change at all.

Question.

There is iron and Styrofoam 発泡スチロール 商品名 in the same room for a long time. The room temperature is 20℃. Direct rays of the sun doesn’t shine both of them. As to the temperature,which is higher?

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From the paragraph of the question,I went into the new one,but I forgot to add it to its headline. I’m sorry for it,and I’m going so show you it below this sentence.

【Heat.】

Option.

1 Styrofoam 発泡スチロール

2 Iron.

3 Same.

Question

When fanning ourselves with a fan and sending wind to a thermometer,what happens to the temperature which is shown by the thermometer?

《What is the heat?》

When making a thing which has high temperature touch other thing which has low temperature,as to each temperature,the one which high temperature goes down,and the one which has low temperature goes up. When both of them becomes the same temperature,the change stops.

Then we should think that something moved from the one which has the high temperature to the one which has low temperature. The something is the heat. When being the same temperature,the movement of the heat stops.

The movement of the heat is always from the one which has high temperature to the one which has low temperature. It’s a kind…

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【Heat】

《What is the heat?》

It’s a kind of one way traffic.

《When leaving a thing alone for a long time,its temperature becomes same as the one in the room.》

As a result,the iron and the Styrofoam both of which has been left alone in the same room for a long time on the same condition without be shone direct rays from the sun.

They have been in the same air of the same temperature,so the answer for the former question is 3. They become the same temperature.

《When being cool,it doesn’t always mean it has low temperature.》

When sending the wind to the thermometer,it’s just that the thermometer shows us the temperature of the wind.

When feeling cool with the wind,the wind makes the moisture of the body evaporate. The answer for the latter question is that the temperature of the thermometer doesn’t change.

《Why do we feel the iron is cold?》

When touching the iron,we find it cool,and touching the Styrofoam we think it’s cold. Why?

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【Heat.】

《Why do we feel that the iron is cold? 》

When conveying the heat,there is difference between the iron and the Styrofoam.

The clinical temperature is usually higher than the air around us. Our hand becomes the one which has the high temperature and the iron and the Styrofoam is the one which has the low temperature.

When touching the iron,the heat moves from the hand to the iron,and as the heat is easily to be conveyed,the heat moves from the part where we touch with the hand to the iron more and more.

It’s not the iron is cold but the heat is removed from our hand,so we find the iron is cool.

On the other hand,the Styrofoam is hard to convey the heat,so the part where we touch becomes the same temperature at once.

《The temperature of ice isn’t always 0℃.》

There is a freezing compartment of which temperature is minus 20℃. When putting an ice in it,the temperature of the ice becomes also the minus 20℃.

It is said that the temperature of the ice is 0℃. It means that …

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【Heat】

《The temperature of ice isn’t always 0℃》

It means that when beginning to freeze,to melt,or in the middle of melting,its temperature is 0℃,and if putting it in the place of which temperature is –20℃,its temperature becomes the same.

『The movement on the heat from a viewpoint of the microscopic world.』

When making contact a thing which is high temperature with other which is low temperature,the heat moves from the thing which is high temperature to the other which is low temperature. It’s a thing of microcosm .

If looking at it from the microscopic world,what does it look?

When make contact with two things of which temperature is different,the molecules of which movement are violent bump against the other molecules of which movement are soft.

In short,the molecules of which movement are violent become soft,and other molecules of which movement are soft become violent.

If it happens at the place where the two things make contact,the same thing happens to the next molecules…

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【Heat.】

《The movement on the heat from a viewpoint of the microscopic world.》

…so the movement of the action becomes average and same finally.

When moving heat from the one of which temperatue is high to the other of which temperature is low,the molecules move like that in the microscopic world.

If comparing the molecule of gazeous body with other of liquid and solid body,the molecule of the gazeous body has little chance to bump against each other,so if shutting up it in a place,the nature of insulation 断熱 becomes good. It makes us feel clothes which has lots of air is warm.

We make use of the nature of insulation on the roof and wall to the house.

《The amount of heat.》

The heat moves from the thing of which temperature is high to the other of which temperature is low,but how much does the heat move? The temperatue alone doesn’t set up it. The amoun of heat is called the quantity of heat. It’s defined like the next.

