Let's enjoy English! Ⅲ

【What I've thought.】


I've tried to give up drinking,but I find it impossible,for I'm alcoholic.To my sorrow,the situation from which I've suffered is severe a little,I'm wondering.😥


Without drinking,I can't fall asleep easily,but even if being drunk too much,I can't fall asleep fast,for I wake up after being asleep fast a few hours.😣


The more I drink,the harder being drunk.It means I can't recognize what I'm drunk,for I have tolerance to alcohol,though I used to think it looked nice.😫


I used to think like the next.“I think the beer is as if it were some water,for I can go on drinking until dawn.”Actually I did,but it doesn't look nicer than I've expected,for I can't sleep at time when I should,in particular at night.🌉


I have to stop drinking,but can I do it? for I'm drinking just now.While it's said that a little something to drink is the best medicine,but too much is as bad as too little.As for myself,which one is am I? It's obvious,but I can't stop drinking.😩

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訳してください。読めない

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>> 2 I'll never change it into the Japanese.I hate to say,but if you can't read it,you don't have to,I'm sure,for no one asks you to do it.


日本語にはしません。言いたかないけど、読めないなら読まなくても良いと思います。誰もあなたに読んでくれと、頼んでいません。


I'm going to express myself in English here in order to improve my English ability,not for you.

此処で英語で表現するのは、あなたの為ではなく、自分の英語の上達の為です。


Needless to say,there are lots of more pleasant,amusing threads than mine there.


言うまでもなく、このスレより、もっと心地よく楽しいスレが、ここには沢山ありますよ。

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>> 3 I know that there is a possibility that every English thread here is obstructed by someone. It's disgusting.

I think you have a tolerance for alcohol like I had it before. Too much drinking habit can cause dieseas. When you drink, to be a little tipsy is best.

Please take care of yourself！

To 中学生san
You might want to learn English if you are not kidding.

By Mr. Lemon

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>> 4 To Mr.Lemon.


Thank you for your message and I'm glad to see you.How do you do.🙋


While I'm happy,for some people are interested in my thread,I find it complicated,for I'm not an English teacher for them,in addition,I'm not so kind.😩

Once suffering from alcoholic,it seems to be hard to overcome it.Even if being able to abstain from alcohol for a long time,when drinking too much only once,the one who sufferers from alcoholic will be right back where I started.😥


As you say,I'm going to make an effort,preventing my situation from deteriorating.😃


See you later.💨

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【Price of crude oil fell,and bubble burst in the Middle East.】


《The bubble also burst in Dubai.》


When the price of the crude oil rose remarkably,the ones who enjoyed the blessing of it a lot was Dubai in the Middle East.It's a capital of Dubai which forms the United Arab Emirates アラブ首長国連邦.


Abu Dhabi is also one of the United Arab Emirates.Its capital is also Abu Dubai.While there was plenty of petroleum in Abu Dubai,there was such a little products for the petroleum in Dubai that the petroleum seemed to be exhausted there in near future.😥

The king in Dubai intended to make its country a financial nation before the petroleum was drained.👑


Dubai received some investments from foreign countries,provided harbor facilities,expanded airports for travelers and cargos,and maintained the economic infrastructure.

The king did varied things in order to enrich recreation facilities.For example,it constructed a indoor ski ground in a burning desert,built the tallest building in the …

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>> 6 【Price of crude oil fell,and bubble burst in the Middle East.】


The king in Dubai did make a great effort so as to enrich recreational facilities.For instance,it built luxurious resort hotels,or maintained villas in which substantial number of celebrities gathered,where reclaiming land from the sea.The rush to build architectures exceeded our imagination.💰


However,the financial anxiety made funds for investment be exhausted,and the great project was suspended.Plenty of cranes which operated in Dubai also stopped.The prosperity was exactly castles in the air 砂上の楼閣.😱


《Movement of oil dollar also stopped.》


Speculating money which was adopted all over the world included oil dollar.After the collapse of the subprime loan made stock market slump,the funds for speculation flowed into the forward market of the crude oil so much that the price of the crude oil rose.⤴


The oil dollar won lots of profit there,and the profit was invested in the crude oil again throughout the world …

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>> 7 【Price of crude oil came down and the bubble burst in the Middle East.】


《Movement of the oli dollar also stopped.》


The profit won from the oil dollar was invested in the crude oil each place in the world,and moreover it gave boost to the price of the crude oil.⤴


However,the price of the crude oil fell,and both of the activities of investment and speculation have stopped.It has spurred the stagnation of the world economy on.😫


【A credit crunch 貸し渋り has started in Japanese banks.】


《No one has tried to buy corporate bonds.社債》


We the Japanese have been under great influence of the expansion of the financial anxiety,for no one has tried to purchase any local bond in the U.S.A.at the same time,no one has tried to buy even any corporate bond of top-rated companies in Japan.😥


If a company raises campaign funds,in general,there are three ways.

