Science,English,and math Ⅱ
【Science,English,and math Ⅱ】
I'm going to start a new thread from now on. It seems that the description on the book of which title,『トリセツ.カラダ』will be over befere long,so after that I'll express on the math,I hope so.
I've wanted to be a splendid English speaker someday,so I've expressed some of English thread,but I'm afraid I find it hard that my hope comes true,but I won't give up,for it seems that I love English.
There are lots of things which I don't know in the world,so I've wanted to express the unknown world for me as much as I can.
新しいレスの受付は終了しました
【Putting the internal organ away in the body】
《The system of the circulatory organ》
The heart is set at the back of the breastbone. Then main artery starts from the heart. It advances toward the head and it draws a hairpin curve and goes down through the side of the backbone. It branches into the two directions of right and left at the height of the waist and goes to the both of the feet.
The artery which goes to the both arms diverges right and left above the hairpin curve. The artery which goes to the right arm branches into other artery which goes to the head on the way.Renal artery 腎動脈 of left and right starts at the height of the waist. Veins accompany the artreies.
Putting the system of the circulatory organ in the body is over.
《The system of the respiratory organ 呼吸器》
Lungs of which shape is a fan are set at the left and right on the breast. Both of the lungs are connected with tubes called the trachea 気管 at the center of the breast,and the tubes are collected to on …
【Putting the internal organ away in the body】
《The system of the respirarory organ》
The tubes called trachea 気管 are collected to on the back of the heart and become one. The trachea which is next to the gullet 食道 leads to the mouth. Putting the system of the respiratory organ away is over.
《The system of the digestive organs》
Part one,the solid organs. The pancreas 膵臓 and duodenum 十二指腸 are outside the peritoneum 腹膜. The pancreas is in the center of the body. It clings to the back. It looks like a thin pennant. The liver is on the right of the pit on the stomach みぞおち. The liver is at the back of the rib. Its shape is a big inverted triangle.
Part two,the digestive organs. The gullet is through the diaphragm 横隔膜 and is connected with the stomach. The stomach is connected with the duodenum. The duodenum runs around the upper part of the pancreas. Its route looks like the U-shaped type コの字形.
The end of the duodenum is connected with the long small intestine. The large and small …
【Putting the internal organs away in the body】
《The system of the digestive organs》
Part two,the digestive organs. The large and small intestines start at the lower left of the body and are connected with the appendix. The large intestine runs around the outer frame in the stomach. Its route looks like a question mark. The large intestine runs through the rectum 直腸 and reaches the anus.
Part three,the connection between the solid organs and the digestive organs. The bile duct 胆管 starts from the liver and the pancreatic duct begins from the pancreas. The bile duct and the pancreatic one is connected and we call it the common bile duct. It's connected with the duodenum. Putting the digestive organs away is over.
《The system of the urinary organs》
Although when the body is built up,the urinary organs and sexual organs grow together,so we tend to confuse with them,they are different mechanism in regard to each function. The pancreas is outside the peritoneum 腹膜,and it's at the…
【Putting the internal organs away in the body】
《The system of the urinary organs》
The pancreas is at the height of the waist and it's on the both side of right and left of the back. Its size is a fist. The right one is a little lower position because of the kidney. The pancreas is connected with the main artery direct. Its blood vessel is thick.The ureter 尿管 starts from the dent of which size is a broad bean and it's connected with bladder. Putting the urinary system away is over.
《The system of the sex organs》
An ovary and a testis 精巣 is a size of the egg of a quail. The ovary is inside of the body and the testis is outside of the body. When being unborn baby,both of the ovary and testis is inside of the body,but after his birth the testis is outside of the body.
The ovary is connected with the womb through an oviduct 卵管 and the ovum is released in the womb. The sperm is released through a spermaduct and the prostate 前立腺. Its goal is the womb. Both of the ovary and testis…
【Putting away the internal organs away in the body】
《The system of sex organs》
Both the ovary and testis produce hormone as the organs of internal secretion. Putting away the sex organs is over.
《The system of the internal secretion》
All the organs of the internal secretion are the size from an azuki bean to an egg of a quail. It's just that they are connected with the blood vessels,so we have only to recognize each place.
The pituitary gland 脳下垂体 is in the center of the brain stem. Its size is as big as big a soybean.
The thyroid gland 甲状腺 is the organ which clings under the Adam's apple. Its shape looks like a nymphalidae butterfly タテハ蝶
The adrenal gland 副腎 looks like a broad bean in regard to its size and shape. It clings to upper part of the kidney.
I hope you can grasp the whole image of the body. I'm going to express the way of indicating of the illustration of the internal organs in the body from now on.
At first we draw a horizontal line on the body. Its upper part…
【The way of indicating the illustration of the intenanal organs in the body】
Its upper part is the breast and lower part is the body. Its border is the diaphragm 横隔膜. There are ovals both on the right and left of the breast. There are lungs. The left one is a little smaller than the right one.
The right lung is divided into three parts and the left one is done into two parts. There is the heart between the lungs. The left part of the heart is a little bigger than the right part. The heart and the lungs are put in perfectly.
The gullet 食道 runs through from the upper part to the lower part at the back of the heart. It's connected with the stomach.
The heart is divided into the four parts. The duodenum 十二指腸 starts from the stomach. Its shape looks like コ,which is one of Japanese phonetic syllabary カタカナ. The pancreas is put in the dent of the コ.
The small intestine starts from the duodenum and its resembles like a hairpin curve. It stops at the right lower part of the stomach.
【The way of indicating the illustration of the internal organs in the body】
Oh! I've made a mistake! The small intestine stops not at the lower right part of the stomach but at the right abdominal region. The large intestine starts there. We call the place the cecum 盲腸,and the appendix is suspended there.
To be exact the cecum is different from the appendix with regard to the structure of the body. The large intestine has each name in each different place. The place where the small intestine changes into the large intestine. We call it the cecum,and there is the appendix at the tip of the cecum. The appendix is suspended from the cecum as if it were a tail.
We say commonly suffering from the appendicitis 盲腸炎,it's an inflammation 炎症 in the appendix. It doesn't happen in the cecum exactly.
The large intestine runs through along the innner frame of the whole body. It looks like a big ? mark. It starts from the right abdominal region,and runs through right upper,left lower,left …
【The way of indicating the illustration of the internal organs in the body】
Oh! I've made a mistake! The small intestine stops not at the lower right part of the stomach but at the right abdominal region. The large intestine starts there. We call the place the cecum 盲腸,and the appendix is suspended there.
To be exact the cecum is different from the appendix with regard to the structure of the body. The large intestine has each name in each different place. The place where the small intestine changes into the large intestine. We call it the cecum,and there is the appendix at the tip of the cecum. The appendix is suspended from the cecum as if it were a tail.
We say commonly suffering from the appendicitis 盲腸炎,it's an inflammation 炎症 in the appendix. It doesn't happen in the cecum exactly.
The large intestine runs through along the innner frame of the whole body. It looks like a big ? mark. It starts from the right abdominal region,and runs through right upper,left lower,left …
【The way of indicating the illustration of the internal organs in the body】
The ? mark of the large intestine starts from the right abdominal region,and runs through the upper right,upper left,left abdominal region,and reaches the center of the lower part of the body. We call the goal the rectum 直腸.
There is the liver of which shape is a triangle at the right upper part of the body. There is a bag called the gallbladder 胆嚢 under the liver. The liver is in front of the large intestine.
The biliary 胆管 starts from the gallbladder. The pancreatic duct runs through the center of the pancreas. The biliary and the pancreatic duct are connected and we call it the common bile duct 総胆,and the common bile duct leads to the duodenum and there is an opening there.
There are kidneys of which shape are oval next to the small intestine. They are both on the right and left side of the small intestine. There is the bladder 膀胱 at the center of the body. It's connected with both of the kidneys…
【The way of indicating the illustaration of the internal organs in the body】
The bladder is connected with the kidneys of the both sides on the right and left side by the ureter. Sticking the spleen 脾臓 of which shape is oval at the end of the pancreas. In the next,I'm going to start the way of putting away the system of the blood vessels away in the body.
The main artery of which mark is ? starts from the heart to the waist. There are 8 of the artreys branching off from the main artery. Each of them runs through the right hand,left place on the jaw,left hand,right foot,left foot,both kidney of right and left side,and abdominal cavity. 腹腔.The artrey which runs through the right hand and the head,so it forks into two.
The way of the illustration of the internal organs in the body is over,so everyone can illustrate. If trying to do,it'll be actually simple. If repeating to illustrate it,everyone will be surprised,for it will know throughly on the body unconsciously.
【Putting together the functions in the body】
《The nervous system》
What to receive,or what to feel is sent or received with the electrical signal in the nervous system,the center of its role is the central nerves,from the cerebrum 大脳. The net of peripheral nerve 末梢神経 spreads over the whole body from the cerebrum. Its basic unit is connection of nerve cells. We also call the nerve cell neuron.
《The system of blood vessel》
The system of blood vessel delivers necessary materials over the whole body,and collects unnecessary ones. Its center of the role is the heart in the breast. The net of the blood vessel spreads over the whole body from the heart through the order of the artrey,the capillary tube 毛細血管,and the vein.
《The respiratory system 呼吸器系統》
An alveolus 肺胞 is a basic unit in the lung. The oxygen is absorbed in the alveolus. The waste of the carbon dioxide is discharged from the alveolus into the blood at the same time. Its center of the role is the breast and the lung.
【Putting together the functions in the body】
《The system of the digestive organs》
The neutrient is taken in from the mouth as food and and absorbed in the capillary vessels of the mucous membrane 粘膜 of the small intestine through the digestive organs. The nutrient is sent into the liver and stored there. After that it's
delivered all the internal organs with circulation of the blood.
The center of the role is the digestive organs in the abdomen. Water is absorbed in the mucous membrane of the large intestine and sent into the lymph vessel,or the blood vessel.
《The system of the urinary organs》
The waste in the blood is filtered through the glomerule 糸球体. The glomerule is a kind of the capillary vessel,and a part of a basic unit of the kidney called nephron. The waste is abandoned from the bladder as urine.
《The system of sex organs》
Sperm is produced in the testis 精巣 in the body of a male,and the ovum 卵子 is produced in the ovary 卵巣 in the body of a female. The female has the…
【Putting together the functions in the body】
《The system of sex organs》
The women have the womb where a fertilized egg is brought up to be an unborn baby.
《The system of internal secretion》
It's the internal organs which secrete the hormone in the blood. When secreting the hormone,there are the internal organs as target,and the secreting the hormone acts on there alone,it's so to speak,a special order.
《Homeostasis 恒常性》
There is the border between the body and its outside. Taking in necessary things inside the body from the outside and releases unnecessary things outside the body. It's the basic rule. It means that the body wants always to keep a fixed stable situation. For example,the blood pressure is 120,the cardiac rate 80,and the temperature 36.
We call the function which tries to keep the fixed stable situation the maintenance of the homeostasis. If saying it in other words,the body is the system which maintains the homeostasis. The mechanism of the body looks like…
【Homeostasis】
The body looks complicated seemingly,but it's simple actually. Both of the necessary and unnecessary things go in and out through the capillary vessels,of which aim is keeping the stable and fixed situation of the body.
【Medical outline】
《Living and dying》
Living is opposite of dying. Living means breathing,its heart beats,and being able to think something. Being dead is opposite of them. When being dead,no one breathes,its heart stops,and it's unconscious.
Being dead means that both its breath and the beat of the heart stops,and dilatation of the pupil 瞳孔散大. They are the three symptoms of the death. The dilatation of the pupil means losing light reflex 対光反射.
Light makes the diameter of the pupil change. The brighter the light is,the larger the diameter of the pupil becomes. The amount of the light which reaches to the pupil is controlled with the reflex. As a result the retina can adapt itself to various the strength of light. It means that the brain stops …
【Medical outline】
《Living and dying》
In short,the dilation of the pupil means stopping the activity in the brain. Thus both of stopping breathing,and beating the heart,and the dilation of the pupil which is the brain death used to be the three symptom in regard to the death long ago.
However with the development of the medical science,the one could have been dead in the old days isn't dead easily. Even if it stops breathing,an respirator 人工呼吸器 can support its life. In consequence,some people have appeared. They think of the loss of conscious as important element concerned the death. When the one was falls into the situation of the brain death,it means that the one is dead really. It's the conception of the brain death.
There is a reason for the rule of the brain death,for the internal organs of the one who was the brain death is transplanted to others,but there have been other various opinions on the brain death,so the discussion on the brain death has been done both in …
【Medical outline】
《We don't have to be afraid of being dead》
There have been such the other various opinions on the brain death that the discussion on the brain death has gone on both in the academic meeting and the National Assembly.
Everyone is always dead once. No one is immortal. The author of the book said in the book like the next. "I'm sure the duty of the one who is alive is going on living until being dead." He continued like the next.
Even if being able to live a long life,the ones who read this book can't live for 100 years from now on. On the other hand,4,6 billion years have past since the earth was born. We the human beings have appeared on the earth and long years have passed but it's below a billion years.
If comparing it with the human life span which is at most about a century,it's just for an instant,however even if it's for an instant,how elaborate the body of we the human beings are made! Each of our bodies is a precision instrument. If trying to create the…
【Medical outline】
《We don't have to be afraid of being dead》
If trying to create the same things as our bodies,even if its budget is ¥10 billion,it won't be enough,so we're the one who are worth ¥ 10 billion,however even if we take care of ourselves and we do our best,we'll always be dead a hundred years later. Therefore we should live until being dead. It's one of choices.
The author continues. "If coming across the situation in which you are forced to feel like dying,I want you to remember my remarks once. 『We don't have to make a haste so much,for we'll always be dead 100 years later.』There is one more thing. 『If having to face something dangerous,we don't have to do our best,it's just that we have only to run away from it.wwwww.』
《Death and medical science》
The death of myself has nothing to do with me at all,for I myself can never think of it after my death. In short the death is the conception for others who are still alive. The way of dealing with the dead shows an …
【Medical outline】
《Death and medical death》
The way of dealing with the dead shows a basic attitude for the way of handling the others who are still alive. If being dead,its consciousness disappears. Then no one can feel happy,sad,painful,nor hard. In short our death itself doesn't matter at all for us.
We don't have to think of the thing after our death. It's the thing which others do. In fact our death is the business for the others who are still alive. Then do we have to think nothing about the our death? No,for everyone is always dead,so everyone has to think over the universal thing. Then what should we do?
Its answer is that we should think over what to do after others' deaths. It links to the thing which we want others to do after our death.
《If others are dead》
The author said in the book. "I find it important to research the cause of death of the others. Researching the cause of the others means thinking of them as something great. If being aware of the cause of …
【Medical outline】
《If others are dead,what should we do?》
For example,if being aware of cause of the death of a near relative like a grandfather,its relatives will be relieved. If unable to being aware of the reason why he was dead,its relatives' remain being worried about his death. As a result it's important for others who are still alive to research the cause of the death.
《An anatomy》
Researching the cause of the death used to be a good chance for studying from a medical point of view. It had been said that the anatomy was a basis for the medical science from the time of Hippocrates. The general idea hadn't changed until the end of the 21th century.
A phrase that a corpse is an active master for studying the medical science has been said in China too,so as to the anatomy, it's no doubt that learning from the corpse was natural from the standpoint of the medical science in the world.
When doing the anatomy,the corpse is mutilated,its internal organs are taken away from the…
【Medical outline】
《An anatomy》
When doing the anatomy,the corpse is mutilated,its internal organs are taken away from the corpse,and the corpse is damaged extremely. It's a hard work. The anatomy is researching the cause of the death by damaging the corpse. Roughly speaking,there are two reasons for the anatomy.
The anatomy is done so as to be verified that the person wasn't dead unfairly. Then the anatomy is done for the society. The anatomy is done in order to research the cause of the death and to make good use of it for the medical development.
However there are lots of people who hate to being damaged the corpse of the family members,so the anatomy has hardly been done recently in Japan. Considering the situation,if the Japanese society is criticized that it has made light of the medical base,none of us the Japanese can talk back to it.
《Autopsy imaging appears》
To be exact,the phrase that just after being dead researching the cause of the dead is rather fovorable than …
【Medical outline】
《Autopsy imaging appears》
To be exact,the phrase that just after being dead,researching the cause of the death is more favorable rather than the anatomy,for after being death,the corpse always doesn't have to be done the anatomy because of the autopsy imaging.
The anatomy began to decline from the latter part in the 21th century,and the medical science was on the verge of a crisis little by little,but a new technology appeared then,and situation that after being dead,the way of researching the cause of the death has made a rapid progress as general idea because of the autopsy imaging.
The autopsy imaging is the way of diagnosis of the corpse with its image. When being dead,checking up the outward appearance of the corpse was done,and the anatomy was done in the 20th century,but the situation has changed dramatically from the 21th century.
If using the autopsy imaging,without being damaged the corpse,the cause of the death can be researched,so the new technology…
【Medical outline】
《Autopsy imaging appears》
The new technology called the autopsy imaging seems to have changed the society and medical science so much. Instead of the anatomy,without being damaged the corpse,the autopsy imaging can research the cause of the death. The family members' feeling doesn't hurt so much,if comparing it with the anatomy.
However the autopsy imaging isn't always almighty,so it sometimes seems to fail to clarify unclear part of the death,so then the anatomy is forced to be done,but the family members seem to be easy to accept the situation then. By the way an abbreviation of the autopsy imaging is Ai.
《The Ai cooperates with the anatomy and both of them functions smoothly》
The Ai isn't always an examination which expels the anatomy. It's the examination which makes up for the fault of the anatomy,but the Ai is the examination which is done at first easily,so just after being dead when researching the corpse is done,instead of the anatomy,the Ai will be …
【Medical outline】
《The anatomy corporates with the Ai and both of them functions smoothly》
The Ai is the easy examination and is done at first,so just after death,when researching the cause of the death,instead of the anatomy,the Ai will be made use of more and more in the future. On the other hand,the anatomy will display its efficiency as assistant for the Ai from now on.
《The people who object to the Ai》
It is regrettable when something new starts,some people who object to it appear. For example,the people who object to the Ai are government officials. They seem to insist on like the next.
The Ai is such a device for new examination that it costs a lot of money.
By the way,my electric dictionary is suddenly out of order. Its button doesn't function any more,so I'm forced to stop describing. I'm sorry for it.
【Medical outline】
《The people who object to the Ai》
The government officials continue like the next. "Japan is filled with such the debt that we can't spend any money on the device at all" if changing their viewpoint,it seems that they make little of our near relatives' death. They've thought little of us,haven't they?
《Other people who object to the Ai》
There are other people who object to the Ai. They are the one who have been engaged in the autopsy,for example,specialists in the forensic medicine 法医学,or pathologists 病理医学者
The Ai doesn't make anyone understand the cause of the death entirely,so we have to dissect 解剖 the corpse for ourselves. They have insisted on like that,but they are in the wrong.
While there are more than a million of people who are dead in Japan every year,there are no more than 50 thousand people who are dissected. Without being dissected,the cause of death of the great number of people have been set up every year. Therefore,researching the cause of…
【Medical outline】
《Other people who object to the Ai》
Therefore researching the cause of the death with the Ai is vital at least.
The people who are engaged in the autopsy are afraid that their job will decrease,if the Ai is introduced,so they've spread bad things on the Ai,and they've tried to do the Ai for themselves,but what they have done is beside the point.
There are difference between the autopsy and the Ai on the technical skill. They are different as if they were succer and swimming. The insistence of the people who are engaged in the autopsy is as if a swimmer insisted on being a regular player in soccer in what is called J league. They are calling at the wrong house. 御門違い
《There are another people who object to the Ai》
There are another people who object to the Ai. They are the doctors who do diagnosis with the Ai. They hate to do the new job,so they use various excuses and try to avoid the new job,for example,they are busy,they can win little money with the Ai…
【Medical outline】
《There are another people who object to the Ai》
They are busy,they earn little money with the Ai,they can't get help from another,they can't understand how to do it,the Ai isn't their job,etc…they are their excuse to neglect their job. They think they have only to do their job as usual. They are frequently in high position in a learned society.
Without understanding the Ai,some people object to the Ai so much that the Ai has hardly spread in the world. There are lots of obstinate people who are in high position. It's the defect in Japanese society,but residents strongly want the Ai to be introduced into the society,so I want the people in high position to listen humbly to the voice of the residents.
The author of the book said like that.
Roughly speaking,I've finished describing the book of トリセツ.カラダ カラダ地図を描こう. There are a few pages left at the end of the book,but I'm going to omit them. Next time I'm going to express the book on math. I hope I can carry it out.
【Mechanism of number】
《The concept which starts from counting something》
We can imagine easily the concept that math starts from counting something from the historic point of view. When counting apples,oranges,or other things,the concept of the numbers like 1,2,3,is abstracted from the different kinds of things. It's what is called the birth of a natural number.
We've used the numbers without difficulty at present but we the human being would have needed a long history until we got the concept,for there is a big difference between counting something and grasping the number abstractly.
Needless to say the abstract has never been done by the specific person alone. It has been recognized by lots of people through the long history gradually.
When counting apples or oranges,arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction were introduced in the society naturally. How much they can count is aside,small ones in the natural number seemed to be recognized naturally.
【Mechanism of number】
《The concept which starts from counting something》
The concept which starts from the natural number leads to the discovery of zero and introduction of minus number,and integral numbers are 整数 completed. Dividing something into some parts expands to rational numbers. The rational number means the a fractional number of which both denominator 分母 and numerator 分母 are composed with the integral number.
Irrational number which is an answer of a square root 平方根 is added to the rational number,and real number is
completed,but the announcement of the irrational number has been restrained for a while,for some mathematician like Pythagoras found hard that other people accepted the concept of the irrational number.It seemed that they were conscious that the irrational number was something unnatural as its name is indicated.
Imaginary numbers 虚数 are added to the real numbers,and the expansion of the number comes to an end for the time being,but its process …
The expansion of the numerical concept seems to come to an end for the time being,but its distance has never been easy. The numerical concept which we the human being have gained through the long history is the valuable thing which was brought by wisdom of the human being.
【Discovery of zero】
《Being conscious clearly that there is nothing and displaying it. It's significant》
Zero in math means that there is nothing. There is nothing but is there something significant for the existence? Some people may have thought like a simple question,for we've been used to the 『0』so much everyday that we are hardly aware of its benefit unless being asked.
It is said that India is the birthplace of the symbol of zero,0. When looking up a star which is blinking in the night sky,it looks like a dot or a small circle,so the Indian described the star with ・or 0. They called the zero シューニャ in their language. The シューニャalso means the god who created the world in India.
The concept of the シューニャ…
【Discovery of zero】
《Being conscious clearly that there is nothing and displaying it. It's siginificant》
It seems that the conception of zero which means nothing had learned to be described with either of the sign of ・or 0,coupled with the religious reason in India.
There are two significance of existence with regard to the zero. The one is it indicates the situation of nothing. The other is it's useful when dictating its digit for some number like 230.
When describing some number,the decimal classification system or the binary classification system are used. Then the sign of 0 is indispensable.
Some people used to put space where there should be the zero long long ago,but we find it hard to recognize how many number of the zero there are. At first,if the number of the first digit is zero,we aren't sure whether or not there is the space there.
The digits are described with Chinese characters like 一、十、百、千、万、億 in both Japan and China. There are each name for each digit in…
【Discovery of zero】
《Being aware clearly that there is nothing and displaying it. It's important》
There are each name for each digit in each country,but the way of displaying numbers has a limit. The concept of a number like the binary system or decimal system overcomes the limit and then the zero is indispensable.
For example,there is a number 31415906535897932304626. Instead of the Arabic numericals,if trying to display it with Chinese character it's 三百十四垓千五百九十京六千五百三十五兆八千九百七十九億三千二百三十万…
I should display the number in English,but I won't,for I find it complicated,so I'm forced to recognize the zero is indispensable.
When looking around us,we find the place is filled with the zero. For instance,"A start from zero" "Water is frozen at 5 degree centigrade" or "An out-of-town telephone call 市外局番 zero"
【The part of minus number】
《If making use of the numbers dynamically,a minus number appears inevitably》
The number is used when counting something,it takes a step,we've learned to…
【The part of zero】
《If taking advantage of each number dynamically,a minus number appears inevitably》
The number is used when counting something,and it takes a step forward,we've found calculates are useful.
There are three apples,and there are five apples. If adding two of them there are eight apples,so addition is introduced into us naturally,so subtraction is also same…I want to say so,but it's not so easy.
There are 5 apples. Then we can take 3 apples,but when there are 3 apples we can't take 5 apples. A minus number appears after being worried about the situation.
There are 3 apples. It means that the number of the apples are three,but is there the minus number of the apple? It doesn't exist at all,but we make use of the minus number. Why? In short,it's like the next.
The minus numbers correspond to phenomena in natural science or the situations of our activities everyday as the human being,and when displaying it the minus number is useful. In other words,there are lots of…
【The part of a minus number】
《If making use of a number dynamically,a minus number appears inevitably》
In other words,there are lots of phenomena naturally which correspond to the minus number. The author indicates some examples for it.
For example,let's suppose that I had income of $ 300,and if spending $ 500, I'm $ 200 in the red. Then a theory that the part of the red is minus stands up.
Or there is a basic point. Let's suppose that its eastward was plus. Then if walking 7kilometers eastward and walking 10 kilometers westward,it means 7 - 10 = -3. It means I'm at the point of 3 kilometer the westward and I'm at the point of -3 kilometers the eastward. It's the way of thinking as vector.
Descartes displayed some numbers on a number line 数直線. The numbers displayed on the number line would have extended to a real number later. The number line on which an equation of 3-5 is displayed is in the book.
The real number means that a rational number like a fractional number or…
【The part of a minus number】
《If making use of a number dynamically,a minus number appears inevitably》
The real number means rational number like a fractional number or irrational number.
When solving an equation,if its answer was minus,it didn't used to be permitted as answer from the historic point of view. We used to think the minus number was irrational one. Its days of obscurity lasted long.
Geometric idea of the number line by Descartes removed the blot on its name. To tell the truth,the geometric idea saved the crisis of existence of an imaginary number 虚数.
【Expansion to an irrational number】
《The concept of the number extends from calculations like addition,subtraction,multiplication,and division to rational number》
There are 6 apples. If three people wants to take the apples equally,two apples have to be distributed to each of the three,but if there's one apple,then the apple has to be divided into three equally. Without the remainder,no one can figure within the range…
【Expansion to an irrational number】
《The concept of the number extends from the four basic operation of arithmetic to rational number》
Without any remainder no one can figure within the range of integral numbers,so if wanting to divide the one into three equally,we need to think up a new number,so we are forced to describe the number was one-third. In short a fractional number appears.
The fractional number of which both of denominator 分母 and numerator 分子 are integral number is rational number. When natural number is extended to integral number,we've learned to do addition and subtraction at will,at the same time,when the integral number is extended to the rational number,we've learned to do multiplication and division at will.
In this way the system of rational number in which we can do the four basic operation of arithmetic is completed,so we can add,subtract,multiple and divide at will.
There are two simple question as to the four basic operation of arithmetic on the…
【Expansion to a rational number】
《The concept of number extends from the four basic operation of arithmetic to a rational number》
There are two simple questions to which almost all of us used to occur with regard to the four basic operation of arithmetic on rational number. The author said."I'm going to answer them."
The one is addition of fractional numbers. For example,when a half is added to one-third,its answer is two-fifths,isn't it? Without reducing the fractions to a common denominator 通分,we add one fractional number to the other as they are,its answer becomes like that,but needless to say it's in the wrong.
There are illustrations for the answer in the book. They are two rectangles. They are the same size,but the one is divided into two and the other is done into three,
And there are three other illustrations. Each of them are divided into six. One of them is black on the part of its one-third,and the other is black on the part of its half,and the last one is black on the…
【Expansion to a rational number】
《The concept of a number extends from the four basic operation of arithmetic to a rational number》
The last rectangle is black on the part of five-sixths.
The first two rectangles means the fractional numbers which aren't reduced to common denominators. The former is a half and the latter is one third.
The second three rectangles are the fractional number which are reduced to common denominators. The first is one-third,the second one is half,and the last one is five-sixths.
As for the fractional number,we can't add any of them if their denominators are different. In short reducing of fractions to a common denominator means that different sizes of the rectangles change into the same size,so we can count them easily.When each size is different,neither we can add nor subtract exactly.
When multiplying each two of minus number,its answer is plus. Why? It's other simple question.
ー2 × 3 ＝ ー６ It means that minus 2 is added three times,so it's …
【Expansion to a rational number】
《The concept of a number from the basic operation of arithmetic to a rational number》
ー2 × 3 ＝ ー 6,it means that minus 2 is added three times so it's easy to understand for even me,but ー 2 × ー 3 ＝ 6…why? I'm going to think why it is.
Intuition tells me that minus is opposite of plus. One minus number multiply by other minus number means that opposition of the opposition,so it returns as it is,so it's plus. To tell the truth I can't understand it any more,but the book expresses like the next.
The distributive law stands up to the plus number. Considering that the distributive law stands up to the whole rational number,minus number multiple by multiple minus number becomes a plus number is indicated. By the way what is the distritbutive law?
It's the equation that a（b+c）＝ab + ac. Then there are next two equations,the one is a×0＝0,and and let's suppose the a was ー2,and other equation is 0 = 3ー3. It means that ー2 × 0 ＝3 ー3… I find it tedious…
【The fact that there is an irrational number】
《Even if we can recognize the rational number,we find impossible to acknowledge an irrational number》
I don't feel like expressing the distributive law and calculation of multiplication of minus numbers no longer. I'm not interested in it at all. If you are please research it for yourself.
By the way as to the numbers which we use everyday life,as long as there are rational numbers,it looks enough,but the people in the ancient were conscious that it's insufficient. It's in relation to the Pythagorean theorem. It's relation of each of three side,x,y,and z in a right-angle triangle.
The theorems doesn't remain as geometric significance but has a tremendous impact on the concept of numbers. What is the Pythagorean theorem?
There is an isosceles triangle 二等辺三角形 which is right angle. Then two sides which aren't oblique sides 斜辺 and each length is 1. Pythagorean theorem says addition of each second power of the two sides is equal to …
【The fact that ther is an irrational number】
《Even if we can recognize a rational number,we find impossible to acknowledge an irrational number?》
Pythagoras' theorem says that addition of second power of two sides is equal to the second power of the oblique. Then the length of the oblique side isn't an rational number. The Pythagoras school has discovered it.
However the demonstration in those days depended on their intuition,so it's not logical,so it's the weakness,but they acknowledged that there is a number which isn't rational number. It's significant.
However the Pythagoras school seemed to be confused the unexpected fact so much,for the fact of the irrational number is opposed to their philosophy that every length should be described with the rational numbers,so they tried to prevent it from leaking out,but it leaked out,lots of other people have learned to know in the society.
A number which is the second power of 2 is equal to the diagonal line of a regular square of …
【The fact that there is an irrational number】
《Even if we can recognize a rational number,we find it impossible to find an irrational number》
A number of which is the second power of 2 is equal to the diagonal line of a regular square of which side 1 exists. We can't deny its its existence. It's not any rational number,so when describing it we need a mark something new,so √ has appeared. It is said that Descartes is the first one who start to use the mark of √．
We call the number which isn't rational number but we have to use the mark of √ a irrational number. We call the one which the rational number and irrational are united real numbers. When lined up the real numbers it becomes a line,and each point of the line is deemed a real number. In other words,the real number is the line itself. It is said that we can explain even the time with the real number.
To my sorrow even if the time is explained with the real number,I find it impossible it understand it!
I've said there is a…
【A mysterious imaginary number】
《Does an imaginary number exist really?》
When being squared,is there a number which becomes minus? The people used to be worried about it long long a year ago,for when real number squares it becomes plus number or 0. As a result,no one could find the number like the imaginary one then.
We introduce a new number,it's the imaginary number,when being squared it becomes — 1. It's expressed with a sign like √—. It's in the solution of the formula in a quadratic equation 二次方程式の解の公式 when coming across the imaginary number for the first time. I'm sure I'll never come across the number until I'm dead.
Judging from its name,we seem to suffer from labor pain until we recognize the number. If the number is expanded to the imaginary number,we can solve both of the equation of quadratic,cubic,and biquadratic,but it has been unclear that the solution of the imaginary number has what kinds of meaning.
Speaking of the imaginary number,it develops into philosophical
【 An imaginary number】
《Does the imaginary number exist really?》
Speaking of the imaginary number,it will get to something philosophical "Is there the imaginary number?" or “What is the imaginary number?" It is a German great mathematician Gauss who brought the dispute on the existence an end.
While real numbers are expressed on the points of a straight line,the imaginary number is expressed on the point of a coordinate 座標. Gauss thought like that. He regarded a plane as a group of dots which are the imaginary numbers. We call it a complex plane 複素平面.
The imaginary number has now been fully accepted by given the geometric feeling of the plane,though I've never accepted it at all. Too hard to understand it at all. The more I read the book,the less I can understand!
The imaginary number is indispensable not only as mathematical theory but the one in quantum mechanics 量子力学. Moreover if using the imaginary number in the electric theory,it seem that we can express its theory clearly.
【Simple but mysterious…】
《A prime number 素数 looks like an atom of number,for we can't resolve it the form of the product 積 any more》
The prime number is the base of natural numbers. It's one of natural numbers which is bigger than 1. If the number trying to be divided by any other number,except for 1 and the number itself,there is always a remainder.
Gauss who is a Germa great genius on math said like the next. When learning the integral numbers,its central lesson is studying the prime numbers,for however bigger number than 1,all the numbers are resolved into the products of the prime numbers.
If taking no account of its order,the way of resolving the number is only one. While all the materials are composed of atoms,all the numbers are made up with the prime numbers. While the proper of the materials has a peculiarity of the atoms and their combinations,the natural numbers has the peculiarity of the prime numbers and their combinations.
By the way how can we judge whether or not…
【Simple but mysterious…】
《The prime number looks like an atom in numbers,for we can't resolve it in the form of the product any more.》
By the way how can we judge whether or not it is the prime number? When being some natural number,if trying deviding with each other smaller number except for the number itself one after another,we can recognize whether or not it's the prime number.
We'll be aware instantly that we have only to try with some numbers below its square root,but if being tremendous number,it'll be hard even if we use computer,so when verifying it actually,we have to make full use of the computer plus mathematic study. We have to try saving energy.
On the other hand the prime number is frequently used for a cryptogram 暗号文 by taking advantage of its difficulty. If the prime number is so important,how many are there the prime numbers? Simple question may occur to us like that.
Unexpectedly someone answered the question in ancient time. It's Euclid who is famous in …
【Simple but mysterious…】
《The prime number looks like an atom in mumbles,for we can't resolve it in the form of a product any more》
Euclid is famous for in the field of geometry. Its answer is so simple. The prime numbers exist limitlessly. I'm wondering how we can find the prime number. It's the way to find the prime number from 1 to 100.
At first we take away 1. Then except for 2,we take away the multiples of the 2. Except for the 2, 3 is the smallest prime number,so except for the 3,we remove the multiple of the 3. Then except for the 3, 5 is the smallest prime number,so except for the 5,we take away the multiples of the 5…we have only to continue more and more like this.
Euclid used reductio 背理法 and demonstrates that ther are the prime number limitlessly. When demonstrating at first we deny a conclusion. Then we continue an inference 推論. Then there is a contradiction in the inference. It means that denying the conclusion is in the wrong,so the conclusion is right.
【Simple but mysterious】
《A prime numbers look like an atom,for we can't resolve it in the form of product any more.》
I'm sure I need to express the content of the reductio on that there are prime numbers limitlessly,but to my sorrow I can't understand it very much,so if you are interested in it,please research for it for yourself.
【There is each meaning in each number】
Each number used to have each meaning in Ancient Greece. For example,1 means a creation,and 2 symbolizes a female,and 3 is a male. 5 which is addition of 2 and 3 means a marriage,and 6 which is special one.
Except for the 6 itself,the divisors of the 6 is 1,2,and 3. When adding three divisors,it becomes 6. The Ancient Greek found this mysterious nature,and named the 6 a perfect number. It's also an origin of Genesis 創世記 that the God creates everything in 6 days. It means that the creation of the God must be perfect.
There is a natural number,N. Except for the N itself,if adding its all divisors and it becomes N…
【There is each meaning in each number】
There is a natural number,N. Except for the N,when adding its all divisors and it becomes the N,we call it a perfect number. There are other perfect numbers. The next one is 28,which is relatively easier to find. The next one is harder than we expect. Far from it,we need lots of perseverance to search it. It's 496,and the fourth is 8128. The Ancient Greek found these four numbers.
The fifth perfect number is found in the Middle Age. It's 33,550;336. There was no computer in the Middle Age,but how patient one who found the fifth perfect number,I'm wondering.
We can find 31 perfect numbers because of the computer,it seems to be less than we expect,it means that perfect ones are less,I'm wondering.
While the perfect number is the nature of the number itself,there are two kinds of numbers which are related each other. The one is the numbers of friendship and the other is the one of engagements.
There are two natural numbers,A and B. Except for…
【There is each meaning in each number】
There are two natural numbers,A and B. Except for the A itself,the addition of of the divisor is equal to the B,and except for the B itself,the addition of its divisor is equal to the A. Then we call the two the number of friendship.
Except for 1 and the A itself,the addition of its divisor is equal to the B and except for 1 and the B itself,the addition of its divisor is equal to the A. Then we call the the two the number of engagement.
If trying to discover the numbers for ourselves,I'm afraid I need to have lots of patience. The smallest numbers of friendship are 220 and 284 and the smallest numbers of engagement are 48 and 75.
By the way the numbers of engagement which we have known are combinations of odd number and even number alone. The numbers of engagement of which combination is odd numbers alone or even numbers alone has never been discovered yet,so we may call them the numbers of engagement,the author said like that.
【What is a function?】
《Vending machines for a soft drink or a ticket for a train are also the function》
Speaking of the function,primary function or quardratic function occur to us at once. If thinking over it a little more ,we may hit on trigonometric function三角関数,exponential one指数関数,or logarithmic one 対数関数.
We may recognize the concrete function,but when being asked,"What is the function itself?" Lots of people may find it hard to answer exactly,so at first let's start from answering the question.
As for two things when the one is fixed,the other is done. We call the relation the function. It's a grave definition with regard to the function.
For example let's suppose there was a factory. 10 cars are produced an hour there. Then the factory makes 20 cars by two hours,30 cars by 3 hours… When its time is fixed the number of cars which is produced is done. Its relation is the function. If showing the relation with a formula it's y＝10x. Needless to say the x means the time and …
【What is a function?】
《A vending machine for a soft drink or a ticket for a train are also the function》
Needless to say the x is the time and the y is the number of the car which is produced. There seems to be lots of functions around us.
There are some members in a group. If each age corresponds to each member,it's also the function. At first each name of us is the function. It's the function which each people corresponds to each name. Then we can't have two kinds of name at the same time. It's limited to either the name in a family register of a pen name.
There is a vending machine in a station. If inserting some money into the vending machine and pushing buttons for our destination,we can get its ticket. In short the correspondence from the button to the ticket for the destination is the function. Other vending machines for the soft drink or liquor are the same.
There are some research workers in a university. Each number is assigned each of them,for when using a name,there…
【What is a function?】
《Vending machines for a soft drink or for a ticket in a station are also the function》
Each number is assigned to each research worker,for when using a name,if being the same name it doesn't go well,but as to the numbers for the research worker,different numbers are assigned to them,so any mistake won't happen. The function which different one corresponds to other different one is the function of 1 to 1.However two buttons sometimes one kind of soft drink,so in general all the functions aren't 1 to 1.
Our everyday life seems to be filled with the functions like this. In other words,even if it seems to be complicated,if showing it with the function,it's put in order and we may find it easy to recognize.
【If using a graph,we can see right away】
《A straight line for the primary function,a parabola 放物線 for the quadratic one,and hyperbola 双曲線 for an inverse proportion 反比例》
In general,it seems to be easy to understand the function with a graph,for the graph…
【if using a graph,we'll see it at once】
《A straight line for the primary function,parabola for the quadratic function,and hyperbola for an inverse proportion》
General speaking,it seems to be easy to understand the function with a graph ,for the graph appeals us more visually than a formula. I'm going to adopt some basic functions and think over each of graph.
There are plenty of functions,and the one which belongs to the easiest one to understand is the primary function. Its formula is y ＝ax ＋ b. If showing it with the graph it becomes a straight line. When the b is 0,it's y ＝ax. The formula shows us a relation that the a is in proportion to the b. It's a straight line which goes through the origin on the graph.
The proportion has been adopted for calculations in various reactions on chemistry,besides the proportion is necessary in varied scene everyday life.
For example,a spring balance バネばかり has nature that weight is in proportion to stretch of the spring. When its density …
【If using a graph,we'll see it immediately】
《A straight line for the primary function,a parabola for the quadratic function,and a hyperbola for the inverse proportion》
When the density is fixed,the cubic volume and the weight is in proportion,and if the electric resistance is the same,the electric current is proportion to the voltage.
There is the quadratic function close to us. If dropping a little stone from the rooftop of a building,its falling distance is the quadratic function of the time. If taking no account of the air resistance,it's shown with the next formula.
y=4.9t squared. It means the whole of 4.9 isn't squared but the t alone is squared.
If wanting to know the depth of a well or the height of a bridge,we have only to drop the little stone from the bridge or the well. Then we need to see how much it takes for the stone to reach the surface of the water and make use of the formula.
If showing the quadratic function with a graph,it becomes the parabola. In general…
【If using a graph,we'll see it at once】
《A straight line for the primary function,parabola for the quadratic function,and hyperbola for the inverse proportion.》
In general,a locus 軌跡 of throwing something is the graph of the quadratic function,so we call the graph the locus.
The volume of a sphere is the function of its radius,so its formula is V = four-thirds multiple πr. Then the r alone is cubed to the third power.
By the way whenever I show a fractional number or an involution 累乗,I find it complicated,for I've wanted to express everything in English,but I don't think it's easy to show. I wish I could show it more easily.
As for the inverse proportion,we can find lots of its examples. When moving from one point to other in car,its speed is inverse proportion to its time. When electric resistance is fixed,the electric current is also inverse proportion to the voltage.
The inverse proportion is showed with the formula,y=a xth,and we call the curve on the graph the hyperbola.
【The innermost secret of the solution for an equation】
《The solution of a question starts from setting up an equation as it is.》
A function only looks like an equation,though they are related deeply. The equation is a formula of two functions which is tied with =. Solving the equation means finding the value which meets the equation.
Speaking of math in Ancient Greece or in Ancient Egypt,it almost means geometry. On the other hand it is said that Diophantine is an early settler 草分け with regard to algebra in Alexandria from the 3rd to the 4th century.
It is said there are some sentences on his tombstone like the next.
"I grew up as a boy for one sixth of my lifetime and grew up as a youth for one twelfth of my lifetime. I was unmarried for one seventh of my lifetime. After 5 years my marriage,my son was born,and my son was dead 5 years ago. Then my son's age was as half as mine. When being dead how old was I?"
If wanting to solve the question like that,we fix the value which…
【The innermost secret of the solution for an equation】
《The solution of a question starts from setting up the equation as it is.》
If wanting to solve a question like that,without thinking anything,it's just we have only to adapt the sentence in the question to the equation as it is. Without thinking of various answers,nor having wicked thought,we have only to make the equation as the sentence in the question showed. It's a key to solving the problem.
If being able to make the equation,it's just that we have only to solve it. We frequently have to change the equation into other one so as to solve it. Then we add,subtract,multiple,or divide the same number on the both side of the equation,without using 0.
The way of thinking is very simple and easy. As to the transformation into plus or minus we call it transposition of a term,but without thinking of transposition,we do the same thing both on the side of the equation. It is easy for us to understand. There is no room for …
【The innermost secret of solution for an equation】
《The solution of a question is starting from setting up its equation》
There is no room for misunderstanding then.
An equality is thought to be a situation which two things are evenly balanced on a pair of scales. When putting same weight both on sides of the scale or removing the same weight from the pair of scale,it is evenly balanced. The equality is also the same theory.
Actually a mathematician who is famous for the education for math has devised a teaching material,called algebra balance. If using it,we can measure a weight of minus,according to the book,数学のしくみ,written by 川久保勝夫.
As you know,I have little knowledge on math,so I can't imagine how the weight of minus and the algebra balance at all.
The author set up an equation,being based on the sentence on the tombstone of the mathematician.
He lived to be the age of X. One-sixth of his life he led as boy. One -twelfth of his life he led as youth. One-seventh of his life he…
【The innermost secret of solution for an equation】
《The solutio of the problem starts from setting up the equation》
Diophantus lived for one-twelfths of his life as a youth. He lived a single life for one-seventh of his life. His son was born after 5 years he got married. His son was dead and he was also dead after 4 years. When his son was dead the son's age was
equal to half of his father's lifetime. How old is Diophantus?
Its equation is the next.
One-sixths・X ＋ one-twelfths ・X + one-twelfths・X＋5＋half・X+4 = X
Seventyfive-eightyfourths・X ＋9＝X
9＝nine-eightyfourths・X
X = 84
I hate to say,but I can't understand why the answer is 84 clearly. When reducing the fractions to a common denominators I can understand. After that I can't grasp why it is. In short I hate math,but I'm going to go on expressing on math…maybe.
【If adopting the method of calculation based on fuguring the number of cranes and tortoises from the totals of their legs,simultaneous equation is more useful】
【If adopting the method of calculation based on figuring the number of cranes and tortoises from the totals of their legs,simultaneous equations are easier連立方程式】
《Even if it's very complicated,we can solve it at once with the the simultaneous equations》
I've expressed on the equation last time,then unknown quantity was one,but when the question is complicated,the unknown quantity isn't always single. If the unknown quantity is two kinds the method of calculation based on figuring the number of cranes and tortoises from the totals of their legs,what is called 鶴亀算.
By the way when trying to express it in English,it's long a little,so I make it a rule to call it the method of calculations.
When there are two kinds of unknown quantity,we call it an equation with two unknowns 二元方程式. Then without being two equations we can't solve the question. I'm going to use the equation with two unknowns with the method of calculations.
There are cranes and tortoises. Their total number is 8.
【If adopting a method of calculation on figuring the number of cranes and tortoises from the total of their legs,a simultaneous equation is easier】
《Even if it's complicated,we can solve it with the simultaneous equation》
When adding their legs its total numbers are 22. Then how many are the cranes? And how many are the tortoises?
Without using any algebra,we used to solve the question like the next long ago.
The crane has two legs and the tortoise four legs. If the all the tortoises pull their two legs,the total numbers of the legs of the crane and the tortoises are 16. 2×8＝16,but the original numbers of the legs used to be 22. The difference is 6. All the tortoises pulled their two legs. 6÷2＝3,so the tortoises are 3,as a result,the cranes are 5.
The way of solving the question is making the tortoise pull its two legs,but we don't have to do it with the algebra. The crane is X,and the tortoise is Y,so the number of the leg of the crane is 2X,and the tortoise is 4Y.
After that…
【If adopting a method of calculation based on figuring the number of cranes and tortoises from the totals of their legs,a simultaneous equation is easier.】
《Even if it's complicated,we can solve it right away with the simultaneous equation》
After that without thinking anything,it's just that all we have to show an equation with the question and solve it.
X + Y = 8. The total number of the crane and the tortoise are 8.
2X + 4Y = 22. The total number of their legs are 22.
I'm going to solve the equations. At first multiple 2 by both sides of the former equation. 2X + 2Y = 16. Then subtract the the second equation from the third equation on both sides,so 2Y = 6,Y = 3.
When substituting the answer to the first equation,X + 3 = 8,so X = 5. The tortoises are 3 and the cranes are 5.