If raising the temperatue of water of 1 gram by 1℃…

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【Heat.】

《The amount of heat.》

If raising the temperature of water of 1 gram by 1℃,the quantity of heat of 1 calorie. As to the unit of the quantity of the heat,J has been used internationally,but the calorie is easy to imagine,so I’ve adopted the calorie here,the author said like that.

1 calorie is 4.2J,so we can change the calorie into the J.

When raising the temperature of the water of 2 gram by 1℃,it means that dividing the water by 1 gram,and raising the temperature respectively.

When raising the temperature of the water of 1 gram,we need 1 calorie,and for one more 1 gram we need 1 calorie again,so the total amount is 2 calorie. When there is water of A gram,and if raising the temperature of the water of A gram,we need A calorie.

If raising the temperature of the water of 1 gram by B ℃,we need B calorie.

There is the water of A gram. If wanting to raise the temperature by B ℃,we need A × B.

As a result,as for the water,the quantity of the heat which the water gains or…

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【Heat.】

《The amount of heat.》

In short,as to the water,quantity of the heat which the water gains or loses is shown with the next formula.

The quantity of the heat,the calorie is equal to multiplying the mass of the water by changing temperature of the water.

When calculating the quantity of the heat,the changing temperature is found by subtracting the higher temperature from the lower temperature.

Sometimes the formula is shown like the next.

The quantity of the heat is equal to 1 times the mass of the water times changing temperature of the water.

The 1 is the necessary quantity of the heat which raises 1℃ for the water of 1 gram. Except for the water,if wanting to raise its temperature of 1 gram by 1 ℃,we need different quantity of heat,so if wanting to show the quantity of the heat is 1 in relation to the water.we adopt the 1.

For example,please imagine the hot water in a bathtub and hot coffee in a cup. If both of the temperature is 40℃,the hot water in the bathtub is…

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【Heat】

《The amount of heat.》

If both of the temperature are 40℃,the hot water in the bathtub is by far larger than the coffee in the cup with regard to the quantity of the heat.

『Question』

There is water of 50 gram of which temperature is 20℃. We want to raise its temperature until 60℃. How much do we need the quantity of the heat then?

『Answer』

The mass of the water is 50 gram. The temperature changes from 20℃ to 60 ℃,60–20＝40,the necessary quantity of the heat is 50 times 40 is 2.000,so it’s 2.000 calorie.

『Question』

There is water of 100 gram of which temperature is 25℃. If adding the quantity of heat of 3.000 calorie to the water,what is the temperature of the water then?

Let’s think over the question in the next order.

The temperature which we want to find is X℃. The X℃ is larger than 25℃,so the temperature changes from 25 to Y℃. The mass of the water is 100 gram. The quantity of the heat is the mass of the water times the change of the temperature of the water …

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Continuation of the last response.

The quantity of the water is the mass of the water times the change of the temperature of the water.

When wanting to raise the temperature of the water of 1 gram by 1 ℃,we need I calorie. If wanting to raise the water of 100 gram by 1 ℃,we need 100 calorie. We add 3.000 calorie to the water,so its temperature goes up by 30 ℃,so the answer is 55 ℃

【How to solve the question of mixing water of which temperature is different.】

When mixing the water of which temperature is different,what is the temperature of the water? Then the one which plays an active role is the relation between the quantity of the heat which the thing of the high temperature lost is equal to the quantity of the heat which the thing of low temperature gained.

『Question』

There is water of 200 gram of which temperature is 20℃,and other water of 300 gram of which temperature is 60℃. When mixing two of them,what is the temperature？

The way of solving the question is setting up an…

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【How to solve the question of mixing water of which temperature is different.】

The way of soliving the question is setting up an equation with the quantity of heat. As to a question for the quantity of heat,the question belongs to the hard one,but we can solve it if trying to do in turn,said the author like that.

The way of thinking the question is like the next. The temperature which we want to find is X℃,there is the quantity of heat which the thing of low temperature got,and is other quantity of heat which other thing of high temperature lost. We indicate two of the quantity of heat with the equation which includes the X.