The first one is borrowing money from the banks,the second one is issuing stocks,and collecting fund in the stock market,and the last…💰

• << 11 【A credit crunch has started in Japanese banks.】 《No one has tried to buy any corporate's bond.》 The last one way to raise funds for firms is issuing corporate's bond and getting into debt.If the stock market suddenly falls, collecting money there is impossible.💸 Instead of borrowing money from banks, issuing corporate's bond is more useful,for it can collect plenty of money with low interests.💡 As a result,top-rated companies used to issue its corporate bond and to collect some money for new business,especially short-term corporate bonds of which expiration is within a year was useful when gathering money.We called the short-term corporate bonds commercial paper.Its abbreviation was CP.💰 However,the financial anxiety spread over Japan and Japanese companies were forced to stop issuing corporates' bonds including the CPs,for financial goods of package in question was a kind of the certificates,so no one has tried to buy even corporate's bonds.😱

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【What I've thought.】


The other day,someone strange came to my other thread.It said I misused my English frequently,and my English was odd.😥


Then other one appeared and began to criticized the former one.The latter one said the former one was notorious in some threads which is relation to English.😒


However,I've never recognized the infamous one,though I've paid attention to the threads with regard to English.I guess the former one and the latter one was the same one.😩


I'm sure the bastard will come there.Even if he does it doesn't matter at all.It's just that I don't think I want to be confused by someone absurd.To my sorrow,my English g may not have been good,but so I'm sure I have to study English harder.😤


The response was deleted,so I'm grateful the one who pushed the button for deletion.I have to say it in Japanese.削除ボタンを押してくれた人達、有り難う御座います🙇


This remark of mine may correspond to the one which incites the others to delete,and the ミクル may impose some penalty on me …

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>> 9 【What I've thought.】


Even if the ﾐｸﾙ may impose some penalties on me,I won't mind it in the least.I'm sure the bastard has been forbidden to contribute its response just now,but it doesn't mean the bastard can't do forever.It'll come there some day.😩


I hate to quarrel with others.It's just that I've wanted to enjoy English,and if my advice in regard to English is useful for others,I will be happy.It means that there are some people who are grateful to me.I'm wondering.☺


I'm sure I've been so useless that whether or not I'll be dead,it doesn't matter,though I can't be dead easily,but if someone think my English is useful,I'll be very happy.☺


To my sorrow,I'm not a marvelous English speaker a bit,so what I can do is limited.In addition,as long as the ones who tries to study English harder,I want to advise them,but my English is almost self-education,so it has limit.I can't help it.💦

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>> 8 【Price of crude oil came down and the bubble burst in the Middle East.… 【A credit crunch has started in Japanese banks.】


《No one has tried to buy any corporate's bond.》


The last one way to raise funds for firms is issuing corporate's bond and getting into debt.If the stock market suddenly falls, collecting money there is impossible.💸


Instead of borrowing money from banks, issuing corporate's bond is more useful,for it can collect plenty of money with low interests.💡


As a result,top-rated companies used to issue its corporate bond and to collect some money for new business,especially short-term corporate bonds of which expiration is within a year was useful when gathering money.We called the short-term corporate bonds commercial paper.Its abbreviation was CP.💰


However,the financial anxiety spread over Japan and Japanese companies were forced to stop issuing corporates' bonds including the CPs,for financial goods of package in question was a kind of the certificates,so no one has tried to buy even corporate's bonds.😱

• << 13 【Credit crunch has started in Japanese banks.】 『No one has tried to buy any corportate's bonds.』 The banks gather money from depositors with low interest,and lend some firms some money with added interest,and difference of the interest between for the depositors and firms is the profit for the banks.💰 However,instead of lending any money from the banks,if lending the money from ordinary people who don't belong to any bank,the companies can lend with lower interest.💡 For example,even if lending some money from the banks,its interest may be 3%,the companies will issue their corportate's bond with 1%.Therefore,as for major top-rated companies,without lending any money from the banks,they issue their corportate's bonds and gather the money.💰 Needless to say,they also lend the money from the banks simply out of a sense of duty,but in general,collecting money with the corportate's bonds seems to be usual.☝ I'm not sure of any legal interest rate.It's just an allegory 例え話。😃

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【What I've thought.】


When being drunken,I'm somehow apt to feel beginning to miss human relationship,especially I think I wish there were someone who listens to me,for I'm solitude,though it's my own choice.It cannot be helped.😥

I'm so selfish that I'm not interested in some troubles which make others concern.I'm sure I'm just a hypocrite.I'm neither honest nor good,but it's me.😒


I've tried to avoid associating with others,for I find it complicated,but when giving others some pieces of advise in relation to English and they are pleased with my advice,I'm also happy,I'm wondering why I'm.😚


I've thought I've been useless,I and others have assumed that I'm worthless.It can't be helped.I can't blame anyone for it.To my sorrow,it's my fault.😂

However,if there are some people who think my English is useful,I'll be happy,and I feel like making an effort to be a wonderful English speaker some day maybe,though it doesn't always mean I've never studied English only for others… 😃

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>> 11 【A credit crunch has started in Japanese banks.】 《No one has tried t… 【Credit crunch has started in Japanese banks.】