If using a matrix 行列,we can solve the simultaneous equation at once. I'm going to express it its chapter later,but the problem is whether or not we can reach there…
【The solution of the formula is helpful】
【The solution of the formula is very helpful】
《We can distinguish the property of the solution in a discriminant of a quadratic equation二次方程式》
An equation with two unknown and a quadratic one resemble when saying in Japanese.
While the equation with two unknown means that there are two unknown numbers such as x and y in the equation,there is one unknown number in the quadratic one,but the quadratic one includes the square of x.
General form of the quadratic equation is ax（only part of the x is squared）+ bx + c =0. As for the quadratic equation,we can solve it with factorization 因数分解 as long as it's a special case,however in general we can't always solve it with the factorization,so someone contrived the solution of the formula.
The solution of the formula is familiar with the math in high school. If using it,our mathematical ability improves so much,maybe…even if the a,b,and c are what kinds of number we don't have to mind them.
As to the solution of the formula,√ appears,and…
【The solution of formula is very helpful】
《We can distinguish the property of the solution in a discriminant of a quadratic equation.》
I've tried to express on the solution of the formula,but I hate to say it's too hard to understand. In short,when it's value is minus,it means that the solution of the equation isn't a real number.
The number with which we usually deal is the real number,so then there is nothing with regard to the solution,but even if its is minus of,it seems to be all right in a wide sense in mathematic.
As you know,I'm not good at math at all,but when there is a thing which we can't understand,we need one more thing in order to understand the situation. I'm wondering if it's a complex number. Its square root is minus.
If it's irrational and strained,the phrase of the complex number must have disappeared,I'm sure. The book of 数学のしくみ uses a graph and expresses on the complex number though…
【The secret of solution with regard to a cubic equation】
《As for the solution,it's the most interesting episode in the history of math》
It seems that the solution of liner equation and quadratic one has been familiar with us from long ago,and the intellectual curiosity of the human being has moved forward to the solution of the cubic and biquadratic solution naturally.
There is an episode of the solution and announcement of the solutio which is very interesting. It happened in Italy in the 16 century.
The one who dealt with the solution was スキピオ デル デル フェロ in Bologna universiy. He discovered a special solution on the cubic equation,and he told it for his disciple,but he didn't make public his discovery.
On the other hand,ニコロ フォンタナ discovred an ordinary solution. He was born into a very poor peasant,but he studied math with educationally,and getting over lots of difficulty and he won the solution of the cubic equation.
Mathematical game had been popular in those day. フォンタナ …
【The secret of solution with regard to a cubic equation】
《As to the solution,it's the most interesting episode in the Mathematical history》
フォンタナ challenged フェロ to the mathematical game. The mathematical game was done on view to general public. They prepared 30 questions each other and they had tried to solve the questions each other.
While フォンタナ solved all フェロ's questions in 2 hours,フェロ couldn't solve フォンタナ's questions at all. フォンタナ tried not to open the solution to the public because of the manners and customs then,but カルダン in Milan was interested in the solution very much.
カルダン talked フォンタナ into showing him the solution. He made a promise not to leak the solution to others and succeeded in getting the solution out of フォンタナ. It caused a heated dispute over two of them.
カルダン broke his promise and showed the solution in his book. Needless to say フォンタナ stamped his foot in frustration and protested to カルダン about breaking the promise,but カルダン pretended ignorance.
フォンタナ was in…
【The secret solution with regard to a cubic equation】
《As to the solution,it's the most interesting episode in mathematical history》
フォンタナ who was in the extreme distress challenged カルダン to do an opened mathematical match,but instead of カルダン,フェラリwho was カルダン's pupil appeared the place where the match was done. フェラリwas young and spirited mathematician. Unfortunately カルダン was defeated then.
In this way,the one who discovered the solution of the cubic equation becomes カルダノ. His name isn't カルダン but カルダノ. I'm sorry for it.
As for the solution of quartic 四次方程式,フェラリhas done.
This is the famous episode in relation to the cubic equation or quartic in mathematical history,but this kind of thing isn't always in the past. Similar incident seems to happen sometimes at present.
【is there a solution of quintile 五次方程式?】
Both of the solution of the cubic equation and quartic was discovered in ITaly in 16th century,so everybody thought the solution of quintile was also done easily,but …
【Is there a solution of quintile? 】
However the most shocking incident in the history of mathematic has happened.
A young Norwegian mathematician アーベル demonstrated that there is no formula of solution in relation to the quintic. Then he was 21 years old.
Being unable to solve absolutely. It doesn't occur to everyone at ease. It seems to be one of the hardest things to do…oh! I've tried to describe the episode but I've lost interest in it. To begin with I hate math. I'm not interested in the quintic at all.
Even if being able to solve or not,it doesn't matter. It's none of my business.
【If turning into a triangle…】
《As to a space of a figure which is surrounded by straight lines, we can find it easily as long as it divides into triangles》
As It is said that Egypt is the gift from the Nile,the Nile river supported the Egyptian culture and flooding of the Nile river which happened almost every year stimulated development technique of surveying. The word of geometry is made up …
【If turning it into triangles …】
《As to a space of figure which is surrounded by straight lines,we can find it easy as long as it's divided into triangles》
The word of the geometry is made up with geo and metry. It means a land and its measurement. It shows the two relations between them plainly.
I'm going to handle a space of a figure which is surrounded by complicated curve at integration 積分,and I'm going to deal with the one which is surrounded by straight lines this time.
In general,as to the figure which is surrounded by straight lines,its shape will never be fixed if each length of sides is given,for a quadrangle 四角形 of the length of all sides is 1 is just a lozenge ひし形,so both its shape and space is varied.
On the other hand,if being fixed each length of the three sides,its shape is also done in relation to a triangle. It's one of the congruent conditions 合同条件 on the triangle,the two triangles of which three sides are the same are congruent. As to the condition,the …
【If turning it into a triangle …】
《As to a space of a figure which is surrounded by straight lines we can find it easy as long as it's divided into triangles.》
This is a point which is remarkably different from other figures with regard to the triangle.
If divided into triangles and fixed each length of sides,its shape is done and as a result it's space is done. In short,when showing a figure,if using a triangle as one of piece,we can show the figure precisely.
In this way a land is divided into triangles and is drawn on a plan of a registry book. The way of thinking is applied to measurement of lands,its triangular surveying. I'm going to express its detail at the trigonometric functions.
There is one more application,it's a diagonal brace すじかい. When building a house it's put between posts diagonally. Without putting the diagonal brace,the house is easily broken. Not only the house but all the constructions like abridge or a tower is constructed,being based on a triangle,for…
【Geometry will revive】
《What's called 五心 in a triangle》
All the constructions are based on triangles,it's not for beauty but for it's adopted so as to keep balance on the construction.
It's been a long time since geometry disappeared from textbooks in high school but lots of people seem to want to it revive,for not only it's beautiful and fascinating as material but the demonstration is important for a proof. Plenty of people have learned to recognize it. Geometry seems to be taught in high school. I'm relieved that I 'm not a student in high school any more.
What is called 五心 is also included in the geometry. The five of them are in a triangle,it's a center,inner center,circumcenter,excenter 傍心,orthocenter 垂心.
Dividing each three angle of a triangle into half and drawing lines from each triangle,and there is a point where the three lines intersect. It's the center of the triangle.
Drawing a perpendicular垂線 line from each side to each angle and there is a point where the three …
【The shape which the God has created】
《They calculate as long as there is π there. The drama of the π.》
I've tried to express what's called 5心,for the author insists that the geometry is beautiful and the 五心 is also included,but I don't think so,in addition without illustrating them,I find it hard to make others understand,so I give it up. I'm going to express other topic.
No figure is more beautiful than a circle. Ancient people seemed to think the circle was a perfect one which the god created.
The circle is also mysterious,for it's always the same shape however it is,so the length of the circumference and its diameter is the same ratio whether the size of the circle is big or small. It's the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, the π. It is Euler who used the mark of the π for the first time. The mathematician appears in various field of math.
The calculation of the π has long history. Ancient Babylonia people used to adopt an approximate value of the π…
【The shape which the God has created】
《They calculate as long as there is π there. The drama of the π》
Ancient Babylonian people used to adopt 3 as the approximate value of the π. It's said that Ahmed is the oldest mathematic book of the ancient Egypt. The book said that the value of the π is 3.16049…so it's value is very close to the π.
It's Archimedes who tackled the calculation of the π theoretically. He was a Greek mathematician. He adopted a regular polygon 正多角形 which was inscribed 内接 or circumscribed 外接 a circle and calculated the π both from the bigger polygon and the small one.
As to the regular polygon which is inscribed to the circle is made up with 6 regular triangles of which side is 1,so it's circumstance is 1×6 ＝6,and its diameter is 2,so 6÷2＝3.
On the other hand other regular polygon which is circumscribed the circle is made up with 6 right triangles. The two sides which put the right angle between them is 1 and route 3. Its oblique side 斜辺 is 2 and the oblique…
【The shape which the God has created.】
《They calculate as long as there is the π there. The drama of the π.》
Archimedes divided both the triangles which is inscribed and circumscribed into 96. The circumference of inscribed triangles is 3.1408…and the circumscribed ones is 3.1428…,so the π is between them. It's showned as an inequality like the next.
3.1498 ＜ π ＜ 3.1428.
To my surprise,Archimedes calculated the value of the π as an approximate value of about 3.14 then.It's the one which we usually use the approximation at present.
After that mathematicians have learned to calculate the π as if it's were a famous saying of the mountaineer,'We climb because there is the mountain there.' so they continue calculating the π there is the π there.
New ways of calculating the π have been found after differential and integral calculus 微分積分 was born in the 17th century. In addition when being invented a computer,needless to say the calculation of the π has made rapid progress.
As for …
【Spreading all over the same shape】
《When tiling,can we do it what kind of regular polygon?》
As for an efficiency of a computer what number of digit can the computer calculate? It's a kind of barometer for the computer ,so the calculation of the π has gone on at present.
When walking along the streets which are lined with old neat rows of stores and houses in Europe,some people tend to be fascinated with geometric pattern spreading all over the road made of stone,without realizing it,they can't take their eyes off it.
The stylish tile spreading all over the floor in a fashionable hotel or company takes part in creating a good atmosphere. The way of tiling seems to be varied.For example, the one which spread the same pattern all over and two kinds of pattern is done. I'm going to describe the way of tiling the same regular polygon here.
The tile of which shape is a regular square is the most popular. We can see it in a bathroom. The other ones which occurred to us at once are…
【Spreading all over the same shape.】
《When tiling,can we do it with what kinds of regular polygon?》
The other tiles which occur to us at once is a regular hexagon of which shape is a honeycomb,and a regular triangle. It seems that any kinds of shape is suitable for the tiling,but it doesn't,for if adopting a regular pentagon,there are some space between them.
When tiling,without being any space and spreading the same shape all over,it's limited to the regular triangle,the regular square,and the regular hexagon. If trying to do with a regular heptagon ７角形,it seems to be impossible.
If tiling with the regular polygon of the same shape without being any space,the one which becomes 360 degree when displaying is suitable.
By the way,the sum of interior angles of a polygon is found with an equation of (n−2)×180,then the n is the number of angles of the polygon,even if its shape changes its value is fixed,according to the book,though I don't know why. The number of the angle seems…
【Spreading all over the same shape】
《When tiling,can we do it with what kind of regular polygons?》
The number of the angles decides the sum of the internal angles.
An equation of one of angles of a regular polygon is (n−2 )divided by n,and multiply its value by 180.
When collecting regular polygons of the same shape around one point without being any space,what's kind of the regular polygon? It's equation is multiply m by (n−２) divided by n,and multiply its value by is equal 360. The 360 means 360 degree. The m is the number of the regular polygon.
Though its calculation is showed in the book,but to my sorrow,I can't understand it very much. It's sub title is 入門ビジュアルサイエンス,so there are a lot of illustrations in the book. Without showing any illustrations,I find it hard to express what I want to say.
By the way,the m and n is more than 2,for there is no 2角形. If solving the equation,it's value is 3,4.or6,so the tilting of the regular polygon is regular triangle,regular square,and…
【Spreading all over the same shape】
《When tiling,can we do it with what kind of regular polygons?》
The number of the angles decides the sum of the internal angles.
An equation of one of angles of a regular polygon is (n−2 )divided by n,and multiply its value by 180.
When collecting regular polygons of the same shape around one point without being any space,what's kind of the regular polygon? It's equation is multiply m by (n−２) divided by n,and multiply its value by is equal 360. The 360 means 360 degree. The m is the number of the regular polygon.
Though its calculation is showed in the book,but to my sorrow,I can't understand it very much. It's sub title is 入門ビジュアルサイエンス,so there are a lot of illustrations in the book. Without showing any illustrations,I find it hard to express what I want to say.
By the way,the m and n is more than 2,for there is no 2角形. If solving the equation,it's value is 3,4.or6,so the tilting of the regular polygon is regular triangle,regular square,and…
【Spreading all over the same shape.】
《When tiling,can we do it with what kind of regular polygon?》
If solving the equation,it’s value is 3,4,or 6,so tiling of regular polygon is a regular triangle,a regular square,and a regular hexagon. If allowing for transformed hexagons,three are more various tilings.
【The beauty is a sense of balance.】
《We have been fascinated by golden ratio.》
If a circle is a flawless figure which the god has created,a rectangle of golden ratio which we the human has created is also beautiful and fascinating. It’s a size of paperback pocket edition.
If feeling that the rectangle is beautiful,the ratio of both height and length is important,and the golden ratio which we have been fascinated as literary gem for a long time. We call a rectangle of which ratio of height and length is golden one golden rectangle.
Dividing the length with the ratio is golden section,and painting,carving,and architecture have adopted it widely. It is said that Eudoxos who …
【The beauty is a sense of balance.】
《We have been fascinated by golden ratio》
It is said that Eudoxos who thought up the golden ratio. He was in the era of a philosopher,Plato,and Italian genius,Leonardo da Vinci named it golden ratio later.
I’m going to express on the secret of charm of the golden ratio from now on. Unexpectedly it’s related to the solution of a quadratic equation.
There is a rectangle,ABCD here. Then we change it into a regular square and other rectangle. If the first rectangle and second one are similar in shape,two of them are golden rectangles and its ratio of height and length is the golden ratio.
I’m going to find the value of the ratio with calculation actually. Let’s suppose that the height was 1 and the length was X,and I’m going to set up its equation.
The equation shows that the first rectangle and the second one which is separated from the first one look exactly alike,though then we need to make the first one turn 90 degree. Its equation is X:1＝1:…
【The beauty is a sense of balance.】
《We have been fascinated by golden ratio》
The equation is X:1＝1:(X−1). X(X-1)=1. X squared-X-1=0,so X=half of 1+ route 5,so X ≒ 1.62,according to the solution of the equation,though to my sorrow it doesn’t always mean that l calculate it for myself. It’s just that l made an exact copy of the book. To tell the truth I can’t understand the solution of the equation at all.
Leonardo da Vinci made use of the golden ratio for various areas in his artistic activity like art,industrial art,and architecture. Ancient art and architecture also adopted the golden ratio,but is it so beautiful? I’m wondering if it’s just the rectangle.
【Solve it with a ruler and compasses.】
《Greek three hardest problems,doubling the cube,dividing the angle into three equally,and squaring the circle.》
There are Greek three difficult problems in history. They are problems of drawing figures which we solve with a ruler and compasses.
The first one is doubling the cube. It’s …
【Solvie it with a ruler and compasses】
《Greek three hardest problems. Doubling the cube,diving an angel into three equally,and squaring the circle》
The first one is doubling the cube, if doubling the volume of a cube,what times should we make each side of the cube ? We call it Delian problem. If showing it in an equation,it’s X cubed ＝2A cubed.
In short it means that whether or not we can draw the solution of a cubic equation with a ruler and compasses.
The next one is dividing an angle into three equally. Then we also use the ruler and compasses alone. It also arrives at a conclusion of drawing a figure with the cubic equation.
The last one is squaring the circle. There is a circle. Drawing a square of which space is equal to the circle.
Why do we use the ruler and compasses alone? A straight line is done with the ruler. It’s shown with a linear equation. The circle is done with the compasses. It’s shown with a quadratic equation.
A point of intersection by drawing line is a …
【Using a ruler and compasses and solve it】
《Greek three hardest problems. Doubling the cube. Dividing an angle into three equally,and squaring the circle.》
A point of intersection by drawing lines is a solution of simultaneous equation,so it’s a solution of the linear equation and the quadratic one. In a word,we use ー × ÷ ＋ and find the value from each coefficient from the equations.
By the way,I can manage to understand the straight line means the linear equation,but why does the circle mean the quadratic equation? The point of intersection …
Lots of mathematicians have been worried about the problems for a long long long,no less than 2000 years,but on the other hand the problems have stimulated the development for mathematics which is related to the problems,but they reach the conclusion at last. To my surprise it was done in the 19th century. Unexpectedly it’s impossible.
Doubling the cube and dividing a triangle into three equally reach questions that we solve it by …
【Use a ruler and compasses and solve it】
《Greek three hardest problems. Doubling a cube. Dividing an angle into three equally. Squaring a circle》
Doubling a cube and dividing an angle into three equally reach the conclusion of solving a cubic equation by drawing figures. In general we need the cubic root so as to solve a cubic equation,but when drawing the figures,it’s just that we can find a square root.
The problem of squaring a circle is different from the other two essentially. If trying to demonstrate it’s impossible,it’s by far harder than the others. Its key is the demonstration that pi is a transcendental number. What is the transcended number?
If thinking of an integral number as coefficient,it can’t be any solution of any algebraic equation. We can show a squared root with a figure but we can’t a cubed root.
By the way,when expressing,I am forced to recognize that we have little knowledge on math,but I don’t feel like studying math. It’s too late to do.
【Euclid geometry】
《The best seller next to the Bible. It’s the base of mythology 方法論 on modern science》
It is said that geometry has started from surveying land in Ancient Egypt. It’s developed greatly in the era of Greece. Euclid formulated the perfect system of the geometry. It’s Euclid’s principles,but it’s not only the fruit of study by Euclid alone but by other Ancient Greek mathematician like Thales,Pythagoras,Hippocrates,and Eudoxos. It’s a classic which is said the best seller next to the BIble in Europe.
The best seller starts from definition which is an agreement with words like points,lines,surfaces,angles,or spheres. The definition changes into a self-evident truth 分かり切った真理,and gets to demonstration,for even if they tried to demonstrate,the chain of demonstration will never end,so they should start something which is accepted without any demonstration. Aristotle said like that,and Euclid recognized it very much.
The composition of definition,axiom,公理,theorem,and…
【Euclid’s geometry】
《The best seller next to the Bible. It’s the base of methodology on modern science》
The composition of definition,axiom,theorem,and demonstration done by Euclid has been the base not only for math but methodology of modern science widely as good example of scientific way. For example,Principia which was done by Newton is a theory of dynamics and gravitation. It’s written with the style of Principia.
Great part of Euclid’s principles had been adopted in Europe as textbook as it is until the 19th century. In addition some schools had used it until only nowadays.
The whole Principles are made up with 13 volumes, and the famous Pythagoras theorem is in the last part of the 1st volume,and other parts are conditions of congruent 合同 triangle,drawing figures of a regular polygon. The book deals with five kinds of regular polyhedron 多面体 in the 13rd volume.
The descriptions are so various that they aren’t only geometry but comparison theory,the theory of integral …
【Euclid’s geometry】
《The best seller next to the Bible. It’s the base of methodology on modern science》
The descriptions are so various that they aren’t only geometry but comparison theory,the theory of integral number,取りつくし方 which is base of integration 積分,but needless to say,to my sorrow,I know none of them.
It is said that the principles are immortal work on mathematic history,and it’s had influenced on not only math but thought and culture,however there is a point of issue about which lots of mathematicians have been worried in the Principles. It’s an axiom on parallel lines.
I’m going to express it in the next time at a slow speed,but before it I’m going to show five of Euclid’s axioms.
1 When there are 2 of any points,we can draw a line on the 2 points.
2 There is any segment 線分. We can extend both end of the segment.
3 If there is any point,and we regard it as a center,and we’ll draw a circle of which radius is any 任意
4 All the right angles are equal.
The last one is…
【Euclid’ geometry】
《The bestseller next to the Bible. It’s the base of methodology on modern science》
There are two lines and other one which cross. Roughly speaking the two lines are horizontal ones and the other is vertical one. There are two interior angles at the place where the two horizfontal lines and vertical one cross. Let’s suppose that the sum of the two interior angles were less than 2 right angles.
Then if the two horizontal lines extend from the point where the interior angles are less than 2 right angles,the two horizontal lines cross. To tell the truth I find it natural,but it turned out to be one of the most important question.
《There is other geometry which doesn’t belong to the compendition of Euclid》
It’s started from parallel lines. When looking at the 5 axioms of Euclid in the last response they are easy and natural,except for the last axiom. On the other hand,the fifth one seems to be a little more complicated. The fifth one is so called the axiom of …
【Euclid’s geometry】
《There is other geometry which doesn’t belong to the compendium 体系 of Euclid》
The fifth one is so called the axiom 公理 of parallel lines. If saying the axiom in a modern way,it’s the next one.
There is a straight line.There is other straight single line alone which passes on the one point outside the former line. The two straight lines are parallel. This is why the axiom is called the one of the parallel lines,but as you know,I’m not so intelligent and I’m not sure of it.
If there is a parallel line,there is two points at the both ends of the straight line,so if there is other straight line which is parallel to the former,there are two points at the both ends of the other one,so it means that the other one pass on two points,I’m sure,though I’m afraid I may make a blunder again.
To return to our main topic… The fifth axiom has been paid attention by plenty of mathematicians for a long time. For example they said,“I don’t think the fifth axiom is necessary …”
【Euclid’s geometry】
《There is other geometry which doesn’t belong to the compendium of Euclid》
They said,“I don’t think the 5th axiom is necessary,for we can arrive at the 5th one from other four axioms.” There used to be lots of mathematicians who tried to demonstrate their theory,but none of them succeeded in it. It has been mysterious for no less than two millenniums.
However,it was solved in the 19th century unexpectedly. Even if they tried to deny the 5th axiom,they can construct other compendium of geometry like the one of Euclid which doesn’t contradict. Some genius on mathe discovered it independently. It’s what is called the birth of non Euclidean geometry.
There is illustrations on the difference between the Euclidean geometry and non Euclidean one on the book of which title,数学のしくみ,however to my sorrow,without any illustration,I can’t describe what they tried to say in my poor English,so if you’re interested in it,please look over some books or search and so on.
【Euclid’s geometry】
《There is other geometry which doesn’t belong to the compendium of Euclid》
The non Euclidean geometry has been so different from others’ sense in everyday life that it wasn’t accepted by the society easily,in addition all the mathematicians who were engaged in studying the geometry led unfortunate lives.
Gauss was an influential figure in mathematician’s world,so he seemed to have great influence on other mathematicians,but even he avoided talking with others about the Non Euclidean Geometry in official place.
When some mathematicians were in difficulty because of the Non Euclidean Geometry,Gauss recognized it but he closed his eyes to their difficulty.
Instead of the 5the axiom,some mathematicians who were in difficulty like Lobachevskii and Bolyai adopted other axiom. It’s says like the next. “There is a straight.line. It’s A. There is a point outside the B. There are numberless straight lines which passes on the B and are parallel to the A.”
【Euclidean geometry】
《What I’ve thought》
Some mathematicians say,“There is a straight line. It’s A. There is a point outside the A. It’s B. There is a single straight line alone which passes on the B and is parallel to the A” it seems to be true in Euclidean geometry. I’m wondering if it has no contradiction at all,but I’m not sure of it.On the other hand what other mathematicians said is different,but they say it has also no contradiction at all,the book said so.
I hate to say,but I’m so stupid that I can’t understand any problem at all,but the Euclidean geometry and non Euclidean geometry reminds me of an episode on 矛盾.
A merchant said his pike which is equivalent to 矛was so strong that no shield could defend the pike. He also said his shield was so strong that no pike could break the shield.A person told the merchant to use his pike to his shield,and what happened? The merchant couldn’t answer.
To tell the truth,I can’t understand what is what!
【What is matrix 行列 and vector used for?】
《The matrix and vector are seemingly enumeration 羅列 of numbers,but it has deep meaning》
The problem is whether or not I can understand it…
It is often said that we the Japanese like a parade. When going to foreign countries,a group of the Japanese marched in,and they tried to act together.
There is the parade in math,but we don’t call it parade in math. It’s called matrix. As to the form itself,the people’s parade isn’t different from the matrix in math so much.
As to the matrix in math,the ones which are lined up are numbers,or letters which means some numbers,but if the numbers or letters are just lined up,there doesn’t seem to be mathematic significance very much. Then where is the significance of existence for the matrix?
Answering the question is the aim of this chapter,the author says like that. It looks like just an enumeration of numbers,but they make us feel things are magical. We learn the magical way and make use of it.
【Non Euclidean geometry】
《A straight line which isn’t straight》
A straight line is the one which is connected between the two points by the shortest course. Let’s think of the shortest course which connects the big cities on the earth,Los Angels and Tokyo. It’s not the straight line,but a curve.…
I’ve tried say there are several things which we can make use of the Euclidean geometry but to my sorrow I find it impossible,I have little knowledge on math.
However even if the Euclidean geometry isn’t perfect,it’s a compendium 体系 which doesn’t have contradiction as geometry. It says the conditions of congruent 合同 triangles,the theorem of sine,five centroid of a triangle.
I can understand how great the Euclidean geometry it is somehow…maybe,I’m not sure of it…
It’s just that I was excited a little and I’m embarrassed. Even if whether or not a straight lien is parallel to other,I don’t mind it at all. It seems meaningless,but there are lots of people who have devoted themselves to it…
【What is matrix 行列 and vector is used for?】
《The matrix and the vector are seemingly enumerations of numbers,but they have deep meanings》
The vector ranks with the matrix. While the vector is a special version of the matrix,it reacts with its own way. Both of the vector and matrix used to be a kind tool which we deal with natural scientific phenomena mathematically,but their practicable range has extended more and more,and they become the one which is connected with not only mathematic field but ordinary society.
Both of the matrix and vector has been put to practical use everywhere in the society as a means with which we arrange and analyze various information. They have played an active part in not only natural scientific field like physics,engineering,civil engineering,and architecture,but social science like business administration,statistics,and accounting.
In addition,they play an active role in the fiele which connects with business direct like marketing,production control…
【Addition and subtraction of the vector】
《Rolfe of calculation draw out of the power from the matrix and vector》
If looking at the matrix and vector blankly,it’s just that they are enumeration of numbers. When bringing rules of calucuration there,mutual connection is closer,and their abilities are shown. For example,even if we have an electric appliance of multifunction,without reading its manual,we can’t use it at will.
However,it doesn’t always mean that we have to steel ourselves against it. It’s not so difficult,so we don’t have to be worried about it. It’s not as hard as so much,it’s just that I want you not to spare some kind of effort a little,the author said like that.
By the way,the vector is shown with an arrow. Its direction is the one of the vector. Its length is the size of the vector.
I’m going to start from addition of the vector. When there are two kinds of vector,A,B,its addition means that the parallelogram 平行四辺形 of each side is A and B.and its diagonal line is…
【Addition and subtrsction on the vector】
《The rule of the calculation draws out of the power from the matrix and vector》
As for the last of my response on the subtitle,it’s not Rolfe but the rule. I made a mistake. Though it’s my own sentence,I was forced to be worried about it. I’m sorry for it.
When there are two kinds of vector,A,B,its addition means that a paralellgram of each side is A,and B,and its diagonal line is the vector,the sum of the addition of A and B on the vector. It’s a rule on the vector.
While there is the A of vector,there is other A which is minus. They are on the same line and its length is also same but its direction is opposite. It’s also the rule on the vector.
Being based on the rules,A-B defines as A＋（ーB）,it’s an addition. If showing it with a component,I’m wondering if it’s an arrow,it’s easier. As to the addition and subtraction of the vector,when being shown with the component,we can think of them as the addition and subtraction of the component.
【Addition and subtraction on the vector】
《The rule of calculation draws out of the power from the vector and matrix》
The way of thinking of adding and subtracting of the component means a definition of addition and subtraction of the matrix as it is.
However there is one thing of which we should be careful. If each size of the vector and matrix isn’t the same,both of the addition and subtraction doesn’t stand up a bit.
【The way of multiplication on the matrix】
《The multiplication makes the vector and matrix move dyanamic》
If going on proceeding with the topic on the product 積 on the matrix,there is a few necessary words which I have to indicate.
Speaking of the 行列 in Japanese usually,it’s a single meaning which is the combination of the 行 and 列 ,but there is each meaning in two of the words in math. The 行 is a row which is a horizontal line. When there are a group of several lines,we call each row 1st row,second row…from the upper part.
As to a vertical the group of the …
【The way of multiplication on the matrix】
《The multiplication makes the vector and matrix move dynamically》
As to the vertical line of the group of the several lines,we call each of them a column. We call each of them first column,second column …from the left. As you may be aware of it,its the origin of the word,行列.
When the number of the row is M,and the number of the column is N,we call the matrix the one of which row is M and of which column is N. If it’s more simplified,it’s the matrix of M×N.
When each number of row and column is same,and each component of both the row and column is the same,we call it a square matrix.
Oh! I’m afraid I’ve failed to say an essential and basic thing. Each of the row and column in the matrix is made up with some numbers which is lined at random,and we call each number the component or element. When saying,the component of the 3rd row,2nd column,or the element of（3rd,2nd）,it means the element of the place where the 3rd intersects the 2nd.
【The theory of vector makes us fly in the sky】
《A plane flies in the sky by the composition of lots of power from the vector》
A plane which is heavier than the air can fly in the sky. A pitcher throws a curve or screwball in a game of baseball. When serving a tennis player puts a spin on a ball and smashes the ball into its opponent’s court. All of these are the same theory.
The principle which is common to all of them is the theorem of Bernoulli,which have had a great influence on almost all of the sports in which the players handle the ball or which is basic principle in aeronautical engineering 航空力学.
However it doesn’t seem to be so difficult,maybe,I hope so.
The theorem is when there is flow of air and fluid,the more it’s speedy the less its pressure. It’s a very simple theorem,though the author said like that, the more it’s speedy the bigger the pressure which it receives,I’m wondering.
If using the theorem and the way of thinking on the composition of vector we can …
【The theorem of vector makes us fly in the sky】
《A plane flies in the sky by the composition of lots of power from vector》
If using the theorem and the way of thinking on the composition of vector,we’ll understand at ease why the plane flies in the sky or why the ball which the pitcher throws is a curve or screw ball.
The body of the airplane and the section of the wing is what is called a streamline 流線型. The flow of the air around the section of the wing and body is shown in the illustration of the book.
As for the flow of the air,the upper part of the wing is faster than the lower part,according to the illustration,so the pressure in the upper part on the wing is less than the lower part,according to the theorem of Bernoulli,so the wing receives the lift 揚力. The lift is the one which raises the plane in the air against the gravitation.
When trying to go straight in the air there is resistance against the air,but propelling force like a propeller or jet engine can overcome it.
【The theorem of vector make us fly in the sky】
《The plane flies in the sky by the composition of lots of power from vector》
A helicopter only looks like a plane. In general,the principle of the helicopter is the same one of a propeller-shaped flying toy made of bamboo,there seem to be some people who think so,but if trying to express on the principle of the helicopter,it’s not enough. In fact the way of thinking from the vector is made use for the helicopter here and there.
Oh! I can understand the relation between the vector and the plane somehow. The lift is equivalent to vertical arrow and the propelling force is the horizontal one,when the two powers are composed well,the plane can fly in the air,roughlying speaking,I’m wondering.
By the way I hate to say but I can’t understand on the matrix very much,so if trying to express it,I have little confidence on my expression,I’m afraid,but it’s useful for me to broaden my lookout,so I’m going to go on. If trying to study math…
【The matrix also plays an active part in the economy very much】
《We can predict the market share in an automobile with the what is called Marcov chain》
An automobile has spread among us lately,its salespersons would rather place great importance on a user who tries to trade a old car for a new one than other user who doesn’t have any car. When repeating of trading the old one for the new one,how does its market share change? It’s the matter of life and death to not only the makers but to the salespersons.
It’s the technique of Marcov chain which analyzes the market share and shows us how the market share changes. The Marcov chain is application from the matrix. Its basic concept is a process in which almost the same thing is repeated. The probability of each phenomenon is determined by condition alone just before.
“What are you talking about?” I’m afraid almost all of you think like that,to tell the truth,neither I can understand at all,so I’m going to express it concretely.
【The matrix also plays an active part in the economy】
《We can predict the market share in an automobile with what we call Marcos chain》
Let’s suppose there were cars belonged to N company and T company so as to be simplified the story. The owners of the car belonged to the N company think that the car has such the little trouble and good design that when trading an old one for a new one,90 % of the owners buy the one belong to the N company again,and other 10 % the T company.
On the other hand,let’s suppose that other owners of the car which belonged to the T company thought that the car was costly a little,but its function is good,the owners were content with the cars,so when trading,60 % of the owners bought the same car again,other 40% the N company.Let’s suppose that the time when trading the car was every five year in order to be simplified the story.
In this way,using the probability that the users trade a new brand,and predict the market share in the future is the Marcos
..
【The matrix also plays an active part in the economy】
《We can predict the market share on an automobile with what we call the Marcov chain》
Thus with the use of the probability that the time when the users trade for a new brand,the way of predicting the market share in the future is called the Marcos chain.
The share approaches a balance before long,and to my surprise,it’s nothing to do with the present share at all. Its changing matrix decides the share. Even if the present share is 50 to 50,or 0 to 100,it’s not related with the share in the future. Even if it’s superior to other at present,the situation is reversed if the company neglects originality and invention.The Marcov chain shows us its fear theoretically.
By the way,we shouldn’t think we rely on a rumor. For example,when telling a news that some person isn’t a criminal,let’s suppose that the wrong news that it’s the criminal was told to the 10 % of the people. Even if it’s not the criminal at all,finally half of the...
【Winning a game of tennis with the theory of the game】
《We can win all of the races like sports and economy with the theory of the game》
Even if it’s not the criminal at all,half of the whole of people think it’s the criminal because of the wrong information.
Speaking of Japanese word,what is called ゲーム,it reminds of us a video game,go,syogi,or chess,but the game which I’m going to express from now on has been developed not only on them but all the races with which we compete like politics,economy,society,or sports as basic science. We call it theory of the game.
Its origin dates back to a book of which title is the theory and economic activity on the game written by a economist,John von Neumann and a mathematician,Morgenstern. The book has formalized all the subjects on the races and established the theory on them.
After the theory was established,the practical use of the theory has spread more and more,and the theory has influenced on social science widely.
【Winning a game of tennis with the theory of the game】
《We can win all of the races like sports and even politics with the theory of the game》
In general,when playing a game,we can’t foresee what the opponent will do. Though being uncertain,the player have to do something,what is an effective action then? It searches for a strategy which makes its advantage bigger as probability in a mathematical point of view.
By the way,I’ve tried to express the theory,but I can’t show its equation with little knowledge on both the math and PC. To my sorrow,I can’t understand the essential part. I need to study math carefulully,but I hate it and I’m afraid I can’t understand it at all,so I’m going to do the next chapter.
【In short,finding the value of an area】
《Integration 積分,which has started from flooding at the Nile in Egypt》
As we usually say differential calculus 微分,integral calculus,we use them as a pair. When studying math in a textbook,we learn the differential calculus and master....
【In short,finding the value of an area】
《It’s started from floodings at the Nile in Ancient Egypt》
In general,we learn the differential calculus at first in a textbook and master it,after that we learn the integral calculus when going to high school. Its order is like that. When looking at the completed compendium 体系 of two of them,its order seems to be logical,but it’s reverse in a historic point of view.
While the idea of differential calculus wasn’t shown to us until two geniuses Newton and Leibnits appeared in the 17th century,the integral calculus has started from the flooding at the Nile in Ancient Egypt.
As it’s said Egypt is a gift from the Nile,the Egyptian civilization has started from the Nile,and floodings in the Nile accelerated the development of geometry and technique of measurement on the land. As I expressed before,the word of geometry originates from the language in Ancient Egypt,geo 土地 and merry 測量.
Finding the value for an area of a figure which was ....
【In short,finding the value of an area】
《It’s started from flooding at the Nile in Ancient Egypt》
Finding the value for the area of a figure which was surrounded by a complicated curve,or other value for a cubic volume of a quadrangular pyramid 四角錐. Those kinds of things used to be the lesson for the Ancient Egypt then. Those knowledge which was got there came into flower by Archimedes in Greece.
The way of Archimedes was named taking all the things. It’s the basic idea of modern integral calculus 積分. The way of thinking is dividing the complicated figure into fine ones so as to find its value. Archimedes closely resembled 近似 each of the fine ones with the other which is easy to understand.
Archimedes calculated the pi with the way of thinking,and has found the approximate value,3.14 which we use at present. His way is theoretical. His way of thinking is like the next.
There is a circle of which diameter is 1. He put two kinds of regular hexagon around the circle. The one..
【In short,finding the value of an area】
《It’s started from floodings at the Nile in Ancient Egypt》
The one regular hexagon was inscribed 内接 to the circle,and the other one was circumscribed 外接 to the circle. The length of the circumference 周囲 of each of the regular hexagon was decided by the Pythagorean theorem.
Archimedes increased the number of the angle of the figure with the way more and more like a regular dodecagon 正12角形,or a regular 96 gon 96角形,and he calculated the value less and less minutely.
By the way there is an episode on Archimedes like the next.
When he was absorbed in the calculation of pi,sitting on the road,a Roman soldier tried to kill him. Then it is said he told the soldier to wait until he finished computing the calculation.
【He tried to divide it into a minimum one as minute as possible】
《The idea of Archimedes was an approach to the the differential and integral calculus》
Archimedes tried to resembled the circle closely to the regular 96 gon....
【He tried to divide it into a minimum one as minute as possible】
《The way of his idea was an approach to the differential and integral calculus》
Archimedes tried to resemble the circle closely to the 96 gon so as to find the value of pi. The bigger the number of 96,the closer,it approaches the exact value more and more,but strictly speaking,even if the number of the regular polygon is 10 billion,its just that an approximate value. To be exact it’s not precise. It’s just the halfway to the precise value.
Even if Archimedes was an excellent mathematician,he couldn’t tried to find the precise value forever,so a concept of the limit appeared. We can almost master of the idea of the differential and integral calculus as long as we can understand the idea of the concept of the limit,the book says so.
What is the limit? If showing it with a sequence of numbers,we can grasp it very much. For example,2,2,2,2,2,... it’s a sequence of numbers on 2 alone,needless to say,it moves toward 2.
【He tried to divide it into the minimum one as minute as possible】
《The idea of his way was an approach to the differential and integral calculus》
In short,its limit is 2. For example,let’s suppose there was other a sequence of numbers. One,half,one-third,one-fourth,one-fifth....one-nth. When bigger and bigger the n becomes,the one-nth becomes smaller limitlessly,so the limit of the sequence of numbers is 0.
Then,let’s think of pi as an instance. The number of which Archimedes thought was 96,and I’ll try to make it bigger and bigger. Then we can understand the length of the circumference of the regular polygon which is inscribed or circumscribed to the circle approaches the certain value. We call the value the limit. The limit is the pi.
Even if we go on increasing the number of the angles on the regular polygon more and more,if stopping halfway,it will be useless. It has to be done forever. Then the value at which we aim is the limit,and we show it with the sign as the pi.
【He tried to divide it the minimum one as minute as possible】
《The idea of his way is an approach to the differential and integral calculus》
There is one thing of which we should be careful. It doesn’t always mean that we the human calculate it one after another actually. If being calculated in one’s mind forever,the value of which calculation approaches will be the goal.it’s the pi.
The space of the circle is also the same. We closely resemble the space of a regular polygon to the space of the circle,,and increase the number of angles of the regular polygon more and more,then we can get its limit.
Thus we’ll be able to find the length of a circumference 円周 or the space of a circle if we divide it into the minimum one less and less. We can find them as their limit,it’s the way of thinking on the integral calculus.
【The idea of the integral calculus】
《Let’s find the value of the area on a curveilinear figure with the thought of an idea on the limit》
We closely resembled the...
【The idea of the integral calculus】
《Let’s find the area of curvilinear figure with an idea on limit》
We closely resembled the figures which we can recognize its area both from outsid and inside to the circle so as to find the area of the circle,and both of the limits agree.so we could find the area of the circle, in fact as to the general function 関数,the idea of finding the area as the limit of the approximate value is the same,and the integral calculus means finding the value.
When showing it with an equation,it’s R ≦ S ≦ T. It seems that the R is the area of the regular polygon which is inscribed to the circle.and there is a small n beside the R,it’s on the lower right. It seems the n is the number of the angles of the regular polygon. The S is the areaof the circle.
The T is the other area of other regular polygon which is circumscribed to the circle.and there is also the small n beside the T,the n is equivalent to the one beside the R.
Bigger and bigger the both n becomes..
【The idea of integral calculus】
《Let’s find the area of curvilinear future with an idea of limit》
Even if bigger and bigger the both n become limitlessly,both limit of the values exist and the both values agree. Mathematicians have already demonstrated it strictly. Please believe me! The author said like the that.
I’m going to express the idea of the integral calculus. We closely resemble a given function to the one which is easy to understand for the time being,using the idea of limit,and finding the ultimate precise value. The approximate value is a temporary one,so we can get the real one with the limit.
Even if it’s the approximate value or limit,it’s the talk in the world of microorganism. I don’t mind it at all,though if saying so,my thread will be of no use.
【Finding an instant speed】
《If finding the speed which changes unstably,the differential calculus alone catch it》
To tell the truth,we’ve already experienced the differential calculus. For instance,we …
【Finding an instant speed】
《If waning to find an instant speed which changes unstably,the differential calculus alone catches it.》
For instance we differentiate the speed from the mileage. In short a speed meter is an instrument which differentiates.
There is a graph on the book which is shown a relation between the mileage and time. Its vertical direction is the mileage and horizontal one is the time.Its speed isn’t always fixed,so the graph isn’t always shown with a straight line. Sometime the speed is slow and other time fast,so it’s a curve rather than the straight line.
If the line is inclined steeply on the graph,it means that its speed is fast,and its shown gently,it means its speed is slow. Let’s suppose that the curve on the graph was a slope. Then the speed of the car is shown with the inclination of the slope.
When the curve on the graph is a straight line,it means that the car runs with a fixed speed,for the mileage is in proportion to the time. The speed is the one…
【Finding an instant speed】
《If wanting to find an instant speed which changes unstably,the differential calculus alone catches it》
The speed is the next one that the mileage is divided with the time,so it's just the inclination of a straight line. Then how should we think on the speed which changes unstably ? If finding the mileage of an hour the car runs so as to know its speed per hour,it seems to be far from an instant speed.
So let's see how far the car runs per a minute. If it runs 1km per a minute,it means it goes 60 k.p.h.,but strictly speaking it doesn't mean that it always runs with a fixed speed,so if wanting to find the speed per a second…
Thus if going on thinking on an instant speed one after another,it's endless. It won't get anywhere,so the one which overcomes the difficult point is the concept of the limit.
The average speed is the one which the mileage is divided by the time,so when we try to make the time smaller and smaller,its value approaches other value…
【Finding an instant speed】
《If finding an instant speed which changes unstably,the differential》
The average speed is the one which the mileage is divided by the time,so when we try to make the time smaller and smaller,its value approaches other value closer and closer. Then there is a value which we want to find. We define an instant speed as its value.
Differentiate the mileage means the instant speed. If thinking it of on the graph,it means finding the inclination of the curve on the graph. To be concrete,it resembles a thing which we magnify something bigger and bigger with a magnifying glass or a microscope. Its limitation is the differential calculus.
When the speed is unstable,we can't find the instant speed from average one. Average life expectancy or average salary are also the same. The average one is frequently far from our reality.
【Once again,and once more again…】
《A biggest clue which we pursue a function is a derived function 導関数》
The speed of a car is found with…
【Once again,and once more again…】
《A biggest clue which we pursue a function is a derived function》
The speed of the car is the mileage from which is differentiated. The speed changes every moment,so when paying attention to the speed,we can find the speed itself is the function for the time. To be concrete,the record of the value on the speedometer which changes every time. In short when looking at the entire one which is differentiated,we can find a new function.
In general,when there is a function,and if the function is differentiated,it becomes the other one which is differentiated. We call the new one a derived function from the first one. Even if it's the derived function,it's just an ordinary function,so we can differentiate between the derived function. We call it the quadratic derived function.
We differentiate the mileage of the car by the time,and we find the derived function. Then we differentiated the derived function and find the quadratic derived function,which is…
【Once again,and once more again…】
《A biggest clue which we pursue the curve on the function is the derived function.》
Then we differentiate the derived function and find the quadratic derived function 二時導関数,which is acceleration. The one which we recognize on the body is the acceleration. Even if an airplane is flying high up in the sky with a marvelous speed,we don't really feel so,for then the acceleration is almost zero.
There is a strap つり革 in a train. The strap is a barometer of acceleration. When the train’s speed is fixed,the strap is turned downward. If adding acceleration to the strap,when starting,it shakes opposite direction from the train moves. When stopping,the strap shakes to the direction where the train has come all together.
By the way,I've expressed on the differential calculus and integral calculus,so I can understand the conception of them,but when looking at their equation,I can't understand them a bit. To my sorrow,I find it that math is hard to understand.
【The pair is as if it were a happy married couple】
《The differential calculus and integral calculus suit perfectly with a wave of a magic wand》
As we the Japanese always say the differential calculus and integral calculus in Japanese,whenever we call it,we do it with a pair. While the differential calculus is the one in which we find the inclination of a tangent line 接線,the integral calculus is the one in which we find a space.
The two of them are seemingly unrelated,but they cling together with a wave of a magic wand. The magic wand is the eccence of the differential calculus and integral calculus. We call it the basic theorem of the differential calculus and integral calculus.
If saying in other words,the differential calculus and integral calculus are opposite calculations each other. It resembles relations that subtraction is the opposite calculation for addition,and division is the opposition calculation for multiplication. There are detailed descriptions on the relation…
【The pair is as if it were a happy married couple】
《The differential calculus and integral calculus suit perfectly with a wave of a magic wand》
There are detailed description on the relation between the differential calculus and integral calculus,which means their equations. Though I've said it's the eccence,to my sorrow I can't understand what it's the important things. I should study math again from its base,but I don't feel like doing at all.
If each time we try to find the value of a space or a cubic volume,we divid them into tiny ones and find their sum,it'll be hard and complicated. When handling a complicated figure,using the way was very tiresome and had a limit. The basic theorem of the differential calculus and integral calculus has overcome the drawback.
By the way,we can seemingly differentiate all the functions,but it doesn't always mean that all the functions are able to be differentiated. All the functions aren't shown with equations. The author said like that.
【If taking advantage of the differential calculus and integral calculus…】
《If looking around us,there are lots of things which we make use of the differential calculus and integral calculus》
Which field is the widest application in math? No one is wider than the differential calculus and integral calculus in math. If looking around us,we'll find lots of them at once. The electricity which we've made use of everyday is the first to say. Not only the source of the electricity like a generator,transformer,or power transmission,but electronic appliances like TV,stereo,or washing machine are based on the principle of the differential calculus and integral calculus.
For example,as for the generator,it works,being based on the principle of electromagnetic induction by Faraday. The principle is like the next.
If an electric wire moves between the north pole and sout pole of a magnet,voltage generates on the electric wire,its strength is in proportion to the ratio of flux. What is the flux?