The quantity of heat which the thing of low temperature got is equal to the quantity of heat which the other thing of high temperature lost,and we set up the equation and solve it. We’re going to try it in turns like the next.

1: How much is the quantity of heat which the water of 20 gram got? We have to indicate it with an equation which includes the X.

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【How to solve a question of mixing water of which temperature is different.】

2: How much is the quantity of heat which the water of 60 gram lost? We have to indicate it with an equation which includes the X.

3: How much is the temperature of the X?

『Answers.』

1: 200 × （X ー 20）cal.

2: 300×（60ーX）cal.

3: X ＝ 44℃

1: As to the mass,the water of which temperature is 20 ℃ is 20. When gaining the heat,its temperature changes from 20℃ into X℃. The change of the temperature is shown with an equation of subtracting the low temperature from the high temperature,so it’s X ー 20℃,so the quantity of heat of the water of which temperature is 20 ℃ gained is 200 ×（Xー20）cal.

2: As to the mass,the water of which temperature is 60 is 300,and when losing the heat,it changed from 60℃ into X℃. The change of the temperature is subtracting the low temperature from the high temperature,it’s 60 ーX,so the quantity of heat of the water of which temperature is 60 ℃ gained is 300× （60ーX）cal.

3: The quantity…

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【How to solve a question of mixing water of which temperature is different.】

『Answers.』

3:The quantity of heat which the thing of low temperature gained is equal to the quantity of heat which the other thing of high temperature lost,so 200 ×（Xー20）＝ 300 ×（60ーX）

Both sides are divided by 100,it’s 2 ×（Xー20）＝ 3 ×（60ーX），2X ー40＝180 ー 3X，2X＋3X＝180＋40，5X＝220，X＝44.

There is one more question.

『Question』

There is water of 100 gram of which temperature is 40℃,and is other water of 50 gram of which temperature is 10℃. When mixing them,what is the temperature? Its answer is 30℃

100 × （40 ー X）= 50 × （Xー10），150X ＝4500，X ＝ 30

【Being easy to become warm is different according to things.】

If heating the same mass of water and oil with the same conditions,how are the both ways of rising temperature?

When doing it,as to rising the temperature,the oil is faster than the water.

When trying to rise the temperature of water of 1 gram by 1 ℃，we need the quantity of heat of 1 cal,but the necessary…

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【Being easy to become warm is different according to materials】

…but the necessary quantity of heat which rises the tempererature of a thing of 1 gram by 1 ℃ is different,according to materials. The necessary quantity of heat which rises the temperature of the thing of 1 gram by 1 ℃ is called the specific heat 比熱.

The bigger the specific heat is, the harder to become warm and to become cold,on the other hand,the smaller the specific heat is,the easier to become warm and to become cold.

『The water is the material which has a big specific heat.』

The water is the material which has a large specific heat,and 70 % of the surface of the earth is covered with the water,so there is little difference on the temperature between the day and the night. The weather has been influenced by the weather so much.

The quantity of the heat = the specific heat × the mass × the change of the temperature. Its unit is expressed with the sign of cal/g・℃.

《Question》

There is a metal of which mass is 100…

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《Question》

There is a metal of which mass is 100 gram and of which temperature is 100℃. We put the metal in the water of 150 gram,and the temperature is 18℃,the temperature of the water changed into 28℃.What is the necessary quantity of the heat so as to rise the temperature of the metal by 1 ℃？

『The way of thinking is the same as the mixture of the water.』

It’s the same of the question of the mixture of the water of which temperature is different. The thing which we want to find is X,and we seek the quantity of heat which the thing of low temperature got,and the quantity heat which the other thing of high temperature lost.

The quantity of heat which the thing of low temperature got is equal to the quantity of heat whic the other thing of high temperature lost,and we set up an equation from the two of them and solve it and we find the X.

The mass of the water is 150 gram,and the change of the temperature is 28ー18＝10℃. The quantity of the heat which the water got is 150×10＝…

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《The way of thinking is the same as the mixture of the water.》

The quantity of the heat which the water got is 150 ×10＝1.500 cal. The temperature of the water became 28℃,after putting the metal in the water,so the temperature of the metal is also 28℃.