【If making use of the differential calculus and integral calculus…】
《If looking around us,there are plenty things which we take advantage of the differential calculus and integral,calculus》
I want to express the word of 磁束 in English,but the dictionary doesn't have it,and to my sorrow,when reading the expression on the electromagnetic induction,I can't understand it very much,so if you are interested in it,please research it for yourself.
The idea of the differential calculus has been adopted the linear motor car which is super high speed one,a principle of maintaining the body of a train in the air.
Condenser or coil have been used for apparatus of audio like TV,stereo,and so on,they act of the differential calculus and integral calculus. Computer graphic has been paid attention among the computer science lately,the idea of the differential calculus and integral calculus plays an important role.
For instance,a drawing for a smooth curve or smooth curved surface is indispensable…
【If making use of the differential calculus and integral calculus…】
《When looking around us there are plenty of things which we apply the differential calculus and integral calculus.》
For example,drawing for a smooth curve or a smooth curved surface are indispensable so as to design a body of a car,then a technique of a spline curve is used for it. When inputting some points into the display,the computer used the differential calculus and connects them with smooth curves.
As for an automatic pilot on a jumbo jet,the function of gyro is used and a stable horizontal plate which is always horizontal against the surface of the earth and turns to a standard direction is provided. A pilot measures acceleration of front,back,left,right,upward,or downward one by one on the plate and integrates two times. The pilot finds its position though it continues to change every moment.
By the way,what is the gyro? It originates from the Greek. It means a ring or circle,but this time it means the…
【What is the gyro? And what I've thought】
This time the gyro means what's called the function of gyro. It means searching for angular velocity 角速度 with a computer. In short it's a sensor which detects its inclination. It's used for a smartphone as a function of a compass. When using the compass,where are the users of the smartphone going? I'm wondering.
While I can understand the concept of the differential calculus and integral calculus,when looking at the equations,I cant grasp it at all.
There are lots of electronic appliances around us. Without knowing the information on each electronic appliance,we can use it at will,and when leading our everyday life we don't have to be worried about it. I won't be distressed by lacking of the knowledge without announcing,“I want to express everything in English”
Art is long and life is short,somebody important seemed to say like that long long ago,it's right to the point,I'm sure. When looking around me,there are lots of strange things…
【Forseeing the future】
Science has developed so much at present,but trying to foresee things in the future is hard to do. If we can predict completely how stock prices change beforehand,no one will be troubled,but can't we foresee the things in the future at all? We can to some extent,and its keyword is a place of vector and equation of differential calculus.
Foe example,let's suppose that we observed wind speed at several places in some area. Its speed is shown with a vector,and it's shown on a map. Thus,a thing in which the vector is indicated each place is called the place of vector. Let's suppose that the wind speed didn't change at all so as to the story is simple.
If we let a balloon fly in the air then,what kind of curve will the balloon show in the air? Its answer is shown with the curve which the tangent is in perfect harmony with the vector of the place of the vector. What is the tangent? While I can express it in English,but to tell the truth,I'm not sure of it clearly.
【Forseeing the future】
If you're interested in the tangent,please research it for yourself.
The differential calculus is finding the inclination of the tangent. In a word,the place of the vector is finding the value of the differential calculus each place.
On the other hand,can we find original locus 軌跡 from the place of the vector? It means that it's solving the equation of the differential calculus.
【Achilles can catch up with it】
There is a paradox which an Ancient Greek thought up,Achilles and a tortoise. Achilles is the one who appears in the Greek Myth and can run at high speed,but he can't catch up with a tortoise which walk at a slow pace,it's a strange story.
When starting at the same time,let's suppose that Achilles was away 100 meters from the tortoise. Achilles is at the speed of 10 meters per second,and the tortoise is 1 meter per second.
After starting Achilles could catch up with the place where the tortoise was in 10 seconds,but then the tortoise would advance…
【Achilles can catch up with it】
But then the tortoise would advance ahead of him by 1 meter. When Achilles reaches the place again where the tortoise did,the tortoise advanced ahead of him a little then. In short he can't catch up with the tortoise forever?
The reason which led to the irrational conclusion is the next one. The time when he catch up with the tortoise is the extremity,and the story is limited to the process in the middle of it. When taking the extremity and after the extremity into account,Achilles can catch up with the tortoise and overtake it.
In short it's just that it limited the time as a person who prepared the question is pleased,and saying,“Oh,Achilles can't catch up with it.”
【A way in which we get along with Lady Luck】
《The theory of probability in which we observe an accidental thing scientifically was born from a gamble》
There are plenty of phenomena which we find an accidental thing in the world. When throwing a dice,and it was 1,we think it …
【A way in which we get along with Lady Luck 運命の女神】
《The theory of probability in which we observe an accidental thing scientifically was born from a gamblie》
When throwing a dice,it was 1. We think it happened to do. Both of winning in a public lottery and an ivory ball rolled and stopped at some number in a roulette are the same,but considering carefully,the phenomena in which we think it happened to do have some cause,so the results occurred.
The way of throwing the dice caused the 1. The instant when the dice was throwing,if we can know all the data like its speed or rolling,and its surrounding conditions like the flow of the air and situation of the place where the dice was thrown completely,the 1 didn't happen to do. It was done inevitably.
However the way in which we can discover its inevitability is beyond the human’s ability,so we are forced to think it happened to do. Instead,the idea of probability has been born as the one which makes up for being lack of the human’s…
【A way in which we get along with Lady Luck】
《A theory of probability in which we think an accidental thing scientifically was born from a gamble》
The idea of probability has been born as the one which makes up for being lacking of wisdom of us the human. The idea is the next one. Even if we can't recognize each phenomenon clearly,when observing them repeatedly totally,we can find a fixed law there.
It is said that an Italian mathematician,Cardano is the first one who researched the probability systematically. He wrote the first book on the probability and calculated the probability in which throwing the dice twice and three times precisely. This book became a handbook for gamblers.
The theory of probability which was born from the study of gambling was established its base by Pascal,and Fermat and the theory has developed into an accurate science. By the way,Pascal is said to love the gamble very much.
We handle with the statistics as if it were a brother for the theory of…
【A way in which we get along with Lady Luck】
《A theory of probability in which we think an accidental thing scientifically was born from a gamble》
We handle the statistics as if it were a brother for the theory of probability,and both of them are indispensable tools for our everyday life in this society. Two of them are related to various fields like economy,social science,the manifucture industry,politics,psychology,biology,and insurance.
Whether or not we're conscious of it,it means that the world where we live has a relation to the probability. When doing business,when thinking,“What kind of way does lead us to a big chance for a success?”both of the study of the theory of the probability and statistics are strong weapons for us.
【When throwing 6 times,at least once…?】
《The base of the probability is a law of large numbers. We should be careful of a wrong usage》
When watching a baseball game on a TV program,a commentator often says like the next.“The batter retired three…”
【WHen throwing 6 times,at least once…】
《The base of the probability is a law of numbers. We should be careful of its usage.》
When watching a baseball game on a TV program,a commentator often says like the next.,A“The batter has retreated three times continuously today,but his batting average is over 30 percent,it is about time he was likely to got a hit.” His comment looks plausible.
There is a similrar thing which we ofte seem to hear like the next.“Though having thrown a dice 5 times,the 1 didn't appear at all. The probability of the 1 is one-sixths,so the probability of the I in the next time is high.” We say like that,but both of them are the one which we interpret the theory of the probability by mistake.
As for the probability,instead of talking each phenomenon,when attempting something plenty of time and looking at them entirely,we inquire into the proportion in which something happens. It doesn't mean that the theory of the probability shows us something happens,for the…
【When throwing 6 times,at least once…】
《The base of Probability is a law of large numbers. We should be careful of it.》
…for the dice doesn't memorize anything at all.
We need to bear this theory of the probability in our mind firmly. A batter whose batting average is about 30 percent has always about 30 percent of the probability even if he repeated to retire many times,and the probability of the 1 of the dice is one-sixth.
However,when playing baseball,if being at the bat four times,then as the batter may be get used to the ball which the pitcher throws a little,he may get a hit,but it's other factor from the probability.
The probability that the 1 is shown is one-sixth is fixed from the definition of the probability which is shown by Laplace like the next.
“A dice has six kinds of number,and if its cube is made precisely,each number which is shown will be as same degree as its number of the surface. When throwing the dice,there are cases in which 6 kinds of numbers are…”
【When throwing 6 times,at least once…】
《The base of probability is a law of large numbers.We should be careful of it.》
When throwing the dice,there are cases in which 6 kinds of number is shown as same degree as the number of the surface,so it's one-sixth.
When making an experiment actually,we can understand the theory,though it's not useful in a few dozens of trials,but if repeating to do it hundredth times or thousandth times,it has tendency that the probability approaches one-sixth. We call the property a law of large number on the probability,and it indicates essential nature on the probability.
Though it seems to be persistent,I find it important,so I'm going to say it repeatedly,the author said like that,so I will.
The probability that the 1 is shown is indicated when throwing the dice doesn't guarantee the next thing. When throwing the dice,the 1 is shown once.
By the way,without knowing the theory of the probability,we can enjoy a lottery ticket,but once having known…oh！
【The way of thinking on a permutation 順列 and combination.】
《In probability,it's important for us to count a number of a case.》
I'm going to prepare for tools which we can figure the probability in this chapter,the author said like that.
When trying to grasp a phenomenon as probability,we should be careful about the next things. When looking around the whole thing,we can think what kind of case,and we should pay attention to which case we should handle as a question.
When the probability on each case is considered to be equal,Laplace,a mathematician,made use of the numbers in every case and defined the probability,so in probability counting the number of cases is base. There are concepts of permutation and combination as tools for counting numbers. I'm going to express on the permutation at first.
The permutation is number which show us kinds of row,as the name indicates. When there are three people,A,B.C,let's think of how many there are kinds of row on the three.
【The way of thinking on permutation and combination.】
《In probability, it's important for us to count numbers of a case.》
When choosing the first one,anyone is all right,so there are three kinds of permutations ,A,B,C. When the first one is set up,the second one is either of the rest two. When the second one is set,the rest one is the last one.
As a result, in the way of three kinds of row there are three permutations on the head. As to the permutation of the second one,each of the first one has two. If the first one and the second one are set up,the last one will also be done inevitably. I'm sure I should show you with an illustration concretely,but to my sorrow,I can't,so please imagine it. If showing it with an equation,it's 3×2×1=6
When choosing three permutations from six things,its equation is 6×5×4＝120. As you perceive,we choose what kinds of permutations from other many things,we can understand it at once even if they increase so much.
In the next,I'm going to express…
【The way of thinking on permutation and combination.】
《In probability,it is important for us to count the number of a case.》
I'm going to express on the combination this time.
In permutation,A,B.C,and A,C,B,are different,but the two members which composed the permutation are the same. In this way,when they are the same as member,without distinguishing them we count their number. It's the combination.
For example,the combination which we choose three from other five of A,B,C,D,and E is 10. Its equation is shown in the book,but to my sorrow,I can't express why it is. Without having basic knowledge on math,I find it hard.
When there are some numbers and we express them with N,its permutation is described with the next equitation,N!,which is 1×2×3…×N. We call it N factorial,nの階乗.
By the way when trying to express some equations,small size of numbers are added to a larger number either on the upper left,or right,and lower left or right. I find it complicated.
【It is said that even a poor shot will hit the mark if he tries often enough,but is it true?】
《As for an issue on “at least”,it becomes easy if thinking complementary things 余事象.》
The season when some students who try to take an exam to enter of their preference have a hard time comes every year. A student who takes an entrance exam,but its parents are worried about.
There are various. Weak-willed ones,strong-willed ones,prudent ones and capricious ones. Some of them focus on a single school which they want to enter and pay no attention to other schools at all. Others take the entrance exam for several schools in case they fail to be admitted to the school of their choice,for they are very careful.
Let's think of safe ways of passing the exam,how and what kind of school they should choose. Some people say like the next as a joke.“The more the ones try to take the entrance exam,the better we go with more students who are worse than us on academy ability.”,though it's out of question
【It is said that a poor shoot will hit the mark if he tries ofte enough,but is it true?】
《As to an issue on at least,it becomes easier if thinking complementary things. 》
Let's think of more positive way as possibility. In short it's the more they take the entrance exam for schools,the better,as the proverb says,“A poorly shoot will hit the mark if he tries often enough.” If saying it's natural,it is,but considering it as a point of view of possibility,we find that its effect is enormous unexpectedly.
Let's suppose that the percentage of passing an entrance exam for 5 schools are 0.3,0,4,0.5,0,6,and 0,6,judging from the competition to enter the schools or deviation values 偏差値. Then let's think of how much possibility of passing the entrance exam on at least one school there is.
At first we should find the each possibility of being unable to pass the entrance exam for 5 schools. It's a complementary thing,余事象. When thinking of a single phenomenon,there are other phenomena,we call…
【It is said that a poor hit will shoot the marke if he tries often enough,but is it true?】
《As to an issue on at least,it becomes easy if thinking complementary events.》
When thinking of a single phenonenon,there are other phenomena,and we call the other ones complementary events. The probability of being unable to pass the entrance exam for each school is 1ーthe percentage of being able to pass the entrance exam.
When it's 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, and 0.4,so the probability of being unable to pass the entrance exam for all the schools is 0.7×0.6×0.5×0.4×0.4=0.0336. When passing the entrance exam for at least one school,it's all right as long as the one doesn't pass all the entrance exam for 5 schools,1ー0.0336=0.9664,it's the probability for being able to pass the entrance exam.
Its almost close to 1,so I'm sure it is certain the one can pass the entrance exam at least 5 of 1. We come across the situation in which we say at least in various affairs.
『Supplementation』
A jet plane has several pairs of engine. As long as at least either of one of the engines functions,without falling down on the ground the jet plane can manage to go on flying. It is designed like that. That is why the more engine,the safer the jet plane,though it doesn't always mean that it doesn't drop on the ground,I'm sure.
【An untrustworthy intuition.】
《There is a class composed of 40 students. The probability that a student’s birthday is same with other one is 89%.》
When thinking over the probability on an issue,an expectation with an intuition is sometimes far different from other answer with a study of theory on the probability. It may be that then the significance of the theory on the probability is large. It is a question on a birthday that we often adopt its instance.
Let's suppose there was a class composed of 40 students,and we bet on whether or not a student’s birthday is same with other one. I'm going to study the question with the probability.
【An untrustworthy intuition.】
《There is a class composed of 40 students. The probability that a student’s birthday is same with other one is no less than 89%.》
The question is whether or not at least the birthday of the two students are same,we should think over the complementary event 余事象,first of all. The complementary event,in short,in this situation,it means all the students’ birthday is different. Then I'm going to get rid of 29th February in order to make the things simple.
I'm going to think over from the case of less students in turn. As for the two students, if a student’s birthday is fixed, the birthday of the other is among the other rest days in a year,so the probability that the two students’ birthday is different is 364-365ths.
What about if there are 3 students? If the two students’ birthday is different from the third one,the rest days are 363. As a result,the probability that the birthday of the first of two students are different from the third one is 363-365ths.
【Untrustworthy intuition.】
《There is a class composed of 40 students. The probability that a student’s birthday is same with other one is no less than 89%.》
Each day when the three students were born are irrelevant each other,so the probability that the birthday of the three students are different is 364-365ths×363-365ths.
Even if the number of the students increases by 40,we can calculate its probability. At least the two students’ birthday is the same is complementary event,if deducting its probability from 1,we can find the value we want.
If calculating the probability actually,the probability that the students who have the same birthday is no less than 89%.
By the way,my intuition prevents me from thinking it over mathematically, it can't be! To my sorrow,I can't express it theoretically. The ones who have the wrong impression like me may have prevented the society from developing. Some of them may have insisted on the Ptolemaic theory 天動説 even after the Copernican theory.
【When drawing lots,the earlier,the better?】
《We can see it well if drawing the illustration of possibility.》
Almost all of the shopping districts do a lottery for a big sale at the end of a year. When winning a first prize,a bell is rung and the names of prize winner are posted. The number of the first prize are fixed,so the names who won all the first prizes are shown,no one can win the first prize,so everyone may want to draw lots earlier.
However others may think the latter,the better.for it is said that taking the last helping will bring you luck 残り物には福がある. When drawing lots,is there advantageous or disadvantageous according to order of drawing lots?
For example,let's suppose that there were ten lots and there were three prizes among the ten. Then two people draw the lots in turn. Let's compare the probability of winning the prize,which is better,the former or the latter?
The probability that the former draws the prize is clearly three-tenths,on the other hand the latter is …
【When drawing lots,the faster the better?】
《We can see it well if drawing the illustration of probability.》
The probability that the former draws the prize is three-tenths clearly,on the other hand the other probability that the latter draws the prize are two cases,for its situation changes,according to whether or not the former draws the prize.
When the former draws the prize,there are two prizes among the rest of nine lots,so the probability that the latter draws the prize is two-ninths.Multiplying three-tenths by two-ninths is equal to one-fifteenths,so the probability that the latter draws the prize then one-fifteenths. It's the situation is A.
When the former doesn't draw the prize,there are three prizes among the rest nine of the lots,then the probability that the latter draws the prize is three-ninths. The probability that the former doesn't draw the prize is seven-tenths. Multiplying three-tenths by three-ninths is equal to seven-thirtieths. It's the situation B.
To a person who sent its message in 147.
147にメッセージを送ってくれた方に。
Thank you for your response,and how do you do?
レスありがとう。😊 初めまして、かな？
A person whose handle name was 中学生 used to come to my former thread before.
ハンドルネームが中学生の人が自分のスレに来た事があったけど…🤔
I'm so selfish and I can't understand what other one’s feeling at all,so all of the people are apt away from me.
自分は我がままで人の気持ちが分からないので、みんな自分から去って行く傾向にあります
It doesn't always mean that the person whose handle name was 中学生 under the care of mine.
中学生というハンドルネームの人を世話した、というほどの事はないけど…💦
Are you the same one?
同じ人ですか？😁
- << 151 そうだと思います！！ 当時も先生とお呼びしていました。
【When drawing lots,the faster the better?】
《We can see it well if drawing the illustration of the probability.》
Both of the two situation never happens at the same time. When the one happens,the other one never does. If adding the two probability,it's three-tenths. As a result the probability that the latter draws the prize is three-tenths,though to my sorrow I'm not sure why it is. I can understand until its halfway.
In short the probability that both of the former and the latter draw the prize is three-tenths. It seems that when drawing the lots,the faster the better,but it turns out to be superstition. In general the theory can stand up in every situation,but there is one thing to which we paid attention.
When calculating the probability of the lots,it's equal as long as we look over the whole lots. After some people drew the lots and thinking over the probability later,the probability changes from the former one.
As for the former instance,after the former draws the prize…
【When drawing lots,the faster the better?】
《We can see it well if drawing its illustration.》
As for the former instance,after the former drew the prizes,the probability that the latter draws the prize is two-ninths,so the latter is less advantageous than the former.
On the other hand,after the former failed to draw the prize,the probability that the latter draws the prize is three-ninths,so the latter is more advantageous.
When assuming that the former can succeed in drawing the prize,a pessimist thinks it disadvantageous if drawing the lots later. Contrary to it,an optimist assumes that the former fails to draw the prize,so it thinks it advantageous if drawing later. There seems to be the tendency like that.
The probability of human activity isn't as same as the one of a dice nor the lots,for it depends on psychological factors.
I said that we can see it well if drawing its illustration,but I can't draw it,so the of the response ended up being different from the subtitle.
To 151
151さんへ
I've never seen you for a long time. How are you?
久しぶり！元気？😊
I remember you called me a teacher,but I'm not so great as to be called the teacher…
先生と呼んでくれたのは覚えてるけど、先生と呼ばれるほど偉くないよ…😓
When you visited my thread for the first time,I was very hard on you. I apologize for it.
初めて来てくれた時に、邪険な態度取っちゃったね。ゴメン💦
Even so,I miss you.
それにしても懐かしいな☺️
【The probability of each ball.】
《As for the number of each case,we can count it easily as Long as we can make a list.》
When thinking over the probability,we often mention to a ball,but it doesn't always mean that we often come across a question of the ball everyday life. There are lots of similar questions,and if replacing them with the ball and thinking it over,we can understand it easily.
Making an appropriate question for a test so easily that the question on the ball often appears in an entrance exam in an university. I'm going to give an instance and to think it over.
There are 4 white balls and three red balls in a box. We pick up one of them at random and put it back in the box and pick up one of them again at random. Then there are various probabilities.
1: Both of them are red balls.
2: Both of then are white balls.
3: The first time is a white ball and a red one at the second time.
4: At least one of them is the white ball.
As to the question,if making a list …
【The probability of each ball.】
《As to the number of each case,we can count it easily as long as we make a list.》
As to the question,if making a list,we can see its whole image and then we can understand what happens clearly.
As there are 4 white balls,we number each of them,W1,W2,W3,W4,and number each of red balls,R1,R2.R3. When putting back the ball,there are 49 combinations,W1,W1・W1,W2・W1,W3・W1,W4・W1,R1・W1,R2・W1,R3…then the first one is W2 and its combination is repeated.
I've said that as long as we make a list,we can understand easily,but I can't do it here,so I'm forced to omit it. I'm sorry for it.
As a result the combination of both of them are white balls are 16,so the probability is sixteen-49ths. It's the answer for the 1.
The combination of both of them are red balls are 9,so the probability is nine-49ths. It's the answer for the 2.
The combination that first one is a white ball and second one is a red ball are 12,so the probability is twelve-49ths. It's the answer…
【An average in relation to earnings and loss.】
《If thinking over the value which we hope when gambling,it means that we’ll always be lose.》
As to the last description,it’s halfway,but I don’t feel like expressing myself in English any more,for I did it about three weeks ago,so it's destroyed my interest,so I’m going to start a new chapter.
When buying a lottery ticket,or gambling in casino,we tend to know whether how much it is profitable for us,or how much it’s advantageous for us.
Not only when gambling,but when being forced to choose something serious in our job,if we can get information on how much we can get profit from it,we can choose it easily. The concept responds what we hope something probitable responds,we call it a expected value.
When planning various strategies,the expected value shows us how much we’ll gain profit quantitatively. For example,the principle of insurance is based on the concept of the expected value. I’m going to think over an example concretely.
【An average in relation to profit and loss.】
《If thinking over the expected value when gambling,it means that we'll always lose.》
There are two white balls,three red balls,and five black balls in a box. When taking out one of them,if it’s the white ball,we can get ¥300,the red ball ¥100,but if the black ball we have to pay ¥200. It’s a kind of a gambling. Is the gambling profitable or not?
If calculating like the next,we can get its answer. It’s the one which seeks the average on both of profits and losses. In short,it’s a calculation on its probability which it happens and an addition of all the money which we get when it happens,needless to say,when paying money we calculate it as minus. Its calculation is the next one.
Two-tenths multipled by three hundred plus three-tenths multipled by two hundred plus five-tenths multipled by minus two hundred is equal to minus 10,in short,it’s loss of ¥10 on average.
As to the gamble or the public lottery,we always lose with a point of…
【An average in relation to profit and loss.】
《If thinking over the expected value when gambling,it means that we’ll always lose.》
As to the gamble or the public lottery,we’ll always lose with a point of view on the expected value,but we buy our dream,if thinking so it may be all right.
There is something important which we have to be careful on the expected value and at the same time it’s the attention on the concept of the whole probability,we must not interpret the expected value that we can always get the profit with only one trial. It’s the average on the profit and loss when repeating the same trial. It’s just that we can hope or expect it.
“When calculating the expected value,I can recognize that it proves out to be profitable and I’ve betted all my fortune but unexpectedly I’ve lost. What should I do?” If someone said like that I have nothing to do with that. Please don’t blame me for it,the author said like that.
The average life expectancy is the base on charge on…
『Continuation of the last response』
The calculation of average of remaining days in life is base of the charge of insurance fee. It’s an expected value of years of the one who live after that. A fire insurance is a little more complicated,but its calculation is the same basically.
【There is a deep sense in nonsense.】
《Random numbers have been used in various places in society.》
When lining up some numbers from 1 to 9 at random,we call them random numbers. When exchanging signs between a battery in the professional baseball,a list of random numbers had been used at one time.
For example,the random numbers are made by a dice of regular icosahedron 正二十面体, noise in an electron tube,or a computer. With a rapid progress of the computer,even a gigantic and complicated problem has been solved with a way of the list of random numbers called Monte Carlo simulation.
As you know,the Monte Carlo is the name of a city of Monaco which has an official gambling house. In the middle of the …
【There is a deep sense in nonsense.】
《Random numbers have been used in various places in society.》
In the middle of the World War Ⅱ,some physicists had studied on atomic bombs. They couldn’t solve a problem on the movement of neutron and were in trouble. Then some mathematicians whose center was John von Neuman replaced the problem with a roulette and succeeded in getting an approximate value.
John von Neuman named the way Monte Carlo simulation,and it’s learned to be used in various areas in varied field since then.
Not only in natural science but in economic and social problem,some analyses by varied experiments have been done. The most typical way is the Monte Carlo simulation. In a word,the Monte Carlo simulation is trying to deduce conclusion by lots of experiments. As a result the experimenters can recognize what kind of phenomena happen.
Then if the experiment is done in so special situation,its result may be different from original one so much,so they need to verify an…
【There is a deep sense in nonsense.】
《Raodom numbers have been used in various areas in society.》
…so they need to verify a case as ordinary as possible,so the random numbers are used. The random numbers have been used in everywhere else. For instance,in a cryptogram 暗号文,alphabets are changed into numbers and random numbers are added and is the cryptogram is conveyed.
There is a researching a part of people and supposing the whole image as a research of rating audience on TV. We call the way a sample survey. If researching such the special people,there may be fear of not reflecting the whole image,so it’s important how we choose the people who we research.
As a result we use the list of random numbers and pick out the sample at random,for example,choosing a test question for a driver’s license of a car,license examination for a calculation on the abacus 珠算,random sampling for a mass production,objects on research for an opinion poll,a marketing research for a product,and so on.
【The way of understanding statistics】
《Average and standard deviation 標準偏差. The way of dealing with the notorious the standard deviation value.》
When gathering varied statistics,if looking at the data aimlessly,we can’t grasp its whole image in the least,so we should analyze the data and catch them quantitatively. Its way is statistic theory. At first the one which we adopt is a mean value 平均値.
The mean value has frequently been used for an average like a height,weight,examination,temperature,and it’s one of index which shows us a character of the whole data.
When grasping the data in numbers,we often adopt a standard deviation with the mean value. The standard deviation shows us the unevenness of the whole data. For example there are two graphs which shows the statistics of result of a test.
The vertical line 縦軸 of the graph is the number who take the test and the horizontal line is the grade of the test. Both of the two graphs are shown with curves,but its shape is different.
【The way of understanding statistics.】
《Average and standard deviation 標準偏差. The way of dealing with the notorious standard deviation value》
To put in an extreme way,the curve of the one of graph is high,but its width isn’t large very much. On the other hand one more curve of the other graph is low but its width is larger than the other. Both of the shapes are symmetric of which center is the score of 50. Both of the average score is 50.
As to the distribution of the score,the former gathers around the mean value 平均値 and the latter is uneven. If calculating the standard deviation,it turn out to be that the latter is larger than the former.
By the way,the distribution of the shape of a temple bell 釣鐘 on the graph is called a normal distribution. When gathering plenty of data,the distribution appears the most naturally.
A student preparing for taking an entrance exam tend to be worried about the standard deviation value,in additon,the standard deviation value is a golden rule for…
【The way of understanding statistics.】
《Average and standard deviation. The way of dealing with the notorious standard deviation value well.》
The standard deviation value is a golden rule for the parents of the student preparing for taking an entrance exam. On the other hand,the standard deviation value which ranks a person in number is called the source of every evil which get rid of our human nature.
It is certain that the standard deviation value seems to be apt to be attached too much. Even if trying to do its best from now on,if being said“Your rank is around this,it’s not so high objectively.”I find it natural not to feel like doing its best.
However if dealing with the standard deviation value well,it is possible that we can make friend with it. At first we have to understand the way of thinking the standard deviation value.
In a word,the standard deviation value is the one which changes the score of a test into a standard one. The way of changing it setting the average…
【The way of understanding statistics】
《Average and standard deviation. The way of dealing with the notorious standard deviation value well.》
The way of changing it is setting average score is 50 and the standard deviation value which show us it unevenness is 10. It seems to be a natural way of mending,the author said like that,but to tell the truth,I’m not sure of it.
【Calculation of astronomical numbers.】
《An exceptional function 指数関数 which spreads out from the microscopic world to the microcosm マクロの世界》
We can watch an interesting scientific short film named 〈Powers of ten〉in an aerospace museum in Washington of America. If translating the title word for word,it’s 10 の累乗.
The movie started from a person who relaxed on the lawn in a park. The camera was faded away by powers of second from the ground every second more and more.
A figure of the person became smaller and smaller in an instant,the scene of the whole town appeared on the screen,and it became a vast extent like…
【A calculation of astronomical numbers.】
《An exceptional function 指数関数 which spreads out from microscopic world to microcosm.》
…and the scene became a vast extent like an aerial photograph,and before long the whole scene of the earth,planets and galaxy appeared on the screen. It’s as if we rode in a rocket of which acceleration was terrible and inspected the scenes. The speed of the acceleration is the powers of ten.
There was the next part in the movie. It also started from the person on the lawn in the park,but this time the camera approached the person closer and closer. The smaller part was magnified by powers of ten every second.
At first the skin of the person appeared on the screen,it changed into a cell,an atom,and atomic nucleus. There used to be a movie named ミクロの決死圏. I’m wondering if the member of the party in the movie could have experienced that kind of scene.
In this movie,the scale of the screen became ten times,a hundredth times,a thousandth times in the first…
【A calculation of astronomical number.】
《An exceptional function which spreads out from microscopic world to microcosm.》
In this movie,the scale of the scene became ten times,a hundredth times,and a thousandth timesin the first half,on the other hand it became one-tenths,one-hundredths.and one-thousandth in the latter half of the movie.
The 0 increased one by one every second,after 100 seconds,no less than a hundred of 0 was to be written down. I find it tiresome,so the concept of the power has been contrived like the title of the movie.
The number which a hundred of zero are added to 1 is the one which multiply 10 by 100. Instead of writing no less than a hundred of zero,if using the power,it’s useful. The powers of ten is shown with number of 10 and small size of 100 is upper right of the 10.
I’ve wanted express everything in English,but sometimes I’m sure I don’t have to like this case,but I can’t express it the number alone,so I can’t help it.
In general when some number…
【A calculation of astronomical number.】
《An exceptional function which spreads out from microscopic world to macrocosm.》
In general when some number multiplied by other number alone repaeatedly like a × a × a × …is described like a adding little n upper right on the a,and we call it an involution 累乗 of the a.
For example,a × a is described as a squared and a adding 2 upper right on the a with tiny size,and a × a × a is a cubed and a adding 3 upper right on the a with small size. In general we call them the involution of the a,and the small numbers on the right upper is called exponents 指数.
The exponents aren’t use only in natural numbers but in integral numbers,rational numbers,and even real numbers. In this way, y ＝ x to the nth power,and it’s a function of the x,and we call it an exceptional function.
Bit seems to be used in computer frequently like 8 bit,and it shows the ability of handling information of the computer. Exactly 8 bit means 2 to the eighth power,so the computer…
【The way of Gauss who was extremely talented in math.】
《We can find the sum of an arithmetic progression 等差数列 easily with this way.》
8 bits is 8 to the eighth power,so when using in the word in the computer,it means that the computer can handle no less than 256 pieces of information at once.
Geniuses often appear in the history of math,and Gauss is also one of them,but no one can compare with his precocity 早熟. This is his episode when he was a school boy in an elementary school.
A teacher put a question to his students. It’s adding numbers from 1 to 100,for the teacher tried to make his students study by themselves for a while,but to his surprise,Gauss solved the question instantly. What kind of way did he adopt?
There were numbers from 1 to 100,which were lined from little one to large one in turn,and there were other numbers below the first one,and the second one were lined from 1 to 100,but from large one to little in number.
Instead of adding numbers from 1 to 100,adding…
【The way of Gauss who was extremely talented in math.】
《We can find the sum of arithmetic procession 等差数列 easily with this way.》
Instead of adding from 1 to 100 in number,adding two numbers,like 1 ＋ 100, 2 ＋99, 3＋98…so each sum is 101,and the number of the sums are 100,so 100 × 101＝ 10,100,but the value which we want is double,so the value need to be divided by 2,so it’s 5050.
When expressing the sum of the progression of numbers,I’ve done like 1,2,3,4,…100,its way is easy to understand but when being used to do,we find it tiresome,so the sign of Σ is often used. The Σ also means the sum. It’s a Greek letter in Latin.
The sign is as same as the words. While it’s useful,but it’s hard to understandsometime,so we don’t have to be worried about it so please look at the example which is used in the book,said the author in the book,but if trying to use it here,I find it impossible.
There are lots of episode on Gauss. This is one of them which shows us his precocity 早熟. When his father…
【A geometric progression 等比数列 far exceeds our imagination.】
《We should be careful of a fishy story in which there is a chance of making big money.》
The newspapers are sometimes full of stories about a pyramid investment scheme,what is called ねずみ講. It’s a fraudulent business practices 悪徳商法 which cheats its customers ingeniously,saying,“you can make a profit more and more.”,but without recognizing its trick,everyone will be stabbed in the back.
Roughly speaking,its trick is like this,though it seems to be more shrewd actually. For example,let’s suppose that the membership fee for a member in an association was ¥100,000. If each of the member solicits new members by 10,people,a child member for each member increases by 10 people,and as for a grandson member,it increases by 100 people.
There is a rule on the association,the member can get no less than 80 percent of the membership fee from the grandson member. 20 percent of the membership fee is paid to the sponsor of the association.
【A geometric progression far exceeds our imagination.】
《We should be careful of a fishy story in which there is a chance of making a big money.》
If there are a hundred of grandson members,the member can get ¥ eight hundred million. The rule book for soliciting says like the next.“If giving up soliciting new members halfway,other members will suffer from damage. As long as the member accomplish its duty,the one who takes part in the association can make money of ¥7.9 million.”
“No one suffers from damage at all seemingly,so it isn’t the fraudulent business practices in the least,is it?” Someone may think like that,but if thinking so,the one is easy to be deceived. There is no doubt that no one suffers from damage as long as the system is maintained,but the problem is the number of the member.
The first member has 10 of child members and 100 of grandson members. The number of the member increases by 10 times. If there is the 10th member,its number reaches no less than 10 billion.
【Geometric progression far exceeds our imagination.】
《We should be careful of a fishy story in which there is a chance of making big money.》
Both of the number of the people and the money in the society are limited,so the system always come to a deadlock,and is forced to face a miserable situation. If you are the one who faces to the deadlock,you will suffer from the loss.
The pyramid investment scheme gives us an illusion as if it went on forever,but it’s in the wrong. Even if being aware that it’s limited,the one who is cheated never think it faces to the deadlock. The number of the eighth member reaches close to the Japanese population,so we can recognize how optimistic to go on taking part in the pyramid investment scheme.
In the pyramid investment scheme,the number of the member increases by 10 times,and in general we call a progression which increases by r times a geometric progression of r times on the common ratio 公比. If the r is larger than 1,it becomes terrible …
『Continuation of the last response』
If the r is larger than 1,it becomes the terrible geometric progression,so we should be careful of it.
【The geometric progression which is close to us.】
《There is the geometric progression in bank savings,in interest rates,and even in the world of sound.》
I’m going to pick up some of the geometric progressions which are close to us.
The first one which we should indicate is calculation in the interest rates in a bank savings. As it's been familiar with us,the interest rates are calculated with a compound interest 複利. There are several ways of counting its term like the compound interest of a year or the one of a half year,so we should be careful of it.
For instance,if comparing half year compound rates of 3 % with a year compound rates of 6%,the former one is more profitable. Needless to say,if borrowing some money,the latter is more profitable.
If it’s the compound rates by the number of days like loan shark,the debt snowballs,so we should…
【The geometric progression which is close to us.】
《There is the geometric progression in bank savings,in interest rates,even in the world of sound.》
If it’s the compound interest by the number of days like shark loan,it snowballs,so we should bear its horror in our mind. By the way,when calculating the compound interest,if making use of a table of logarithms 対数表,it’ll be useful. The author said like that.
For example,let’s suppose that we deposited ¥10 million for a decade with the half year compound interest of 3%. Its equation is 1000 × （1＋0.03）to the 60th power. The part of （）and other phrase means （）の60乗,but its calculation is tiresome,so the table of logarithms is taken advantage of. I’m going to describe it in the near future.
The geometric progression isn’t only used for in the economic world,but in the sensuous world of sounds. For example,the music scales like do,re,mi,fa,so,ra,si,and do have been fixed with the geometric progressions.
There are white keys and black…
【The geometric progression which is close to us.】
《There is the geometric progression in bank savings,in interest rates,even in the world of sound.》
There are white keys and black keys in a piano. 1 octave is divided into 12 with both of the white and black keys. In short there are 12 semitones 半音. The vibration of the sound becomes double a octave,so the 2 is divided into 12. It’s not done by an arithmetic progression but by geometric progres.
Its equation is X to the 12th power is equal 2. The X is a radical root of the 2. It’s an irrational number,about 1.06. If a sound is higher than other one by a semitone,it means that the number of vibration of the sound is as same number of vibration of…oh…I find it complicated. I don’t feel like expressing on the number of the vibration any more.
I’m sure the music isn’t calculating its number of the vibration,but listening to it or playing it. When enjoying music we have fun,though fortunately,no one is forced me to calculate it.
【An invitation to the world of logarithm 対数】
《Logarithm is an index 指数 which is expressed from an opposite direction》
Logarithm and index are alwaya handled as a pair.
On hearing the word of logarithm,there seem to be lots of people who are disgusted by it,for the sign of the logarithm,log,makes its image become worse.
Why do we handle the index and logarithm as a pair? There is a reason for it. For example,from the definition of the index,10 cubed is 10×10×10＝1000. Then when thinking of it from an opposite direction,if asking,what times 10 make 1000?
The question is log 10 1000 and its answer is cubed,so it’s expressed log 10 1000 ＝3.The number of the 10 is usually written smaller than this one,and I’ve also wanted to describe like that,but I can’t here,so I can’t help it. I’m afraid it’s hard to understand,I’m sorry for it.
In short the logarithm is the one which is expressed with index,and it’s just that we see it from the opposite direction.
【Complicated calculations become easy ones.】
《Even if the calculation of compound interest is tiresome,we can find its answer easily with the logarithm.》
As I’ve expressed in the former response,the logarithm is the index which we look at it from the opposite direction,and it’s the change of conception,but it’s caused revolution in varied calculation.
When calculating the orbit of a heaven body 天体,they used to need calculate of multiplication and involution 累乗 with large number,what is called astronomical figures,and it was hard to calculate.
But,when being invented the logarithm,those calculations have been easier so much. It’s symbolized with the word,“The logarithm has expanded the life span of astronomers. “The logarithm has expanded the life span of astronomers.” I’m going to translate the law of index into the world of the logarithm.
10 to the nth power times 10 to the mth power make 10 to the addition of nth and mth of the power. It’s log 10 NM＝log10 N ＋log 10 M.
【A complicated calculation becomes a easy one.】
《Even if the calculation of compound interest 複利 is tiresome,we can find its answer easily with the logarithm.》
10 to the nth power divided by 10 to the mth power is equal to 10 the subtraction that we subtract N from M the power. There is other example which is expressed with parenthesis ,（）but I find it complicated,so I omit it. Please look at the next equitation.
Log 10 100000000000＝12
In this way,the logarithm has power in which a large number changes into small one. The merit for using the logarithm is the way of changing calculation. A multiplication changes into an addition,division turns into subtraction,and an involution is multiplication.
The addition and subtraction are easier to do than multiplication and division,and a multiplication is easier than an involution.
When using the logarithm,the calculation becomes easier by 1 rank,and it’s the largest merit we use the logarithm.
It could have been easy to express,but…
【Human’s perceptively is a sense for logarithm.】
《Grade on stars,dynamics on passage of music,or magnitude on an earthquake…》
Glittering stars in the night sky have each grade like a star of the first magnitude,second…it has started in the time of Ancient Greece,and the brightest star is the star of the first magnitude,and other star which we can barely manage to watch with our naked eyes is the star of the sixth magnitude.There are other magnitudes between the first and sixth.
When being invented a telescope,we’ve learned to need to add other magnitude for darker star than the sixth,so the magnitude has expanded to 8th. The definition for the magnitude depends on the human sense,so it wasn’t firm very much.
Hershel found that the magnitude of the star of the first is about 100th times of the one of the 6th,and whenever the magnitude rises by one rank,its luminous becomes 2.5 times. In short the difference between the magnitude is a geometric procession 等比数列 on the luminous.
【Human’s perceptively is a sense for logarithm.】
《Magnitude on stars,stress on passage of music,and magnitude on an earthquake and so on.》
Pogson proposed that they define the magnitude of stars like the next,being based on the discovery.
Difference between the two stars and their brightness is 0,4 × difference between the magnitude ＝ log 10,and the log 10 is the proportion of the brightness. Then the number of the 10 is usually written smaller on the lower right of the log.
When the differece between the magnitude is 1,its value I s 2.5 times,for the proportion of the brightness is 0.4 ＝log 10,so 10 ・0.4 ＝2.51,then the number of 0.4 is usually written smaller on the upper right of the 10.
In this way,it means that we actually feel that the logarithm of the brightness of the stars as difference between the brightness. In short,the human’s perceptively inherits function which recognizes the logarithm unconsciously.
There is the law of Fechner,and it shows the relation difference…
【Human’s perceptivity is a sense of logarithm.】
《Magnitude on stars,stress on passage of music,magnitude on earthquake and so on.》
There is a law of Fechner and it shows the relation of difference between the magnitude of stimuli and the percetivity which catches the stimuli. The law indicates the sense for logarithm itself by the human race.
There are plenty of examples which indicate the sense for logarithm,and I’m going to show you some of them.
Whenever an earthquake happens,the scale of magnitude of the earthquake is always reported. The magnitude is the scale of energy from a hypocenter 震源,and it’s defined with the use of the logarithm.
Decibel is an unit which is used for electric communication and sound,and phon is also the unit for scale of the sound. Both of them are defined with the logarithm.
【There is the index and logarithm in the natural world.】
《Both of the index and logarithm appear in the natural world naturally.》
Various dinosaurs used to swagger on the…
【There is the index and logarithm in the natural world.】
《Both the index and logarithm appear in the natural world naturally.》
Various dinosaurs used to swagger on the earth as if they had owned the place millions of years ago. Fossils like the teeth and bones of the dinosaurs are proof of the existence of the dinosaurs.
How do we search the fossils like the dinosaurs on the era when they became the fossils? In short,how do we measure the fossils of the plants and animals on the era when they become the fossils?
We take advantage of the collapse of radioactive materials. For example,the radioactive carbon is so unstable chemical element that it gives off beta rays and collapses. The amount of the radioactive carbon in the body both of the plants and animals keep balance between the outer world as long as the creatures live.
However when the creatures die,the supply for the radioactive carbon in the body stops and the radioactive material continues to collapse.
In general…
【Threr is the index and logarithm in the natural world.】
《Both of the index and logarithm appear in the natural world naturally.》
In general,the radioactive material has property that it collapses with the speed which is proportion to the amount,so as long as we can measure how much it collapsed,we can recognize how many years have passed since the creature died.
The speed of the collapse for the radioactive carbon is so slow that its half life period 半減期 is 5370 years. In short,the amount of the atom of the radioactive carbon become half after 5370 years. Either of the index or logarithm is made use of in the measurement for the radioactive carbon.
There are some equations on the collapse for the radioactive carbon on the book,but I can’t express them here and even if I can,to my sorrow I can’t understand them at all,so I omit them.
The word of biotechnology has been familiar with us lately,and multiplication of a microbe 微生物 is expressed with an exponential function. Both the…
『Continuation of the last response and so on.』
Thus,both of the index and logarithm appear in the natural world naturally,but to my sorrow I can’t recognize them very much. I’ve expressed on math until now,and I used to study them in high school. Then I used to think and complain like next. “What’s the use of studying them? As long as being able to read and write,and to reckon like addition,subtraction,multiplication,and division,it’s enough.”
Those hard things to understand seem to be useless,but they have made our daily life comfortable one,I’m wondering,though I can’t say it concretely.
I’m sure learning is accumulation. For example,the index and logarithm have developed by themselves. Without other elements,not only the math but our daily life would never have developed like this.
I wish I would study harder when I was young,for studying something is interesting and wonderful. Learning something makes me feel happy,though even if lots of people have already had the knowledge.
I’m going to express on an useful story of the trigonometric function 三角関数 like sine cosine.
【Everyone who has antipathy to the trigonometric function.】
《They look as if they were close friends who were a trio of sine,cosine,and tangent.》
The trigonometric function which is known as sine,and cosine. On hearing the phrases,there seem to be lots of people who are displeased with them.
As long as they understand the motivation why they think of the trigonometric function,the trigonometric function proves to be very simple and useful over a wide area,the author said like that.
For example,putting the theory of the trigonometric function to practical use for the most advanced technology like a cd which reappears a splendid tone,or a ct scanner which plays an active part in medical treatment can’t be stopped by anyone.
There is difference between a triangle and other figures like a square or a pentagon. What is it? I’m going to start from there,though it isn’t so hard,it’s very…
【Everyone who has antipathy to the trigonometric function.】
《They look as if they were close friends who were a trio of sine,cosine,and tangent.》
The difference between a triangle and other figures like a square and pentagon isn’t hard to understand,and it’s very simple and natural. As for the triangle, if once being fixed each of the three angles,the triangles become similar ones. As a result,the proportion of the three sides of the triangle is also fixed.
Let’s limit a situation on a right triangle. The total of the interior angles on a triangle is 180 degrees. As long as fixing an angle which isn’t the right angle,the other angle is also done,and the proportion of the three sides are also done.Then the fixed angle is called θ,sheeter.
When there are two right triangles and if two of their θ is the same angle,the proportion of each side of the two right triangles is fixed and it’s expressed with sin θ,cos θ,tangent θ,though I’m afraid my expression isn’t enough. I’m sorry for it.
【Measuring the height with a stick.】
《The Ancient Egypt invited Thales,who adopted the way of measuring.》
While thus the definition on the trigonometric function is very easy,varied practical application has spread out from the easy definition. I’m going to express the practical applications from now on.
There is one of episodes which shows an origin of the trigonometric function.
It is said it's Ancient Greek mathematician,Thales who thought of the idea for the first time. The idea that if the θ is fixed,all the triangles become similar. He was invited in Egypt and measured the height of a pyramid. This episode of his is well-known.
At first he put up a stick on the ground vertically,and measured the length of the shadow. In the next,he measured the length of the shadow on the pyramid.
A triangle which was made up with the shadow of the pyramid and other triangle which was done with the stick is similar,so as long as being able to know the length of the stick,they can also…
【Measuring the height with a stick.】
《The Ancient Egypt invited Thales,who adopted the way of measuring.》
…so,as long as being able to know the length of the stick,they can also know the height of the pyramid.
There is sine,cosine,and tangent in the trigonometric function,and each of threee isn’t dependent,but they have a deep relation each other. The connection is the theorem of Pythagoraas. If calculating with the theorem of Pythagoras,for example,cosine and tangent is expressed with sine,though I’ve not remembered the theorem.
Thales predicted a solar eclipse 日食,and it made him famous. He was so absorbed in an astronomical observation that he fell into a ditch. A girl who escorted him teased,“Though you can understand difficult thing like a heavy body,you can’t be aware of a thing at your foot.”
【Cosine which gets over obstacles.】
《When obstacles like mountains or a building prevent us from measuring,there is a way of measuring the distance.》
The trigonometric function is…
【Cosine which gets over obstacles.】
《When obstacles prevent us from measuring,there is a way of measuring the distance.》
The trigonometric function is defined with a right triangle,so we tend to think that without being the right triangle,we can’t use the trigonometric theorem,but in fact we can make use of it every time.
For example,when trying to measure the distance between A and B,but there is obstacles like a mountain,building,or pond between them. The obstacles prevent us from measuring the distance. What should we do?Then the trigonometric function plays an active part as if it waited for its turn.
At first we choose the third place as C which we can see from both of A and B. As to the C,we can choose it as we like. In the next,we measure the distance between A and C,and between C and B.
As to the two of distance,we can measure them direct or we can do it at other place where we can do it easily. Then we can measure the angle of the C. When there is those information…
【Cosine which gets over obstacles.】
《When obstacles prevent us from measuring,there is a way of measuring distance.》
As long as ther is the information,the distance between A and B is able to be sought by using the trigonometric function.
The way of measuring the distance is the next one. When we are aware of two length of the two sides on a triangle and the angle which is put between the two sides,we seek the length of the last side. It’s called the theorem of cosine. I’m going to find the answer by using the theorem.
By the way,as usual I’m forced to do without Illustration,so I’m afraid it’s hard to understand,so I recommend you should write the figure for yourself.
At first we draw a perpendicular line 垂線 from the apex 頂点 A to the side BC,and we regard its point of intersection as H. The perpendicular line is also called an additioanal line,and as long as we can draw it we can almost completer the theorem,for the line is the key point for the theorem.
The perpendicular line…
【Cosine which gets over obstacles.】
《When obstacles prevent us from measuring,there is a way of measuring the distance.》
The perpendicular line caused the two right triangles,and taking advantage of the trigonometric function and the theorem of Pythagoras for the two right triangles and calculating a little,there is the theorem of cosine at once,according to the book.
To tell the truth,I’ve used the phrase of the theorem of Pythagoras many times,but it doesn’t always mean that I can understand the theorem perfectly,so I’m afraid that I can’t arrive the theorem of cosine at all.
I find it useful and interesting to learn math,but how should I study it? I don’t think I want to go to university in my age. When opening a textbook on math in high school and on looking at an equation,I’m sure I feel dizzy.
I’ve heard the one who is good at math is able to think logically,but I tend to become emotional,especially when coming across a problem on math,though everyone else find it easy.
【The theorem of sine plays an active part in surveying land.】
《When having a wide view,we can recognize its distance and position exactly in triangular surveying.》
When making a map or surveying land,the trigonometric function is essential. The concept is setting up a triangle one after another as if it were a lattice 網の目,and fixing each point in each place, and we call it triangular surveying.
The principle of the triangular surveying is the next. Making use of one of sides and both ends of angles of the side in a triangle and finding the length of other two sides in calculation. We call it the theorem of sine.
I’m going to try to find the theorem of sine for myself.
There is a triangle of which apex is A,B,and C. I’m going to draw a perpendicular line 垂線 from the apex A to the side BC,and the we regard the point of intersection as H. The perpendicular line caused the two right triangles,ACH and ABH.
After that,applying the theorem of sine to the two of triangles and …
【The theorem of sine plays an active part in surveying land.】
《When having a wide view,we can recognize its distance and position exactly in triangular survey.》
After that applying the theorem of sine to the two right triangles and transforming them a little,so there is an equation of the theorem of sine at once,the author said like that.
To my sorrow,I can’t understand the theorem of sine at all,besides the sentence above one is a crude word for word translation,so I said transforming the theorem of sine,but I’m not sure how I should do it. First of all,I can’t understand the theorem of sine very well.
As a result I’m forced to express what I can understand in English. I’m sorry for it.
Drawing other perpendicular line from apex A to the side AC,we can get other equation on the theorem of sine. Both of the degrees of B and C is found by the theorem of sine,and as long as being aware of the degrees of each two angle,we can recognize the degree of the last one.
As a result the …
【The theorem of sine plays an active part in surveying land.】
《When having a wide view,we can recognize its distance and position precisely in triangular survey.》
As a result,the length of AB and AC are found.
It is said that the theorem of sine is equivalent to one of congruent 合同 condition on triangles,the length of one side and the degrees of the each of two angles on the both end on the side is equal.
By the way,when doing the triangular survey actually,measuring the distance between 2 points which is the base minutely,precisely,very carefully. After that making triangles one after another,as long as measuring each of the angles,the lenght of each side is fixed by the theorem of sine.
In short,we don’t have to measure actually in the triangular surveying,as long as there is a basic line which is measured very accurately.
When measuring as long as being able to have a wide of view,we can measure in wide range,it fits for a measuring of a large scale. We can find the…
『Continuation of the last response.』
The distance to the moon is found with the triangular surveying,the author said like that,but I want to say,so what? I’m sure I’m childish a little,but when looking at the theorem of the sine,or cosine over and over again,I can’t understand it at all.
By the way,I have little knowledge on a preposition,so the one who read may be hard to understand. I’m sorry for it.
June 3 is the day of measurement. Campaigns in which the importance of the measurement is shown,or events in which the necessity of making a map is shown are done every year.
【There are lots of sines in electricity.】
《I love the trigonometric function very much.》
The word of 《》isn’t my own coment,but the author’s.
We enjoy the blessing of electricity very much every day. The electricity which is essential to our everyday life is based on the theory of the trigonometric function.
The electricity is alternating current 交流 of 50 or 60 hertz. Roughly speaking,eastern Japan is 50…
【There are lots of sines in electricity.】
《I love the trigonometric function very much.》
Roughly speaking,eastern Japan is 50 hertz and western Japan is 60 hertz. By the way,what is the alternating current of 50 hertz or 60 hertz?
It means the voltage of sine curve repeats 50 times or 60 times per second. What is the sine curve? There is a function,y＝sine x,and the function is expressed with a graph,but the sine used to be defined with triangles,the area which the x moves is larger than 0 and it’s smaller than 90.
Without limiting the area of the movement on the x,it’s defined like the illustration. It’s the function of sine,and its graph is the sine curve. The function of cosine is also defined like the same.
Without looking at the graph or illustration,it’s hard to understand,I’m afraid. Even if looking at them over and over again,I can’t grasp them very much.
Both of the sine and cosine are the shapes like a wave,and same shape is repeated every 360 degrees.
【Practical application for the trigonometric function which spread infinitively.】
《A cd which reappear beautiful tone is done with combination of sine curve.》
When the electricity is used,voltage is changed according to its usage. Alternating current of sine curve is very useful then. When changing the voltage,a transformer is used. There is illustration of the transformer in the book.
Roughly speaking its shape is a square and it’s made of iron,and there is a big space of which shape is also the square in the transformer. Electric wires are wound on both sides of the square. The left one is the first coil and the right one is the second coil.
When the electricity of the sine curve is flowed in the first coil,and its power is in proportion to the bundle of magnetic power and the bundle of magnetic power changes.
There are some description on the sine curve,but too difficult to understand. The law of Faraday appeared in the description,so I’m going to express it at first.
【Practical application for the trigonometic function which spreads infinitively.】
《A cd which reappears beautiful tone with a combination of sine curves》
I’ve said I was going to express the law of Faraday exaggeratedly,but it’s just that the next things.
When bringing a magnet close to a coil or moving the magnet from the coil,electric current flows in the coil.
I think the simpler the better when expressing something difficult as long as I have enough knowledge on it. Without having enough knowledge on it,if tried to express it,I’m forced to use technical terms which are unfamiliar with us. Then tried to express harder,the more complicated the situation is,though I recognize it…
As to my sentence in the last response,it’s hard to understand,though it’s just what I have done,so I’m going to express the strong point on the alternating current of the sine curve at first.
The alternating current of the sine curve has happened naturally,but it has varied merits.
【Practiclal application for the trigonometric function which spreads infinitively.】
《A cd which reappeared beautiful tone with a combination of the sine curve》
For example,a leading motor which produces stable rotations.
There seem to be lots of air conditioner named inverter lately. The inverter has the next function. Changing the alternating current into direct current,after that turning the direct one into alternating one of various frequency 周波数,and the alternating one of various frequency rotates the leading motor,then the ability of the air conditioner is controlled delicately.
The sine curve is also used for the wave of radio or TV. The wave of signal from sound and image can’t be released into the air as electronic wave as it is,so we combine the wave of signal with electronic wave of sine curve which is high frequency.
In the receiver,tuning circuit which is combined coil and condenser choose the applicable wave of frequency among lots of electric waves in the air.
【Practical application for the trigonometric function which spreads infinitively.】
《A cd which reappears a beautiful tone with a combination of the sine curve.》
The same idea has been adopted in telephone. Carrying waves of different frequency with other signal of sounds in a single telephone line. The one who receives the waves and signals can choose the wave and signal the receiver wants to get.
By the way,it’s my own English,but too difficult to understand.
【All of them are the same shape?】
《Topology is a flexible thought which makes sure difference between things.》
◯、△、□、◎ Three are different shapes,but they are the same in the world of topology.
The one who comes across the word of topology for the first time may think it’s a learning in which something difficult to understand is done. Indeed the topology is one of the learnings which has been studied actively in math at present.
At the same time,thee is no other leaning to be taken advantage of each aspect everyday …
【All of them are the same shape?】
《Topology is a flexible thought which makes sure difference between things.》
At the same time,there is no other close leaning to be taken advantage of each aspect every day life than the topology.
In fact we’ve actually done the way of thinking of the topology more or less everyday life. For example,speaking of a ball,then we cut off various piece of information like scale,shape,weight,or material,we usually simply call it the ball. It’s the starting point of the topology.
When drawing a map,we frequently a rough map which is transformed a little. It’s also the sense of the topology.
For example,a drawing of routes for a train in JR is done minutely its details,it’s hard to grasp,so the one in which the connections between the stations are easy to look at
In topology,after being able to expand,shrink,distort,bend and if we can lay them each other,we regard them as the same one,and it’s a reason we call the topology a geometry of rubber film.
【All of them are the same shape?】
《Topology is a flexible thought which makes sure difference between things.》
There are various shapes like the next,1□、2△、3○、and 4◎,then we usually distinguish them as different figure,but in topology,1,2,and 3 are the same shape,but 4 alone is different.
For example,the 3 can be fitted on the 1as Long as the 3 is expanded or shrunk,but even if the 3 is expanded or shrunk,it isn’t fitted on the 4.
In general,if being able to expand or shrink a thing,and being able to lap it on other,we call the two of them are in
aspect 同相,
For example,a doughnut and a cup for drinking a coffee are in aspect. How should we transform them? The book said the readers to think of way to it,but to my sorrow,anything didn’t occur to me. Could please someone kind tell me the way of fitting?
In topology,even if she is beautiful or plain looking,it’s same. The situation is very peaceful,and even if they are the transformation,they have the same air around them,and…
【Are all of them the same shape?】
《Topology is a flexible thought which makes sure difference between things. 》
To be concrete,taking away the information which tends to stand out like the length of each side,each space or each angle in a figure,and making sure the hidden fundamental secret behind the figure,it’s the topology.
The author said something hard to grasp,but a triangle is the triangle,and a circle is the circle and a square is the square. What is the hidden secret?
【Who is a liar?】
《Russell’s paradox which has shaken the base on math.》
This is an old story and a phrase that I never tell a lie had been popular among us,but if there was a warped ひねくれた one and said,“I’m telling a lie.”even if how hard we think over its remark,the situation becomes something wrong.
If he told a lie,his remark,“I’m telling a lie.”itself is a lie,so it meas that his remark is true.
On the other hand,if he told the truth,his remark,“I’m tellling a lie.”is true,so it means he told a lie.
【Who is a fibber 嘘つき?】
《Russell’s paradox which has shaken the base on math.》
The situation is inconsistent. Anyway,his remark is contradictory. Thus we call the situation in which both of them are led to contradiction a paradox. A thing which causes self-contradiction by logical thought.
We call this kind of paradox a paradox of fibber,and there is a famous historical one,it’s “The Creta said the Creta is a liar.” It has been handed down from the Ancient Greece. Its character is the Creta alone,and other content on the paradox is the same.
If being able to take advantage of the paradox,we may escape from a death penalty. I’m going to show you a smart way of running away from the death penalty.
A king told a prisoner like that.“I permit you to say a single phrase. If it’s right,you’re head will be cut out. If it’s in the wrong,he had to go to the guillotime.”
The prisoner said I would go to the guillotine. What would happen to the prisoner? Oh,needless to say,it’sl …
【Who is a fibber?】
《Russell’s paradox which shook the base on math.》
Needless to say,the paradox is an intellectual game,so it’s impossible for us to make good use of it.but if saying it’s mere the intellectual game,it’s not,for it started to reexamine the math from its base.
English mathematician,Russel showed what is called Russell’s paradox at the end of 19th century,and it caused a panic in the world of the math.
The paradox showed there was a contradiction in the set 集合 of logic. Mathematicians were worried about it this way and that,and restricted the word of the set,and overcame the paradox.
As a proverb says,turning a misfortune into a blessing,the happening caused a new theory which rebuilt the math from base,
By the way,I can’t understand how the paradox influenced on math,and how the happening was settled. When describing on math,I can’t understand what I want to grasp. At first,what is the set of logic?
To tell the truth,I hate math,but I want to read a book on it.
『Light and sound』
There are lots of people who think they can see something vaguely around them even if they are in the darkness where there are none of light.
A visible ray comes into our eyes,so we can see something. Being based on it, I’m going to express on the light. I’m going to describe on the property of the light like reflection and refraction 屈折,invisible light,and sound which resemble the light and which is different from the light.
【What we can see things.】
『Question』
If we are in the darkness where there is none of light at all,when our eyes are used to being the darkness,can we watch things around us?
『Option』
1 We’ll learn to see things clearly.
2 We’ll learn to see vaguely.
3 We’ll never learn to see anything at least.
Things around us emit light or reflect light. The light from the thing comes into our eyes,so we can see things. As long as the light from the things don’t come into our eyes.we can’t see anything.
As a result we can never see anything in the…
『Option』
As a result,we can never see anything in the darkness where there is none of the light,so its answer is 3.
《Without coming into our eye,we can’t see bundle of the light》
There is a clean room where there is none of dust. When the room becomes pitch–black and bundle of the light passes in front of us,we can’t see it,for it went by us and the light didn’t come into our eyes.
We can see the bundle of the light in a movie theater. Dust and smoke of a cigarette floats in the air,and they get the light and the light reflects in every direction,and part of the reflection comes into our eyes,so we can see the light there.
A thing itself gives off the light is the sun,a light bulb,a fluorescent light,and a firefly. We call a source which emits the light a light source.
The sun is an indispensable light source in the natural world. We the human being has used artificial light in a place where there is faint light.
In the beginning,it used to be a bonfire or a torch. After that…
『Contiunation of the last response』
After that at last an electric light,a fluorescent light,and LED were invented,and it’s the history of artificial source light.
《A basic thing that we can see things because of the reflection of the sunlight.》
We can see everything around us clearly,and it’s not almost all of them give off light,but they reflect the light which come from other place.
Catoptric light 反射光 from other things comes into our eyes and we can see everything.
【Light and sound.】
《Light travels straight.》
When we see the sunlight shines through the gap between clouds,we can recognize that the light goes straight on. The course of the light is shown with a ray of light.
In a day when the sun shines,there is a shadow of a person,a tree and a building,for the sunlight goes straight on.
Not only in the air but in the water and through glass,the light travels straight.
『The light travels straight,so we can recognize the place of an object.』
The light goes straight on…
【Light and sound】
《The light goes travels straight,so we can recognize the place of an object.》
The light goes straight on. The light comes into our eyesso we can follow the course where the light comes,and we can find there is a something in the direction.
The light coming into our eyes goes thruogh the lens called crystalline lens 水晶体 and moves ahead the retina 網膜 of cells where they can detect the light.
The light received in the retina and changes into an electric signal and the electric signal is sent from the optic nerve to the brain.
『A simple camera which is familiar with us in the old days.』
The simple camera is make use of proper that the light goes straight.
There is a box and it’s a little hole which is the eye of a needle in its side. The light comes through the little hole and reaches its front side.
The light comes from upper direction and reaches the lower place on the front side of the box and the light from lower direction does the upper place on the front…
【Light and sound.】
『A simple camera which is familiar with us in the old days.』
The light comes from upper direction and reaches the lower place on the front side of the box and the light from lower direction upper place on the box.
The image through the hole of the eyes of the needle is reversed. It’s upside.
Instead of the hole,if we use a convex lens 凸レンズ and film,it becomes a camera.
《When hitting in some angle,the light reflects in the same angle》
When the light hits the mirror in some angles,it reflects in the same angles,and we call it a law of reflection.
An image on the mirror looks as if it were behind the mirror,but it isn’t anything behind the mirror. Why does it look so?
Light emits in all direction from the light source,and there is the light which hit against the mirror and comes into our eyes.
We feel as if the light went off from the place behind the mirror and came into our eyes. When the light hits the mirror,the light reflects. We call its course an…
【Light and sound.】
《When hitting in some angles,and the light reflects in some angles.》
However the light doesn’t emit from behind the place,X,of the mirror. The X is a luminous point which is extended from the reflecting light behind the mirror.
The light doesn’t emit from the place X,so we call the X a virtual image for the light source.
《Diffused reflection 乱反射 makes us see things.》
A smooth face like the mirror reflects the light for one direction.
On the other hand,other ordinary things look smooth and even but it doesn’t actually,so the law of reflection stands up each part of the things,the whole things reflect the light goes off in all direction. We call the way of reflecting a diffused reflection.
We can look at ourselves each other in the open air in daytime,for the light from the sun hits us,and a part of the light of the diffused reflection reaches our eye.
While when looking at the sunlight direct,it dazzles our eyes,the diffused light coming into our eyes is …
【LIght and sound.】
《Diffused reflection makes us see things.》
While looking at the sunlight direct,it dazzles our eyes,diffused reflection coming into our eyes is part of the sunlight,so it doesn’t dazzle our eyes.
The light like the sun and electric light hit a thing and it reflects diffusedly,so we can see things.
《The composition of a mirror.》
Glass is used for a mirror,we can recognize it at once,but the glass isn’t always its main material. A thin film made of silver clings to the glass,and it serves as a mirror.
A metal which is polished glitters like silver reflects almost all of the light,as a result as long as it’s the metal,we can use it as a mirror.
There used to be what is called 青銅鏡 in the past. We polished an alloy made of bronze and tin and as a mirror.
The pattern on the back of the 青銅鏡 is on a textbook of history. Its surface is a smooth mirror. The mirror in which the metal is used as it is like 青銅鏡 is easy to be rusted,so we have to polish sometimes,besides…
【Light and sound.】
《The composition of a mirror.》
…besides the mirror in which metal is used for the whole part is heavy.
There is other mirror which there is silver under glass,a small amount of silver is used for the mirror. It’s expensive but hard to be rusted,and it’s under the glass,so it’s hard to be rusted,so we don’t have to polish it. It was invented in the middle of the 19th century.
As to an ordinary mirror made of glass,thin silver is put under the glass,and copper is under the silver so as to be strong,and red ocher ベンガラ is under the copper.The red ocher is natural pigment of iron oxide 酸化鉄.
If rubbing the surface of the mirror with a sandpaper softly,we can recognize how the mirror was made.
《Even if it looks colorless and transparent,its powder looks white.》
If a thing which is colorless and transparent like ice and glass gets some light,a large part of the light goes through ,but in spite that the colorless and transparent thing doesn’t change at all,it looks …
【Light and sound.】
《Even if it looks colorless and transparent,it looks white sometimes.》
…but in spite that the colorless and transparent thing itself doesn’t change at all,they look white sometimes.
For example,we change a plate of transparent glass into a frosted glass すりガラス,its surface becomes uneven and it reflects diffusedly,so the surface of the frost glass is white. If putting some water on the frost glass,it’s so uneven that the water remains on the surface of the frost glass,and it becomes even and transparent.
Even if it's colorless and transparent,its powder looks white. To tell the truth,even if it looks transparent,it reflects on the surface a little.
As being powder,surface area of reflection increases so much that it looks white.
Light reflects on the plenty of surfaces of the powder of glass,shaved ice and white snow over and over again little by little,so it looks white.
Not only a solid body but a cloud,and breaking wave look white,a grain of liquid applys…
【LIght and sound.】
《Even if it looks colorless and transparent,its grain looks white.》
Not only a solid body,but a cloud,and breaking wave look white, a grain of liquid also applies for the property that all the things happen reflection on the surface even if it looks transparent.
《Light reflects and curves on a boundary plane.》
When the light goes into different matter like water or glass,it not only reflects but curves.
A stick in the water looks bent,and a lens creates various images because of the proper of refraction of the light.
『The light chooses a shorter way, so it curves.』
Why does the light refract? When the light goes into the water and glass,it can’t move there as fast as in the air,but it wants to get its destination in a short time,and it tries to choose a shorter way,so it curves to the direction of the shorter way.
There is the water in the tank. Then let’s suppose that the air above the water was A,and the water was B. The light goes into the water with…
【Light and sound.】
『The light choose a shorter way, so it curves.』
The light moves toward the water with some angles toward a perpendicular line 垂直線. We call the angle an incidence angle 入射角. After the light goes into the water its angles changes before the light is in the air. We call the angle the angle of refraction 入射角.
When the light goes into the water or glass from the air,the incidence angle is larger than the angle of refraction.
Contrary to it, when the light goes into the air from the glass or water,the incidence angle is smaller than the angle of refraction.
In a condition which meets the incidence angle is smaller than the angle of refraction,when the incidence angle becomes to some extent,the angle of refraction becomes right angle.
When the incidence angle is over the right angle,the light doesn’t curve,and it refracts. We call it a total refraction.
『If looking up at the sky from the bottom of a pool…』
When being into the water of a pool and looking up at the…
【Light and sky.】
『If looking up at the sky from the bottom of a pool…』
When being into the water of a pool and looking up at the sky,the sky looks round,for all the light refract when its incidence angle is over the right angle,so we can look at the sky within some extent of angle.
The fish in the water could have looked up at the sky like that.
『The total refraction has been made use of in an optical fiber 光ファイバー.』
A fiberscope 内視鏡 which is used in a stomach camera is made of slim fibers of glass. Thousands of slim fibers of glass are tied up,and the light passes through in the fibers made of glass. This principle has also taken advantage of in the optical fiber.
An optical communications 光通信 which is said a leader in the society in the future is a way of communicating which sends a light signal through the optical fiber.
The optical fiber is made of quartz,glass,or plastic which is high degree of transparency. The light goes into the end of the optical fiber and reaches the…
【Light and sound.】
《Total refraction has been made use of in an optical fiber.》
The light goes into the end of optical fiber and reaches the wall and refracted completely and turns back into the optical fiber,and refracts completely…the movements is repeated and the light goes ahead in the optical fiber. It takes a zigzag course.
『Why does the sky become red in the evening?』
The color of blue and purple has been scattered in the daytime. When the distance through which the light passes becomes long in the evening,we can see the red color alone which is hard to be scattered .
A thing which is scattered meaning that the light bumps into a molecule and a minimum particle in the air,and the molecule and the minimum particle change their directions.
The distance through which the ligh passes becomes long and we can see the red color,why?
《Refraction of the light has been take advantaged of in a convex lens 凸レンズ.》
A prism is a triangular prism made of glass. There is a prism in…
【Light and sound.】
《Refraction of the light has been made use of in a convex lens.》
There is a prism in front of us,and there is a pencil at the back of the prism. When looking at the pencil,we can do it through the prism. Then where does the pencil look? It looks upper than as it does.
『The convex lens is a thing which is combined with prisms.』
The convex lens is the one which is combined the prism with the plate of glass. When putting the prism in the light,the light passed through the prism and gathers in one place. We call the place where thie light gathers a focus.
The distance from the center of the convex lens to the focus is called the focal distance.
《We think an image in the lens with an illustration.》
If drawing an image in the lens,it is easy to understand the image,though I can’t do it here. Please imagine the shape of the convex lens at first.
When drawing,there are some points.
1 The light which passes through the center of the lens goes straight on.
【Light and sound.】
《We can think an image in the lens with an illustration.》
2 The focus is two places. The one is in front of the lens,and the other is at the back of the lens.
The light which is perpendicular 垂直 against the lens refracts in the lens and passes through the focus. There are two focus,the one is in front of the lens and the other is at the back of the lens. In this case,the focus is the back.
3 The light refracts in the lens and goes straight on. Then the focus is front.
《The light which passes through the lens makes the image.》
Thus,the light which passes through the convex lens gathers and creates an image. If putting a screen at a place where the image was created,the image will fall on the screen. We call it the real image.
If bringing the thing close to the convex lens and the thing is between the focus and convex,what will happen then?
《When the thing is between the focus and lens,the lens becomes a magnifying glass.》
Then the image isn’t created,but …
【LIght and sound.】
《When the thing is between the focus and lens,the lens becomes a magnifying glass.》
Then the image isn’t created,but there is a large image of the thing at the back of the thing if looking at the thing through the lens from the opposite position. It’s explaination is done with an illustration in the book like the next.
There are two lights through the convex lens. The one is through the focus on the opposite position,and the other is through the center of the convex lens.
The two lights is cross at the back of the thing,but light doesn’t gather in the thing,so we can’t project it on the screen. We also called the image a virtual image. The virtual image by the convex lens is made use of in the magnifying glass.
《A point where burning a paper with a lens.》
Have you ever tried to burn a paper with the convex lens? Then there is a point in which the light gathers on the paper. In fact the point is the real image of the sun,so it’s a round point.
If gathering…
【LIght and sound.】
《A point where burning a paper with a lens.》
If gathering the light from a fluorescent light with the convex lens,its image isn’t round,and it’s the shape is the one of the fluorescent light.
The one of which shape is the convex lens gathers the light from the sun. A bottle or a goldfish bowl at the window or a sucking disc on the car cause a fire sometimes.
《A concave lens is the one which emits the light.》
The convex lens is gathering the light so we call it the lens gathering the rays of the light. On the other hand the concave lens is gives off the light.
The concvex lens is the one which thick prism is combined in the center. On the other hand,the concave lens is the one which the thick lens is combined in both sides.
《Short–sightedness–,farーsightedness,and glasses.》
The eye arranges the crystalline lens 水晶体 and the thing which we see is in focus.
As to the the one who is the short–sightedness ,even if the eye arranges the crystalline,the image…
【Light and sound.】
《Short–sightedness, far–sightedness,and glasses.》
…even if the eye arranges the crystalline,the image of far distance is in front of the retina 網膜,so the one who is the short–sightedness can’t see the thing in far distance clearly.
On the other hand,as for the one who is far–sightedness ,the image of a thing nearby is at the back of the retina,so the one who is far–sightedness can’t see the thing nearby clear.
As a result,both of the short–sightedness and far–sightedness wear a pair of glasses,and it corrects the position of the image.
《Ultraviolet rays and infrared rays,》
When the sunlight goes through a prism,the sunlight is divided with the prism and a band of continuous color appears from red,orange,yellow,green,blue,indigo blue 藍 and violet. The seven colors are visible rays which we can see with our naked eyes.
There is a rainbow after a rain,for each of drop of water in the air works as prism,and it divides the visible right from red to violet.
【Light and sound.】
『Invisible rays were discovered about two hundreds years ago.』
Ultraviolet rays and infrared rays were discovered about two hundreds years ago. It’s in the outside of a band of colors of violet and red which are divided with the prism.
When investigating its property,it turned out that it belonged to the light.
The infrared rays have property which heats a thing,so we call it heat rays. Almost everything around us emits the infrared rays to a greater or lesser.
『Ultraviolet rays are powerful.』
The ultraviolet has a chemical property which makes something change. It kills a germ,or we get sunburned with the ultraviolet.
Disinfecting the bedding by sunning it,and it means that killing the germ with an effect of sterilizing the germ and drying.
If dividing the ultraviolet rays with the length of wavelength minutely,they are three kinds,A,B,C. The C is absorbed in the sky,and doesn’t reach the ground.
The B is also absorbed in the ozone layer in the sky.
【LIght and sound.】
『Ultraviolet rays are strong.』
As to chemical reaction,the B is stronger than A,and it’s harmful to a creature’s body like a human. If the ozone layer is destroyed,and it was made a hole in it,the B reaches to the ground.
We’ve tried to reduce the Freon フロンガス and we’ve been taking steps so as to prevent the ozone layer from being destroyed.
『Invisible rays just belong to a part of the light.』
It turns out that other rays belong to the light outside the ultraviolet rays and infrared rays. The visible rays which we the human being can look at is a part of the tremendous light.
【A vibration of a thing.】
Tying up a weight with a thread and hanging out from upper point,and the weight swings of which center is its furcrum 支点. We call it a pendulum.
The length of the pendulum isn’t equal to that of the thread. It’s the length from the furcrum to the center of the weight.
When having the weight in the hand and letting it goes forth and back. We call the periodical …
【A vibration of a thing.】
We call the periodical movement like the pendulum a swing. The largest inclination of the swinging thing is called the swing of the pendulum. When it goes forth and back,we call it a round trip. We call the round trip a period for the swing.
The time of the round trip is the period of the swing. The period is the time of the round trip divided by the times of the round trip.
If the round trip of ten times takes ten minutes,its time of one round trip,it means the period,is 1 sec.
『Strange property of pendulum,isochronism 等時性.』
Then when the length of the pendulum is the same,the swing of the pendulum becomes larger or smaller,how much does it take the time of the round trip?
In addition,when the length of the swing is the same,the weight is heavier or lighter,how much does it take the time of the round trip?
If doing it the time of the round trip depends on the length of the pendulum. It has nothing to do with the swing of the pendulum nor whether or…
【Light and sound】
『Strange property of pendulum,Ischronism 等時性』
It has nothing to do with the swing of the pendulum nor whether it was heavy or light. We call it the ischronism of the pendulum,
The pendulum clock makes use of the ischronism and show us the time passes. We call the number of times of the round trip a second the number of shake.
When the time of the round trip is a second,we call the number of the shake is 1 hertz.
The shake is a trembling movement. When suspending a weight from a spring,and pulling down the weight with a hand and releasing it,the weight shakes.
An earthquake is a vibration of theground .
《Sound is vibration of a thing.》
When the number of vibration on a thing is from 20 to 20 thousand hertz,in short the vibration is a round trip from 20 to 20 thousand a second,we can listen to it as sound.
The sound which we can listen to as the lowest and highest one is different a little. It depends on each people and each of age.
The sound of the number…
【Light and sound】
《Sound is vibration of a thing.》
The sound of vibration whether it is less than 20 hertz or it is more than 20 thousand hertz,we can listen to is as sound even if the amplitude of vibration 振幅 is large.
A mosquito which pricks us trembles its wings five hundred times a second. When the mosquito approaches,we hear its sound,for it’s within a shake which we hear the sound. The number of shake on the wing of the mosquito is 500 hertz.
『The shake of a thing trembles the air and it becomes the sound.』
A thing which gives off sound swings and shakes,and it trembles. Our sense of hearing feel the shake of the thing conveys in the air as sound.
For example,when beating a drum,things around the drum vibrate,for the vibration of the drum vibrates the air,and the vibration of the air vibrates things around the drum.
Our eardrum in the ear vibrates with the vibration in the air. The sign of the vibration conveys the cerebrum 大脳 through the nerves and we feel it as sound.
【LIght and sound】
《The shake of a thing trembles the air and it becomes the sound.》
If beating the drum in the vacuum,the shake doesn’t convey anywhere,for there is no air there.
Conveying the shake isn’t only through the air but through a water,a thread,a material of iron convey the shake. Everything does. Our ear receives the conveyed shake and feels it as sound.
『A sound which is big or high is related with the vibration.』
Let’s watch the relation between the largeness and highness on the sound and the vibration on the thing.
If strumming 爪弾く a string on the guitar,the sound becomes bigger. Then the width of the string becomes bigger.
The bigger the amplitude of vibration which gives off sound,the bigger the sound is.
If the string on the guitar is short,it gives off high sound. When the string is short,the number of vibration is larger.
The more the number of vibration which the sound gives off,the larger the sound is.
『The number of vibration on a mosquito and a bee.』
【Light and sound.】
《The number of vibration on a mosquito and a bee.》
A bee flaps about 200 times a second,so its sound is about 200 hertz. A mosquito about five hundredth times,so it’s about 500 hertz. As a result,the mosquito’s sound is higher.
The sound which is higher than the 20 thousand hertz and we can’t listen to is called supersonic waves,and we can put it to practical use in many ways.
For instance,there is an instrument which gives off the supersonic waves in the water,and see the depth on the bottom of the sea with the rebound in the instrument,and we can discover the school of fish with the instrument.
Besides we can see the baby in a mother’s body with the instrument which gives offf the supersonic waves.
《A thing which conveys sound and its speed.》
Almost all of the sound which we hear is which conveys through the air. The light can go ahead in the vacuum where there is no air,but the sound can’t. There is no air in the universal space,so there is no sound there.
【LIght and sound.】
《A thing which conveys the sound and the speed which the sound is conveyed.》
A speed which the sound is conveyed in the air is 340 meters a second. It’s faster a little in warm air and it’s slower in cold air.
It means that a supersonic airplane can fly faster than the speed of 340 meters per second.
The sound conveys both inside the solid body and in the water. As to the speed of the sound is conveyed,in the water is 4 times as fast as in the air. Steel is 1.5 times as fast as in the air.
『The sound of my own recorded in a tape–recorder.』
When listening to our voice recorded in a tape–recorder for the first time,did you find it strange? “While what it said is what I’ve said, it seems to be as if it weren’t my voice.” Almost all of the people seem to think like that,but others said that the recorded voice is ours. They didn’t seem to feel it was strange at all.
Our voice which we usually speak and listen to doesn’t limit to the one which goes through the air…
【Light and sound.】
《The sound of my own recorded in a tape–recorder.》
Our voice which we usually speak and hear isn’t limited to the one which goes through the air and we hear. The sound which goes through the skeleton and tissue like a mouth,nose and jaw reaches the nerve of the sense of hearing.
The sound which goes through the various solid body and liquid is different from the one in the air with regard to its speed and the way of being absorbed,so we find it different.
『The sound and light from a thunder.』
The sound and light from the thunder generate at the same time,but we hear the sound after the lightning,for the speed which conveys the sound is by far slower than the light.
While the speed of the light is no less than 300.000 kilometers every second,the speed of the sound is no more than 340 meters every second.
If measuring the number of the second from the time when we saw the lightning shine to other time when we hear the thunder’s sound,and multiplying the…
『Contiunation from the last response』
If measuring the time of second from the time when we saw the lightning shine to other time when we hear the sound of thunder,and multiplying the number of the second by 340 meters,we can find the distance from the thunder.
I’m going into a new chapter,power and pressure from now on.
When receiving power,everything transforms,and a sound is vibration from a thing. When combining two of them,it turns out that a thing whichever gives off some sounds transforms when beating.
I’m going to learn the base of the power,being foundation that everything has elasticity. A pressure isn’t one of the power,though it is relation to the pressure so much,the pressure is other thing from the power,I’m also going to learn it.
【What is the power?】
A thing which stops in the beginning doesn’t begin to move for itself. The thing begins to move when we push or pull it. Then we say the thing received the power.
The way of saying the power changes according to…
【What is the power?】
The way of saying the power changes according to each case when the power works,adds,and receives.
The thing starts to move when receiving the power from other thing. I make it a rule to use a way of saying that the thing receives the power as much as possible so as to make it clearer.
『Three cases when the thing receives the power.』
Whenever there is the thing which receives the power,there is always other thing which adds the power. The power always works among the things. When the thing receives the power,there are three cases in the next.
1 The shape of the thing transformed.
2 The thing is lifted or is supported.
3 The movement of the thing changed. The thing which stopped began to move,or the thing which moved stopped. In short,both of the speed and direction of the movement changed.
When the thing which stopped began to move,there are some cases that not only the thing received one power,but the thing received other power from opposite direction.
【What is the power?】
『Three cases when the thing receives the power.』
If the thing starts to move,it means that the power of which direction the thing moves is bigger.
When the thing which stopped remains motionless,it doesn’t receive the power at all or it received the power from the opposite direction.
『Even if being apart from the thing,there are some power which work.』
The power works when two things touched each other as a general rule. When paying attention to a thing,other thing which is touched the thing adds the power.
On the other hand,even if being away from the thing,there are some power which work. They are attractive force,magnetic power,and electric power,and we learn them in junior high school.
『Transformation and elasticity on thing.』
When receiving the power from other thing,a thing transforms,without adding the power from the outside,the thing returns to the original form. We call the property elasticity.
As to the elasticity,if imaging a spring,it’s easy…
【What is the power?】
《Transformation and elasticity on thing.》
As to the elasticity,if imaging a spring,it’ll be easy to understand. If pulling it’ll stretch,and stopping pulling,it will return to the original shape.
A teacher asked some students. “What is a thing which doesn’t seem to have elasticity?” The students answered it’s an iron stick and the stick made of glass.
When setting up the stick made of glass between two stands level with the ground and hanging out a weight from the center of the stick.the stick bends. When taking off the weight,the stick made of glass returns to its original shape,but when the weight is too heavy,the stick broke.
The stick made of iron and a desk have elasticity. All the solid body have the elasticity. In short they have the property of the spring.
Atom and molecule are lined up in the solid body with a little room. The atom is vibrating. When receiving the power,the room becomes smaller a little. When stopping adding the power,the room…
【What is the power?】
《Transformation and elasticity on a thing.》
When stopping adding the power,the room returns to the former position. The atom and molecule are as if they were connected with strong springs.
When adding plenty of power which both the atom and molecule can’t accept,two of them can’t return to the former shape. When adding some power,a thing can’t return to the former shape. It has a limit. We call the limit a elasticity limit.
When tapping a desk lightly,it gives of a sound. Without vibrating,the solid body can’t emit any sound. The solid body vibrates,and even if it transforms,it’s the elasticity that it can return to the original form.
The solid body looks like it doesn’t transform at all,but when tapping it gives off a sound,so we find it has elasticity.
Some words like a ceiling,a desk,and a weight appear from now on, we have to remember all of them have the proper of the spring.
【There are directions like top and down. The down is a direction toward…】
【There are direction like top and down. The down is a direction toward the center of the earth.】
We the human beings live on the earth,so we can’t escape from the attractive force of the earth. When jumping up,we always return to the ground. When releasing a thing from a hand,it always falls downward,for the thing on the earth is pulled to the center of the earth.
As a result the people who are opposite position on the earth don’t fall from the earth. We call the attractive force on the earth a gravitation. The gravitation is a kind of universal gravitation. The universal gravitation is the power of things which have mass 質量 attract each other.
The universal gravitation is in proportion to the mass of the two things and is inverse proportion 反比例 to the square of the distance,so it works among everything.
We the human beings are attracted each other,but its mass is so little that we can ignore it. When it’s big like the moon and the earth,we can’t ignore its universal gravitation.
【There is a direction like a top and a down. The down is the direction toward the center of the earth.】
《The scale of gravitation which works for an object of 1 kilogram is 1 kilogram–weight.》
The gravitation on the moon is one–sixth as big as the one on the earth.
The scale of gravitation works for the mass of a thing for 1 kilogram is 1 kilogram–weight on the earth. A thing of 1 kilogram works for the gravitation of 1 kilogram–weight.
Both of the kilogram–weight and the gram–weight are the unit of power,but we make use of a newton for the unit of the power internationallly at present. Roughly speaking 1 newton is about 0.1 kilogram–weight. To be exact,1 kilogram–weight is 9.8 newton.
《The universal gravitation and the gravitation.》
Everything attracts each other. The attractive force which each object attracts each other is called the universal gravitation. The universal gravitation has been discovered by Isaac Newton in the 17th century.
For example,the attractive force…
【There is a direction like a down and a top. The down is the direction toward the center of the earth.】
《The scale of gravitation which works for an object of 1 kilogram is 1 kilogram–weight.》
For example,the attractive force works between a desk,a chair,a book,and a notebook. Needless to say,it works among us and between us and the desk,but we don’t feel the attractive force at all,for the attractive force which works among us is too little.
As to the property of the universal gravitation,the bigger the mass is,the bigger the universal gravitation is.
The earth has very tremendous mass,comparing with other objects on the earth,so all the things on the earth are attracted toward the earth. The scale of the power is so big that we can't ignore it.
Needless to say,the things on the earth attract the earth,but the power is too little to be any problem at all.
The universal gravitation between the earth and the things on the earth makes the earth attract all the things on the earth…
【There is a direction like a top and a down. The down is a direction toward the center of the earth.】
《The scale of gravitation which works for an object of 1 kilogram is 1 kilogram–weight.》
The universal gravitation between the earth and the things on the earth makes the earth attract all the things on the earth toward the center of the earth. Both of a person,a stone,and weight are attracted,so without being supported from anything,the thing drops on the ground.
If the ground is the base,the universal gravitation always pulls a thing down against the lever surface vertically. Whenever it is in Japan,in China,and in America,the direction of pulling a thing is the center of the earth,the direction toward the center of the earth is down.
Thus the power which the earth pulls the thing down toward the center of the earth is called the gravitation. When hanging a weight from a spring,the weight is pulled from the earth,so the weight is pulling the weight down.
『A magnet which has…』
【There is a direction like a down and a top. The down is a direction toward the center of the earth.】
『A magnet which has poles of north and south.』
There is a north pole and a south pole in a magnet. When being attracted each other,they are different poles,the north pole and the south pole.
When repelling each other,they are the same poles,like the two north poles,and the two south poles.
『There is minus and plus in electricity.』
There is a negative electric charge and a positive electric charge in electricity. When being attracted each other,they are different electric charge,like the negative electric charge and the positive electric charge.
When repelling each other,they are the same electric charge,like the two negative electric charge and two positive electric charge.
《A drinking straw which running away from us.》
When rubbing the hair with a desk pad 下敷き,the hair sticks to the desk pad,for it caused static electricity and the hair and the desk pad different electricity…
【There is a direction like a top and down. The down is the direction toward the center of the earth.】
《A drinking straw which running away from us.》
…for it caused static electricity and the hair and the desk pad had different electricity each other,and they attracted each other.
I’m going to show you a simple experiment which repels with the static electricity.
There is a drinking straw and a marking pin. Then we stab the marking pin into the middle of the drinking straw,and getting out of other drinking straw from the one which enveloped the other one.
When bringing close to the other one to the drinking straw with the marking pin,the straw with the marking pin ran away from the other.
When bringing close to the one which enveloped the other drinking straw,the straw with the marking pin attracts other. Why?
When getting out of the other drinking straw from the one which enveloped,the static electricity caused,and the phenomenon occurred.
《Basic proper on the power,action…》
【Basic proper on power,action and reaction.】
When there is something like a desk in front of us,and trying to press it with our finger,without being pushed back,can we go on pressing it with our finger?
Even if pressing it slightly,our finger is pushed back from the object. Whenever pushing causes being pushed back,and whenever pulled,we are pulled back. We call it a law of action and reaction.
The law of action and reaction is got together like the next.
A thing and other one have effect each other. Without receiving power from the other,the one can’t give the other the power one−sidely.
The action and the reaction are opposite direction and the scale of the power is always equal.
Whenever pushing,it’s being pushed back. The two of things happen at the same time. They are opposite direction and the scale of the power is equal.
Let’s suppose that the two of them were A and B. The A receives power from the B,at the same time,the B also receives the power from the A. The power…
【The basic proper on power,action and reaction.】
『The humans and the earth have pulled each other.』
The power always works as a couple of action and reaction.
We the humans receive the gravitation from the earth,at the same time,the earth is being pulled by the humans. If there is a person whose weight is 60 kilogram,he pulls the earth with the power of 600N,but the earth is too heavy to be influenced by it in the least.
When a spring pulls a weight upward,then the spring is pulled by the weight downward. Then the same object doesn’t receive the two of the power,but one of the power receives the spring and the other the weight.
【An extension of a spring is in proportion to the scale of its power.】
When an object receives a power,it transforms. How much it transforms is according to the scale of the power. An extension of a spring is in proportion to the scale of the power of being pulled by the spring.
Therefore,when pulling the object with the spring,the power which receives…
【An extension of a spring is in proportion to the scale of its power.】
Therefore pulling the object with the spring,we can recognize the power which receives from the object with the extension of the spring.
The extension of the spring is a measure for the object receiving the power.
【Weight and mass 質量.】
On the earth where we lead our lives is the world which has the gravitation. We can lead our lives because we’ve received the gravitation.
When jumping up high in the air,we’ll be pulled back toward the ground. If lifting something upward and releasing it,it will fall down on the ground. It happens at the opposite position on the earth like the South America or Australia which is south to the South America.
The mass is the amount of the object itself,the amount of atoms which makes up with the object. I’m going to distinguish between the mass and the gravitation this time.
The object of which weight is 1 kilogram is always 1 kilogram everywhere,even if on the earth,or being…
【Weight and mass.】
…even if being on the earth or being in a space ship,1 kilogram is 1 kilogram,it doesn’t change. If eating two rice balls and feeling full on the earth,we’ll on the moon.
『When the weight becomes less,the mass will decrease』
However the gravitation becomes less on the moon or in the spaceship,the actual amount of the two rice balls,it means the mass of the rice balls don’t change,it becomes by far lighter on the moon or in the space ship. Oh! I find it complicated.
We call the scale which the object receives the gravitation the weight.
Even if being limited on the earth alone,the weight changes a little according to its area. They revise the scale each place,so the weight isn’t always unchanging like the mass,but the difference according to the area is a little,so the textbook in junior high school says the gravitation and the mass are the same one.
Even if being the same object,when being away from the earth,the scale which the object receives the…
【Weight and mass.】
《When the weight becomes less,the mass will decrease.》
…the scale which the object receives the gravitation is different altogether. For example,the gravitation on the moon is the universal gravitation which the thing receives from the moon.
However,if comparing the gravitation which the same thing receives on the earth with the gravitation on the moon,the one on the moon is no more than one sixth of the one on the earth,so even if wearing a big spacesuit,an astronaut can jump high in the air easily.
On the other hand the mass of the thing doesn’t change at all even if it’s on the moon or on the earth. All the things are made of atom,and every atom has fixed mass,and if the amount of atom which forms the thing doesn’t change,the mass itself also doesn’t change.
《A Japanese word of 重さ causes a confusion among us.》
A Japanese word of 重さ is misleading.
The 重さ is used as meaning of mass until we learned on density in elementary school or junior high school,and …
【Weight and mass.】
《A Japanese word of 重さ causes a confusion among us.》
…and when beginning to learn on the power,the 重さ is used as meaning of weight many times.
The word of 重さ is used for both meaning of the mass and the meaning of the power which the thing is pulled by the earth,it means the weight. When using it everyday life,even if which one we adopt,it’s all right,the author said like that.
The author continued like the next. When learning science,we have to distinguish between the two words. Instead of the unclear word,when wanting to indicate the scale of the power,we should say so,and as to the amount of the thing itsel,we should use the word of the mass for it.
When measuring something,we have to fix a thing which becomes the standard,and compare the one with other which is the standard.
The standard of the mass is fixed the one of the standard international kilogram 国際キログラム原器 in France. Every country regards the mass in the standard international kilogram as 1…
【Weight and mass.】
《A Japanese word of 重さ causes a confusion among us.》
Every country regards the mass in the standard international as 1 kilogram. To be concrete,it’s a cylinder,and we’ve fixed it as 1 kilogram,and we use its copy as standard,and we’ve fixed the mass. The kilogram and gram is the unit of the mass.