The mass of the metal is 100 gram,and the change of the temperature is 100ー28＝72℃,and the quantity of heat which the metal lost is 7200X cal.

The quantity of heat which the water got is equal to the quantity of heat which the metal lost,so it’s 1500=7200X cal,and the X= 0.21cal.

I’m going to start a new chapter of the electric circuit from now on.

The electric circuit at which plenty of people are poor. A conductor in which the electric current is well turned on is a metallic basically. Not only the conductor but an insulator 絶縁体 in which the electric current isn’t turned on in the electric current is important. Why?

I’m going to express the relation between the electric current,voltage,and electrical resistance here.

【Static …】

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【Static electricity】

I’ve ever expressed an experiment of a straw which runs away. Please remember it. Why does it happen? for the straw is charged with electricity. The electricity which is charged with the straw is two kinds,the one is positive,and the other is negative.The positive and negative attract each other,and as to positve and positive,or negative and negative,they repel.

In the experiment,the straw is charged with the negative electricity,and the one which enveloped the straw is charged with the positive electricity,so they stick together or repel.

Thus we call the electricity which is charged with a thing static electrocity. Or the static elecrocity is frequently caused with a friction,so we call it friction electrocity.

On the other hand,when turning on a miniature bulb with a battery,we call the electricity the dynamic electricity.

《Structure of atom causes the static electrocity.》

Why is the static electrocity caused? We need to think of atoms which form things.

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【Static electrocity】

《Structure of atoms causes the static electrocity.》

Everything is made of atoms,and the atom is made with an atomic nucleus and electrons. The atomic nucleus has positive electricity and is in the center of the atom,and electrons have negative electricity and circle around the atomic nucleus.

The ratio of the both electricity of the positive and negative on the atom is evenly balanced and it’s zero.

The atomic nucleus is in the center of the atom,so it can’t be separated from the atom easily or it can’t be stick together,on the other hand the electrons outside the atomic nucleus is easily separated from the atomic nucleus,and is stick to the atomic nucleus easily.

As to the electricity on the whole atom,it’s balanced evenly,it’s zero,so the thing which is charged with electrocity is zero.

When rubbing two things,the electrons which are easily separated move to the thing which isn’t separated easily,and it is charged with negative electricity,and the one…

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【Static electrocity】

《Structure of atoms cause the static electocity.》

…and the one which lost the negative electricity is charged with positive electricity.

『The static electricity has three properties.』

The static electricity has three properties like the next.

It has positive and negative electocity. The same ones repel,and the different ones attract each other. The author said like that,but I’m sure the electricity is like that,it’s not limited to the static electricity.

When taking out the straw from the one which envelopes the straw,the straw is charged with the negative electricity,and the one which enveloped the straw is charged with the positive electricity.

When one thing is charged with the positive electricity,the other is always charged with the negative electricity.

『A thing which is easy to be charged with the positive electricity and other thing negative electricity. It depends on.』

When a thing is charged with the static electricity,the scale of the…

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【Static electrocity】

《A thing which is easy to be charged with positive electrocity and other thing negative electrocity. It depends on.》

…the scale and kinds of the electrocity change. There are two kinds of things concerned the electrocity. The one is easily charged with electricity and other isn’t easy.

When rubbing them,whether it is charged with the positive electrocity or the negative one,it depends on the thing made up with material.

When being moistened,the static electrocity discharges through the water,so the static elecrtrocity happens easily in winter.

《Thunder is phenomenon of the static electrocity in the natural world.》

Thunder often happens in a developed cumulonimbus 積乱雲. Violent rise with the ascending current makes each ice collapse in the cumulonimbus so much. A large grain of the ice is charged with the negative electrocity,and the little one is positive one.

While the little grain of the ice is so light that it goes up above the cloud,the bigger one goes …

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【Static electrocity】

《Thunder is phenomenon of the static electrocity in the natural world.》

…the bigger one goes down,so the thunder storm becomes the form in which the positive one face with the negative one each other.

When the thunder storm approaches the ground,the ground under the thunder storm is charged with the positive electrocity.

When the thunder storm generates,the static electrocity accumulates in the cloud. Lightning struck is the phenomenon of electric discharge with the things between the thunderstorm and the ground.