【Power is shown with an arrow.】
When wanting to shown a power which a thing receives,we need next three things. A scale,a direction,and a point of action. As to the point of action,to be exact,it’s the point which receives the power,and the point which the power works.
However,no one can show the three elements in the single point simultaneously,so we start to illustrate the arrow from the point where power works,and the length of the arrow is the scale of the power.and the direction of the arrow is the direction to the power.
『We should be careful of the point of the action.』
When two things touch and the power works,the point where the two things touch is the …
【Power is shown with an arrow.】
《We should be careful of the point of the action.》
When two things touch and the power works the point where the two things touch is the point of working. When touching on the surface we select the typical place as the point of working.
Even if being away from a thing,there is the power which works like the gravitation. Its point of working is the center of the thing. We also call the place the center of gravity.
【A way of finding a power which a thing receives.】
Even if we understand how to express the arrow,if we don’t know what kind of power the thing receives,we can’t show it. Let’s think over it in the next orders.
We need to be clear which thing we should pay attention. We make sure which thing is on the matter,the spring,the weight,or the ceiling which the spring is suspended.
When showing the gravitation power,we draw it downward. The thing always receives the gravitation power on the earth,but if disregarding the gravitation power,we…
【A way of finding power which a thing receives.】
…but if we disregard the gravitation,we don’t have to show the arrow.
We have to make sure whether or not the thing receives an other power,except for the one on which the thing touches,or being pulled. Then we draw the arrow.
When the thing is motionless,and if it’s clear that it receives one power,there is always other power. As to the other power,its scale is as same as the clear one and its opposite direction to the clear one. The way of thinking is often adopted.
When the thing receives the gravitation and is motionless,the thing always receives other power of which scale is the same and of which direction is opposite.
One more effective way of thinking. Thinking over it as if we change into the thing itself.
『Question』
There is a weight suspending from the ceiling with a string. Please show the power which the weight receives with an illustration. The answer is the next one.
Pleas pay attention to the weight.
【A way of finding power which a thing receives.】
《Question.》
We show the gravitation downward with the arrow from the center of the weight. Without showing the length of the string nor the scale of the gravitation,we show them in an appropriate way.
A thing which touches the weight is the string alone. The weight pulls the string. The weight receives the string,but the weight doesn’t,but the string also pulls the weight from the law of action and reaction. The weight receives the power.
As the weight is motionless in the air,it could have received the same scale of the power as the gravitation. Its direction is opposite of the gravitation. The string also pulls the weight.
While there is the gravitation downward,there is the power which pulls the weight upward by the string,so the weight is motionless in the air.
『Question』
1 Please show the power which the string receives. We don’t have to think over the mass of the string.
2 There is the weight on the desk. Please show…
【A way of finding power which a thing receives.】
『Question.』
2 Please show the power which the weight receives.
It’s the answer for the 1. The string pulls the ceiling downward,for the string is suspended from the ceiling,and at the same time,the ceiling also pulls the string. There is an arrow upward. Its scale is as big as the string.
It’s the answer for the 2. The weight presses the desk thanks to the gravitation,and the desk also presses the weight. The power which the desk presses the weight works on an opposite direction of the gravitation,so there is an arrow upward.
There is other question. There is a spring on the desk,and there are pullleys 滑車 at the both end of the spring,and weights of which mass is the same are tied on the both pulleys. Then the spring extends,and it stops in a certain place.
If fixing at the one end alone to the spring on the wall,and connecting one weight at the other end of the spring. If comparing it with the other spring which has weight at …
【A way of finding power which a thing receives.】
《Question.》
If comparing the spring which is connected with the weight at the one end alone with the other spring which is connected with the weight at the both ends,how about the expansion on the spring?
As a result,the expansion of the spring is same. The spring which has one weight alone pulls the wall,and at the same time,the wall also pulls the spring. The scale of pulling is same,and the direction which the power works is opposite.
【The pressure means the power which works for an area of a square meter.】
Even if it’s the same power,if the area which the power works is different,its efficiency is also different. We call the scale of the power which presses an area of a square meter vertically a pressure.
When showing the pressure with an equation,its the one the power which pushes a surface vertically divided by the area on which the power works.
For example,if holding a pencil which is sharpening with thumb and forefinger…
【The pressure means the power works for an area of a square meter.】
…then the part of sharpening one of the lead is forefinger,and the bottom of the pencil is the thumb. Then we find the forefinger has more pain than the thumb even if both of the fingers receive the same power.
In this way,when the power which the area receives is different,its efficiency is also different.
《The unit of the pressure is pascal.》
When showing the unit of the pressure,we sometimes use pascal,of which abbreviation is Pa.
If showing the atmosphere pressure where we lead our every day life with the Pa,it’s about a hundred thousand Pa,but its number is too big,so we use other unit of hPa,the h means hundred times,so the atmosphere pressure is a thousand hPa.
Speaking of the unit of hPa,we’ve frequently heard in the information on a typhoon .
《A situation in which being stepped by a elephant and other situation in which being stepped by a woman who wears high heels.》
When standing on the snow with an…
【The pressure means that the power works for an area of a square meter.】
《A situation in which being stepped by a elephant and other situation in which being stepped by a woman who wears high heels.》
When standing on the snow with an ordinary shoes,we sink in the snow,but if wearing ski and what’s called a カンジキ,we won’t,for our weight is scattered over bigger space. In short,the pressure becomes little then.
Even if putting same pressure on something,when using a knife or a nail its pressure becomes big,so its blade is thin and its tip is sharp.
Someone who calls itself with preternatural power sometimes walks on fragments of broken glass on TV program. Then the pressure to the broken glass became so little that it can do. It’s not the preternatural power at all,but when getting out the foot from the fragments of broken glasses,it beats the fragments from the foot.
If walking on a few pieces of fragments of the broken glasses,it is big possibility the person is stuck by the…
【The pressure means that the power works for an area of a square meter.】
《A situation in which being stepped by an elephant and other situation in which being stepped by a woman who wears high heels.》
…it is a big possibility that the person is stuck by the fragments.
There is a needle point holder 剣山 for flower arrangement. Plenty of sharp needles are buried on the needle point holder. The author said he made a student stand on the needle point holder when teaching science,but the student wasn’t damaged,for there are such the plenty of needles that the pressure of each needle is little.
A friend of the author got a copy of a shape of the bottom of a leg of an elephant from a zoo,and calculate the area of the bottom of the foot,and figured both the pressure in which being stepped by the elephant and being done by the woman who wears the high heels.
The area of one bottom of the foot on the elephant is 1060 square centimeters,and its weight is 30.000 N,and one–fourth of weight…
【The pressure means that the power works for an area of a square meter.】
《A situation in which being stepped by an elephant and other situation in which being done by a woman who wears high heels.》
…and one–fourth of weight is put on each foot on the elephant.
On the other hand,the weight of the woman who wears the high heels is 400N,and the space of the heel is 1 centimeters. Half of the weight of the woman is put on each heel.
The pressure from the elephant is 7N/square centimeters,and other pressure from the woman is 200N/square centimeters. The high heel in a jam–packed train is so terrible,isn’t it?
【Depth and pressure in the sea.】
When diving into the sea deep,we feel as if something put force against our ears. It's caused by the pressure of the water.
Let’s think of a column made of water. The deeper it goes,the more the cubic volume above the column made of water increases,so water pressure increases more and more.
Being in the same depth,the same scale of water …
【Depth and pressure in the sea.】
When being in the same depth,the water pressure of the same scale works everywhere,up and down,and right and left.
If fishing a deep sea fish from the surface of the sea suddenly,its eyes pop out,and air bladder 浮き袋 comes out of the mouth. When being in the deep sea,the fish opposed the water pressure,but as being out on the surface on the sea suddenly,and the water pressure which the fish receives becomes smaller all of sudden,it’s caused.
The wall of a dam is very strong,I’m wondering. The deeper it is in the sea,the stronger it is,otherwise,the dam will be destroyed.
【Atmospheric pressure.】
The earth is surrounded with thick layer made of the air.
The air also has the weight,the air near the ground is pressed and shrunk by the weight of the upper air,and it causes the pressure. We call it the atmospheric pressure.
The molecules of the air which move collapse each other,and the atmospheric pressure is caused. The atmospheric pressure works…
【Atmospheric pressure.】
The atmospheric pressure works everywhere like the water pressure. It works on a person who is under a roof,and other who is outdoors.
《The atmospheric pressure which crashes a can of aluminum》
A can of aluminum for soft drink isn’t easily crashed,for there is the air inside,it has the atmospheric pressure like the outside. Plenty of molecules of the air move bump against each other both inside and outside of the can,so the can isn’t crashed easily.
However,if getting rid of the air from the can,the pressure inside the can disappears,and the atmospheric pressure works outside the can alone,so the cam will be crashed flat.
Even an oil drum ドラム缶,if letting the air out of it,or if replacing the air with steam,and making the inside cool and the pressure inside the oil drum disappears,it will be crashed with the atmospheric pressure,though I can’t believe it.
A container of which inside is vacuum is crashed,for plenty of molecules of the air bump against …
【Atmospheric pressure.】
…for plenty of molecules of the air bump against the oil drum from the outside,but other molecules don’t from the inside.
We’ve gone through the same thing with a soup which has a lid. When wanting to take the lid we can’t easily sometimes…
When putting the lid on the hot soup,the container becomes hot,and when being cool,the atmospheric pressure inside the container becomes small. Other atmospheric pressure presses the lid from the outside,so we can’t take the lid easily.
A sucking disc 吸盤 makes use of the atmospheric pressure. When pressing an elastic sucking disc made of plastic against the wall,and taking our hand from the sucking disc,the sucking disc returns to the former size,and the air between the sucking disc and the wall becomes thin,and the atmospheric pressure also becomes small,and the atmospheric pressure presses the sucking disc from the outside,so the sucking disc sticks to the wall firmly.
《When drinking a juice with a straw,we take…》
【Atmospheric pressure.】
《When drinking juice with a straw,we take advantage of the atmospheric pressure.》
When drinking juice,do you know we make use of the atmospheric pressure? Then we drink juice,swallowing it with the straw. There is the air in our mouth and in the straw. When drinking,we drive the air out of our mouth and the straw,and made the air thin,drop the atmospheric pressure.
The atmospheric pressure works on the surface on the juice in the glass,the atmospheric pressure pushes up the juice to the straw and to the mouth.
The atmospheric pressure push up the water to the height of 10 meters. When there is the straw of which length is 10 meter,and if using it ,can we drink the juice with the straw from the height of 10 meter?
If we can make the air our mouth and in the straw vacuum,we can do it theoretically,but it’s 5 meter at most,the author said like that.
By the way,I’m not sure of the relation between the atmospheric pressure and drinking the juice.
I’m going to express on the temperature and heat. We tend to confuse the heat with the temperature our everyday life. I hope I can learn the difference between the heat and temperature in physics.
Sometimes we imagine the microscopic world. It seems that there is a limit to the low temperature,but there is no limit to the high temperature. Why?
【Temperature and heat.】
《Temperature》
A thing is made from atom and molecule. When heating it’s the same ,so we regard it as it is made from the molecule.
『The more active the movement of the thing is,the higher the temperature is.』
All the molecules which make up with the thing move. As to the solid body,it vibrates. The temperature means the degree of violent movement of the molecules in the microscopic world. If it’s the violent movement,it’s high temperature,and it’s mild movement,low temperature.
『The lowest temperature is –273℃』
Dropping the temperature means the movement of the molecules becomes slow more and more. Finally it…
【Temperature and heat.】
『The lowest temperature is –273℃』
Finally the movement of the molecules stops. It means that the low temperature has limit. When the movement of the molecule stops,its temperature is –273℃,and there is no more lower temperature than –273℃.
How about the upper limit on the high temperature? The more violent the molecule moves,the higher the temperature rises. It is possible it’s limitless,but it’s high temperature extremely,the molecule is broken and turns into plasma.
【Temperature and change of a thing on cubic volume.】
When heating,the solid body,liquid,and gaseous body swell,when cooling,they shrink. A thing is made of extreme tiny particles like atom and molecule.
The three of the solid body,liquid,and gaseous body is material,but the way of getting together on the molecule and atom is different.
As for the solid body,both of the molecule and atom are connected with each other so regularly closely that its particle can’t move here and there at all.
【Temperature and change of a thing on cubic volume.】
So the molecule of the solid body trembles in the same position.
On the other hand,the molecules of liquid are connected with each other less loosely than the solid body,and the space between the molecules is larger a little than the solid body,so the molecules of the liquid can move here and there.
The molecules of the gaseous body are apart away separately,and they fly around in the air.
The scale of the movement of the molecule on the solid body,liquid and gaseous body is like the next. The solid body < liquid< gaseous body.
I’m sure without using the sign of <,I should show it with English,but it doesn’t occur to me. I’m sorry for it.
As to the solid body,gazeous body,the higher the temperature is the more active the molecule is.
The higher the temperature is,the more the molecule moves. It means the solid body moves so violently that the space of vibrating expands. If the space of each molecule expands,it means the….
【Temperature and change of a thing on cubic volume.】
…it means it swells as the whole thing. The liquid and gazeous body are also the same.
Even if the temperature goes up and swells and changes into the solid body,liquid and gazeous body,those molecules aren’t reborn,so its numbers don’t change. The mass of the thing is the total of the molecules,so while its cubic volume changes,its mass don’t .
《A clinical thermometer of mercury and the one of alcohol .》
A clinical thermometer of which shape is a bar and in which there is red liquid is an alcohol clinical thermometer, on the other hand there is other one which has mercury,a mercury clinical thermometer.
We call it the alcohol clinical thermometer,but it doesn’t always mean it has alcohol. Instead,kerosene 灯油 is used,coloring red. We used to adopt the alcohol,so we call it the alcohol clinical thermometer at present.
When the temperature goes up,the mercury and kerosene swell. We take advantage of the property for the…
【Temperature and change of a thing on cubic volume.】
《The clinical mercury thermometer and the alcohol one.》
We take advantage of the proper for the clinical thermometer.
When taking our body’s temperature with the clinical thermometer,it doesn’t show us our body’s temperature at once,for the body emits the heat,the movement of the heat from the body to the clinical thermometer is over when the the clinical thermometer itself becomes the same temperature as our body’s temperature,so it takes time a little.
If taking our body’s temperature with an ordinary thermometer,when taking it from our body so as to recognize our body temperature,it is influenced by the air around us.
When taking the clinical thermometer from our body,its indication doesn’t change at all.
Question.
There is iron and Styrofoam 発泡スチロール 商品名 in the same room for a long time. The room temperature is 20℃. Direct rays of the sun doesn’t shine both of them. As to the temperature,which is higher?
From the paragraph of the question,I went into the new one,but I forgot to add it to its headline. I’m sorry for it,and I’m going so show you it below this sentence.
【Heat.】
Option.
1 Styrofoam 発泡スチロール
2 Iron.
3 Same.
Question
When fanning ourselves with a fan and sending wind to a thermometer,what happens to the temperature which is shown by the thermometer?
《What is the heat?》
When making a thing which has high temperature touch other thing which has low temperature,as to each temperature,the one which high temperature goes down,and the one which has low temperature goes up. When both of them becomes the same temperature,the change stops.
Then we should think that something moved from the one which has the high temperature to the one which has low temperature. The something is the heat. When being the same temperature,the movement of the heat stops.
The movement of the heat is always from the one which has high temperature to the one which has low temperature. It’s a kind…
【Heat】
《What is the heat?》
It’s a kind of one way traffic.
《When leaving a thing alone for a long time,its temperature becomes same as the one in the room.》
As a result,the iron and the Styrofoam both of which has been left alone in the same room for a long time on the same condition without be shone direct rays from the sun.
They have been in the same air of the same temperature,so the answer for the former question is 3. They become the same temperature.
《When being cool,it doesn’t always mean it has low temperature.》
When sending the wind to the thermometer,it’s just that the thermometer shows us the temperature of the wind.
When feeling cool with the wind,the wind makes the moisture of the body evaporate. The answer for the latter question is that the temperature of the thermometer doesn’t change.
《Why do we feel the iron is cold?》
When touching the iron,we find it cool,and touching the Styrofoam we think it’s cold. Why?
【Heat.】
《Why do we feel that the iron is cold? 》
When conveying the heat,there is difference between the iron and the Styrofoam.
The clinical temperature is usually higher than the air around us. Our hand becomes the one which has the high temperature and the iron and the Styrofoam is the one which has the low temperature.
When touching the iron,the heat moves from the hand to the iron,and as the heat is easily to be conveyed,the heat moves from the part where we touch with the hand to the iron more and more.
It’s not the iron is cold but the heat is removed from our hand,so we find the iron is cool.
On the other hand,the Styrofoam is hard to convey the heat,so the part where we touch becomes the same temperature at once.
《The temperature of ice isn’t always 0℃.》
There is a freezing compartment of which temperature is minus 20℃. When putting an ice in it,the temperature of the ice becomes also the minus 20℃.
It is said that the temperature of the ice is 0℃. It means that …
【Heat】
《The temperature of ice isn’t always 0℃》
It means that when beginning to freeze,to melt,or in the middle of melting,its temperature is 0℃,and if putting it in the place of which temperature is –20℃,its temperature becomes the same.
『The movement on the heat from a viewpoint of the microscopic world.』
When making contact a thing which is high temperature with other which is low temperature,the heat moves from the thing which is high temperature to the other which is low temperature. It’s a thing of microcosm .
If looking at it from the microscopic world,what does it look?
When make contact with two things of which temperature is different,the molecules of which movement are violent bump against the other molecules of which movement are soft.
In short,the molecules of which movement are violent become soft,and other molecules of which movement are soft become violent.
If it happens at the place where the two things make contact,the same thing happens to the next molecules…
【Heat.】
《The movement on the heat from a viewpoint of the microscopic world.》
…so the movement of the action becomes average and same finally.
When moving heat from the one of which temperatue is high to the other of which temperature is low,the molecules move like that in the microscopic world.
If comparing the molecule of gazeous body with other of liquid and solid body,the molecule of the gazeous body has little chance to bump against each other,so if shutting up it in a place,the nature of insulation 断熱 becomes good. It makes us feel clothes which has lots of air is warm.
We make use of the nature of insulation on the roof and wall to the house.
《The amount of heat.》
The heat moves from the thing of which temperature is high to the other of which temperature is low,but how much does the heat move? The temperatue alone doesn’t set up it. The amoun of heat is called the quantity of heat. It’s defined like the next.
If raising the temperatue of water of 1 gram by 1℃…
【Heat.】
《The amount of heat.》
If raising the temperature of water of 1 gram by 1℃,the quantity of heat of 1 calorie. As to the unit of the quantity of the heat,J has been used internationally,but the calorie is easy to imagine,so I’ve adopted the calorie here,the author said like that.
1 calorie is 4.2J,so we can change the calorie into the J.
When raising the temperature of the water of 2 gram by 1℃,it means that dividing the water by 1 gram,and raising the temperature respectively.
When raising the temperature of the water of 1 gram,we need 1 calorie,and for one more 1 gram we need 1 calorie again,so the total amount is 2 calorie. When there is water of A gram,and if raising the temperature of the water of A gram,we need A calorie.
If raising the temperature of the water of 1 gram by B ℃,we need B calorie.
There is the water of A gram. If wanting to raise the temperature by B ℃,we need A × B.
As a result,as for the water,the quantity of the heat which the water gains or…
【Heat.】
《The amount of heat.》
In short,as to the water,quantity of the heat which the water gains or loses is shown with the next formula.
The quantity of the heat,the calorie is equal to multiplying the mass of the water by changing temperature of the water.
When calculating the quantity of the heat,the changing temperature is found by subtracting the higher temperature from the lower temperature.
Sometimes the formula is shown like the next.
The quantity of the heat is equal to 1 times the mass of the water times changing temperature of the water.
The 1 is the necessary quantity of the heat which raises 1℃ for the water of 1 gram. Except for the water,if wanting to raise its temperature of 1 gram by 1 ℃,we need different quantity of heat,so if wanting to show the quantity of the heat is 1 in relation to the water.we adopt the 1.
For example,please imagine the hot water in a bathtub and hot coffee in a cup. If both of the temperature is 40℃,the hot water in the bathtub is…
【Heat】
《The amount of heat.》
If both of the temperature are 40℃,the hot water in the bathtub is by far larger than the coffee in the cup with regard to the quantity of the heat.
『Question』
There is water of 50 gram of which temperature is 20℃. We want to raise its temperature until 60℃. How much do we need the quantity of the heat then?
『Answer』
The mass of the water is 50 gram. The temperature changes from 20℃ to 60 ℃,60–20＝40,the necessary quantity of the heat is 50 times 40 is 2.000,so it’s 2.000 calorie.
『Question』
There is water of 100 gram of which temperature is 25℃. If adding the quantity of heat of 3.000 calorie to the water,what is the temperature of the water then?
Let’s think over the question in the next order.
The temperature which we want to find is X℃. The X℃ is larger than 25℃,so the temperature changes from 25 to Y℃. The mass of the water is 100 gram. The quantity of the heat is the mass of the water times the change of the temperature of the water …
Continuation of the last response.
The quantity of the water is the mass of the water times the change of the temperature of the water.
When wanting to raise the temperature of the water of 1 gram by 1 ℃,we need I calorie. If wanting to raise the water of 100 gram by 1 ℃,we need 100 calorie. We add 3.000 calorie to the water,so its temperature goes up by 30 ℃,so the answer is 55 ℃
【How to solve the question of mixing water of which temperature is different.】
When mixing the water of which temperature is different,what is the temperature of the water? Then the one which plays an active role is the relation between the quantity of the heat which the thing of the high temperature lost is equal to the quantity of the heat which the thing of low temperature gained.
『Question』
There is water of 200 gram of which temperature is 20℃,and other water of 300 gram of which temperature is 60℃. When mixing two of them,what is the temperature？
The way of solving the question is setting up an…
【How to solve the question of mixing water of which temperature is different.】
The way of soliving the question is setting up an equation with the quantity of heat. As to a question for the quantity of heat,the question belongs to the hard one,but we can solve it if trying to do in turn,said the author like that.
The way of thinking the question is like the next. The temperature which we want to find is X℃,there is the quantity of heat which the thing of low temperature got,and is other quantity of heat which other thing of high temperature lost. We indicate two of the quantity of heat with the equation which includes the X.
The quantity of heat which the thing of low temperature got is equal to the quantity of heat which the other thing of high temperature lost,and we set up the equation and solve it. We’re going to try it in turns like the next.
1: How much is the quantity of heat which the water of 20 gram got? We have to indicate it with an equation which includes the X.
【How to solve a question of mixing water of which temperature is different.】
2: How much is the quantity of heat which the water of 60 gram lost? We have to indicate it with an equation which includes the X.
3: How much is the temperature of the X?
『Answers.』
1: 200 × （X ー 20）cal.
2: 300×（60ーX）cal.
3: X ＝ 44℃
1: As to the mass,the water of which temperature is 20 ℃ is 20. When gaining the heat,its temperature changes from 20℃ into X℃. The change of the temperature is shown with an equation of subtracting the low temperature from the high temperature,so it’s X ー 20℃,so the quantity of heat of the water of which temperature is 20 ℃ gained is 200 ×（Xー20）cal.
2: As to the mass,the water of which temperature is 60 is 300,and when losing the heat,it changed from 60℃ into X℃. The change of the temperature is subtracting the low temperature from the high temperature,it’s 60 ーX,so the quantity of heat of the water of which temperature is 60 ℃ gained is 300× （60ーX）cal.
3: The quantity…
【How to solve a question of mixing water of which temperature is different.】
『Answers.』
3:The quantity of heat which the thing of low temperature gained is equal to the quantity of heat which the other thing of high temperature lost,so 200 ×（Xー20）＝ 300 ×（60ーX）
Both sides are divided by 100,it’s 2 ×（Xー20）＝ 3 ×（60ーX），2X ー40＝180 ー 3X，2X＋3X＝180＋40，5X＝220，X＝44.
There is one more question.
『Question』
There is water of 100 gram of which temperature is 40℃,and is other water of 50 gram of which temperature is 10℃. When mixing them,what is the temperature? Its answer is 30℃
100 × （40 ー X）= 50 × （Xー10），150X ＝4500，X ＝ 30
【Being easy to become warm is different according to things.】
If heating the same mass of water and oil with the same conditions,how are the both ways of rising temperature?
When doing it,as to rising the temperature,the oil is faster than the water.
When trying to rise the temperature of water of 1 gram by 1 ℃，we need the quantity of heat of 1 cal,but the necessary…
【Being easy to become warm is different according to materials】
…but the necessary quantity of heat which rises the tempererature of a thing of 1 gram by 1 ℃ is different,according to materials. The necessary quantity of heat which rises the temperature of the thing of 1 gram by 1 ℃ is called the specific heat 比熱.
The bigger the specific heat is, the harder to become warm and to become cold,on the other hand,the smaller the specific heat is,the easier to become warm and to become cold.
『The water is the material which has a big specific heat.』
The water is the material which has a large specific heat,and 70 % of the surface of the earth is covered with the water,so there is little difference on the temperature between the day and the night. The weather has been influenced by the weather so much.
The quantity of the heat = the specific heat × the mass × the change of the temperature. Its unit is expressed with the sign of cal/g・℃.
《Question》
There is a metal of which mass is 100…
《Question》
There is a metal of which mass is 100 gram and of which temperature is 100℃. We put the metal in the water of 150 gram,and the temperature is 18℃,the temperature of the water changed into 28℃.What is the necessary quantity of the heat so as to rise the temperature of the metal by 1 ℃？
『The way of thinking is the same as the mixture of the water.』
It’s the same of the question of the mixture of the water of which temperature is different. The thing which we want to find is X,and we seek the quantity of heat which the thing of low temperature got,and the quantity heat which the other thing of high temperature lost.
The quantity of heat which the thing of low temperature got is equal to the quantity of heat whic the other thing of high temperature lost,and we set up an equation from the two of them and solve it and we find the X.
The mass of the water is 150 gram,and the change of the temperature is 28ー18＝10℃. The quantity of the heat which the water got is 150×10＝…
《The way of thinking is the same as the mixture of the water.》
The quantity of the heat which the water got is 150 ×10＝1.500 cal. The temperature of the water became 28℃,after putting the metal in the water,so the temperature of the metal is also 28℃.
The mass of the metal is 100 gram,and the change of the temperature is 100ー28＝72℃,and the quantity of heat which the metal lost is 7200X cal.
The quantity of heat which the water got is equal to the quantity of heat which the metal lost,so it’s 1500=7200X cal,and the X= 0.21cal.
I’m going to start a new chapter of the electric circuit from now on.
The electric circuit at which plenty of people are poor. A conductor in which the electric current is well turned on is a metallic basically. Not only the conductor but an insulator 絶縁体 in which the electric current isn’t turned on in the electric current is important. Why?
I’m going to express the relation between the electric current,voltage,and electrical resistance here.
【Static …】
【Static electricity】
I’ve ever expressed an experiment of a straw which runs away. Please remember it. Why does it happen? for the straw is charged with electricity. The electricity which is charged with the straw is two kinds,the one is positive,and the other is negative.The positive and negative attract each other,and as to positve and positive,or negative and negative,they repel.
In the experiment,the straw is charged with the negative electricity,and the one which enveloped the straw is charged with the positive electricity,so they stick together or repel.
Thus we call the electricity which is charged with a thing static electrocity. Or the static elecrocity is frequently caused with a friction,so we call it friction electrocity.
On the other hand,when turning on a miniature bulb with a battery,we call the electricity the dynamic electricity.
《Structure of atom causes the static electrocity.》
Why is the static electrocity caused? We need to think of atoms which form things.
【Static electrocity】
《Structure of atoms causes the static electrocity.》
Everything is made of atoms,and the atom is made with an atomic nucleus and electrons. The atomic nucleus has positive electricity and is in the center of the atom,and electrons have negative electricity and circle around the atomic nucleus.
The ratio of the both electricity of the positive and negative on the atom is evenly balanced and it’s zero.
The atomic nucleus is in the center of the atom,so it can’t be separated from the atom easily or it can’t be stick together,on the other hand the electrons outside the atomic nucleus is easily separated from the atomic nucleus,and is stick to the atomic nucleus easily.
As to the electricity on the whole atom,it’s balanced evenly,it’s zero,so the thing which is charged with electrocity is zero.
When rubbing two things,the electrons which are easily separated move to the thing which isn’t separated easily,and it is charged with negative electricity,and the one…
【Static electrocity】
《Structure of atoms cause the static electocity.》
…and the one which lost the negative electricity is charged with positive electricity.
『The static electricity has three properties.』
The static electricity has three properties like the next.
It has positive and negative electocity. The same ones repel,and the different ones attract each other. The author said like that,but I’m sure the electricity is like that,it’s not limited to the static electricity.
When taking out the straw from the one which envelopes the straw,the straw is charged with the negative electricity,and the one which enveloped the straw is charged with the positive electricity.
When one thing is charged with the positive electricity,the other is always charged with the negative electricity.
『A thing which is easy to be charged with the positive electricity and other thing negative electricity. It depends on.』
When a thing is charged with the static electricity,the scale of the…
【Static electrocity】
《A thing which is easy to be charged with positive electrocity and other thing negative electrocity. It depends on.》
…the scale and kinds of the electrocity change. There are two kinds of things concerned the electrocity. The one is easily charged with electricity and other isn’t easy.
When rubbing them,whether it is charged with the positive electrocity or the negative one,it depends on the thing made up with material.
When being moistened,the static electrocity discharges through the water,so the static elecrtrocity happens easily in winter.
《Thunder is phenomenon of the static electrocity in the natural world.》
Thunder often happens in a developed cumulonimbus 積乱雲. Violent rise with the ascending current makes each ice collapse in the cumulonimbus so much. A large grain of the ice is charged with the negative electrocity,and the little one is positive one.
While the little grain of the ice is so light that it goes up above the cloud,the bigger one goes …
【Static electrocity】
《Thunder is phenomenon of the static electrocity in the natural world.》
…the bigger one goes down,so the thunder storm becomes the form in which the positive one face with the negative one each other.
When the thunder storm approaches the ground,the ground under the thunder storm is charged with the positive electrocity.
When the thunder storm generates,the static electrocity accumulates in the cloud. Lightning struck is the phenomenon of electric discharge with the things between the thunderstorm and the ground.
【Electoric circuit】
The electricity generates from the positive pole,runs through a conductor,and it makes a light bulb turn on,or makes a motor function,and runs through the conductor back to the negative pole of the electric source. We call the course in which the electricity circle around an electric circuit.
《Direction of the current of electrons and the direction of the electric current is opposite.》
The electric current generates from the…
【Electoric circuit】
《Direction of the current of electrons and electric current is opposite.》
The electric currency generates from the positive pole and returns to the negative pole. It has been decided like that,but actually free electrons go from the negative pole and return to the positive pole in a metal. When no one can understand the electric currency is electrons,we’ve decided like that,so even at present,the electric currency runs from the positive pole to the negative one. We’ve decided like that.
《Switches above the stairs and under the stairs.》
There is usually a single switch an illumination in a house. What about switches on the stairs of the house? There are two switches above and under the stairs.
When going up the stairs,we turn on the illumination with the switch below the stairs,and reaching the top of the stairs,we turn off with the switch above the stairs. We call it three way switch.
【Inside the conductor is filled with free electrons.】
The electric circuit…
【Inside a conductor is filled with free electrons.】
A electric circuit is basically made of a conductor which is metal and a nonconductor which is nonmetal. The conduct wiring of the conductor is covered with the nonconductor. Needless to say the place where the electricity runs is in the conuctor,and the nonconductor plays a part to prevent the conductor from causing a short circuit.
A thing close to us,except for the metal,the conductor is a black lead which is a stick made of carbon in the cell of manganese,which is used for the lead 芯 of a pencil.
Almost all of the material which is except for the metal is nonconductor or an insulator 絶縁体. A semiconductor lies between the conductor and noncondocotor.
《Thinking of a movement of electrons with a microscopic view of point.》
Let’s look at the microscopic structure of the conductor which means the metal here.
Lots of metallic atoms gather in the metal. A part of electrons are away from each of atoms,and moves around in the …
【Inside a conductor is filled with free electrons】
《Think of movements of electrons with microscopic view of point》
…and the electrons move around in the metal at will.
When there is an atom,the electrons belonged to the atom,but when the metallic atoms gather,free electrons which don’t belong to any atoms move around. We call the electrons free electrons.
Negative electricity decreases in the atom in which the electrons are away as the free electrons,so the positive electricity is as it is,but the negative one becomes small in the left atom,so the positive electricity remains in the atom as whole.
As a result,the metal is composed of the atom which has the positive electricity and the free electrons. The nonmetal doesn’t have any free electrons at all.
《A short circuit》
There is an illustration of a short circuit.
There is a light bulb between the C and D,and there is a switch and conductor between the B and E. The light bulb between the C and D,comparing the light bulb with…
【Inside a conductor is filled with free electrons】
《A short circuit》
…comparing the light bulb with the conductor alone,there is big electrical resistance in the light bulb. The elecrical resistance means being difficulty to run the electricity.
A and F is connected in series 直列.
When turning on the switch,almost all of the electricity runs among the ABEF. Thus we call there is the conductor alone,and the one in which the electricity is easily running a short circuit.
The short circuit doesn’t mean the distance where the electricity is short,but there is little electrical resistance in the circuit.
The light bulb between the C and D isn’t on but the cell becomes hot soon,for large electricity runs in the short circuit. The light bulb isn’t on but the cell consumes more and more.
If the conductor isn’t covered with the insulator,what will happen? Contacting among the conducting wire,short circuit is caused easily.
In a circuit which is connected with an electric source of 100 v‥
【Inside a conductor is filled with free electrons】
《A short circuit》
In a circuit which is connected with an electric source of 100 voltage of alternating current,if a short circuit is caused,very large of electric current is running through the conductor,and the conductor generates the heat,and it may cause a fire.
Safety device like a breaker prevents from being running the large electric current. Conducting wires are covered with an insulator,so it prevents the conducting wires from causing the short circuit.
Not only causing the short circuit but using lots of electronics appliance at the same time,the large amount of electric current runs.
Each of the electronics appliances are connected with a parallel circuit 並列回路,so even if the electrici current which is branched off respectively,its root is the one of all the electric current is added,so if the electricity current is too large,the breaker functions.
Things in which we should be careful of the electric current at a …
【Inside a conductor is filled with free electrons】
《A short circuit》
Things in which we should be careful of electric current in a household.
Don’t touch the electric current from an electrical outlet コンセント！,for there is danger which caused to get an electric shock and being dead.
If an insulator which covers with conductor wires breaks,don’t use the electronics appliance!
Don’t use a multiple outlet extension plug たこ足配線
【Electric current and voltage】
The scale of electric current is shown with an ampere,A,or milli–ampere,mA. IA = 1.000 mA.
The scale in which the work of electric current runs is shown whether it’s big or small with voltage. The unit of the voltage is volt,V.
《We can understand the electric current and voltage with a current of the water.》
I’m going to express the difference between the electric current and voltage here.
The electric current is the currency of the electricity as the phrase indicates. Things in which either of lots of positive electricity or…
【Electric current and voltage】
《We can understand the electric current and voltage with the current of the water》
Things in which either of lots of positive electricity or plenty of negative electricity move,It’s the electric current.
The voltage is function which adds a power to the things which have the electricity and makes it work. If comparing the electricity with the stream of the water,the voltage is done with water pressure.
There is an illustration which shows us the relation the electric current and voltage.
The water is flowing and it makes a gear turn. The more the water flows,the more the gear turns,and the gear is connected with a miniature bulb. The current of water is controlled with a pump. If the pump works a lot,it makes the gear turns a lot,and the miniature bulb is on. The pump is equivalent to the voltage.
《Electrons run through the air ,through the vacuum.》
Even if nothing is connected with the conductor,the electric current runs. Have you ever got an…
【Electric current and voltage】
《Electrons run through the air,through the vacuum》
Have you got an electric shock in a dry day? Then static electricity was gathered and discharged then,and there was a spark,and it was the electric current,and the elecrtric current moved.
The static electricity current is thousands volts and is more than it sometimes. Even if the voltage of the static electricity is high everyday life, electric current is very small. As to thunder, its volt is millions,and the electricity is so big that a house is born and a person will be dead because of the thunder.
When the air is thin,electric volt is added. What happens then?
There is a discharge tube 放電管,and there are metal plates of a positive pole and a negative pole at the both end of the discharge tube. We let the air out of the discharge tube with a vacuum pump. We call a discharge tube which is almost out of the air a crookes tube.
If adding electric volts to the crookes tube with metallic plate,and…
【The electric current and voltage】
《Electrons run through the air,through the vacuum》
…and discharges,then a shadow is formed on a fluorescent 蛍光 board in the crookes tube. Something springs out of the negative pole to the positive pole then. It’s cathode rays. 陰極線
When adding the electric voltage to the horizontal cathode ray both upward and downward,the horizontal one curves to the positive pole. It means that the cathode ray has negative electricity. It turns out that the cathode ray is a grain which has electricity,an electron at present.
Even if discharges electricity in the vaccum air,it’s the pressure of the air,and there is air a little,the color changes when electricity discharges. The color depends on the pressure of the air and its kinds. It has been taken advantage of for a neon sign.
【A series circuit and a parallel circuit】
As to a circuit of electric current in which the same electric source is made use of and connecting two light bulbs,we can make two kinds.
【A series circuit and a parallel circuit】
《A series and a parallel is the base of the circuit.》
There are two illustrations on the circuit of electric current,the one is the series circuit and the other a parallel circuit.
As to the route of the series circuit,it’s from the battery of the positive pole,one of the light bulb,the other,and the negative pole of the battery. It’s a direct road. We call it the series circuit.
As for the other route,it’s from the battery of the positive pole,one of the light bulb,the negative pole of the battery,the positive pole of the battery,the other lighr bulb,and the negative pole of the battery. There are two kinds.
Thus,the route in which the electric current flows branches into more than two kinds is a parallel circuit.
《Wherever the electricity current flows,it’s the same in the series circuit》
When we couldn’t recognize what the electricity current was,after the electricity passed through a light bulb,we were apt to think the electricity…
【A series circuit and a parallel circuti】
《Wherever the electric currency flows,it’s the same in the series circuit》
…we tend to think the electricity decreased,but there are electrons which is flowing electricity in the conductor,without branching off on the way,the electrons don’t go anywhere else. As a result,the same scale of electricity always flows in the series circuit.
There is an illustration in which the way of thinking the electricity in the book.
There are two routes in which the water flows. The one is above the waterwheel,and the other is below. The current of the water is compared with the electricity,and the waterwheel is done with the waterwheel. The amount of the water which rotates the waterwheel doesn’t change in the both before the water wheel and after the water wheel.
It means that the electricity goes around,so the electricity won’t decrease,I’m wondering.
【If there is big voltage,the electric current is also big,and there is little electric currency…】
【If there is a big voltage,there is also a big electric currency,and there is a little voltage,the electric currency is also little】
When the voltage is twice or three times,the electricity currency twice,and three times. We call it the law of Ohm.
【Electrical resistance which is hard to flow the electric currency】
When using an electric wire of which material and length are same but of which width is different,the book researched the relation between the electric currency and voltage. If applying the same voltage,the thin electric wire is hard to flow the electric currency than the thick one.
The electric currency to hard to flow is electric resistance. Its unit is ohm,Ω. I’m going to show the way of recognizing the scale of the voltage.
If it’s the series circuit,the scale of the electric currency is same everywhere,so adding each voltage which is applied the electrical resistance.
If it’s the parallel circuit,the electric currency branches off,and the voltage is applied each…
【Electric resistance which is hard to flow for the electric currency】
If it’s the parallel circuit,electric currency branches off,and voltage is applied to each resistance in the same scale.
I’m going to express an effeco on the electricity from now on.
When the electric currency flows in a thing,the thing generates heat. The heat generates even in a conductor at a house. What kind of relation is the amount of generating heat with the electric currency,voltage,and electric resistance? I’m going to express the close relation between the electricity and magnetism.
【A generation of heat by an electric currency】
When connecting metallic wires like copper wire,iron wire,or an aluminum wheel with a battery and winding it around a thermometer on the part which senses the heat,its temperture goes up more and more.
When flowing the electric currency in not only electric wire but in metallic wire,it generates the heat.
The amount of generation of heat becomes bigger with being a …
【A generation of heat by an electric currency】
The amount of generation is bigger in proportion to both the electric currency and voltage,so the amount of heat by the electric currency is multiplying the electric currency by the voltage. We call the value of multiplying the electric currency by the voltage an electric power. Its unit is watt,and IA × 1V＝ 1w,and 1.000 w ＝1kw.
Real amount of heat is in proportion to not only the electric currency,and voltage but the time when the electric current flows. In short,the amount of the heat by the electric currency is in proportion to multiplying the electric power by the time. The amount of the heat is expressed with J,the electric power is P,and the time t,so its equation is like the next. J＝p×t.
When making the electric currency run a metal,the metal generates the heat. Why? Please imagine the microscopic structure of electrons.
Free electrons move around the piling positive atoms. When putting the electric voltage,the free electrons …
【A generation of heat by electric currency】
When putting the electric currency,the free electrons move from the negative pole to the positive pole all together in droves. Then the free electrons bump into the atoms which are moving their own places,so they are moving there more and more,so the temperature rises.
By the way,a home appliance has an indication like 100v–500w. When putting voltage of 100v,the home appliance consumes the electric power of 500w.
【The base of electric bill,an amount of electric power】
When using the electricity at home,we don’t pay the electric bill for the electric power. The electric power is multiplying the electric currency by voltage,so even if we use the electric power for a long time,the electric power is the same. Even if we use the home appliance of 100v–500w for a long time,its electric power is 500w.
Without multiplying the electric power by the time,we can’t grasp the amount of the electric power.
Multiplying the electric power by the …
【The base of electric bill,an amount of electric power.】
Multiplying the electric power by the time is the amount of the electric power. The amount of electric power is the electric power which the home appliance consumes in some hours.
Its unit is multiplying watt by the time,w/s,but it’s too little for actual unit,we usually the one which multiplying watt by the hours,K/h,actually the k/h is often used. 1kwh is equal to 1.000wh.
Roughly speaking an ordinary home uses a few kWh a day,and 100kwh a month.
【The magnetic world around a magnet】
A magnet is used for shutting the door of a fridge,a motor,and a speaker.
A thing which has magnetism is used for a cassette tape or a telephone card. We call the thing magnetic substance.
We call an ordinary magnet a permanent magnet. Japan is a developed country as to the permanent magnet,and has led the world since the Meiji era in regard to the development of the permanent magnet.
The powerful magnet which…
【The magnetic world around a magnet】
The most powerful magnet which is on the market is a neodymium ore,which was developed by Sumitomo Metal. The magnet of which main component is neodymium,iron,and boron ホウ素.
Even if it’s a small magnet,if it’s a powerful permanent magnet,a motor or speaker in which the magnet is used becomes small.
A portable electric apparatus has appeared,and there has been a development on the magnet behind the scenes.
《The magnetic world is a space where a magnetic power works.》
When putting a thing made of iron around the magnet,it’s attracted to the magnet even if it’s apart,for the place around the magnet is a space where the magnet works. We call the place where the magnet works a magnetic world.
When putting an azimuth magnet 方位磁石 in the magnetic world,it indicates a fixed direction in the same place. Then the direction of the North Pole in the azimuth magnet is a direction to the magnetic world in the place.
When expressing the direction on the…
【The magnetic world around a magnet.】
《The magnetic world is a place where a magnetic power works.》
If expressing the direction on the magnetic world with a line,when putting the azimuth magnet,we can grasp the needle of the North Pole indicates direction at once. The line which indicates the direction of the magnetic world each place of the magnetic world is a line of magnetic world.If scattering some sand around the magnet,the iron contents are lined as if it were drawn.
The magnetic world of the magnet goes through not only the vacuum,in the air,wood,glass,and metal like copper,or aluminium,and it influences over other things even if it’s apart from the magnet.
《When an iron becomes a magnet,we call the phenomenon a magnetization》
When putting an iron in the magnetic world,the iron changes into a magnet,and we call the phenomenon the iron is magnetized.
When bringing the head of a nail close to the North Pole of the azimuth magnet,the nail is magnetized,and its head becomes …
【The magnetic world around a magnet】
《When an iron becomes a magnet,we call the phenomenon a magnetization》
…the nail is magnetized and its head becomes the South Pole and the tip of the nail the North Pole,so the azimuth magnet and the nail attract each other.
Some of iron contents 鉄粉 are added to the magnetic card like a telephone card or a ticket in a railway,so the iron contents change into the magnet as the one who made the magnetic card expected,some of information is memorized in the iron contents.
《The earth is also the magnet.》
The earth is also the tremendous magnet,and there is a magnetic world around the earth,and the needle of the azimuth magnet is along the magnetic world.
As to the magnet of the earth,there is the South Pole near the arctic where is around north end of the North American continent,and the North Pole near the Antarctic where is near 昭和基地,so the needle of the azimuth magnet directs the Arctic.
Strange to say,the magnetic world in the magnet of the…
【The magnetic world around a magnet】
《The earth is also the magnet》
Strange to say,the magnetic world in the magnet of the earth turn out to be reversal. We’ve thought it happened once about twenty thousand years during this 20 million years.
Reversing the magnetic world means that a compass turns the reversal. Why can we understand it? The iron sand is a group of small magnet,and when putting it in the magnetic world,it’s fixed in the direction of the magnetic world.
Lava which is generated from a volcano includes the material of the iron sand. When being in high temperature,the small mganest turn in every direction,so each magnetic power is inefficient then,but when being cool,the whole direction of the small magnet are matched,and it becomes a magnet.
As a result when researching the magnet of rock which is made of cooled lava,we can understand how the magnetic world in the earth in those days was.
Why is the earth magnet? It’s a very hard problem to explain,the book said so.
【The magnetic world which is created by electric current】
An electromagnet is an iron core with which a coil is wound. It makes the magnetic world like an ordinary magnet does. Even if getting rid of the iron core from the electromagnet,there is the magnetic world around the coil,though the magnetic power becomes weak.In short,electric current runs on a conduct wire,the magnetic world is created then.
When the electric current runs straight,the magnetic world is created as if a circle was drawn around the electric current.
Then the direction of the magnetic world is the same one which the hand of a clock turns when looking at it from direction which the electric current runs.
When screwing a right screw,if the direction which the screw advances is the direction of the electric current,the electricity goes on the direction of the right screw.In the coil,the straight electric current overlaps,and a magnetic world is created.
When running the electricity alone,there is the one which…
【The magnetic world which is created by electric current】
When the electric current runs alone, a thing which becomes a magnet is the permanent magnet. As to the electromagnet,if the electricity becomes strong,it changes into the one which is stronger than the permanent mganet.
There are common points between the electromagnet and permanent magnet like the next.
It attracts iron. The North Pole and South Pole are created. Different poles attract each other,and the same poles repel.
The electromagnet has some peculiarities which the permanent magic doesn’t have like the next.
When the electric current runs alone,it becomes the magnet,therefore a thing which is mixed with varied one stick to an iron,and it separates when the electric current is cut.
Direction of the electric current changes the direction of both the North Pole and the South Pole.
When the electricity is bigger,and the number of wound increases,it becomes a strong electromagnet.
【The electricity receives power…】
【The electricity receives power in the magnetic world】
There is an electric swing. I’m going to express on the situation.
There is a magnet of which shape is U. It stands which turns sideways. Please imagine the U turns sideways
There is a clip of which shape is a rectangle and conducting wire is wound around the clip. The clip is suspended from upper ward and tied with a thing like thread. Its space passes through the one end of the magnet.
When running electricity through the conduction,the clip sways. It does left sometime and right other time. Direction of electricity change its position. In short,electricity receives the power in the magnetic world. It’s a principle for a motor.
When dismantling a motor of direct current for a model,there is a coil between magnets,and when running electricity in the coil,the power is received in the magnetic world of the magnet.
There is the law of left hand by Fleming between the electriciy,the magnetic world,and power.
《A speaker》
《A speaker》
There is a speaker,and its phenomenon of receiving power in the magnetic world is used for the speaker.
The speaker is an apparatus which gives off electricity as sound in the air. The electricity is sent from an amplifier.
The parts of the speaker is coil,magnet,shaking board,and so on. The coil is wound as if it surrounded the magnet,and the coil is attached to the shaking board.
When electricity runs through the coil,the coil receives the power from the magnet and the coil moves. Then the shaking board which is connected with the coil also moves.
The bigger the electricity runs through the coil,the more the shaking board which is connected with the coil moves. The less the electricity,the less the shaking board does.
If the electricity runs in opposite direction,the shaking board also moves in opposite in the same way. An electric signal which changes its strength,weakness,and its direction comes from apparatus on audio like a speaker.
In response to the…
《A speaker》
In response to the electric signal,the coil receives the power and moves,besides the shaking board also moves,and it makes the air vibrate,and we can hear a sound and a music.
【A magnetic world around the coil changes and the electricity runs.】
When bring a magnet close to a coil and move it away from the magnet,the electricity runs through the coil. We call the phenomenon electromagnetic induction.
When the magnetic world changes alone,the electromagnetic induction is caused. When the electromagnetic world doesn’t change like when the magnet stops,the phenomenon isn’t caused. The quicker the change,the bigger the electricity runs.
《The principle on a generator is the electromagnetic induction》
The phenomenon discovered by Faraday becomes the base of electricity which is used all over the Japan at present
As long as there is a magnet and a coil,electricity is caused. Actually if dismantling a generator of a bicycle,we find there is the motor and coil in the generator
【A magnetic world around a coil changes and electricity runs.】
《The principle on a generator is the electromagnetic induction》
There is the coil and the magnet even in a direct–current motor. Can we cause the electricity by using the motor?
If rotating the axis of the motor,the coil also does in the magnetic world of the magnet. When regarding the coil as the base,the magnetic world around the coil changes,so the direct–current becomes a generator.
The base of electricity which we’ve received at home is a power plant. Hydraulic power or steam power of high temperature and high pressure makes the huge coil in the tremendous magnet rotate,and it generates the electricity.
The magnet is an electromagnet,and the electricity in which is used for the power plant is part of electricity of the power plant.
As to the hydroelectric power generation,the waterwheel is for generating the electricity,and it can generate a electricity.
As for a nuclear power energy plantation,the water is…
【A magnetic world around a coil changes and electricity runs】
《The principle on a generator is the electromagnetic induction》
As to the nuclear power energy plantation,the water is boiled by the heat of nuclear fission,and they make the steam rotate a turbine,and the electricity is caused.
A gas is burned,and the water is boiled,and they make the steam rotate the turbine,and electricity is caused with regard to the thermal power plantation.
Wind power in the natural world is used for the roatation on the turbine in regard to the wind power plantation.
《A scientist who made scientific experiment on electricity and chemistry》
Faraday who discovered electromagnetic induction was a son of a smith. After graduating an elementary school when he was 12,he worked at a bookstore in which a book is also bound.
He improved the skill of binding a book,and was absorbed in reading books for the process of binding ones,especially he was interested in books on natural science.
【A magnetic world around a coil changes and the electricity runs】
《A scientist who made a scientific experiment on electricity and chemistry》
Faraday bought the subjects for the experiments from what little allowance he had,and made varied scientific experiments there.
He listened to consecutive lecture from a chemist called Davy at royal laboratory in London,and his interest in the chemistry was stirred up harder. Davy was famous in London then.
He made a fair copy on the content of his lecture and changed it into a book. He wrote to Davy with the book,and he became Davy’s assistant for the experiments.
He wrote the record on research as a form of diary. We can chase his process on the research which had been for about 40 years.
Ousted had discovered an action that the electricity had some effects on a magnet. Faraday who was stimulated by Ousted tried to make reverse varied experiments. He tried to get some electric effects from the magnet.
【A magnetic world around a coil changes and electricity runs】
《A scientist who made an experiment on electricity and chemistry》
There are two iron rings,and winding electric wires around the irons which are away each other,and when connecting one of them with what is callled a battery of Volta and running electricity,then the moment when the electricity runs and stops running alone,the electricity runs in the coil. Faraday found it.
Instead of electromagnet,he found when putting in and out a bar magnet for a coil of a conductor,he got the same result.
Thus,he found the electromagnetic induction which is a base of electrica civilization at present,in short the principle of a generator.
He became a chief in the royal laboratory at the age of 34,and succeeded to his teacher,Davy,and took charge of scientific lecture for the general people once a week,especially at Christmas he did it for children every year.
The famous one is the consecutive one he did at the age of 60 in 1860.
《Continuation of the last response》
The consecutive one has been put together in a book of ロウソクの科学,and it has been popular among the people all over the world at present.
I’m going to express a preface of a new chapter on force and movement.
The nature of inertia 慣性 which is formed everywhere every time,but it was hidden from our eyes because of friction.
Since it’s the time when we search for something valuable in the universe at present,let’s think of the reason why the moon and the earth have gone on moving. We are going to learn the relation between the force and movement.
【Adding and combining power. Composing the power.】
When being received more than two kinds of power in a point on an objection,we sometimes have to put together the two powers and to change into the one which functions more effective than the two powers.
Putting together more than two kinds of power,and changing into the one which…
【Adding and combining power,the composing power.】
Putting together more than two kinds of power,and changing them into the one which functions as effective as the two kinds of power is called composing the power,and we call the power which is composed a resultant force 合力.
In short,the composing power is addition for more than two kinds of power. The addition is sometimes the one which one plus one isn’t equal to two.
For example,there is a bag in which there is something heavy. When holding it by two people,how does the force which works on arms of the people function? Is it same or not?
When thinking of the question,we have to recognize an addition of two force which has some angles.
We make a parallelogram 平行四辺形 of which sides are two kinds of power,and when drawing a diagonal line from a point of action,and the diagonal line becomes the composition of the two power. We call it the law of parallelogram from the force.
When there isn’t any angles between the two power,in short…
【Adding and combing power,the composing power.】
When there aren’t enough angles between the two powers,if putting it in an extreme way,the angles are zero,the two powers are on the same straight line,and are the same direction,then an ordinary addition of the two powers stands up.
When the angle is 180 degrees,in short when the two powers are opposite,subtracting small power from big power,and its value becomes the direction of the big power.
《Question》
There are two illustrations. There are two hands holding a bag. It seems that two persons hold the same bag. As to the one illustration,it’s 1,there is few angles between the two arms,and as for the other one,it’s 2,there are some angles between the two arms as if they tried to drag opposite dirrection each other. Then what about the power which works on the two arms?
《Option》
A：An equal power works on the two of them.
B：Bigger power works on the 1.
C ：Bigger power works on the 2.
【Adding and combining power,composing power】
《Answer》
Actually,the way of having the bag,in short the angle of the arm changes the power which burdens on the arm.
The bigger the angle is,the bigger the power which burdens on the arm,so the correct answer is the C.
The object which is held by the two hands is the same one,so the power which supports the object is also equal.
When there are bigger angles between the two arms,if comparing it with smaller angle,bigger powers burden each arm,otherwise they can’t support the object.
【Dismantling power which means changing a single power into two.】
We can divide a single power into two,and we call it dismantling power,and the two powers which were done by dismantled component of force.
Dismantling power is opposite of composing power,as a result,the power which holds the object is dismantled into the power which burdens each arm in relation to the previous question.
As to the difference between composing power and dismantling power…
【Dismantling power means that changing a single power into two】
As to difference between dismantling power and composing power,we should pay attention to that there is one by two resultant force 合力 with regard to composing power.
On the other hand,as to dismantling power,if appointing two kinds of angle to the two forces,there is a couple of the resultant force,but when appointing different angles,there is a different resultant force,as a result,we can think of countless resultant forces.
When there is an object on slope,we can separate the gravitation which works on along the slope and other one which works vertically,so we can appoint each direction,so the reslutant force is set up as a pair.
【Balance on two powers】
If an object which stands still receives power,but it doesn’t move,the object receives other power from opposite direction. We call the situation that the two power is balanced.
【Balance on two powers】
If the object which stands still starts to move by receiving a power,it means that receiving a power from one side or if being received two powers,the direction which the object starts to move received bigger power than other direction which doesn’t move.
As to the object which stands still suspended with a spring or string,two powers of gravitation or the one which is pulled from the string or spring works on the object,so it’s balanced.
An object on a desk works on two powers of gravitation and the one which is pressed from the desk,so it’s balanced.
《Question》
There is an objection of which mass is 200 kg on the floor. When trying to move it with power of 98N,I can’t move it at all. Except of power which is pressed by me,what kind of power does the object receive? Which direction does the object receive the power?
《The power of friction which works on opposite direction of the movement》
When trying to push a book on the desk,it doesn’t move at …
【Balance on two powers】
《The power of friction which works on opposite direction of the movement》
When trying to put a book on the desk,it doesn’t move at first a bit,for there is a power of friction between the book and the desk.
If it doesn’t start to move at all,the power of friction which is equivalent to the power of pushing the book works,so it’s balanced.
When increasing the power which pushes the book gradually,the book starts to move at last. When moving the book,the power of friction works. The power of friction works on opposite direction of the movement,it stops the movement of the object,and makes the object slower.
So,the answer is the power of friction of 98N works on the direction that the object is pressed on the floor.
《A device which decreases the friction》
When making use of the friction everyday life,we sometimes device of decreasing the friction. A tire or groove 溝 on a shoe is so big that they prevent us from slipping.
Without any friction from the…
【Balance on two powers】
《A device which decreases the friction》
Without any friction between us and the ground we can’t walk on the ground in the least,but the friction sometimes makes us be in trouble,so we device of decreasing the friction.
When moving,it causes the friction between us and the atmosphere. We call it an air resistance.
A form on an automobile or Shinkansen is designed so as to decrease the air resistance,so the air around them flows smoothly.
【Balance on three powers】
There is a thing which is suspended with ropes from two directions. We call each power which is pulled from ropes,F1,and F2.
When lifting a thing from the ground and it stands still,the power which works on the thing should be balanced. The resultant force 合力 between the F1 and F2 is equal to the gravitation on the thing and its direction is oppsite.
Even if the powers which work on the thing are different directions,if they are balanced,the two resultant powers are equal to the rest power…
【Balance on three powers】
Even if the powers which work on the thing are different directions,if they are balanced,the two resultant powers are equal to the rest power,and each direction is three way.
【A thing on the water receives buoyancy.】
When having something in the water,we feel it’s lighter than as it is,but it doesn’t always mean the gravitation becomes smaller in the water. The gravitation which the thing receives from the earth is same in the water.
The thing in the water receives the power of buoyancy upward,so we feel it’s lighter as it is. The thing which floats on the water receives two power. The one is gravitation downward,and the other is buoyancy upward. The two powers are balanced,so it stands still in the water.
When putting a whole thing in the water,the scale of buoyancy is found like the next.
The buoyancy is subtracting weight in the water from the weight in the air,but how do we see the weight in the water? To my sorrow, I’m not sure of it.
【There are two kinds of speed. The one is average speed,and the other is instant speed.】
I’ve expressed the relation between the thing which stands still and the power until now,but I’m going to express the thing which moves and its power from now on.
One of function on the power is changing speed or direction on a thing. At first,I’m going to express on the speed.
When starting to run 30 meters,its speed is slow in the beginning,but it becomes faster gradually. In short,when starting its speed is zero,but it increased little by little. A person ran with 5 second exactly.
Its speed is found like the next. Thirty divided by six equals five. Its speed is average one. It ran 30 meters with the speed.
However,in fact its speed changes from the start to the goal every second. We call the speed of every second an instant speed. It is found,being based distance in which a thing moves for a short time extremely.
The value by speed gun in baseball is the instant speed.
《Criterion on speed》
When driving a car,if looking a scene from the car,the scene looks as if it ran backward. Or if looking at a car which runs parallel to our car at the same speed,it looks as if our car didn’t move at all.
The speed of movement on a thing is different,according to its criterion. What we establish standards means what we think it doesn’t move at all.
We usually regard a thing which stands still on the ground or building as criterion.
【If going on functioning power on a thing…】
《Question》
There is two straws. The one is an ordinary one,and the other is connecting two ordinary ones. When putting a matchstick in the straw,and blowing the matchstick through the straw,which is blown farther?
《Option》
1 Same.
2 The short one.
3 The long one.
〈If going on being received the power,it becomes fast more and more.〉
Its right answer is 3,the straw of which length is two can blow the matchstick farther,for it’s so long that it continues being received power from the…
〈If going on being received the power,it becomes faster and faster.〉
…for it’s so long that it continues being received the power from the breathing.
When being receiving the power,a thing which stands still starts to move. If being receiving additional power,its speed becomes larger. The more it receives the power,the larger its speed becomes,for the force is base which changes the speed.
In the next,when having a thing,and dropping it from a high place. Then it drops. We can research its dropping motion with some methods.
For example,with a photograph of strobe light which emits light with fixed time like one tenth second,or some dots on record timer which was done with some interval.
The motion of which distance becomes larger and larger with the fixed interval time. If ignoring the resistance in the air,the thing receives the gravitation alone.
The gravitation goes on functioning downward,so the thing falls down faster and faster.
〈Going down on the slope like the…〉
【If going on functioning power on a thing…】
〈Going down on the slope like falling motion.〉
When going down on the slope,the thing does like the dropping motion.
If it weren’t for the friction,when the thing goes down on the slope,the gravitation which functions on the thing continues. Then the component of force 分力 along the slope functions, and its scale is as large as the gravitation.
By the way,the book expresses like that,but to my sorrow,I’m not sure that the relation between the gravitation and the component of force.
In short,without any friction,the thing goes down on the slope faster and faster,I’m wondering.
On the other hand,if going on functioning other power which is opposite from the moving one,the speed of the movement becomes smaller little by little.
〈Let’s try!〉
If dropping a golf ball and a ping pong ball from a height of 1.5 meter,which one reaches the ground faster? The golf ball or the ping pong ball?
When doing,they did on the ground at the same time.
【If going on functioning power on a thing …】
〈Let’s try!〉
We can ignore the resistance in the air,for it isn’t high very much. If it’s by far higher,there is a big difference,but if doing in a vacuum,both of them drop on the ground at the same time even if it’s very high.
【The law of inertia 慣性の法則 and uniform liner motion 等速直線運動】
Without being functioned from outside,or being balanced the power,the thing which stands still remains its situation,and other one which moves does the uniform liner motion. We call it the law of inertia.
The uniform liner motion is its speed is fixed and going straight on a line.
There is an automobile. When starting its speed is 50 k. p. h. in the beginning,and without changing its speed at all,it moves forward on a line. Please imagine it. It’s the uniform liner motion.
When pedaling a bicycle hard,it moves at fixed speed,without increasing its speed. Then the tyre of the bicycle pushes the ground backward,and the ground pushes back the bicycle,so…
【The law of inertia 慣性の法則 and uniform liner motion 等速直線運動】
…and the ground pushes back the bicycle,but the speed doesn’t increase at all,and the bicycle frequently moves at the fixed speed,for the power functioning backward acts on the power going forward and they are balanced. The power functioning backward is the power of fiction.
The place where we live comes together the power of friction,we hardly run across a scene in which without functioning power going on doing the uniform liner motion,but everything has a nature of inertia,so the law of inertia stands up.
The friction prevents us from recognizing the law of inertia. If looking toward outside the earth,there is the world where there is little friction. It’s the outer space.
《The outer space is the world where there is none of friction.》
A space rocket uses its fuel when escaping from the gravitational field,but once escaping,without using any fuel,it continues the uniform liner motion with the inertia forever.
【The law of inertia and the uniform liner motion】
《The outer space is the world where there is none of friction》
When landing on a star where the space rocket tries to reach,it has only to reverse the engine.
By the way,if trying to jump upward just now,we drops in the same place. The speed that the earth rotates is 1400 k. p. h in Tokyo,but we drop at the same place,for even if jumping,we keep the speed that the earth roatates. When jumping up in a moving train,it’s same.
When the train puts on the brake,the passenger pitches forward if it stands,for the passenger tries to keep the speed before putting on the brake.
In the uniform liner motion,the distance in which it moves is in proportion to the time,and its speed is fixed even if it moves for a long time.
《Any raindrops have never fallen awfully. Why?》
When a thing falls from a high place and hits on the body direct,it’ll be awful,but the raindrops which drop from the heaven should be very fast extremely,for the gravitation…
【The law of inertia and uniform liner motion】
《Any raindrops have never fallen with high speed extremely. Why?》
While the raindrops which drop from the sky should be very fast extremely because of the gravitation,they don't actually.
When the raindrops formed,they drop,increasing their speed gradually,and at the same time,the resistance against the air becomes bigger and biggger,and the gravitation and the resistance against the air are balanced in some spot,and after that they drop as the uniform liner motion.
Roughly speaking,the speed that the raindrops fall is from 1 to 8 per second. In addition,the shape of raindrop isn’t the drop. It’s pressed and smashed on account of the gravitation like what is called a 鏡餅.
By the way,we use the word of 仕事 in both place of everyday life and scientific field. They are same sometimes,but often different.
The 仕事 in the scientific world is defined clearly,and an energy which is based on the 仕事 in the scientific field is able to be defined.
【What is 仕事 in science?】
I’m going to express on the energy which is an important pillar in physical science from now on.
The 仕事 in the science is different from the other one in everyday life. They are different very much. In the science it is defined clearly so as not to avoid to be unclear. Its definition is like the next.
When a thing is received power from other thing and it is moved to the direction of the power,we said the thing was done the 仕事.
By the way,I’ve said I wanted to express everything in English,so I’m sure I should express the word of 仕事 in English,but to my sorrow,I can’t find an appropriate word,so I’m forced to use the Japanese.
To return to my main topic,if considering the other thing as its center,it means that the other thing did the 仕事.
When thinking of the 仕事,it is important to be clear that the one was done the 仕事 from other one,in other words,the one did the 仕事 to the other one.
The scale of the 仕事 in which the one was received is expressed like…
【What is 仕事 in science?】
The scale of 仕事 in which the one was received is expressed like the next.
The scale of 仕事 is equal to multiplying the scale that a thing is received by the distance that the thing moved toward the power.
The unit on the 仕事 is expressed like the next. Multiplying the unit of a power,N,by the unit of distance,meter,it’s Nm. We also call it J.
I’m going to seek the scale of 仕事 in the next case.
《Question》
There is a thing of which weight is 1 kilogram. When lifting it 1 meter by hand,what scale of the 仕事 does the hand do? What scale of the 仕事 is the thing received by the hand?
《Answer》
Both of them are 9.8Nm.
A thing of which mass is 1kg weighs 1kg on the earth. Weight of the thing is the gravitation which the thing receives,and it’s multiplying 9.8N/kg by the mass.
The scale of the 仕事 is equal multiplying the scale of power by the distance moving toward the power,so it’s 9.8N × 1m ＝9.8Nm
《Question》
There is a thing which is hanging from a pulley,and…
【What is 仕事 in science?】
《Question》
There is a thing which is hanging from a falling block 動滑車,and its mass is 1kg. When lifting up 1 meter by pulling the string by hand,what scale of the work does the hand do? Then the mass on the falling block and friction aren’t under consideration.
When using the falling block,while the power moving the thing is half,the distance moving the thing is double,so its equation is like the next.
4.9N × 2= 9.8
When pay attention to the thing,the height that the thing is lifted is same as the one which is done by the hand.
Both using the falling block and ifting it by the hand direct,the scale of the 仕事 is same,but its weight becomes half,the distance is double.
If wanting to save the power,we use the falling block. Then we use a light falling block so we can ignore its weight.
By the way when using the falling block,why does its weight become half?
Then we regard the thing and falling block as one thing. Then the power upward and other power …
【What’s 仕事 in science?】
Continuation on the no.339.
Then the power upward and other power downward are balanced,so the power upward is half of the gravitation.
【Even if using a tool,the scale of the 仕事 is the same. The principle on the 仕事】
Then if using a slope,what’s happened? Then the height is 1 and the length on the slope is 2 like a set square 三角定規.
Then we put a thing of which mass is 100kg on the slope,and lifting up it to the height by 1 meter.
When using the slope,the gravitation is divided into two way. The one works along the slope,and the other does vertically. When using the slope,we lift up the thing with the same power which works along the slope.
Then 490N,but even if using the slope,its 仕事 is 490N ✖️ 2 ＝ 980N. The scale of the 仕事 is as same as the time when lifting up it with the hand directly.
How about using a lever 梃子?
If using the lever,we can lift up a thing with less power,but if trying to lift up it to the height where we don’t use the lever,the point…
【Even if using a tool,the scale of the 仕事 is the same. The principle on the 仕事】
Continuation of the last response.
…but if trying to lift up it the height where we don’t use the lever,the distance in which the point where force is applied is longer than the distance in which an acting point works,so in short,the whole amount of the 仕事 is the same.
As to the whole amount of the work,even if using the fall block,the slope or the lever,it’s same as when doing the 仕事 with our hands directly. We call it the principle on the 仕事.
When using a tool,it takes a long distance,but it eases our burden.
《Whole amount of the work is the same,but why do we use the tool?》
Even if using the tool,or doing the 仕事 with our own hands direct,the whole amount of the work is the same. Why do we use the tool? Using the tool has a relation to an efficiency. We call it the effficiency on the 仕事.
Without using any tool,there is the 仕事 which it takes for long time,if trying to use it with our own hands alone
【Efficiency on the 仕事】
If using the tool or machinery,we can do the 仕事 at ease without being tired from anything heavy a burden for our body.
When doing the 仕事,even if the whole amount of the 仕事 is the same,its efficiency is better if using the tool.
However even if being able to do the 仕事,if it takes thousands of years,it’s useless.
As to the efficiency on the 仕事,if showing how much we can do the 仕事 in a second,we can compare it with others.
If wanting to find the efficiency on the 仕事,we divide up the whole amount of the work according to the time of the work. Its unit is Nm/s,or J/s…maybe.
《The watt on the electoric power is also the unit of the efficiency on the 仕事》
The watt on the electric power is also one of units of the efficiency on the work. 1W=1Nm/s=1J/s
In short,turning on a light bulb of which electric power is 100W in a second is equal to the 仕事 in which lifting up a thing of which weight is 10kg by 1 meter in a second.
《The rate of 仕事 on a person is about 100 watt.》
There are numerical values on electrical appliances like an incandescent lamp and a mortar,and they are shown with watt. They are also the rate of 仕事.
When using the motor,and adding power to a thing and moving it,we can see the rate of 仕事 by electricity. The rate of 仕事 by electricity is multiplying electric current by voltage. In short,it’s electric power.
The 仕事 changes into heat,so the heat capacity which generates for a second is shown with the rate of 仕事.
For example,the heat capacity we the human being generate is about 100 watt,so when there is a person,it means that a light bulb of 100 watt turns on a light in relation to the heat capacity.
One day is 86.400 seconds,so we the human generate heat of 8640 kJ a day.its about 2000kcal. The energy has been supplied from food which we eat everyday.
【Energy】
When a thing is in a situation in which it can do 仕事 from now on,we say the thing has an energy.
【Energy】
For example,there is a thing in a high place. If falling from it,it can hit a stake on the ground. The stake received the power from the thing,and it stuck on the ground,or it moved its position,so the 仕事 was done for the stake. As a result the thing which is in the high place has energy.
If a moving thing bumps into other one,it added the power to the other,and it makes the other move,so it also has energy.
The scale of energy is shown with the one of 仕事 which is done for other thing,so its unit is the same one on 仕事,so it's Nm or J.
【Potential energy and kinetic energy】
If a thing which is in a high place falls,it transforms other thing which is below it or it makes other thing move. In short the thing which is in the high place can do the work. It has energy,and we call it potential energy.
As to the potential energy which the thing has,the higher the bigger,and the heavier the bigger with regard to the mass. In short the potential energy is in proportion to height…
【Potential energy and kinetic energy】
In short the potential energy is in proportion to heigh and weight.
《An energy which the moving thing has》
The moving thing bumps into other one and transformed the other or makes the other move,so it can change the situation. In short the moving thing has an ability of doing the 仕事. We call it kinetic energy.
The quicker the bigger,and heavier the bigger,in regard to the kinetic energy which the thing has. The kinetic energy is in proportion to multiplying the square of its speed by its mass.
《Conservation of dynamic energy 力学的エネルギーの保存》
The potential energy is decided with the height and the mass,the kinetic energy is done with the mass and speed. We call both of them dynamic energy.
The potential energy and kinetic energy change into other ones each other,but its sum total which is the dynamic energy is the same. We call the law of conservation of dynamic energy,though I’m not sure of the law.
【Power generation is changing energy into other thing】
Some water drops from a higher place,and it makes a generator function in hydroelectric power generation. Potential energy in the water which is stored in a dam makes a turbine function on the generator. In short,the potential energy changes into the kinetic energy.
《Height on a roller coaster》
A roller coaster in an amusement park once reaches high place,it goes down and up along the rail over and over again. When it moves,its potential energy changes into its kinetic energy each other as if it were a pendulum.
It doesn’t have much more potential energy which it reached the high place,so the roller coaster can’t reach higher place than the first position.
《Motion and energy on a thing in outer space》
Let’s suppose that there is a thing which does equal speed linear motion 等速直線運動 in the outer space. The thing has the kinetic energy which is in proportion to amount of energy multiplying square of its speed by its mass.
《Motion and energy on a thing in outer space》
Without adding other power,the thing never loses its potential energy,so it continues the equal speed linear motion forever.
The speed of a thing which moves on the earth becomes slow and stops,for the potential energy which the thing has changes into other one,especially the potential energy changes into thermal energy by friction.
【The law of conservation on energy】
The dynamic energy which means the potential energy and the kinetic energy replaces each other,and the dynamic energy which is sum total of the potential energy and kinetic energy is fixed.
However all the kinetic energy doesn’t change into the potential energy. Part of the kinetic energy often changes into the thermal energy. The kinetic energy changes into other one and its speed becomes slow,so the dynamic energy decreases.
As to a motion on a pendulum,the potential energy and kinetic energy replace each other.
If watching at the motion on the pendulum for a while…
【The law of conservation on energy】
If watching at the motion on the pendulum for a while,the way of swinging of the pendulum becomes slow gradually,and the it stops finally. If the dynamic energy is preserved completely,the pendulum couldn’t have stopped.
It means the dynamic energy decreased. The pendulum stops at last,for the part of the fulcrum 支点 generates thermal energy on account of the friction.
The dynamic energy decreases,but it’s not the dynamic energy itself disappear but instead the thermal energy increases.
In short,when the pendulum swings,the first potential energy is equal to the dynamic energy plus the thermal energy.When the pendulum stops,the first potential energy is equal to the thermal one.
The first potential energy changes into the thermal one. Considering all kinds of the energy,the sum total of the energy is kept in a fixed way.
《The law of conservation on energy which rules the natural world》
Let’s think over other energy,including changing the heat
《The law of conservation on energy which rules the natural world》
When including the thermal energy,the sum total of adding the dynamic energy to the thermal energy doesn’t change at all. It's always same. In short,the energy doesn’t disappear,and it doesn’t generate newly.
We call it the law of conservation on energy,and it has turned out that the law of conservation on energy is a basic law which controls the natural world.
While the law of conservation on the dynamic energy stands up on the condition that there isn’t any friction,the law of conservation on energy always holds water with or without friction.
《The law of conservation on energy and being short of energy》
When a machine and an equipment receive an energy,they can’t change all the energy into the form of 仕事 which we aim at. When receiving energy,how much does an implement change into 仕事？ It’s shown with percentage,and we call it efficiency.
For example,an incandescent lamp changes electric energy into thermal…
《The law of conservation on energy which controls the natural world》
For example an incandescent lamp changes electric energy into therma energy. It’s no more than several percent,and other electric energy becomes the heat. Fluorescent lamp is more efficient,but it’s 20% at best.
On the other hand,a dry cell can change no less than 90% of chemical energy into electric energy,but as to the efficiency,none of equipment can reach 100 %,especially when changing the chemical energy of fuel into the thermal energy,and taking out kinetic energy,we can’t avoid generating the thermal energy which is useless.
Besides,we can’t ignore the heat of friction on the engine. When the fuel is complete combustion 不完全燃焼,it’s a waste of the fuel,so we have to think over it,so the efficiency ends up being about 25%.
Including the thermal energy which becomes useless,all the energies are preserved. It’s the law of conservation on energy.
It is frequently said that its short of energy,and it means…
《The law of conservation on energy which controls the natural world》
It’s frequently said that it’s short of energy,it means that we are short of the energy which is useful for us.
Chemical fuel like petroleum has chemical energy which plants stored for a long time in an ancient period. We consume it in a short time,and change into the thermal energy,and emit the thermal energy.
Green vegetations have stored the chemical energy by photosynthesis,but the speed on the consumption exceeds the other speed that the chemical energy stored by the photosynthesis.
There are several energy like wind,wave,geothermal energy,and the sun in front of us. This is the problem how we change those energies into inexpensive and efficient energy.
《Various energy》
The energy from the sun is pouring on the ground of the earth. We make use of the solar energy direct as the form of the thermal energy or light energy. In addition we’ve taken advantage of the solar energy with various ways.
《Various energy》
A plant creates something edible with the photosynthesis,and its a base for our food. The food has chemical energy.
Chemical fuel like petroleum and coal is the same one,so we can say the electronic energy is also the solar energy.
The solar energy makes some water evaporate,and it causes to rain,and there is a puddle in high place. We’ve made use of the potential energy of the puddle as the hydroelectric power generation.
We’ve taken advantage of the stream of atmosphere which is caused by the solar energy in wind power generation,so it’s also originally the solar energy.
On the other hand we make use of the energy which is caused by nuclear fisssion in nuclear power generation,so it’s different from the solar energy.
By the way,I’ve finished expressing on the book,大人のやり直し 中学物理,so I was going to start to express on chemistry or earth science,but I’ve wanted to express on robot,so I’ll start it from the next response.
【Preface】
I’m going to start expressing on a robot from now on. I’ll do it,being based on a book,ロボットのしくみ、written by 城井田勝仁,published from 日本実業出版社. I’m going to start from his preface. He said like the next.
Interest for a robot has been high rapidly from the end of the 20th century. Have we been influenced by AIBO which was put on sale from SONY as entertainment robot or by ASIMO which was sold from HONDA? Smooth bipedal locomotion 二足歩行 has been realized by the ASIMO.
Those robots may have been our dream for the 21th century,especially in Japan,it has started from 鉄腕アトム,and various animated cartoon on robots have made their debut and become popular among the general public.
Without exception,all the robots which appeared in the animated cartoon were attractive. It seems the Japanese who have been familiar with the robot before we like or dislike.
On the other hand,if thinking over how much we know on the robot,there are quite a few people wha have image alone for the robot on the…
【Preface】
…there are quite a few people who have image alone for the robot on the animated cartoon,and I’ve written this book for the people,but I’m not the one who does research on the robot nor a technical expert on the robot.
However I’ve watched a variety of robots through robot contests,and I’ve had lot of chances in which I could listen to others who were engaged in the robots. I’ve written this book,being based on my experience like that,referring to lots of documents.
As a result,while the book lacks technical knowledge on the robot,even if having little knowledge on the robot,it’s easy to read.
I’ll be happy if your interest for the robot and its research becomes profound.
【What is a robot?】
《A robot’s image goes ahead of the robot itself,so it doesn’t have clear definition.》
When looking up a robot in a Japanese dictionary 国語大辞典,published from 小学館,the dictionary says on the robot like the next.
Its form resembles a human,and it’s a mechanical device which acts and…
【What is a robot?】
《A robot’s image goes ahead of the robot itself,so it doesn’t have a clear definition》
Its form resembles a human and it’s a mechanical device which acts and works automatically. It’s a robot.
There are other two definitions.
The one is a machine or device which does work or operation for its own aim automatically. Automation.
The last one is the one who is manipulated by other. It doesn’t have its own opinion,and it does as the other orders. It’s incompetent,and it’s just it’s in the position. A puppet.
According to the expression,the robot is an automatic machine which resembles a human.
《Is what is called 鉄腕アトム the robot?》
The definition in the 国語大辞典 is close to the 鉄腕アトム which is a goal for lots of people doing research on robot in Japan,but if thinking of the 鉄腕アトム as robot is a precondition 前提条件 for the definition.
There are some learned experts who think that the robot like アトム which has its own will is a life. When we the human being reaches the…
【Waht is a robot?】
《Is what is called 鉄腕アトム robot?》
When we the human being reaches the limit as species,the 鉄腕アトム is our successor,some of the learned experts think like that.
There is an opinion that they don’t need the robot like アトム among the ones who doing research on the robot,for the アトム has its own will,and it sometimes disobeys to the one who gives order to the robot.
Even if the behavior which the アトム did then was right,if the robot is a machine which is an extension of a tool,the atom which the human can’t control enough isn’t the robot.
The intelligence which the アトム has is needless for the robot as machine.
There are some people doing research on robot doubt whether the robot which has intelligence like the human.
It is the human who has given the robot some pieces of information,even if the robot has an ability for learning,the human makes the program for the robot’s ability.
It doesn’t always mean that it learns from the situation in which it can do almost of…
【What is a robot?】
《Is what is called アトム the robot?》
It doesn’t always mean that the robot learns from the situation in which it can do almost of nothing,growing gradually,learning to do various things as if a child of the human being grew.
The learning ability of the human’s child as if a sponge absorbed water is the essence for the human’s essence,they think like that,and doubt whether the way of giving information to the robot.
There are some people doing research on the robot who think like the next. The robotic development which aims at being realized the robot like the アトム is a thing like alchemy 錬金術.
Even if a computer develops so much,the robot like the アトム will be nothing but pie in the sky as long as we can’t get over the wall of the principle. They’ve thought like that,but the research on the robot will never be useless in those situation.
There is a possibility in which we can find something valuable,for the alchemy left behind chemistry. Possibly it may be not the…
【What is a robot?】
《The present situation in which we can’t define the robot.》
Possibly it may not be the robot but different technique altogether which is caused on the process.
The robots like the 鉄腕アトム have appeared in the animated cartoon or sci−fi so much that its image goes ahead of itself,so the people have various image for the robot. When asking the definition on the robot,its answer is an infinitive variety.
Some discussions seem to have been done among the people doing research on the robot sometimes,but the robot goes ahead of as word,so no one reaches to a conclusion.
We the human used to think that we wish we could fly in the sky. We considered flying seriously. Our model for flying was a bird.
After several centuries,we can fly in an airplane of which mechanism on the wing is differnt from the bird. It may fit for the robot.
Each of us has each image for the robot,but it’s not made by an actual robot,but we’ve had been influenced by imagination from a fiction.
【What is a robot?】
《The present situation in which we can't define the robot》
However the robot which appears in the future may be different from our imagination like the airplane. If the robot becomes the real one,the definition on the robot will be done naturally.
However,as for the word of the robot,its imagination has surpassed its reality. It seems that we can't definit the robot until the reality catches up with the imagination.
As to the robot which we call at present,there are various. When watching some of them,we may doubt whether or not it’s the robot. It is us who decide whether or not it’s the robot.
【The reason why the robot has been requested】
《Change in the society has caused the needs for the robot》
The number of operating industrial robot has gone on increasing in the world,and its greatest reason is doing away with being shortage of workers.
While unemployed people have increased and it become a social problem,technical expert who is engaged in the …
【The reason why the robot has been requested】
《The change in the society has caused the needs for the robot》
While unemployed people have increased and it becomes a social problem,a technical expert who is engaged in the manufacturing industry goes on being running short,especially in Japan,the the population on the whole workforce has decreased owing to fall on the rate of increasing population.
Plenty of the industrial robots have been made use of so as to make up with the labor shortage. Needless to say there are some other reasons why the robot has been requested.
As the technical skill which is necessary for the robot like a computer has developed,the productivity has been elevated. It's also one of big factors.
Whether or not we introduce the robot,there is a great difference between the quality on the manufactured goods.
《Our expectation for the robot in the future》
As a robot with a built in an excellent computer appeared,we can make the robot do a …
【The reason why the robot has been requested】
《Our expectation for the robot in the future》
As a robot with a built in an excellent computer has appeared,we can make the robot do works which we the human had been forced to do. It isn’t a fantastic story at all at present.
For example,a maintainance and inspection for equipment of atomic energy or operation of radioactive waste disposal are so dangerous that it is sometimes a matter of life and death for us the human,but if the robot does them,we don’t have to be worried about it a bit.
The robot has been expected so much for the upcoming aging society. Caring for the bedridden old or sick person is very harder for the one who looks after the sick person and the bedridden old than we expect.
Considering the mental resistance for the one who is cared,being nursed by the robot may be difficult,but a way for assisting the one who cares for the sick person or bedridden one,or helping be independent the old,it should be useful enough.
【The reason why the robot has been requested】
《Our expectation for the robot in the future》
We expect a pet robot which is much talked about may be made use of in the field of welfare. As to a standpoint that it gives a person comfort,the robot can’t match a living animal in the least.
However we don’t have to care for the pet robot,for we don’t have to feed it or to take it out for a walk,so it’s useful for the aging society.
Thus the new robot has appeared and increased so far,and it has a reason. We need the robot in the society at present,and in the future,so we want it,and it has been born.
The robot is becoming close to us even now,and it’ll be more closer to our life and we’ll look at it works in the near future.
By the way,though I’ve said the pet robot which is much talked,when the book was written,the pet robot was like that. The book was published in 2001. I don’t know the present situation on the pet robot at all. Recently I’ve never seen it at all.
【The robot which appears in a myth and legend】
《We the human being have dreamed the robot since long long ago.》
A giant named Talos who was made up with bronze appears in the Greek myth. It’s a colossus 巨像 which guarded the Creta,and it moved around the island at will and was cautious about a warship of an invader. The Creta is one of islands in the Mediterranean Sea.
Except for the Greek myth,there has been a story on a man-made one. It’s the famous Golem. It is said it’s an artificial one which is made of clay. It was born with a curse,and then it was a child,but it seemed to grow to be the giant in a short period.
The Golem appears in a movie,novel,or game,and it’s not always made of the soil. Some are made of wood or metal,and others were born as giant from the biginning.
It is said that Talos was made as colossus originally,and it moved as if it had been a living colossus. Special liquid was flowing from the head to the toe in Talos,and the liquid made Talos move.
【The robot which appears in a myth or legend】
《We the human being have dreamed the robot since a long long ago》
It's a thing in the myth,so if pursuing for its mechanism,its nonsense,but we can see the starting point for the robot there.
There is an expression on a thing like the robot in an epic poetry of Ilias which is collected the Greek Myth emitted by Homeros,though it’s not as famous as Talos.
It is said the Ilias was written around B.C.9〜8 century,and if the golden beauty which appears in the epic poetry is the robot,it seems to be the first robot which we the human being dreamed.
By the way,the expression on the origin of robot goes on the book,but I’m not interested in it very much,so I’m going to omit it.
【Robot engineering isn’t always made up with scientific technique alone】
《Robot engineering is a learning pursuing machine which resembles the entire creature,from the human being and animal》
As to the robot engineering,its actual situation on the research and…
【Robot engineering isn’t always made up with scientific technique alone】
《Robot engineering is a learning pursuing a machine which resembles the entire creature,from the human being to animal》
As to the robot engineering,its actual situation on the research and development is varied,and its greatest reason is the one at which the robot engineering aims is close to a real creature.
Considering a purpose which we make use of the robot,we can understand its reason.
For example,if it’s the robot which thinking over something and going into action for itself,it needs some intelligence to some extent,and it has to response to a change in situation at once. It’s an ability which real creature alone has.
Instead of the robot which thinking of something for itself,what about the robot operated by a person?
As it’s operated by a person it handles the work whether it’s a remote control or it’s operated by being on board. Originally it has to be done by people,but using the robot and it’ll …
【Robot engineering isn’t always made up with scientific technique alone】
《Robot engineering is a learning pursuing a machine which resembles the entire creature,from the human being to animal》
Originally it should be done by people,but using the robot and doing the job indirect,so the ability which does the work at least decently is essential. If giving the ability like the intelligence and movement to the robot,studying on the machine alone isn’t enough.
《Robot engineering which surpass a mere engineering》
A sensor which is equal to five sense is essential to the robot which thinking of something and taking into action for itself so as to recognize the situation around itself.
It’s also necessary for the robot operated by people. For example when being caught by the robot,without detecting the touch by the robot and telling the information to the operator it can’t handle a work in which it has to handle something soft.
Without artificial intelligence,we can’t think of high …
【Robot engineering isn’t always made up with scientific technique alone】
《The robot engineering surpasses a mere engineering》
Without artificial intelligence,we can’t think of any high standard of intelligence in the least. If giving the robot the movement which is close to the human being or which assists some people’s the movement,false limb engineering is indispensable.
When trying to make the robot do the work smoothly,the technique for an industrial robot is also indispensable.
However when considering a purpose of taking advantage of the robot,some of them don’t always need decent ability. Far from it,if thinking over an operating efficience,the thing like a person isn’t better.
Then we need biotechnology in which we tried to realize a function of the creature with a technical skill and a technique of moving machine in which we try to realize the function for the movement of animal and insect.
The study and development on the robot technology has something to…
【Robot engineering isn’t always made up with science technique alone】
《The robot engineering surpasses a mere technology》
The study and deverlopment on the robot engineering has something to do with some areas of learning. The ones who are engaged in the robot engineering don’t have to be good at doing all of them perfect,but they have to know varied actual knowledge on the some areas of learning more or less.
With the study and development on the robot,they need the study a learning field on the human being themselves,for it has been clear they have to understand the human being themselves profoundly so as to substitute the robot for us or make the robot help us.
If giving the robot a movement like the human,we need the approach not only on the engineering but also study from medical field. When communicating with the people,we can't avoid the people’s mental state.
If ordinary people can’t use the robot easily,it can’t be the robot which we usually take advantage of.
【Robot engineering isn’t always made up with scientific technique alone】
《The robot engineering surpasses a mere engineering》
Needless to say the study and development on the robot which is made use of in actual place on medical place or welfare one need knowledge on physiology.
【Classification according to usage on the robot】
《Some robots which serve for the people have increased》
In the beginning the robot used to be called an automatic machine or a kind of mechanism. It was mainly actually used rather as show than practical use.
Almost all of the robots were sought for rather being curious like its movement or the process for the work than result of the work like a doll carrying tea which was invented in the Edo era.
《Industrial robot》
An actual useful industrial robot has appeared after a computer was invented. It was imported in Japan at the time of the rapid economic growth,and it became a hope for a top management who was worried about a labor…
【Classification according to usage on the robot】
《An industrial robot》
…and it became a hope for a top management who was worried about a labor shortage and high wage. It was a start for the robot boom,and after that the study and development,and introduction on the robot has been activated.
After 1976 kinds of the industrial robot have increased,and were introduced into various fields,especially in 1980 the robot was so spread all over the industrial field in Japan we called the year the first year of the Robot.
Japan is the country where the robot operates more than any other country in the world at present.
《A robot which serves for us the people》
On the other hand,comparing with the industrial robot,other robot who serves for us the people and is close to our live doesn’t seem to be spread over our life very much.
While the industrial robot repeats simple operation alone,and it’s their job,it seems that the robot which serves for us has been requested various movement…
【Classification according to usage on the robot】
《A robot which serves for us the people》
While the industrial robot repeats simple operation alone,it seems that the robot who serves us has been various movements according to situations. The robot whinch serves us needs more intelligence than any other industrial robot.
However the function of a computer has been good,and it becomes smaller,the situation has been improved little by little,in addition the number and kinds of the robot which serves us in actual society have increased.
In fact the robot which carries away garbage,and other robot which guards are adopted in some hospitals and some buildings. Maybe we can see the robot who serves us in an ordinary household in Japan in the near future.
However it doesn’t always mean that there isn’t any problem at all.
We have to think of more unexpected accident in the household than any other hospital and building,for the way of building room isn’t fixed,some pieces of furniture…
【Classification according to usage on the robot】
《A robot which serves us the people》
…for the way of building room isn’t fixed,some pieces of furniture which are put in the room are various. Both fire and water have been used every life usually. Family members are different each household.There is a possibility that a trifle thing causes a serious injury for an infant and the old.
Considering the practical use on the robot,it needs to be big size to some extent,but if it falls down,or if the robot which can walk steps on the hand or leg of a child by mistake,we can’t deny the possibility of an accident according to the weight of the robot.
The present robot which serves us in the household is small,for avoiding the accident has had priority over all other things.
【Exchanges between us the human and a pet robot】
《A pet robot isn’t substitution for a living pet》
A pet robot of which shape was a puppy,what is called AIBO was sold from SONY June in 1999. Its program that its…
【Exchanges between us the people and a pet robot】
《A pet robot isn’t a substitution for a living pet》
Its charming form,actions and its program of its growing according to the way of raising attracts not only enthusiasts but lots of people,but it cost no less than ￥250.000,and its number was limited to no more than 5000,so almost all of the people couldn’t buy it even if they’d wanted to do.
The pet robot had been recognized since then. There used to be the goods for the household which was named the robot until then,but their functions weren’t as high as the AIBO,and they didn’t put their personal feeling into the goods as much as the AIBO.
The shape of the AIBO resembles the living pet,so we compare it with the living one,but the more we know on the AIBO,the more we know there is difference between them.
Instead of using the name of the pet robot,SONY used the name of autonomous entertainment robot. The maker also sold the AIBO as goods which is different from a living pet.
【Exchanges between us the human and a pet robot】
《A pet and the pet robot》
Various pet robots have enlivened in our society since the AIBO appeared,but there is difference between the pet and pet robot which is common to the various pet robots. We call it what is called 飼い慣れ現象.
The AIBO has function of learning and growing,so it can’t walk in the beginning,but it learns to do and it can do even some tricks. It responds to its living surrounding and to actions from its owner sensitively. It learns to have various personality.As to those things,AIBO is as same as the living one.
However the living pet watches its owner’s various behaviors. Even if the behaviors aren’t for the living one,it learns the action with which it corresponds.
For instance,when its owner starts to have a meal,it understands the next time is its order for a meal. If the owner puts on the specific clothes,it understands its owner goes out,so it nestles up its owner,appealing to wanted to be petted so as to…
【Exchanges between us the human and a pet robot】
《A pet and the pet robot》
…appealing to want to be petted so as to prevent its owner from going out. When its owner feels ill and he or she is sick in bed,the pet falls asleep quietly as if it avoided getting worse the owner’s condition.
We can’t understand what kind of feeling makes the pet take into action like that,but from side of the owner,it thinks it can communicate with its pet at least.
Whether or not the present pet robot needs the ability,there seem to be various opinions. Instead of imitating things alone which have already existed,we should give a new ability which the pet robot alone can do,the author said like that.
《Things which the pet robot alone can do》
The AIBO of second generation which started to be sold November in 2000 has a new ability of communication which is peculiar to the robot. It can recognize a human’s language,and responds to it. It composes an accent of a word which was pronounced by a person…
【Exchanges between us the human and a pet robot】
《Things which the pet robot alone can do》
It composes an accent of a word which was pronounced by a person with an electronic compound sound,and repeats it mechanically. It can take a photo with the eyes of the AIBO,and we can look at a diary which is kept by the AIBO. We can make the AIBO connect with PC,and enjoy those functions.