【Electoric circuit】

The electricity generates from the positive pole,runs through a conductor,and it makes a light bulb turn on,or makes a motor function,and runs through the conductor back to the negative pole of the electric source. We call the course in which the electricity circle around an electric circuit.

《Direction of the current of electrons and the direction of the electric current is opposite.》

The electric current generates from the…

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【Electoric circuit】

《Direction of the current of electrons and electric current is opposite.》

The electric currency generates from the positive pole and returns to the negative pole. It has been decided like that,but actually free electrons go from the negative pole and return to the positive pole in a metal. When no one can understand the electric currency is electrons,we’ve decided like that,so even at present,the electric currency runs from the positive pole to the negative one. We’ve decided like that.

《Switches above the stairs and under the stairs.》

There is usually a single switch an illumination in a house. What about switches on the stairs of the house? There are two switches above and under the stairs.

When going up the stairs,we turn on the illumination with the switch below the stairs,and reaching the top of the stairs,we turn off with the switch above the stairs. We call it three way switch.

【Inside the conductor is filled with free electrons.】

The electric circuit…

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【Inside a conductor is filled with free electrons.】

A electric circuit is basically made of a conductor which is metal and a nonconductor which is nonmetal. The conduct wiring of the conductor is covered with the nonconductor. Needless to say the place where the electricity runs is in the conuctor,and the nonconductor plays a part to prevent the conductor from causing a short circuit.

A thing close to us,except for the metal,the conductor is a black lead which is a stick made of carbon in the cell of manganese,which is used for the lead 芯 of a pencil.

Almost all of the material which is except for the metal is nonconductor or an insulator 絶縁体. A semiconductor lies between the conductor and noncondocotor.

《Thinking of a movement of electrons with a microscopic view of point.》

Let’s look at the microscopic structure of the conductor which means the metal here.

Lots of metallic atoms gather in the metal. A part of electrons are away from each of atoms,and moves around in the …

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【Inside a conductor is filled with free electrons】

《Think of movements of electrons with microscopic view of point》

…and the electrons move around in the metal at will.

When there is an atom,the electrons belonged to the atom,but when the metallic atoms gather,free electrons which don’t belong to any atoms move around. We call the electrons free electrons.

Negative electricity decreases in the atom in which the electrons are away as the free electrons,so the positive electricity is as it is,but the negative one becomes small in the left atom,so the positive electricity remains in the atom as whole.

As a result,the metal is composed of the atom which has the positive electricity and the free electrons. The nonmetal doesn’t have any free electrons at all.

《A short circuit》

There is an illustration of a short circuit.

There is a light bulb between the C and D,and there is a switch and conductor between the B and E. The light bulb between the C and D,comparing the light bulb with…

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【Inside a conductor is filled with free electrons】

《A short circuit》

…comparing the light bulb with the conductor alone,there is big electrical resistance in the light bulb. The elecrical resistance means being difficulty to run the electricity.

A and F is connected in series 直列.

When turning on the switch,almost all of the electricity runs among the ABEF. Thus we call there is the conductor alone,and the one in which the electricity is easily running a short circuit.

The short circuit doesn’t mean the distance where the electricity is short,but there is little electrical resistance in the circuit.

The light bulb between the C and D isn’t on but the cell becomes hot soon,for large electricity runs in the short circuit. The light bulb isn’t on but the cell consumes more and more.

If the conductor isn’t covered with the insulator,what will happen? Contacting among the conducting wire,short circuit is caused easily.

In a circuit which is connected with an electric source of 100 v‥

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【Inside a conductor is filled with free electrons】

《A short circuit》

In a circuit which is connected with an electric source of 100 voltage of alternating current,if a short circuit is caused,very large of electric current is running through the conductor,and the conductor generates the heat,and it may cause a fire.

Safety device like a breaker prevents from being running the large electric current. Conducting wires are covered with an insulator,so it prevents the conducting wires from causing the short circuit.

Not only causing the short circuit but using lots of electronics appliance at the same time,the large amount of electric current runs.