There is a trial which offers the old who lives by itself the pet robot which is familiar with the old easily as supporting equipment. The pet robot which was sold from 松下電器産業 is one of them. Its appearance is an ordinary stuffed animal,and it doesn’t act like the pet.
It does an appealing action,and it speaks the human’s language. It can do easy greeting or easy conversation with its owner,and trying to communicate with the old who lives alone positively.
The pet robot shoulders a role of mental care for the old by conversing with them. Moreover the pet robot which is sold from 松下電器産業 has an equipment…
【Exchanges between us the human and a pet robot】
《Things which the pet robot alone can do》
Moreover the pet robot which is sold from 松下電器産業 has an equipment watching the old’s situation through ISDN circuit. It doesn’t watch the life of the old but when an unexpected thing happens either the old or the pet robot,the maker can handle it quickly with the system.
【The robot which takes an active part in the universe】
The universe is severe circumstance for not only us the human being but the robot.
As you know,there isn’t any air in the outer space,besides there is little gravitation there,but the actual outer space is more severe surrounding than we expect.
《Heat and radiation》
Heat is one of factors which is severe in the outer space. The outer space has no veil of the air,so it receives the rays of the sun direct.
When the robot does its work in the outer space,the temperature on the part which faces to the sun reaches 140 degree,but the temperature on the part which doesn’t …
【The robot which takes an active part in the outer space】
《Heat and radiation》
…but the temperature on the part which doesn't face to the sun goes down to minus 170 degree. In addition,the outer space is vacuum,so there is no convection of the air,when making the motor work,its heat never gives off,except for heat conduction 熱伝導 and emission.
Strong radiation also makes the outer space severe. The place isn’t protected with any magnetic a bit like the earth,it receives the radiation direct. The heat and radiation becomes a big problem on the development for the robot in the outer space.
A delicate electronic equipment can’t endure the heat and radiation which is over the fixed amount,especially the heat generates from the robot itself in which the operating part is essential.
We have to protect the robot from the high heat by the rays from the sun,making the heat inside the robot escape,and we need to warm the robot in order not to cool it so much. A design for controlling the…
【The robot which takes an active part in the outer space】
《Zero gravity and vacuum》
As a result,a design controlling the heat is very important.
Zero gravity and a vacuum is also a problem in the development on the robot. There is little gravity in the outer space,so a little motor makes a bigger robot work there,but even if it’s so,we can’t make a bigger robot for the outer space.
When launching with a space shuttle in the outer space,the heavier and bigger the robot is,the heavier the space shuttle shoulders burden,so we try to make the robot in the outer space light weight,but there is a new problem.
When operating the robot,it vibrates. When vibrating on the earth,it stops because of the gravitation and atmosphere,but when starting the vibration in the outer space,it continues for a long time.
Moreover,considering the movement in the vacuum,lubrication 潤滑 for mobile parts becomes a problem. Using a lubricanting oil and doing away with the friction on the earth,but…
【The robot which takes an active part in the outer space】
《Zero gravity and a vacuum》
…but atmospheric pressure is zero in the vacuum,so the boiling point is very low in the outer space,so the lubricant oil evaporates at once. We have to contrive a special way of handling the lubricant in the outer space.
There is the same problem in other robot which is used for a probe in a planet like the robot which works in the outer space. We need to make a structure which adapts itself to the circumstance,so the structure may be more delicate.
For example,when doing a probe in a place where there is small gravity like an asteroid,we have to design a moving implement more carefully,adapting itself to the circumstance.
If using a poor moving implement,it may spring in the outer space when starting to go ahead because of its force.
A moving implement for the probe,a rover called ソジャナー which was used in the Mars. That kind of accident didn’t happen to the rover,but a simple computer of 8 bit…
【The robot which takes an active part in the outer space】
《Zero gravity and a vacuum》
…but a simple computer of 8 bit was adopted to the rover. In general,an ordinary PC is 32 bit,so we can understand the computer which was adopted to the rover was simpler than the ordinary one.
The robot in the outer space has been developed against various hard circumstance.
【The robot which works in a danger place】
《The robot which works in an extreme situation starts to take an active part for maintaining and inspecting at a nuclear reactor or in the sea》
It is an extreme situation where we hope the robot takes an active part. Outer space is one of them,but other place is closer to us. For example,it’s a probe in a deep sea,or at a volcano right after it erupted. Besides inspection on a nuclear power plant or chemical plant whethe or not those places are safe.
Except for them,there are too risky places to go into. Instead of us the human,we hope the robot work there,and it is realizing.
【The robot which works in a danger place】
《The robot for a probe at a volcano in deep sea》
R1 robot which is autonomous in the sea succeeded in probing at a volcano in the sea of Shizuoka prefecture in 2000. A shipbuilding company and the Tokyo University collaborated the robot in developing.
It can sail over no less than 100 km automatically,avoiding obstacles and receiving indications. Making use of the ability,they made the robot go right above a crater,and probe the place automatically.
Needless to say,the volcano in the sea erupted in 1989,ten years before,so there was no possibility of dangerous when the probe was done. It was just a trial sailing for demonstrating that the automatic probe was effective.
The success has made us recognize that there is a possibility that we can use the robot at a place where the volcano may erupt in the sea,for a ship in which are crews for the probe are on board,or other manned ship for probe in the deep sea …
【The robot which works in a danger place】
《The robot for a probe at a volcano in a deep sea》
…for a ship in which crews are for the probe on board or other manned ship for the probe can’t approach because it was danger.
We need a supporting ship which moves the robot to the near place where the probe is done,and when the robot returns we have to collect the robot,then we need the supporting ship,but dangerous situation become less than before because of success of the probe.
《The robot for maintainance and inspection in a nuclear power plant》
Without taking risks,we can’t do maintainance and inspection in a nuclear power plant,so we’ve thought of taking advantage of the robot with a remote control.
One of them is a very small robot which is abele to be contained in a cube of which one side is no more than 1 cm. We make them connect each other around a pipe laying 配管 as if some people were hand in hand. We use them for the inspection.
When looking at the illustration,the small…
【The robot which works in a danger place】
《The robot for maintainance and inspection in a deep sea》
When looking at an illustration in the book,the robots are connected with something black each other,and I’m wondering if it is a chord or something.
If adopting the way,we can send the robots there as long as there is an opening where the robot passes through,and even if the pipe laying is thick,we don’t have to send robot of other type which adapts itself to the circumstance.
It’s just that we have to send one kind of small robot there what we need the number. When an accident happens and even if a few of them can’t work,if they are the ones which work as a group,they will be able to go on their work.Instead of the ones which can’t work,it’s just that we send new ones there.
Practical use for the robot has started as industrial one,but its usage goes over the manufacturing field,and it seems to be spread over varied directions.
【The robots which work close to us unexpectedly】
【The robots which have worked close to us unexpectedly】
《The robots have already worked close to us,like the one for an operation,or for keeping guard over.》
Instead of the pet robot for as an amusement,speaking of life with the robot of practical use,we’re apt to think it will be in the further future,but the robots have already started to work close to us actually.
《A robot for a surgical operation,Da Vinci》
The typical robot which is close to us is the one for an operation,especially Da Vinci which was produced by an European Company has been made use of mainly in Europe since 1998. There are no less than 600 examples for operations.
An operation for removing gallbladder 胆嚢 was done with the Da Vinci in Japan,with that as a start,the robot has been introduced into some hospitals in Japan,and it has been taken advantage of in some operations actually.
I want you not to misunderstand,the author said and his comment went on in the book like the next.
Needless to say,it doesn’t…
【The robots which have worked close to us unexpectedly】
《A robot for a surgical operation,Da vinci》
Needless to say,it doesn’t mean that instead of a doctor,the Da Vinci itself operates. Instead of adopting a operational way,using an endoscope 内視鏡 by a legal doctor,the legal doctor uses the operational robot,Da Vinci.
The endoscope which was used in an operation in the past is an equipment of a metallic tube with a light source. A lens is buried into the metallic tube.
Without cutting the body of a patient so big,inside the body of the patient is shown on a monitor by the endoscope.
As inserting exclusive equipment in a little hole of the skin,the doctor can operate,watching the movie by the endoscope. The patient will recover faster,for its body isn’t cut so much.
The Da Vinci is the one which the endoscope is advanced one more step. As inserting the robot’s arm handled by the doctor into the body of the patient,so the hole in the body is bigger than the one by the endoscope…
【The robots which have worked close to us unexpectedly】
《A robot for a surgical operation,Da Vinci》
…but the Da Vinci has finger tips which can move so delicately that it can sew up an injury which wasn’t done in an operation with the endoscope,so healing in the injury will be promoted,and the recovery of the injury will be faster.
《Other robots which are close to us》
Guarding robots have already worked,though they aren’t so in full scale as the operational one,Da vinci.
What is called guard robo which has been used in Fuji TV station as trial one for a long time is well known. It is possible for the guard robo to operate automatically completely.
It can use an elevator and move each floor. It can charge electricity with an exclusive charging equipment for itself by its own judgement.It can discover a fire,a leak of water,and a suspicious character.
It can record its movie by built–in camera,and can report or warn by its voice. We’ve never heard the guard robo took a great…
【The robots which have worked are close to us】
《Other robots which are close to us》
We’ve never heard the guard robo took a great active part yet,but nothing serious has happened means that it may be proved out that the guard robo is excellent.
There is other robot which is about to be practical use for household,and it’s a cleaning robot which cleans a room automatically. It will be sold by ダイソン.
It can’t go up and down the stairs for itself,but it can avoid an obstacle in the room and clean the room. Needless to say,it can charge electricity automatically when it needs to do. In addition,it can express its feeling with some lamps.
It can’t throw away the trash which it vacuumed for itself,so its user have do do it. There is a hose which we can attach it to the cleaning robot,so we can use it as ordinary vacuum cleaner. The book seems to express on a foreign goods.
There is a robot which is about to be used for the household in Japan. It’s PaPeRo sold by NEC. Its height is 30cm
【The robots which have worked are close to us】
《Other robots which are close to us》
PaPeRo is small,but it has an ability of communicating with people with its voice. Doing an easy conversation with people makes PaPeRo operate TV and internet.
When it has nothing to do,it acts freely as if it were one of family members. It’s a charming personal robot.
【Making use of the robot in the field of welfare】
《We hope an operation which everyone can use easily》
It seems that there are lots of robots which are close to our life. The one which we hope to be realized is the one in the field of welfare.
As an aging society has arrived,the time when the old care the other old comes there. The one who cares ruins its health because of caring for others,it changes into the one who is cared. It has been already real one.
Therefore,we hope the robot who cares for others appear,for it doesn’t get tired. We’ve hoped the robot which helps both the one who cares and the other one who is cared.
【Making use of the robot in the field of welfare】
《A thing which we hope for the robot in the field of welfare》
Except for the part of the robots like a mechanical seeing–eye dog 盲導犬ロボット,we tend to be giving an autonomous robot which judges for itself a wide berth in relation to the robot which works in the field of welfare.
Needless to say,if it looks exactly like the human,it’s no problem,otherwise we are repulsed by the robot as machine,so the base for the robot in the field of welfare is the one who cares and other one who is cared can operate for themselves.
As to the mainstream of the robot in welfare,people operate it for themselves,so it doesn’t need high intelligence,but it has some problems. One of them is an operation which everyone can handle easily.
There seem to be some robots which the old or handicapped ones have to handle,so being able to handle it easily is very important. The function which is recognized with voice is very promising,for we can make an order the…
【Making use of the robots in the field of welfare】
《A thing which we hope for the robot in the field of welfare》
…for we can make order the robot with our voice,but it’s not enough. Even if the one who is cared for speaks so unclearly that the robot can’t listen to it,we think the robot needs an ability of recognize the situation,it should guess the content of direction with the behavior of the one who is cared.
If the robot can judge a direction that adding with some words to other things which is shown with the eyes or the fingers,the action of the robot which cares for the patients will be close to a hope of the one who makes order.
《A sickroom of the robot》
The way of making use of the robot is going to be adopted to a sickroom. Setting up each kind of sensor to the sickrooms,and watching and caring for the patients. We call the idea a robotics room.
In the robotics room,without setting up any equipments for an inspection to the patient direct,the hospital can check the…
【Making use of the robots in the field of welfare】
《A sick room of the robot》
In the robotics room,without setting up any equipment for an inspection to the patient direct,the hospital can always check the situation of the patient on its respiration,tossing and turning 寝返り.
The patient’s little petty demand like wanting to drink some water is responded with the robot easily. We expect that a robot arm eases the burden on the patient.
【Taking advantage of the robot for military purpose】
《There is enough possibility that a robotic weapon is realized. On the other hand,the robot of which is made use for the peace has been developed.》
In an animation of science fiction of which main part is a scene that a robot fights with something,the robot has been made use of for the war,but is there the possibility that the robotic weapon appears?
《The possibility of realization on the robotic weapon》
In conclusion,there is enough possibility of realization on the robotic weapon.
【Taking advantage of robots for military purpose】
《The possibility of realization on the robotic weapon》
It is said that American ICBM which was deployed in the latter of 1980s carried 10 missiles,and the ICBM fired 10 missiles and hit 5 with an error within radius of 100 meters.
Its appearance is an ordinary missile,but it has an eye and brain so as to heighten its hit accuracy. If we call it the robotic weapon,it’s all right.
By the way,the book said it has eye and brain,so I’ve expressed as it was,but I’m not sure its detail.
It seems that a crewless spy plane is also the robotic weapon,but the robotic weapon which walks with its own two feet which is frequently main war potential 戦力 in animation doesn’t seem to be realized for the time being.
It is said ASIMO which walkis with its own two feet is the most advanced robot in the world. Its walking speed is no more than 1.6 k.p.h. Even if a person operates it,we can’t expect its speed increases so much.
As a result,we can’t…
【Taking advantage of robots for military purpose】
《The possibility of realization on the robotic weapon》
As a result,we can’t anticipate the robot which walks with its own two feet can take an active part in a battlefield where plenty of bullets fly.
The robotic weapon of which appearance looks like the robot is the one which has lots of feet like a centipede ムカデ,but considering its cost and ability,it doesn’t seem to surpass a tank.
When putting together a robot kit actually,we find that a foot is more complicated than a wheel on its mechanism,and its control is hard,the author said like that. Needless to say,I’ve never put together the robot kit.
It’s not the main war potential,but if it’s a purpose of supporting the soldiers at the front,there is enough possibility that the robotic weapon appears.
We make a super minimum robot of which size is smaller than a palm invade an enemy’s base and make it do subversive activism 破壊工作. We make the super minimum robot do the thing which…
【Taking advantage of robots for military purpose】
《A robot which detects a land mine. It’s possible to make use of it for peace》
We make the super minimum robot do a thing which a secret agent like James Bond in a movie of 007.
It’s not a weapon,but we tried to be though up the robot which detects a land mine actually. It may be made use of in a battlefield,but as to the robot which detects the land mine is able to be taken advantage of peace. It’s a good thing.
It was completed by a professor in Chiba University in 2000. Then it was said lots of the land mine which is from six million to ten million were buried in Cambodia. We expected it took an active part there.
Without feeling exhausted,the robot can go on working around the clock,and its efficiency is by far better than the people.
In case that the land mine explodes when detecting,human life is never lost. The robot of which is taken advantage for peace is better than the robot of which is made use for military affairs.
【Making use of robots for military purpose】
《The robot which detects the land mine》
It has six legs. A high sensivity instrument which detects a metal is installed at the tip of each leg.
Whenever it takes a step forward,each leg stops at the height of 3 cm from the ground,and tries to detect the land mine. When finding,it drops paint there,and marks the place where the land mine is buried.There is a small camera on the robot,and its remote control for the robot.
【The robot and accident】
《Even if we thought we made a complete robot,it is possibility that there is an accident which is caused by the robot.》
There isn’t way of using and a purpose for the rule on the robot,but the more we aim at making general purpose robot,the more varied its usage and environment,so we have to expect various troubles and to prepare for it.
As to the robot for practical use which is close to our life,we have to prepare for the problem which we should handle with high skill and deep knowledge.
【The robot and an accident】
《Even if we thought we made a complete robot,there is possibility that there is an accident caused by the robot.》
It’s not the industrial robot,so the one who has special knowledge on the robot doesn’t handle,so we are forced to request the robot for flexibility and generosity. The robot for practical use needs knowledge to some extent,not to say an ordinary knowledge.
Besides,as to the robot which close to our life,we have to think over its size and weight. If it’s bigger than a person,when falling down,there is fear that the people around the robot are involved in the danger.
To make matters worse,it can’t move freely in the resident space where it’s made so as to fit the size of the human.
We can hope the ASIMO with regard to the size and weight. It walks with its own two feet. Roughly speaking,its size and weight is equal to a child,so if moving in the resident area for the human,it’s all right.
On the other hand,if it’s smaller than the ASIMO…
【The robot and an accident】
《Even if we thought we made a complete robot,there is possibility that there may happen accident caused by the robot》
On the other hand,if it’s smaller than the ASIMO,it can’t open and shut the door easily,so there is fear that it can’t help people. If it’s a robot for amusement,it’s all right,but it disqualifies as robot for practical use.
We expect its knowledge is strengthened. If adding operation in which everyone can indicate the robot a direction to an ability which detect the danger,the robot will spread even to ordinary households.
《Let’s limit a damage by the robot to minimum》
Even if the robot is made perfectly,there is always the possibility of an accident to the robot. Even if the industrial robot which works under limited circumstance,an accident seldom occurs.
It’s usually a mistake by operation,but the parts which makeys up with the robot deteriorated,so sometimes the robot itself causes an …
【The robot and an accident】
《Let’s limit a damage by the robot to minimum》
…so sometimes it seems that the robot itself causes an accident. Even if the hardware of the computer is perfect,if there is a trivial error on the software,there is possible the accident is caused.
If there is a robot which has an advanced intelligence,it’s possible that the high advanced intelligence makes the robot fall into the self contradiction,and take into action which we can’t expect.
The accident which is caused by the high advanced robot is predicted in a novel,I robot ,written by Isaac Asimov.
It doesn’t have always its feeling,but it's bound by programming theory,so it looks it ends up an eccentric behavior when watching it,but if thinking that the robot isn’t a special one like other equipments,we find it natural that it causes the accident.
Even if an instrument which we can’t call a machine,it causes an accident by the way of using. There has never been a computer which is flawless yet.
【The robot and an accident】
《Let’s limit a damage by the robot to minimum》
Even if the design of the robot is perfect,various factors overturn it. It’s the reality. It is important for us to stem the accident which we can expect,at least we should try to limit it to minimum.
We’ve requested for the robot which is close to our life for the safety.
For example when making an order to a robot to put some balls which in order,from the closest one in turn,if there are some balls which are same distance from the robot,the robot will be confused.
Oh! It’s the same distance altogether. Which one should I put in order first?
【鉄腕アトム】
Its an imaginary robot,and it’s not realistic one,but when it appears through a story comic or animated film,its an epoch making. It gave a plenty of dreams for the one who watched the アトム.
Lots of people have been influenced by it,and almost all of everyone one who have taken an active role actively at the forefront of the robotic engineering set its…
【鉄腕アトム】
…and almost all of everyone who have taken active role at the forefront of the robotic engineering set for the goal for the アトム.
The P2 which sent shock waves all over the world as the robot which walks with its own two feet by HONDA,and AIBO which has opened up a market for the robot has the アトム on their conception when developing.
The ones who study and develop the robot alone have not been influenced by the アトム. Speaking of the robot,it seems that the アトム occurs to lots of people as common image for the robot in Japan.
When saying the name of the 鉄腕アトム,we can explain every kind of robot to others easily. The 鉄腕アトム is the symbolic existence at present.
【Classification for the robot by way of controlling】
《The robot has developed with an evolution of a computer》
The robot has developed with an evolution of a computer. The evolution of the computer is connecting with the development on the robot direct.
【Classification of the robot by way of controlling】
《The robot has developed with an evolution of a computer》
As the description before,the robot has appeared from the time of myth,but except for the imaginary one,almost all of them are a show,and they are no better than an automatic doll or mechanism. They can do a thing alone which was fixed,and it’s different from a modern robot.
The one which we call the robot is we can control its movement with a program. It was after 1940s the computer was invented when the robot appeared as real meaning.
《Development of the way of controlling the robot》
The way of controlling the robot is divided into 4 generation according to the time when it was born and the level of technique.
It was in 1960s when the ones which are included in the first generation like an operated robot,sequence one,the one which was controlled by numerical value.
They were used for a spat welding. They could repeat monotonous operation exactly,and instead of us the …
【Classification of the robot by way of controlling】
《Development of the way of controlling the robot》
Oh,I’ve made a mistake. It’s not the spat welding but spot welding.
…instead of us the human,it’s repeated monotonous production.
The first generation is an operated robot,sequence one,play back one,and the one which is controlled by some numerical values.
The operated robot is the one of all which part or one part of is operated by the human and its production for manufacture is done.
The sequence robot is the one which proceeds every stage of movements with set up information like orders,conditions,and location.
The play back robot is the next one. Operation of the robot itself by the human shows the robot various information like orders,conditions,and locations,and the robot takes an action according to the information.
The one which is controlled by some numerical values is the next one. Without operating the robot,showing some information for the robot,and the robot …
【Classification of the robot by way of controlling】
《Development of the way of controlling the robot》
Without controlling the robot,showing some pieces of information for the robot,and the robot itself operates according to the information.
The ones which belong to the second generation is the one controlling its sensor,and the one controlling its adaption. The one controlling its sensor is the next one.
It equips some sensors which corresponds with five sensory organs on the human,and it controls its movement according to the information on the sensor.
The one which controls its adaption is the next one. It can change characteristic according to change the adaption.
The robots on the second generation have appeared in 1970s. They have been used for arc welding which is an ordinary way of welding on welding steel metallic. We’ve made much of its flexibility which can change the contents of producing according to its objection.
The one which belongs to the third generation…
【Classification of the robot by way of controlling】
《Development of the way of controlling the robot》
The one which belongs to the third generation has appeared in the 1980s. It’s the robot which controls its learning,being based on its experience on its operation,it can do an appropriate operation.
Its equipped sensor is more advanced,and the efficiency on the perceptivity and recognition has improved sharply,besides learning ability is provided for the robot by a computer of which efficiency improved.
It can accumulate some pieces of information on the experience,and solve some problems for itself to some extent. While it has some limits as hardware,it can have general purpose,and it has been used for the robot which assembles for a production. It seems the robot approaches the human a little.
At last,the fourth generation appears,but intelligence robot which belongs to the fourth generation is unclear in relation to its definition,for the word of the definition itself has …
【Classification of the robot by way of controlling】
《Developmemt of the robot by the way of controlling 》
…for the word for the definition itself has been unclear. Without having an ordinary one,can’t we call it the intelligence? Or can we call it intelligence as long as it has the intelligence like an insect?It has been unclear,so the intelligence on the intelligence robot has been variety infinitively.
We call the time after 2000 the time of the intelligence robot which belongs to the fourth generation. The intelligence robot is the one which has an artificial intelligence. The computer has been so advanced that we can expect the intelligence robot takes an active part.
Moreover,electrical parts like memory becomes smaller and smaller,and higher advanced. It seems the distance for the level of the robot like 鉄腕アトム is far away,but the intelligence robot which is as close as 鉄腕アトム鉄腕アトム infinitively may appear in front of us in the future when we lead our everyday life.
【An operated robot】
《Development on a computer and technique on communication makes the space for the robot take an active part extend》
Speaking of a robot which is operated by the human,we tend to imagine マジンガーZ or 機動戦士ガンダム in an animated cartoon,but it is actually impossible to make a gigantic robot of which shape is the human.
We’re short of technical skill or material on structure so as to support those weight and to operate. As a result,it doesn’t seems that a person will be on board the robot. It will be operated by a person who is away from the robot. It’ll be cable operation or wireless operation.
《Operating the robot》
As to a way of operating the robot,operating driving motor on each part of the robot direct or doing them totally. There are two ways like that.
If trying to operate the motor on the part of the robot direct,we need the same number of switches as the motors,but both of the structure on the robot and the mechanism on the robot will be simple.
【An operated robot】
《Operating robot》
Almost all of the robots which we see in a contest is operated like that.
As to one more way of operating the robot,controlling motors which operate each part on the motor all together. At the time when the operated robot appeared,the way of controlling didn’t used to be easy,but with high advanced computer,it isn’t so hard at present.
We make the computer operate each part on the robot all together,and we show the robot our aimed direction with an easy operation. We don’t have to learn the the operation in details,so the term of training becomes short.
As to the wireless operation,with development on the computer and technical skill on the communication make the robot be able to do advanced things. It’s a remote control which we call it master and slave.
We operate a control stick which we call the master,and shows the robot which is away from us our direction,and makes the robot called the slave work. If being adopted the way of bilateral…
【An operated robot】
《Operating robot》
If being adopted the way of bilateral,the ability of operating the robot will improve. The slave robot recognizes the information on its sensor,and sends the master robot the information. Its the bilateral way.
If being far away,its time lag sometimes becomes a problem,but with the development of the technique skill on the communication,the problem will be solved.
Tmsuk produced by Tmsuk Co.Ltd. is a robot which is realized that kind of remote control by PHS circuit. It's a popular robot among us and often appears on TV,so it seems that lots of people have seen it.
Its shape is like the human and it has eyes of small camera and ears of mike. The one who operates the Tmsuk can do far away from the robot,taking into account the information from the robot.
The operating robot has appeared as the first generation,but its evolution continues by the latest technology even just now.
【Sequence robot】
《It can do a series of operation with a simple…》
【A sequence robot】
《It can do a series of movements with a simple circuit》
A sequence robot is the one which does a series of movements according to a fixed order which we set up beforehand. With a combination of a wiring circuit,we could make the robot do it,so from the time when it appeared for the first time,we’ve made use of it in various areas in robotic field.
Without using the computer,we could program on the movement for the robot. We could change its wiring easily,and change the order of the movement at will. We didn’t have to use the computer,so its circuit was easy to understand.
The sequence robot has been taken advantage of in various areas as industrial one at present,but being controlled by the computer is mainstream.
Controlling by PC is done,but the one which is frequently done is an exclusive computer called programmable controller. It’s a computer system for the sequence robot,its operation is by far easier than PC. We can master it in a short term,and make use…
【A sequence robot】
《Controlled by sequence》
…and we can make use of the programming on the sequence robot more efficiently. The one controlled by sequence which is used for the sequence robot has been taken advantage of an electronic appliance which is close to us. It’s a washing machine or a refrigerator.
If the situation in which it used is limited,the one controlled by sequence which is good at handling the fixed operation in turn is suitable.
The one controlled by the sequence contains an instrument of timer which controls the time of operating,and controlling situation which change its movements according to the situation.
When comparing the efficiency with the one which appeared for the first time,the modern one has been developed so much. The sequence robot has taken an active part at the forefront as industrial robot,for it goes on evolving,adopting those kinds of controlling.
《A circuit of relaying》
There is a circuit of relay in the center of the controlling the…
【A sequence robot】
《A circuit of relaying》
There is a circuit of relaying in the center of controlling sequence which changes the circuit. It can change the circuit easily which makes the robot work. The sequence robot has plenty of those kinds of circuits,and its combinations make the robot do a series of work.
Without using the computer,we can control the sequence robot,and some of robot kits which are low price are the sequence robot. Plenty of robot kits which doesn’t load tips for micro computer are the sequence robots which are close to us.
【A play back robot.】
《A robot which the human teaches how to operate with great patience and care》
We need a technical knowledge and special training to some extent in order to control the operated robot or the sequence robot. Without remembering the way of operating them or the part on the circuit,we can’t control them.
On the other hand we don’t need knowledge and training so as to control the play back robot which belongs to the…
【A play back robot】
《A robot which the human teaches how to operate with great patience and care》
On the other hand,we don’t need any knowledge and training very much so as to control the play back robot which belongs to the first generation.
《A way of showing the play back robot its operation》
When showing the play back robot itself the way of its operating,we the human ourselves operate it.
For example,if it’s a work which manufactures a metal with the hand of the robot arm,a person takes the arm of the robot by the hand,and manufactures the metal actually according to a work procedure.
The play back robot can repeat the work with the same procedure altogether as if we played back a recording video tape. The play back robot learns to be able to do the work with the way of direct instruction.
When repeating the same operation,the play back robot demonstrates its ability. As long as understanding the order on the operation,everyone can operate the robot easily,so it’s …
【A play back robot】
《A robot which we the human teaches how to operate itself with great patience and care》
As long as understanding the order on the operation,everyone can operate the robot easily,so it has been taken advantage of in various areas in factories at present,though it has a shortcoming,and it’s incapable of adapting to changing.
However the situation in which the play back robot is used doesn’t change,so it isn’t any problem at all.
《An evolution on the play back robot》
With the improvement of efficiency on the computer,the play back robot has demonstrated us its evolution like other robots in the first generation. It’s a trial of doing more efficient direct instruction by a system which is used practically of technique on virtual reality.
The virtual reality is an imaginary circumstance which is constructed in the computer. It doesn’t exits actually,but the play back robot feels it as if the place were there through some equipments,and can operate there.
【A play back robot】
《An evolution on the play back robot》
If making use of the technique on the virtual reality,the play back robot recognizes,or feels it as the one on three dimension even if it doesn’t exits there. When recognizing the robot feels,it sends the sense of touching to the one who operates the play back robot.
We the human teaches the robot how to work in the virtual area on the system of direction. There isn’t the robot there actually,but we can teach the robot with the technique of the virtual reality as if we showed the robot direct.
The content which was showed to the robot becomes data and is simulated on the computer. The data are revised according to its necessity,and directed data are sent to the robot,and we control the robot.
If using the way,the robot which we show the way of operating is in a remote place,it’s not any problem,and even if the operation was done only once,the function of playing back works efficiently.
【A robot which is controlled with a numerical value】
《Development on the computer making us control a numerical value becomes easier》
A robot which is controlled with a numerical value belongs to the first generation,but it is antithetic to the play back robot.
While the play back robot is showed the direction by the human hand direct,the robot which is controlled by numerical value is done its operation by computer indirect.
Instead of being operated by the human,the movements on each part of the robot are showed with a numerical value or some languages.
At the time when the robot controlled by numerical value appeared for the first time,the place where the robot played an active part was repeating work. Controlling the numerical value was used in order to repeat a monotonous work exactly like a spot welding.
However the development on the technology like the computer has made the robot controlled by the numerical value evolve like other robots which…
【A robot which Is controlled with a numerical value】
《Development on the computer making us control a numerical value becomes easier》
However the development on the technology like the computer has made the robot controlled by numerical value evolve like other robots belonging to the first generation.
The language controlling the robot becomes the one which is close to a natural one,and plenty of people have learned to deal with the robot controlled by numerical value at ease.
《The robot controlled with a numerical value is able to be made with a handicraft》
Some of those robots controlled by numerical value are among the robot kits. One of them is a robot arm produced and sold from イーケイジャパン. We can enjoy the robot arm by using an exclusive software as the robot controlled by numerical value.
We can designate the time on driving the motor alone,so the consumption on a battery or friction may prevent the robot repeating the same movement sometime,but if wanting to have experience…
【A robot which is controlled with a numerical value】
《The robot controlled with a numerical value is be able to be made with a handicraft》
…but if wanting to have experience on the robot controlled by numerical value,it’s a handy robot kit.
【A robot which controls its sensor】
《Lots of robots have had a sensor at present》
A robot which appeared in 1970s belongs to the second generation. Its difference between the one belonging to the first generation is it has a sensor.
Having the sensor made a revolution on the robotics world,and it divided the robots with two kinds of generations. The robot which belongs to the second generation has taken active part at the forefront as industrial robot at present.
《The sensor which gives the robot a kind of sense》
Aristotle which was a philosopher and a scientist in Ancient Greece classified the human sense into five,hearing,sight,the sense of smell,the palate 味覚,and the sense of touch. Except for the five sensory organs,it is said that the…
【A robot which controls its sensor】
《The sensor which gives the robot a kind of sense》
Except for the five sensory organs,it is said that we have senses which is more than 15. There are sensory organs in deep places of tissue 組織 like muscle or tendon 腱. Weight,the location of the body,and a way of joint bends are recognized there. We call it a deep sensory.
Other sensory organ in the semicircular canals 三半規管 in the ear is related to the sense of balance. An existence in the sense on the internal organs which has something to do with a request from the body like hunger,thirsty,fatigue,and pain has been recognized.
The robot which controls its sensor has some of senses which we the human has as sensor.
Various sensors has been developed,and a high advanced computer which can handle the information from the varied sensors becomes low cost,so the robot which controls its sensor is realized.
Having the sense with the sensor makes the robot judge its circumstance for itself.
【A robot which controls its sensor】
《Strong points on the robot which controls its sensor.》
As a result,the robot which controls its censor can change its way of action according to a situation.
As to a robot which doesn’t have any sensor in the first generation,we had to set up an objection which the robot manufactured in a fixed place.
At the time when the robot in the first generation appeared ,it repeated the same movements alone. It didn’t have any flexibility,so we had to adapt the circumstance to the robot’s movement.
As to the robot which controls its sensor has the sensor for the sight,wherever the objection which the robot manufactures is,it’s all right as long as the objection is set up in the place where the robot can move,for the robot can understand the place of the objection with its sensor for the sight.
If being able to recognize its location,either it moves to the place where the objection is set up or it draws the objection up to it,and sets up the situation…
【A robot which controls its sensor】
《Strong points on the robot which controls its sensor》
If being able to its location,either the robot moves to the place where the objection is set up,or it draws up to the objection to it,and sets up the situation in which the robot can do its movement for itself. Then it can do its own operation.
It seems that there aren’t any robots which don't have any sensors at present.
《プーチ》
It’s a pet robot at a low price. It loads three kinds of sensor for light,sound,and touching. When we speak to it,or touch it,it can recognize the movements with the sensors.
【A robot which controls its sensor for an adaption.】
《There is unknown condition. A robot which controls its sensor obtain a way of adapting the conditions》
A robot which controls its sensor for the adaption on a condition is classified into the second generation,but it’s the developed one from the robot which controls its sensor.
As to the robot which controls its sensor,it’s classified …
【A robot which controls its sensor for an adaption】
《There is unknown condition. The robot which controls its sensor obtains a way of adapting the condition》
As to the robot which controls its sensor,it’s classified the information from the sensor into a known type,and changed its manner of movement according to the situations.
Even if the information which is got with the sensor is unknown,the robot which controls its sensor for an adaption can handle it flexibly.
《Merits on the robot which control its sensor for an adaption》
For example,let’s suppose that there were some blocks of which shape and weight were varied in a box. As to the robot which controls with its sensor can look for and take out the block as long as the blocks are set up for being fixed up for selection by the robot.
However if there are some blocks which aren’t fixed like that,it is hard for the robot to catch it,for those movements haven’t been set up in the program.
If preparing for a program which…
【A robot which is controlled with its sensor for an adaption】
《Merits on the robot which is controlled with its sensor for an adaption》
If preparing for a program which handles all kinds of the block,the problem will be solved,but if there are too many the blocks,it’ll be hard in actuality. Moreover,the progrm can’t handle the block which the programmer doesn’t know.
On the other hand,the robot which is controlled with its sensor for an adaption can deal with the unknown block. It has a system which can change a way of controlling itself automatically,according to the weight and shape on the block. It is more flexible than the robot which is controlled with its sensor.
《Controlling for an adaption to a model for itself》
We the human prepare for a model for the robot which controls with its sensor for an adaption,and the robot controls itself so as to be the one like the model. The robot imagines its ideal form,and controls itself in order to approach the ideal one.
【A robot which is controlled with its sensor for an adaption】
《Controlling for an adaption to a model of itself》
The way of controlling the robot has been realized by the improvement on efficiency of the robot,but they point out that if it’s in unknown situation which no one has never had experienced like the deep sea,or the outer space,the model for the robot which is controlled with its sensor is hard to be realized.
Otherwise,it can maintain high efficiency of controlling itself.
【A robot which controls its learning】
《It analyzes a result of its action,and finds its best solution for itself》.
A robot which controls its learning belonging to the third generation is pretty close to a creature. As it’s shown with its name,it has an ability for learning,and it can reflect a result from its action over other actions after that.
It can accumulate its result from its action as information and analyzes it…
【A robot which controls for its learning】
《It analyzes a result from its action and finds its best solution for itself》
It can accumulate a result from its action as information,an analyzes it and learns to be able to take an action which is the most appropriate for itself.
《Function for learning as if it were a creature》
There are often the robots which have a function for learning among the pet robots. It’s varied from high advanced one to simple one. Being praised or scolded by its owner make the robot judge its own action whether or not it is good action for it to take.Training makes the robot the one which we can keep easily like a living thing.
A robot which is used in a competition of a micro mouse is also a kind of the one which controls for its learning. It searches for unknown maze altogether,and it can deduce the shortest route to the goal.
An excellent robot in the micro mouse can use the way of increasing and decreasing speed at a corner so as to run through the…
【A robot which controls for its learning】
《Function for learning as if it were a creature》
An excellent robot in micro mouse can use a way of increasing and decreasing speed at a corner so as to run through the shortest route,so it seems that it has a function like an intelligence robot.
When watching the action of the robot which controls for its learning,it makes us have an illusion as if it were a real creature. Considering it,it may be natural for plenty of people to feel with an action of the pet robot which has an high advanced function for learning.
《Strenghtening the learning》
There is a way of strengthening the learning on the robot. There is a stage that the robot takes information from its action and reflects it over the other action after that,but using the way of strengthening the learning,the robot can move to the next step.
It can find the most appropriate way of controlling itself by its own actual action. For example,when trying to control the movement on a…
【A robot which controls for its learning】
《Strengthening the learning》
For example,when trying to control the movement on a robot of multiple joints,it’s hard to construct its program in the brain of a human,in addition the movement which we make the robot do isn’t one in almost all of the casea,so we have to contrive the way of controlling the robot,according to the number of the movements,so trying to set up the program is very hard.
Strengthening the learning is trying to make the complicated way of controlling the robot contrive the robot for itsel. Showing the aim for an operation,making the robot repeat the trial and error on a theme over and over again,making the robot look for the most appropriate way,making the robot adopt the way as actual action.
A merit on this strengthening the learning is without being intervened by the human,using the agent program makes the robot find the most appropriate answer for itself. As a result there is enough…
【A robot which controls for its learning】
《Strengthening the learning》
As a result there is enough possibility for the robot to find the way of controlling for itsel unexpectedly. Moreover,when using other robot or circumstance on the operation in which the robot does changes,strengthening learning is done as long as there is an excellent agent program.
Strengthening learning is the robot finds the most appropriate way of controlling itsel by actual actions of the robot.
There is enough possibility that we can make create the robot which operates well in unknown situation like the deep sea or the outer space.
If there is only shortcoming,the process in which the robot tries to find the answer may be unclear,but it may be a beginning that the robot starts to possess its intelligence.
【An intelligence robot】
《We’ve expected a robot which evolves for itself appears in the 21th century》
As an efficiency on the computer has developed rapidly,a study which trying to create an…
【An intelligence robot】
《We’ve expected a robot which evolves for itself appears in the 21th century》
As the efficiency on a computer has developed rapidly,a study which trying to create an artificial brain by our own hands. The brain is equal to the one of us the human,and it’s what is called an artificial intelligence.
There has been the study on the artificial intelligence in 1950s when a practical use for the computer was in sight. It has been a thought that the excellent ability of calculating which is by far higher than the human is enough to form the artificial intelligence.
Other study which trying to set up an intellligence which is equal to the human to the robot was done with the study of the artificial intelligence.
As a result,lots of people thought it would be realized in the near future,so lots of imaginary intelligence robots were born in novels of SF.
《A reality on the artificial intelligence》
However,ominous clouds were threatening over the realization on the…
【An intelligence robot】
《A reality on the artificial intelligence》
However ominous clouds were threatening over the realization on artificial intelligence in 1970s. It was clear that reappearance of the human thought was hard for using the high advanced ability of calculating on the computer alone.
A big goal for the artificial intelligence was hold for the time being,the study became other one, trying to realize a part of the human’s ability even if it’s limited.
Needless to say,the study of intelligence robot which has the brain like the human has been done just now,but it has changed like the one on the artificial intelligence. The way of thinking on the intelligence robot is adopting the way of thinking on the human.
The study on the intelligence robot has been done from various different points of view,each field of recognition,judgement,learning,solving problem,the ones who are engaged in the study try to realize the ability which is close to us the human,and a part of the…
【An intelligence robot】
《A reality on the artificial intelligence》
…and a part of the study has started to be reflected on the development of the robot.
《The intelligence which the intelligence robot needs》
What is the artificial intelligence which the intelligence robot needs? First of all the robot has to need an ability of understanding natural language by the human. Even if it doesn’t have to expresse the natural language for itself , but it has to understand the language.
It has need the ability which adapts surrounding more than the other robot of control the learning , or controlling adaption. Without being able to adapt any kinds of circumstance and take a necessary action,we can’t call it the intelligence robot.
Therefore,it's better that the intelligence robot has the ability which evolves for itself . It’s the one which we need in the future .
The intelligence robot which belongs to the fourth general is an ideal robot in a way ,especially in Japan ,we have been …
【An intelligence robot】
《The intelligence which the intelligence robot needs》
The intelligence robot which belongs to the fourth general is an ideal robot in a way , especially in Japan , we have been greatly influenced by 鉄腕アトム , so its appearance seems to be desirable.
《Honda P2 robot》
When the robot which walked with its own feet appeared in front of us,not only specialists on the robotic engineering but amateurs who were not engaged in the robotic engineering were greatly surprised . The robot was P2 which was announced by Honda.
We used to regard the robot which walked with its own feet as natural in comics,or in animated cartoon alone ,and expect it appeared in the future,but at the time when the P2 appeared , lots of people expected it an empty dream.
When looking at the P2 which didn’t only walk,but going up and down the stairs,and pushing a cart,all of us were excited at it even if we weren’t enthusiast on the robot .
It was 1986 when the Honda started to develop the …
《Honda P2 robot》
It was 1986 when the Honda started to develop the robot which walked with its own feet, and the one who were engaged in the development used to think originally the robot was made use of every day life.The way of walking with its own two feet was led from the use every day life.
Our surrounding on leading life every day is suitable for the one in which we walk with our own two feet , so the robot which was produced by Honda became the one who walked with its own two feet was a matter of course.
The P2 robot of which height was 1.8 meters,and of which weight was 210 kilograms evolved into ASIMO through the P3 which was announced at the end of 1997.
The ASIMO becomes the small one . Its height is 1.2 meters,and weight is 43 kilograms. When being in the surrounding for us the human,there isn’t any trouble on its size.
It seems a humanoid robot will be introduced into an ordinary household in the near future.
By the way , I’m going to go into a new chapter . It’s …
By the way , I’m going to start a new chapter , it was written on sensors which control the five sensory organs on the robot.
【Kinds of sensor for the robot】
《Roughly speaking,it’s divided into the one for inside world and outside world》
The sensor on the robot is imitated the one on us the human. Lots of the robots have had it lately,but it doesn’t always mean that the robot has to possess it. There are plenty of cases in which the robot doesn’t need it.
When working in a fixed situation like in a factory,it’s just that the robot has to repeat a definite operation precisely. That kind of robot doesn’t need a sense organ like the five sensory organs.
When the robot itself has to think a way of taking an action,or to change the action itself according to its surrounding or its own condition , the sensor organ like the one of human will be sought .
《The sensor for the outside world》
The sensor which recognizes the situation around the robot is called the one for the outside world.
【Kinds of sensor for the robot】
《The sensor for the outside world》
A visual sensor which is equal to an eye,a hearing sensor for an ear,and a touching sensor which touching something makes the robot tell its condition . A way of realizing the sensor is various . Light or super sonic is used for the sensor and turning off and on a switch is used for other one.
Changing the situation into an electric signal,the sensor sends the robot its information on the surrounding.
《The sensor for the inside world》
It’s different from the outside sensor. The sensor which recognizes itself is called the one for the inside world. The sensor makes the robot recognize where the robot is,or what kinds of posture it has.
The way of realizing the one for the inside world is various like the one for the outside world , according to the used condition , or necessary accuracy .
《The way of being used the sensor》
Those sensors are loaded with the robot according to its necessity . While some orders …
【Kinds of sensor for the robot】
《The way of being used the sensor》
While some orders need a single sensor , others need some sensors . When using some sensors , roughly speaking there are two cases . While some pieces of information are used as different ones,those pieces of information are done as data to make a decision .
Almost all of the sensors are single functions,and we can’t get a compound information with the sensor.
Beforehand we the human make a program the way of judging the information with the sensor . For example , temperature the robot feels hot,or when it isn’t in a right posture,as to the leaning of degree on the robot,what number of degree should we set up for the robot ?
We the human usually set up the program according to the ability on the robot .
【A sensor which leads the robot to a course】
《The sensor recognizes a mark which leads the robot to a course , and the robot moves with the function of the sensor》
When moving the robot for itself,it needs a …
【A sensor which leads the robot to a course】
《A leading cable and a magnetic sensor》
When the robot moves for itself,it needs a sensor which finds a mark to lead the robot.
A magnetic sensor has been used in vary areas in lots of fields so as to follow a leading cable buried in the ground.
When making the robot move with the sensor,we have to dig out a ditch of which depth is about 1centimeter and bury the leading cable there . Sending an electric current into the leading cable , and making a magnetic world right over the leading cable .
The robot recognizes the magnetic world with its magnetic sensor as course which it leads. If adopting the way,we have to bury the leading cable in the floor beforehand . When taking advantage of the robot in a limited surrounding , we seldom change its course,so it doesn’t give us any trouble .
We can make the floor where the leading cable is buried flat ,so when walking there , we can do smoothly .
《A reflecting tape and a photo sensor》
【A sensor which leads the robot to a course】
《A reflecting tape and a photo sensor》
If there is a possibility that the course which the robot moves changes , we sometimes use a combination of a reflecting tape and a photo sensor . Making the robot load with a photo sensor and sticking to a reflecting tape on the ground and we make the robot follow the reflecting tape with the photo sensor .
Without sending an electric signal into the reflecting tape itself , the photo sensor which is loaded with the robot gives off light like infrared rays 赤外線 , and the robot recognizes the reflection from the tape ,and recognizes the course to move .
The more different on the rate of reflection between the floor and the reflecting tape , the higher on the percentage which the robot recognizes the course .
As to the strong point on the way of leading course , we don’t have to process to the floor , after adopting the robot was decided , we can handle it . Changing the course is easy , it’s just…
【A sensor which leads the robot to a course】
《A reflecting tape and a photo sensor》
Changing the course is easy , it’s just that we have to stick to the reflecting tape along a new course . In spite of the strong point , the reflecting tape hasn’t been used so much as the leading cable , for there is a problem on its durability .
The reflecting tape which is stuck on the floor is dirty as time goes by , and its adhesiveness also becomes weak , the reflecting tape is pulled up at the end of it gradually . Then the percentage on the recognition for the robot to the tape drops.
When leading the robot by the reflecting tape , we need to stick to the reflecting tape regularly .
Both of the leading cable and the reflecting tape are on condition that they are used indoors. It isn’t suitable outdoors like a mixed crowd , or suburb .
《A leading course in which ITS is used》
As to leading the robot outdoors , ITS which is a traffic system on the road in the near future is promising .
【A sensor which leads the robot to a course】
《A leading course in which ITS is used》
In the ITS of the traffic system on the road , there is a trial of making use of the latest technology on communicating information , and we’ve tried to maintain safety of the traffic on the road ,and a comfortable situation for the users , and smooth traffic . Automatic driving car is one of the final goals in the ITS .
In short , we’ve thought up a development on a car in which we the human don’t have to drive for ourselves , and trying to make a practical use of it on the robot .
In a present plan ,cooperating a road with a car make a driving a car automatically possible. Magnetic markers are buried on the ground at regular intervals , and the car always grasps the magnetic marker with the magnetic sensor , without deviating from the course , the car can drive for itself .
Each sensor which is loaded on the car is used so as to avoid danger like a collision .
【A sensor which recognizes …】
【A sensor which recognizes its location and direction for itself】
《The robot recognizes its location and direction which it should move by analyzing information from the sensor of light and super sonic》
A sensor which recognizes its location and direction is needed so as that the robot moves,finding the course , without being led to the course.
The robot needs to know the place where it is,or the direction where to move . It needs to judge its surrounding .
《The way of recognizing by using light and supersonic wave》
Roughly speaking , a mechanism on the sensor which recognizes its location and direction for itself is be able to be divided into two .
The one is taking advantage of a fixed light source . We set up three light source of which frequency are different in the triangle . We make the robot load the sensor which recognizes the light from those light sources.
The robot measures each distance to the light sources with the sensor , and it recognizes its location and …
【A sensor which recognizes its location and direction for itself】
《The way of recognizing by using light and supersonic wave》
The robot measures each distance to the light source by the sensor and it recognizes its location and direction with a calculation of triangular surveying.
Other way is making the robot itself load a structure of which generates the supersonic waves . Making some sensors which give off the supersonic waves load , changing angles for each sensor , making the sensors generate the supersonic waves with different angles .
Detecting the reflection which hits an obstacle and rebounds,so we can see the distance to the obstacle . Its structure resembles a bat which glides into the darkness or a fish finder which a fisherman can see the place where the fish is in a ship .
It’s not hard as structure , and the way of controlling is relatively so easy that in general it has been taken advantage of as the way of detecting the obstacle . Actually in a robot contest in …
【A sensor which recognizes its location and direction for itself】
《It is hard for the robot to recognize its location and direction》
Actually in a robot contest in which a student takes part we can often see a robot which loads the sensor of the supersonic wave .
When moving , it is hard for the robot to recognize its location and direction on both the sensor of the light and the supersonic wave . When the light and the supersonic wave gives off and it is received with the sensors and the robot judges it,there is a little time lag .
To be exact , the information on its location and direction which the robot got from the sensor isn’t the present one but the past one . As a result whenever the robot receives the information, it has to stop and to mend the error .
When the robot has to move in large area fairly , setting up the light sensor or making the robot follow the reflection on the supersonic are very hard .
【A sensor which recognize its location and direction for itself】
《It is hard for the robot to recognize its location and direction》
In this case , we’ve thought up a way of making use of the GPS which has been used for a car navigation system . Receiving a signal from an artificial satellite and checking it against the data of the map which was prepared for beforehand , it’s easy for the robot to recognize its location and direction ..
【A sensor which recognizes its own condition】
《The robot needs a sensor which recognizes its own condition in order to do a precise operation》
When trying to make the robot do an accurate operation,the robot needs a sensor for inside world which always recognizes its own condition . It comes under the robot which take into action for itself .
《The sensor which recognizes its own condition is important 》
For example , let’s think over a starting for the robot . As to the robot which has a complicated structure on joints which is close to the human…
【A sensor which recognizes its own condition】
《The sensor which recognizes its own condition is important》
As to the robot which has a complicated structure on joints which is close to us the human being,recognizing its own condition is very important after starting up .
Without recognizing whether it stands or lies down , it’s hard for the robot to take a step forward . When we try to move,if lying down , we’ll start to stand up .
On the other hand , the robot needs a sensor to recognize its own posture in order to stand up . Moreover when taking a first step , the sensor to recognize its own posture is necessary .
Using a sensor to recognize how much the joint bends is indispensable so as to try to keep its well – balanced position . Without using a sensor which is in the sole of the foot and without recognizing whether or not its sole of the foot is on the ground , it can’t take the next step .
When trying to move its arm and trying to catch something , a sensor to recognize…
【A sensor to recognize its own condition】
《The sensor to recognize its own condition is important》
When trying to move its arm and trying to catch something , the sensor to recognize a bend on the joints is necessary . The more joints on the arm , the more possible its movement is , the more delicate , the movement on each joints need to be adjusted .
Without being aware of it , we take into action of catching something , but the robot has to take each action of bending or stretching joints one by one consciously . Therefore the robot has to recognize the angle on the joints exactly .
Needless to say , without using the sensor to recognize the bend on joints , it can control its movements on each joints precisely . If using a motor to control digital , the sensor shows the robot minute bends on the each joint .
However without recognizing a result of moving the joints , when being unable to move its joints by an accidents , it can’t handle its movements . For example , trying …
【A sensor to recognize its own condition】
《The sensor to recognize its own condition is important》
For example , trying to bend a joint which is unable to bend by force ,and the robot may break its own joint .
As to a moving robot , the sensor to recognize its own condition increases . The sensor for its speed which times of the speed on its distance of the movement , the sensor for acceleration which recognizes its own posture , and a battery checker which recognize the rest of time when it can move as long as it moves with the battery .
We call a structure to recognize its distance of the movement the sensor to recognize its own condition .
《Making use of a simple sensor to recognize its own condition》
Speaking of the sensor , we tend to imagine an equipment which is something complicated , but there are simple ones according to accuracy,especially as to the sensor to recognize its own condition , we can make use of something close to us unexpectedly .
For example , we can …
【A sensor to recognize its own condition】
《Taking advantage of a simple sensor to recognize its own condition》
For example,we can make use of a switch which was used for volume on instrument of audio at the time of analog . Its angle of rotation is so little that we can take advantage of a joint of which angle of movement is limited alone .
When it's rotated,an electric change happens , and detecting it makes us know the angle of the joint .
We can make use of a little motor which we can often see in a plastic model as sensor for the speed . When sending electric current into the motor , the motor rotates , on the other hand when making the motor rotate , we can make electricity happen . We can convert the amount of electricity into the speed.
【A sensor for a remote place】
《While the sensor for the remote place has distance to some extent for the environment , it can grasp the situation on the environment》
We call a sensor which the robot recognize the situation around it the …
【A sensor for a remote place】
《While the sensor for the remote place has distance to some extent ,it can grasp the situation on the environment》
We call a sensor with which the robot recognize the situation on the environment the sensor for the outside world . The sensor for the outside world is still divided into two .
Without touching anything in the environment , the sensor can recognize the situation on the environment . We call it the sensor for the remote place . On the other hand touching something and recognizing its situation . It’s a touching sensor .
Those two kinds of sensor have been used in different ways according to its necessity .
《Property on the sensor for the remote place》
The typical one on the sensor for the remote place is the one in which light and supersonic wave are made use of . The robot emits the supersonic wave and light like infrared rays 赤外線 and it recognizes an obstacle where the light and supersonic wave were release .
When the supersonic wave…
【A sensor for a remote place】
《Property on the sensor for the remote place》
When supersonic wave and light hit something , they rebound . The sensor for the remote place makes use of the property . Both of the supersonic wave and light like the infrared rays can’t pass through any material .
When hitting , they rebound for the place where the supersonic wave and infrared wave were emitted . If examining the time and strength on the reflection , we can know the distance to the obstacle from the sensor .
The mechanism on the sensor for the remote place is so simple and inexpensive that it has been loaded with lots of the robots .
However there are plenty of materials which don’t reflect the supersonic wave or light as they are . For example , there are the ones of which surface is uneven . If its surface is uneven , when the supersonic wave and light hit , they don’t rebound for the place where those things were released .
Moreover the rebound on the supersonic wave and light are…
【A sensor for a remote place】
《Property on the sensor for the remote place》
Besides the rebound on the supersonic and light are limited with an angle on the surface . Even if the surface is even , if the surface leaned , the reflection doesn’t return to the place where the emission was done .
When using the light like the infrared rays , the color of the material is related with the amount of the reflection . While a thing of which color is white reflects the light , the one of which color is black absorbs the light , so the amount of the reflection is little with regard to the black one.
Making use of the property , a robot which follows a black line in a white field has been made sometimes , but when detecting something the property on the color is disadvantageous .
《A prospect on the sensor for the remote place》
A thing which exceeds the limit for the sensor in which the light and supersonic wave is our visual ability . We’ve expected it . The visual ability which deals with …
【A sensor for a remote place】
《A prospect for the sensor for the remote place》
The visual ability which deals with a three dimensional picture easily is an organ of vision on the human. There has been a trial of making the robot load with the visual ability .
However , even if we can make the robot load with a ccd camera , and succeed in taking in the situation around the robot as information , it’s hard for us to make the robot handle the picture as information . There are mixed pieces of information there .
Extracting the information alone which we need is very hard . As to the robot which moves , it has to deal with continuous picture one after another . Grasping the picture as plane one , or grasping the whole image quickly needs terrible ability of handling .
However detecting things which is classified with some patterns isn’t so hard , for the sensor has only to collate the picture with the fixed information . Actually if picking out a specific…
【A contacting sensor】
《A simple instrument of turning on and off the switch has been a mainstream on a contacting sensor》
Actually if trying to find a specific color or a specific form its environment around the robot , an ability on an ordinary PC is enough . We don’t need the robot .
As its name shows , a contacting sensor is the one which makes contact with something and detects its existence . It’s different from the sensor for the remote place . Its characteristic is it is hardly influenced by the environment around it .
《A touching sensor》
One of typical contacting sensor is a touching sensor which detects something . It’s used for detecting an obstacle , or catching and taking off it . The sensor has been loaded with a pet robot frequently , then the pet robot can detect being touched or being patted by a person .
Unexpectedly a simple one on the mechanism for the touching sensor is mainstream . What is call a switch has been made use of as the touching sensor frequently …
【A contacting sensor】
《A touching sensor》
What is called a switch has been made use of as the touching sensor frequently , the switch with turning on and off makes the robot recognize it touches something , especially the way of handling a projecting thing and the way of using a flexible electrical conductive film have been used in varied areas .
As to the former , when the projecting thing touches something , it goes down and the sensor is turned on . As to the latter , the flexible electrical conductive film transforms , the sensor works .
When wanting the sensor to cover a wide area , we increase the number of the switche , Increasing the number of the point and making use of it as plane .
Except for the contacting sensor of the structure of the switch , plenty of contacting sensor has been developed . There is the one in which the property on light has been taken advantage of .
Confining light in the glass , the sensor detects by touched something . Its shape resembles a …
【A contacting sensor】
《A touching sensor》
Its shape resembles a fingertip , so we call it the touching sensor which loads the fingertip .
By the way I doubt whether or not the glass can confine to the light , but the glass is white and the light can’t pass through the glass .
When something touches the glass in which the light is confined , the part where being touched shines brightly . A sensor which recognize a picture detects the situation , and sends the robot the information on the touch .
《A pressure sensor》
When wanting to know how hard it is , we used a pressure sensor . Plenty of the pressure sensors are the ones which we take advantage of electric change by crookedness of a metal.
It’s indispensable for the robot which deals with both hard and soft things , but controlling the sensor is very hard .
There is a thing which we add a power too much breaks . The robot is poor at handling it . Neither the robot could hold an egg nor shake hands with a person until lately .
【Controlling the feedback】
《It’s necessary and indispensable way of controlling for a robot which loads each sensor》
The robot which loads the sensor controls a feedback without exception . Controlling the feedback is the way of controlling information of which takes advantage efficiently from each sensor .
《Controlling the feedback》
We often compare the feedback to driving a car . When we try to drive a car , we make sure the situation on the road with our own eyes , and operate a steering wheel , brake , or shift a gear according to the situation on the road .
For example , if the road in front of us is curved to right gently , we make sure it with our eyes and cut the steering wheel to the right and handle the situation , and after that we return the steering wheel to the place where it is .
It’s a basic way of thinking on controlling the feedback . Making sure the situation , and taking into a proper action so as to achieve our goal according to the situation . After we …
【Controlling the feedback】
After we achived our goal , if the situation changes , we take into action according to the situation . We deal with the changing situation by repeating it .
As to the robot , it makes sure the situation with its sensor , being based on the information ,it chooses a proper action .
When taking into action , if the situation changes , taking in new information from the sensor and taking into action according to the situation . The robot handles the changing situation by the repetition .
《Controlling the feed forward.》
Controlling the feed forward is antithetic to controlling the feedback . Without making sure the situation around it and taking into action , it acts, being based on the information which the robot has . It’s controlling the feed forward .
If comparing the way of controlling the feed forward to driving a car by a person , it is as if we drove with a blindfold . If having a right information , the robot won’t happen a self inflicted …
【Controlling the feedback】
《Controlling the feed forward》
If having a right information,the robot won’t happen a self inflicted accident ,but it can’t handle an unexpected situation that a child runs out into a road ,but if adopting the way of controlling feed forward , the robot doesn’t have to make sure the situation around it , so it can take into action quickly .
We can make use of the combination of the feedback and feed forward . Memorizing the information by the feedback makes the robot action quick by the feed forward . There are plenty of robots which adopt the combination as one of learning function .
【Three general rules on robotic engineering】
1 The robot must not harm any people . It must not injure any people by overlooking the danger .
2 The robot must obey an order by a person , but if the order is against the 1 ,it isn’t applied for the robot .
3 As long as there is no feat that the robot is against the 1 and 2 , it must protect itself .
They are the three …
【Three general rules on robotic engineering】
They are the three general rules on the robotic engineering . The ones who are engaged in the robotic engineering have been influenced by the three general rules .
Though it was written in a fiction 『I robot 』 by Isaac Asimov . The novel is his masterpiece , and the three general rules weren’t only written in the opening of the book , but plenty of writers on SF fiction have written a novel the three general rules .
The three general rules are so logic and are such the sound remarks that lots of people have supported them . Apart from that we can’t make the robot in accordance with the three general rules , we think we can lead our life with the robot which is accordance with the three general rules
However the three general rules aren’t always perfect . It has possibility of causing a contradiction , and Asimov showed us it humorously as material for the novel .
I’m going to express a robot arm which is high needs.
【A robot arm which we need in various areas】
《Instead of a hand of the human , the robot arm can operate so much that it can take an active part in varied places》
There is no rule on a form of the robot , and lots of the robots are close to a creature in regard to its form , but we don’t have to make them look like the creature as long as they accomplish their purpose . As long as the form is suitable for the use , any kind of shape is all right .
The robot doesn’t have a fixed shape , but it seems that we’ve frequently seen the one which remind us of the arm of the human . It’s the robot arm . We sometimes call it a manipulator , but strictly speaking , the two of them aren’t the same one .
The manipulator is a machine which can operate each work and its shape resembles the arm of the human , on the other hand , the robot arm has an ability of judging for itsel to some extent .
Instead of the human , it's suitable to handle such the varied operation that we’ve frequently seen …
【A robot arm which we need in varied areas】
《Instead of a hand of the human , the robot arm can operate so much that it can take an active part in various places》
Instead of the human , it’s suitable to handle such the varied operation that we’ve frequently seen the robot arm . As a result ,as to the place is accompanied by a dangerous situation if trying to do by the human , the robot arm has been taken advantage of positively there .
《The robot arm which operates in a dangerous place》
For example , let’s think of an operation in outer space . In the outer space where there is hardly influence on gravitation , we the human carry away a heavy thing for ourselves .
However the outer space which isn’t protected by surrounding like the earth is a risky place . Even a trivial error is a matter of life and death there , so the robot arm which can operate the same work as the human has been used .
There are lots of dangerous places for us to operate on the earth,though they aren’t …
【A robot arm which we need in varied places】
《The robot arm which operates in a dangerous place》
There are plenty of places for us to operate on the earth , though it’s not as dangerous as the outer space .
The safety has been secured with a high possibility in a nuclear power plant ,but it has been demonstrated that it’s not always safe there with the form of an accident .
Instead of operating the work for ourselves,being worried about our own safety , we should develop the robot arm which is a substitute for the human and make use of it positively .
A place where a dangerous medicine is handled is the same . Preparing for the worst , the robot arm seems to have been taken advantage of often . In addition , the robot for operating in a high place like a wiring work has been developed , so we’ll come across it every day life in the near future .
《The robot arm which operates in a place which is close to us》
As to an example which isn’t indifferent to us , an introduction of …
【A robot arm which we need in varied place】
《The robot arm which operate in varied place which is close to us》
As to an example which isn’t indifferent to us , an introduction of the robot arm has been examined for a field of welfare in which plenty of work force is indispensable .
It doesn’t always mean that instead of the human, the robot works as perfect autonomous type. It’s the robot arm which assists the human. It cares for the people with a remote control, or receiving direction from the people in the place and helping the people do a heavy labor.
As I've expressed before, the robot arm for a surgical operation has been in the step for a practical use. It is used so as to promote to cure a patient rather than a substitute for a person.
As to an surgical operation by the robot arm, its gaping wound becomes so small that to the days when getting out of the hospital is short. Needless to say, instead of the robot arm itself operating, a doctor does.
In short, the robot arm …
【A robot arm which we need in varied places】
《The robot arm which is operated in various places and is close to us》
In short, the robot arm has been made use of as high advanced medical instrument . The surgical operation from a remote place may have been done in the future .
Instead of going to a doctor who has a high technical profession, a patient will be able to receive an operation or a diagnosis in a medical institution where there is little burden for the patient in the near future.
【The structure on the robot arm】
《While being aiming at the same function as the human, an original structure has been developed》
The arm of a human is the model for the robot arm. Its ultimate goal is flexibility on the arm of the human and realization of general purpose of being able to take advantage of various works.
However as long as it’s not used as artificial hand, it doesn’t have to be the same structure as the arm of the human. Needless to say, it isn’t hard to make the structure …
【The structure on the robot arm】
《While being aiming at the same function as the arm of the human, an original structure has been developed》
Needless to say, it isn’t hard to make the structure close to the arm of the human on the function, but it’s different from the arm of the human which moves unconsciously, it has a shortcoming that we have to control every movement on the robot arm consciously.
Without being the structure we can control easily as much as possible, we can't operate any works smoothly .
《How much do we allow the robot to give its movement on the joints?》
The robot arm which operates on behalf of us the human has the most important condition . How much do we allow the robot to give its movement on the joints? It means the number of direction that the robot arm can move its joints.
The more the joints, the more the movements, and the more flexible its movements become,and the harder to control it. As to the robot arm which operates on behalf of us the human,it …
【The structure on the robot arm】
《How many joints do we allow the robot to give its movements?》
As to the robot which operates on behalf of us the human, it needs six joints at least which moves . The arm of the human has seven, but if having six, it can catch a thing like the arm of the human.
As to the structure on the joint, the robot arm doesn’t have to be the same as the arm of the human. The structure on the multijoints of being able to bend or rotate like the arm of the human is being able to be move delicately.
On the other hand its control becomes harder, so when trying to achieve the movements of six direction of the joints, increasing the joints of slide type which we can control easily.
By the way, I've expressed the joints of slide type which we can control easily, I’m not sure of it in details. I've tried to examined it with the internet,but to my sorrow, it’s too hard to understand. If you’re interested in it, please search for it for yourself.
【Multifingered hand device】
《While it's suitable for grasping various things,it’s hard to control it》
A hand is equipped to the robot arm so as to deal with a work. One of them is multi fingered device which has some fingers. If making the robot have a function which is close to the human, flexibility on its movements is close to the human.
When comparing the multifingered hand with other structure on the hand, it’s close to the human,so we can make it have general purpose.
《Characteristic on the multifingered device》
If equipping the multiple fingered device,without being tied to its shape and material, the robot arm can handle lots of things. Equipping a sensor to the finger tip of the multiple fingered device, when grasping the things the robot arm investigates the material of ther thing,and it can examine how much friction is caused by the catch.
The robot arm can change the way of catching with the investigation. It can carry out an action of grasping accompanying slide…
【Multi fingered device】
《Characteristic on the multi fingered device》
The robot arm can carry out an action of grasping, accompanying a slide action intentionally, and it can grasp it again.
When expressing the multi fingered device, it seems the best for the robot arm, but the way of controlling is so hard that it prevents us from putting to practical use.
As to the sensor which is loaded to the finger tip,we need a smaller one with high advanced performance.
A finger has plenty of joints,the more finger, the harder to control them. We the human catch a thing easily, but if trying to make the robot do the same thing, we need plenty of technical skills and devices.
《Proper number on the finger》
As to the multiple fingered device, the more the number of the fingers, the more it can deal with various things.
For example, if the robot arm has plenty of fingers like a sea anemone イソギンチャク, it must have grasped a thing of every shape exactly, though its size and weight are limited.
【Multi fingered device】
《Appropriate number on the finger》
On the other hand, the multi fingered device which doesn’t have lots of fingers has a proper use. It’s grasping a small thing.
It is thought the way of using a pair of chopsticks is suitable for its use. Dexterous 器用なmovement as if we handled a pair of chopsticks,grasping an azuki bean with a pair of chopsticks one by one and carry it to the plate.
The right way of using the pair of chopsticks is fixing one of pair of the chopsticks and moving the other according to the nature of the thing which we try to catch.
When trying to control the multi fingered device which doesn’t have lots of finger,it is easy to handle,and is efficiency.
【Adactyly 無指 hand】
《It lacks general purpose,but it has high reliability for grasping under a fixed condition》
There is the multi fingered device which catches a thing with its fingers, there is adactyly which doesn’t have any fingers. Both of them are loaded to the tip of the robot arm…
【Adactyly 無指 hand】
《It lacks a general purpose,but has high reliability under a fixed condition》
Both of them are loaded to the tip of the robot arm,and catch a thing,but the adactyly make much of the reliability more than the multi fingered device.
《Classification on the adactyly》
Without having any finger, there are some ways of catching a thing,and the adactyly which adopts a vacuum adhesive pat has been used frequently until at present.
The thing which it can catches is limited, but without giving any damage, it can move it.
The robot arm in a space shuttle which was operated by a Japanese astronaut was the adactyly. The way of grasping a thing is suitable in the outer space where being able to move a thing with small power,and the reaction of the power have influenced greatly.
However,as to the way of grasping the thing,it has to fit up to a shaft to the thing it catches. In short,without being fit up to the shaft,it can’t grasp it. Almost all of the adactyly have some …
【Adactyly 無指 hand】
《Classification on the adactyly》
Almost all of the adactylit’s have some limits to the thing which the adactyly tries to catch even if it has any kind of way of grasping. Saying in other words, as long as the thing which adactyly tries to catch fits the limit, it has reliability that it can catch all kinds of thing.
As a point of view on general purpose, the adactyly is antithetic to the multi finger device.
【Multi functional hand】
《Without being close to a person’s hand, equipping some functions which are appropriate to some works》
Main purpose on both the multi fingered device and the adactyly is catching and moving,though two of their forms are different.
Except for the actions, the multi fingered hand can operate various works,but what it does doesn’t surpass the ability of a person.
The goal on the multi functional hand isn’t substitute for a hand of a human itself. Instead of grasping a thing,its main purpose is processing it,so the one to which some …
【Multi functional hand】
《Without being close to a person’s hand, equipping some functions which are appropriate to some works》
Instead of grasping a thing, its main purpose is processing it, so the one to which is fixed up an instrument at the tip of the robot arm is a special hand, and the multi functional hand can change its manner of using to suit the occasion.
《Changing manner of using the special hand》
Roughly speaking, the changing manner of using the special hand is two.
The one is setting a disc on the robot arm,and some instruments are fixed up on the disc,but the it’s limited to install the single special hand alone,and the number of the instrument are also limited,but when working and one instrument doesn’t fit for the work, we can change other instrument on the special hand there at once according to the situation.
In an operation in which several kinds of instruments are necessary, the robot arm which has the functional hand is suitable for the operation.
【Multi functional hand】
《Changing manner of the special hands》
The other is changing manner of using several special hands by a structure for moving or removing. Equipping the structure for moving or removing in which electro magnetic is adopted is used at the tip of the robot arm,so we can install the special hands of which standard is the same easily.
A mechanical lock is equipped and it prevents the special hand from removing. It seems that we need a complicated apparatus on the robot arm so as to control the special hands,for we have to different works with the special hands.
However, it’s just that the robot arm sends the special hands an energy for operating. Actual operation is done by the special hands,so the robot arm does the same operation altogether,but it can change manner of using several number of the special hands.
If there is a demerit on the special hands, whenever we want to do other operation with them,we have to change the special hand to other one.
【Multi functional hand】
《Changing manner of using the special hands》
In addition,we have to stop the operation once and to move the robot arm to the place where there is a robot hand which we need.
If wanting to change the manner of using the special hands alone,we don’t have to use the robot arm of the special hands. There is a way of preparing for the robot arm which has several different special hands.
Controlling all the different special hands by a single person may be hard,but there are some number of operators who deal with the special hands, even if there are complicated operations,the operations will be able to be done efficiently.
【Operation for the robot arm】
《Main way of operating it is done by two joysticks》
There isn’t fixed any rule on the operation of the robot like driving a car,for the robot is develpoping,and an easier instrument of operating the robot has been searched at present, but there is a way of operating robot which has been made use of in vary areas.
【Operation for the robot arm】
《Main way of operating it is done by two joysticks》
The joystick has been taken advantaged of in an arm robot which is loaded in a space shuttle. We make use of two control sticks called joy sticks. They are equipped both on the left and right.
《Operation by the joysticks》
As to the operation by the joysticks, We decides the location of the tip on the robot arm with the left one, and we operate the finger tip of the robot arm with the right one.
The operation by the combination of the two joysticks shows the robot arm various directions. If adopting the way of using the joysticks, its operator has to be trained enough so as to operate the robot arm well.
As Japanese astronaut,Wakata has been evaluated highly on the technical skill for operating the robot arm, the ability of the operator reflects on the operating efficiency as it is. It’s a characteristic for the way of using joysticks.
《To easier way of using operation system》
If it’s the robot …
【Operation for the robot arm】
《To easier way of using operation system》
If it’s the robot which operates works with technical skills, it’s just that we have only to train a skillful operator,but if considering taking advantage of the joystick everyday life,it doesn’t seem the operation by the joystick isn’t suitable.
Without having special knowledge,or without being good at handling a machinery,without being able to use an instrument,we can’t deal with the robot arm easily every day life.
Therefore,a way of setting up a sensor to a human’s hand and operating the robot arm by the movement of the hand has been developed.
If adopting the way,we have to know some ways of operating the robot arm,but it won’t take much time until we can handle the robot arm. It doesn’t need for special knowledge on the machinery so much.
As long as we can fix up the senfor accurately,everyone learns to make use of the robot arm at ease. As to easy way of setting the sensor easily,there is a way using…
【Operation for the robot arm】
《To easier way of adopting operation system》
As to an easy way of setting the sensor to a hand,a cyber glove has been considered. Its shape is like an ordinary glove. The sensor is incorporated into the glove. If wearing the glove, we can operate the robot arm. It will decrease the burden from the operator.
【A remote control】
《Realization of the remote control is important for a robot which has a possibility of taking an active role close to us.》
Lots of people have been interested in the remote control for the robot lately. Its big factor is the robot can operate in even a danger place for us the human,but the robot arm has other strong point.
If comparing the robot arm with a hand of a human,it’s in no way of inferior to the hand of the human,so we’ve expected it’ll take an active role close to us on behalf of the human.
《A strong point for the remote control on the robot arm》
We think of caring for or medical treatment at home by specialists …
【A remote control】
《Strong point for the remote control on the robot arm》
We’ve thought of caring for or medical treatment at home by specialists at a distant place. With an aging society neat at hand, we’ve sincely hoped to enrich a nursing or the medical treatment at home.
However if dispatching the specialists each home actually,the number of the specialists aren’t enough,and we can’t ignore the expense for their movement,so it is considered a nursing and medical treatment by the remote control of the robot arm.
Broad band has been made use of for the remote control. The broad band is a communication circuit of large amount of capacity with high speed.
If using the robot arm of a bilateral way,combination with a TV monitor, high advanced operation is done by the robot arm. Bilateral means both sides. The feeling of a patient is sent to the one who cares for the patient with the bilateral way.
《A problem on the remote control》
As to the problem on the remote control is …
【A remote control】
《A problem on the remote control》
As to the problem on the remote control is difference on the time between the actual movement of the robot and directions by an operator. The farther its distance is, the more its time passes,so the difference between two of their time becomes bigger.
If doing the operation by the internet,its problem becomes bigger. When controlling the robot arm for the outer space through an communicating satellite,the problem is the same.
If there is difference on the time between the direction and the movement,the robot can't only operate smoothly, and it’s hard for the robot to grasp a thing,if it isn’t fixed.
A way of controlling bilateral by foreseeing is considered a solution for delaying time on the communication.
Instead of making sure of a result of the movement on the robot arm with a monitor, when operating,the operator watches a picture of three dimension in which the result of the movement on the robot arm is simulated.
【A remote control】
《A problem on the remote control》
The way makes the operator feel its operation smooth,but in this case,the robot need autonomous knowledge to some extent.
For example,if there is possibility of colliding with something,the robot arm reduces its speed in order to avoid the collision automatically. That kind of efficiency is needed.
When operating wih a cooperation of some robot arms,if they have the autonomous ability of avoiding the danger,the ability will be able to prevent the robots from causing an accident.
【A problem on an operation in the outer space】.
《There is no gravitation and being unable to fix anything in the outer space,so there are plenty of problems on making use of the robot arm》
With a launching of an artificial satellite,a Sputnik 1,by the Soviet Union in 1957, the space development has brought us plenty of scientific data on essence and origin of the solar system and the cosmos.
【A problem on an operation in the outer space】
《There is no gravitation and being unable to fix anything in the outer space,so there are lots of problems on making use of the robot arm there》
At the same time,plenty of the artificial satellites which are about to fall pieces have been left on the orbits,and they are obstacles for other man–made satellite which will be launched in the future.
The wreck like those artificial satellites which don’t work is called space debris,and there is a possibility that they may collide with a space station of which building has already started.
The wreck goes around the orbit so fast that even if it’s even a small fragment,there is a dangerous possibility of causing a serious accident.
The robot arm which takes an active role in the outer space isn’t only made use of building the space station,of inspecting and repairing the artificial satellites,but of excluding the dangerous things like the space debris.
If we recognize a thing which we …
【A problem on the operation in the outer space】
《There is no gravitation and being unable to fix anything in the outer space,so there are lots of problems on taking advantage of the robot arm there》
If we recognize a thing with which we deal,handling it isn’t so hard,otherwise there are lots of problems waiting for us.
One of problems is free rotating movement for a thing which we handle. Even if it looks the debris on the orbit as if it stood still there from the ground on the earth, its cycle of rotating is in harmony with the rotation of the earth,so the debris goes on moving with complicated rotation.
Without being able to foreseeing its movement,the robot arm can’t catch it. Besides, the robot arm needs to predict its weight and material to some extent.
The second problem is the power of reaction from the robot arm and occurrence of reaction force. The robot arm on the ground of the earth is fixed anywhere,so when moving,the robot arm isn’t influenced by the reaction power.
【A problem on the operation in the outer space】
《There is no gravitation and being unable to fix anything in the outer space,so there are lots of problems on taking advantage of the robot arm there》
On the other hand,a space ship or a space station where the robot arm is fixed up is the one which floats in the outer space. They aren’t fixed anywhere,so the reaction power from the movement of the robot arm has influence on the location or the position for the space ship or the space station direct.
As a result,the robot arm has to possess ability of restraining its reaction power.
When moving the robot arm in the outer space,there is the third problem,it’s a touching way when it tries to grasp a thing in the outer space.
Without being able to touch it skilllfully,and without getting the difference between the speed and direction of the robot arm and the thing smaller gradually,there is fear that the thing will be apart from the robot arm by the touching shock.
If worst come to…
【A problem on the operation in the outer space】
《There is no gravitation and being unable to fix anything in the outer space,so there are plenty of problems on making use of the robot there》
If worst come to worst,the robot arm may be broken.
It seems that the outer space is fairly close to us,accompanying by development on the technical skill in recent years,but as a failure of launching a rocket shows us, the existence of the cosmos is far away from us.
When launching a rocket or putting the robot arm in the outer space,we find it hard to repair or exchange their parts. In short,even if it’s in a severe circumstance like outer space,the robot arm needs a durability which stands for a long time.
『R2–D2』
The R2–D2 is a robot which has three legs and appears in a SF film,Star Wars which describes a long battle between a bad force in the empire and a rebel army which opposes the empire.
Its first film was shown in 1977,since then lots of fan of the film were born,and the R2–D2
『R2–D2』
Lots of fans of the film were born since 1977, and the R2–D2 is the robot which appears through the first film to the fourth one.
By the way,I have little knowledge on the film,and the book on the robot which I’ve expressed seems to be written in the time the fourth film was shown. It’s around 2000,and after that I don’t know almost anything on the movie.
To return to my main topic,I’m going to start again.
In the first film,the R2–D2 played an important role. The princess of Leia in the rebel army entrusted the robot a plan for a strong weapon. She was captured,and R2–D2 was passed from one person to another,and finally belonged to the hero,Luke Skywalker.
Then from that time,his adventure has started.
As you know,other humanoid robot,C–3PO appears in the film,but it seems that it isn’t as popular as the the R2–D2. It can understand the language of the human,so it’s different from the R2–D2 which can’t understand the language. And it can take into action like a person…
『R2–D2』
And it can take into action like a person,but it isn’t as popular as R2–D2. Why?
R2–D2 played an important role in the film,so it’s more popular than C–3PO,but we can see a kind of our expectation to the robot is half hidden there.
C–3PO is high advanced as robot,but it’s very common as human. We can’t see anything special of which ability surpasses the human in C–3PO. We the human want something wonderful which we don’t have,and may be attracted by it,
By the way the series of the film,Star Wars goes on at present. What kind of conspicuous activity does the robot show us?
The author ended his column like that,but I’m not sure whether or not the film goes on at present. If it’s over,I’m sorry for it. I’m going to start a new chapter,a structure on the movement for the robot.
【The structure on movement for the robot】
《There aren’t any almighty implement on the movement for the robot,so we change the manner of using according to the situation》
The robot didn’t used to…
【The structure on movement for the robot】
《There aren’t any almighty implements on movement for the robot,so we change manner of using according to situation》
The robot used to be adopted in a limited place like a factory as industrial one,so we hardly need the structure on movement for the robot. The only one which was equipped the structure on movement was the robot which carried materials.
However,with increasing a place where the robot plays an active part, the importance of the structure on movement has increased. The structure on movement has been indispensable in order that the robot works efficiently in an extreme situation for the human where there is lots of dangerous things or that the robot works at the place which is close to us.
The structure on movement which spreads its its radius of action has been necessary.
《Various structure on movement》
It is a way of walking with its own two feet which has been paid attention than any other way at present.
【The structure on movement for the robot】
《Various structures on movement》
The way of walking with its own feet needs such a very advanced technical skill for controlling the robot that we’d doubted whether or not its realization came true until lately,but the appearance of the robot which walks with its own two feet makes us feel it’s not a fantastic story.
As to the robot which walks with its own two feet,we hope it takes an active role in our environment where the human being who walk with its own two feet,but the way of walking with its own feet isn’t always almighty.
When moving in a huge place outdoor, the way of moving with a wheel is more suitable. It has been used for vehicle like a car,and it has been completed technically,so controlling it is easy.
Its moving speed is enough,if using in a leveled land of a city,it can take into action enough. Even if it’s not the leveled land,without any big obstacle, a way of using crawler of which caterpillar is wound around the …
【The structure on movement for the robot】
《Various structure on movement》
Even if it’s not the leveled land, as long as there isn’t any big obstacle,a way of using a crawler of which caterpillar is wounded around the wheel is adopted. The way of using the crawler has been adopted for car which is used in an agricultural land, construction site or snow road.
It’s established technical skill like an ordinary running way with a wheel,and there is high reliability for it.
In a wasteland or a place where there are lots of obstacles,a way of walking with multi feet is suitable. The longer the feet, the easier we can overcome the obstacle,a valley or a bump.
If using the way of walking with own two or three feet,it’s hard for it to keep its balance in the unleveled land,but if it’s multi feet which is by far more than two or three feet,it can keep its balance,even if some feet are in the air…
【The structure on movement for the robot】
《Various structure on movement》
…even if some feet are in the air,it can keep its balance with its other feet on the ground. For example,in a big city which was collapsed immediately after a big earthquake,it can move at will there.
《The structure on movement in the future》
We’ve expected greatly that the way of walking with no foot with a view of point that it can move at will even if it falls into every kind of hard situation,though it has never been completed technically.
For example,as to the robot which moves as if it were a snake, as long as there is a small space for its head,it can pass through debris and obstacles,and reach the inner part.
If we can imitate the structure on movement for the snake completely,the robot will be able to slide up on to a electric light pole or a tree. Even in a marshy place or sandy soil where our feet are likely to sink, it may be able to move as if it slided.
As to the same way of walking with no…
【The structure on movement for the robot】
《Various structure on movement》
As to the way of walking with no feet,the way of moving of a worm has been examined.
When thinking up the structure on movement for the robot,we’ve frequently referred to the movement of an insect,but it doesn’t always mean that we adopt its way.
For example,there is a way of hybrid which adopts two ways of moving at the same time. If using the way, we can match a wheel and multi foot,and change manner of using according to the situation.
【A driving way of using wheels】
《A number of wheels changes a way of using and the degree of difficulty》
Speaking of a driving way of using wheel, while a four–wheeled vehicle occurred to us,the driving way of using wheel which has been used more than any other one is using two wheels,and each wheel is driven by different motors.
《The driving way of using two wheels》
The reason why the driving way of using two wheels is we can control it easily. We can make both the …
【A driving way of using wheels】
《The driving way of using two wheels》
We can make both of each left and right wheel drive with different motors,so when changing a direction on rotation of the wheel,we can make the driving way of using two wheels go forward,back,turn right or turn left at will.
By the way, the driving way of using two wheels is the one like the next,according to the illustration on the book.
Roughly speaking its body is a rectangular parallelepiped 直方体 and two wheels are put each side. When making each wheel rotate opposite direction each other, it can circle,so it can easily make sharp turns. As a result it can change its direction even in a small space.
As it adopts the two wheels,so its body is compact, and it’s one of strong points.
On the other hand,keeping its balance is hard,though its balance is influenced by its height. When moving slowly, there is almost no problem,but when moving quickly,its body inclines backward.
When accelerating suddenly,if worst…
【A driving way of using wheels】
《The driving way of using two wheels》
When accelerating or braking suddenly,if worst come to worst,there is a feat that it overturns. There is a way of avoiding overturning. Setting a safety wheel of which shape is ball prevents it from overturning,but we can’t deal with the sudden change of the speed with the safety wheel enough.
《The driving way of using four wheels》
If adopting the driving way of using four wheels like a car, the shortcoming of the driving way of using two wheels on its balance is overcome.
If changing its structure into the one which is used for a race,it can move with high speed,but when changing its course,it can’t do as quickly as the driving way of using two wheels.
The driving way of using four wheels is controlled by front wheels,so it can’t circle there on the spot,and its control has to be changed according to its speed,so its control is harder than the driving way of using two wheels.
There is other way on the…
【A driving way of using wheels】
《The driving way of using two wheels》
There is other way on the driving way of using four wheels. It’s four wheel drive 四輪駆動,but it’s different from the one which is used for an automobile. When changing course, it changes the direction on rotation of the wheels like the driving way of two wheels.
Controlling it is easy,but it can't make sharp turns there on the spot,but as to its power and speed,it’s better than the driving way of using two wheels.
《The driving way of using six wheels》
A rover which was used for a probe in the Mars is six wheel drive which is an extension of the four drive wheel. A suspension which makes some tires touch on the ground at least is used for the suspension,so even if it’s in an uneven place,it didn’t lose its drive 駆動力. We call it the structure of Rocker Bogie.
As to its structure,I can’t express it with my poor English,but its moving image is shown in YouTube ,so if you’re interested in it, please look at it.
【A driving way of using wheels】
《The driving way of using six wheels》
The car with six drive wheel doesn’t go into a small space,so the six drive wheel which can’t make sharp turn easily is all right.
There is other type. Though it’s the same driving way of using six wheels,its center two wheels alone work,and other four wheels are used as safety tires. It’s basically the two drive wheel,so its mobile efficiency that it can turn easily turn sharp is made full use of.
There are four safety tires both front and back in the six drive wheel, so its whole body becomes big, but its balance is steady,so it can stand the change of its speed to some extent.
【The driving way of using a crawler】
《A caterpillar is used for the driving way. It can move in an uneven land easily》
It’s called a moving car with a caterpillar. Covering some tires with a belt can get a wide grounding 接地 area. We can handle some wheels covered with the belt as single wheel,so its control is almost as same as the …
【The driving way of using a caterpillar】
《The caterpillar is used for the driving way. It can move in an uneven land easily.》
We can handle some wheels covered with the belt as single wheel,so its control is almost as same as the two drive feel.
The typical one on the driving way of using the crawler is a tank. It can move in uneven place at will,and when rotating each of the left and right crawler in different direction,it can circle there on the spot.
《A strong point on the driving way of using the crawler》
The driving way of using the crawler has been made use of in a truck and automobile which are close to us.
When driving up a steep slope,or a snowy road,the driving way of using the crawler is suitable. The four drive wheel is also all right,but as to the stability,the driving way of using the crawler is by far better than the four drive feel.
The characteristic on the driving way of using the crawler has become more promising as structure on movement for the robot which…
【The driving way of using a crawler】
《A strong point on the driving way of using the crawler》
The characteristic on the driving way of using the crawler has become promising as structure on movement for the robot which takes an active role in the uneven land.
Other structure is sometimes efficient,but the driving way of using the crawler is a kind of driving way of using wheels,and it’s completed technically,so its control is so easy,so the ones who are engaged in the robotics engineering find it promising.
《Variation on the driving way of using the crawler》
In addition to the driving way of using the crawler,loading arms which assists the driving way of using the crawler has been considered. When going up on the steep slope, the operator uses the arms as if the arms touched on the ground.
When looking at the illustration on the driving way of using the crawler which is loaded with arms,the illustration occurred to me a crab,and the book says they are arms but they look legs…
【The driving way of using the crawler】
《Variation on the driving way of using the crawler》
…and the book says it’s an arm,but it looks like a leg rather than the arm. The leg has a joint,and it’s stretched to the ground. The whole shape of the driving way of using the crawl looks like M, a capital letter of alphabet. When walking the M is distorted.
Touching on the ground with the leg is a trial of supporting the weight of the robot as much as it can. When operating,we can use the leg,and if putting into a practical use for the way,changing direction on the slope is possible.
We need to arrange the movement between the leg and the crawler,and controlling them are hard though. There has been other trial of changing the shape of the crawler itsel into other one according to the geographical feature and the surface of the road,trying to realize an efficient movement.
When looking for a person who is pinned under a debris,or searching in a building which has a fear of collapsing, if…
【The driving way of using the crawler】
《Variation on the driving way of using the crawler》
When looking for a person who is pinned under a debris or searching in a building which has a fear of collapsing, if changing the size,height,or width of the crawler into other ones by transformed it, it’ll be useful. The one who is engaged in the robotics engineering seems to have an idea like that.
【A moving way for all directions.】
《If forming a single tire with some tires,it becomes the one which moves in all directions》
The moving way for all directions is a moving structure which can move forward,backward,left,or right as its position remains.
When changing course in an automobile, we usually change a direction of the vehicle,but as to the moving way for all directions,when facing the front,keeping its position,it can move back,left,or right with the same speed and same power of moving forward.
We don’t need only the way of controlling it but the structure for moving without…
【A moving way for all directions】
《If forming a single tire with some other tires,it becomes the one which can moves for all directions》
We don’t need only to control it but but the structure which moves forward,backward,left,and right without changing direction of the vehicle so as to make possible the moving way for all directions.
When trying to move with an ordinary tire,we can move forward and backward by changing direction of the rotation on the tire,but we can’t move both for left or right. Then we have to turn the direction of the tire either left or right. In short we have to change a course.
If using the tire of moving way for all directions, we can go ahead,go backward,move to right or left without changing the direction of the car.
《Give up!》
What is called オムニ wheel has been used for the tire which moves for all directions more than any other one.
To my sorrow,I can’t express on the moving way for all directions any more,for it’s too hard to understand.
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🦚🥇GOLDミクラ in 心臓珈琲 🌟
🌅 おはよう🐘 YOSHIKIと同い年の、ブロントサウルス先輩は…(大鷹オレン)
236レス 5985HIT 大鷹オレン (♂) -
ピノ8レス 982HIT 匿名
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番外編のつぶやき（続き） この【虎に翼】はフィクションとしながらも、モデルとなっ…(旅人)
34レス 874HIT 旅人 -
フランケ〜ン
メルエム？(匿名さん1)
1レス 54HIT 友情不滅さん -
嫌われ者0レス 63HIT 匿名さん
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おっさん劇場、違法賭博‼️2レス 101HIT 檄❗王道劇場です
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つぶやく〜っ1レス 79HIT 匿名さん
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おっさん劇場、怪奇現象に悩む‼️6レス 184HIT 檄❗王道劇場です
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おっさん劇場、沖縄の皆さんツナミ逃げて‼️7レス 182HIT 檄❗王道劇場です
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HALの春🌱🌷🌱53レス 1049HIT おしゃべり好きさん (♀) 名必 年性必
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つぶやき
彼奴は神でも何でも無いけども、人が神としてる。 彼奴は人の言う神…(Abtkey)
500レス 3707HIT Abtkey (♂) -
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ぽつり №2️⃣あらーっ？そうなの？て、これで満レスになっちゃったーー😢😢😢．お終い(トド君)
500レス 10677HIT ピノ (40代 ♀) -
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おっさん劇場、怪奇現象に悩む‼️
仲良しパンダ３さん 犯人にお金を騙し取られました劇場でした✨🙋。…(檄❗王道劇場です)
6レス 184HIT 檄❗王道劇場です -
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おっさん劇場、違法賭博‼️
聖人君子劇場でした✨🙋。 突っ込みありがとうございます劇場です✨…(檄❗王道劇場です)
2レス 101HIT 檄❗王道劇場です -
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つぶやく〜っ
コカコーラのCM ビンから美味しそうに 飲んでる 「…(匿名さん0)
1レス 79HIT 匿名さん
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サブ掲示板
注目の話題
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いじめなのか本当に息子が悪いのか
小学4年生の息子の母です。 息子が学校で同じクラスの女の子のお尻を触ってしまうというトラブルがあり…
72レス 3282HIT 教育に悩むママさん (30代 女性 ) -
私が悪いのですが、新入社員に腹が立ちます。
中間管理職です。私が悪いのですが、腹が立つので聞いてもらいたいです。 新入社員の部下が試用期間が終…
13レス 405HIT おしゃべり好きさん (30代 女性 ) -
言い方とか、誹謗中傷等したりはやめて下さい。原因はなんだろね
腰痛になり整骨院通い始めたんだけど 相変わらず、行けばまぁ治るんだけど休みの日(病院が休み、自分も…
30レス 530HIT 聞いてほしいさん -
ひねくれてますか？
母親から愛情を受けずに育ちました。 日常生活はめちゃくちゃ、人間関係を築けず、で大人になりました。…
24レス 891HIT 心の病気さん -
私の人生観、おかしいですか？(長いです)
30歳を過ぎ、自分の考えに疑問に思うことが増えたので、聞いていただきたいです。 私は20歳を過…
15レス 420HIT 相談したいさん -
低収入だけど優しくて暴力(DV)をしない旦那ならいい？
世田谷区の住宅地とか港区のタワマンに住めるくらいの高収入だけど毎日ストレスがたまって暴力(DV)を振…
18レス 510HIT おしゃべり好きさん - もっと見る