Each of the electronics appliances are connected with a parallel circuit 並列回路,so even if the electrici current which is branched off respectively,its root is the one of all the electric current is added,so if the electricity current is too large,the breaker functions.

Things in which we should be careful of the electric current at a …

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【Inside a conductor is filled with free electrons】

《A short circuit》

Things in which we should be careful of electric current in a household.

Don’t touch the electric current from an electrical outlet コンセント！,for there is danger which caused to get an electric shock and being dead.

If an insulator which covers with conductor wires breaks,don’t use the electronics appliance!

Don’t use a multiple outlet extension plug たこ足配線

【Electric current and voltage】

The scale of electric current is shown with an ampere,A,or milli–ampere,mA. IA = 1.000 mA.

The scale in which the work of electric current runs is shown whether it’s big or small with voltage. The unit of the voltage is volt,V.

《We can understand the electric current and voltage with a current of the water.》

I’m going to express the difference between the electric current and voltage here.

The electric current is the currency of the electricity as the phrase indicates. Things in which either of lots of positive electricity or…

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【Electric current and voltage】

《We can understand the electric current and voltage with the current of the water》

Things in which either of lots of positive electricity or plenty of negative electricity move,It’s the electric current.

The voltage is function which adds a power to the things which have the electricity and makes it work. If comparing the electricity with the stream of the water,the voltage is done with water pressure.

There is an illustration which shows us the relation the electric current and voltage.

The water is flowing and it makes a gear turn. The more the water flows,the more the gear turns,and the gear is connected with a miniature bulb. The current of water is controlled with a pump. If the pump works a lot,it makes the gear turns a lot,and the miniature bulb is on. The pump is equivalent to the voltage.

《Electrons run through the air ,through the vacuum.》

Even if nothing is connected with the conductor,the electric current runs. Have you ever got an…

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【Electric current and voltage】

《Electrons run through the air,through the vacuum》

Have you got an electric shock in a dry day? Then static electricity was gathered and discharged then,and there was a spark,and it was the electric current,and the elecrtric current moved.

The static electricity current is thousands volts and is more than it sometimes. Even if the voltage of the static electricity is high everyday life, electric current is very small. As to thunder, its volt is millions,and the electricity is so big that a house is born and a person will be dead because of the thunder.

When the air is thin,electric volt is added. What happens then?

There is a discharge tube 放電管,and there are metal plates of a positive pole and a negative pole at the both end of the discharge tube. We let the air out of the discharge tube with a vacuum pump. We call a discharge tube which is almost out of the air a crookes tube.

If adding electric volts to the crookes tube with metallic plate,and…

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【The electric current and voltage】

《Electrons run through the air,through the vacuum》

…and discharges,then a shadow is formed on a fluorescent 蛍光 board in the crookes tube. Something springs out of the negative pole to the positive pole then. It’s cathode rays. 陰極線

When adding the electric voltage to the horizontal cathode ray both upward and downward,the horizontal one curves to the positive pole. It means that the cathode ray has negative electricity. It turns out that the cathode ray is a grain which has electricity,an electron at present.

Even if discharges electricity in the vaccum air,it’s the pressure of the air,and there is air a little,the color changes when electricity discharges. The color depends on the pressure of the air and its kinds. It has been taken advantage of for a neon sign.

【A series circuit and a parallel circuit】

As to a circuit of electric current in which the same electric source is made use of and connecting two light bulbs,we can make two kinds.

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【A series circuit and a parallel circuit】

《A series and a parallel is the base of the circuit.》

There are two illustrations on the circuit of electric current,the one is the series circuit and the other a parallel circuit.

As to the route of the series circuit,it’s from the battery of the positive pole,one of the light bulb,the other,and the negative pole of the battery. It’s a direct road. We call it the series circuit.

As for the other route,it’s from the battery of the positive pole,one of the light bulb,the negative pole of the battery,the positive pole of the battery,the other lighr bulb,and the negative pole of the battery. There are two kinds.

Thus,the route in which the electric current flows branches into more than two kinds is a parallel circuit.

《Wherever the electricity current flows,it’s the same in the series circuit》

When we couldn’t recognize what the electricity current was,after the electricity passed through a light bulb,we were apt to think the electricity…

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