『No one has tried to buy any corportate's bonds.』


The banks gather money from depositors with low interest,and lend some firms some money with added interest,and difference of the interest between for the depositors and firms is the profit for the banks.💰


However,instead of lending any money from the banks,if lending the money from ordinary people who don't belong to any bank,the companies can lend with lower interest.💡


For example,even if lending some money from the banks,its interest may be 3%,the companies will issue their corportate's bond with 1%.Therefore,as for major top-rated companies,without lending any money from the banks,they issue their corportate's bonds and gather the money.💰


Needless to say,they also lend the money from the banks simply out of a sense of duty,but in general,collecting money with the corportate's bonds seems to be usual.☝


I'm not sure of any legal interest rate.It's just an allegory 例え話。😃

• << 16 【Credit crunch has begun in Japanese banks.】 『No one has tried to buy any corporate's bonds.』 At first,the most credible electric power company issues its corporate's bond around every summer in Japan.Electric power companies spend plenty of money on the maintenance of the facilities like a power station,power lines and so on.💸 As a result,the electric companies are forced to borrow lots of money.Then as for the interest rates,the money they borrow from the banks are higher than other money whichthey can gather from the ordinary people with the corporate bonds.💰 However,even the electric power companies once feared for issuing its corporate's bonds.The situation became the same one of California State.💦 “If the situation goes on,we won't be able to get enough funds for new business from the next year.”A substantial number of companies were in such the trouble that they gave up issuing their corporates' bonds and they offfred some banks to borrow plenty of money.

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I was sorry to confuse you. That phrase “ Can you translate this phrase into Japanese " was not to you, but to the person who likes to disturb other English threads. I hope the person won't be here never again.

Keep on talking with your friends in the thread named “ 英語勉強会 ", please ！

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>> 14 I've understood what you said.


I used to quarrel with someone who seemed to have wide knowledge on Chinese characters,though it's doubtful whether or not it's useful.


It's impolite of me to misunderstand you for the one who has useless extensive knowledge on the Chinese characters.I apologize to you for it.

I also hope he'll never show up here.

Have a good evening.

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>> 13 【Credit crunch has started in Japanese banks.】 『No one has tried to … 【Credit crunch has begun in Japanese banks.】


『No one has tried to buy any corporate's bonds.』


At first,the most credible electric power company issues its corporate's bond around every summer in Japan.Electric power companies spend plenty of money on the maintenance of the facilities like a power station,power lines and so on.💸


As a result,the electric companies are forced to borrow lots of money.Then as for the interest rates,the money they borrow from the banks are higher than other money whichthey can gather from the ordinary people with the corporate bonds.💰


However,even the electric power companies once feared for issuing its corporate's bonds.The situation became the same one of California State.💦


“If the situation goes on,we won't be able to get enough funds for new business from the next year.”A substantial number of companies were in such the trouble that they gave up issuing their corporates' bonds and they offfred some banks to borrow plenty of money.

• << 18 【Credit crunch had begun in Japan.】 『Plenty of companies rushed to the banks in ordrer to ask for borrowing money.』 Almost all of the banks are usually ready to lend what is called major companies some money,but the credit crunch had already happened in Japan in November of 2008. The credit crunch has relationship to the ratio of owner's equity 自己資本率. Needless to say,the banks has some money as its own capital for each of them.The money is the capital for joint-stock corportaion 株式会社.We call the capital the owner's equity. The banks lend the companies some money.The question is a ratio of the money which the banks lend to the owner's equity. If expressing the ratio with a fraction 分数,its denominator 分母 is the money which the banks lend,and its numerator 分子 is the owner's equity.The fraction is the ratio of the owner's equity. For example,if lending ＄ a million and the owner's equity is ＄ 80 thousand,its ratio of the owner's equity is 8%. If not having its own moeny …

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【What I've thought.】


Living isn't always wonderful,I'm sure,if so,without complaining trifle thing,can I finish my life by myself? Fortunately or not,I can't,so I'm forced to live.I can't help it.


It doesn't always mean that something bad has happened to me recently,I've thought for a long time like that.


“If feel like being dead,we can do everything.”We've frequently heard the phrase.The ones who use the phrase are optimistic,I'm wondering.


A great writer used to say like the next in relation to the phrase.“If you say so,try to be dead!”No one objected to what he said.Easier said than done.


I won't commit suicide at all,perhaps,for I don't have enough courage to do.Even if there is a sure way of killing myself,I'm sure I'll hesitate to do,ultimately I won't be able to.


It's just that I select to live negatively,but even if I try to take care of myself,needless to say,I can't be to the age of 200 in the least.Everyone will be dead some day.I don't have to make a haste.

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>> 16 【Credit crunch has begun in Japanese banks.】 『No one has tried to bu… 【Credit crunch had begun in Japan.】

『Plenty of companies rushed to the banks in ordrer to ask for borrowing money.』


Almost all of the banks are usually ready to lend what is called major companies some money,but the credit crunch had already happened in Japan in November of 2008.


The credit crunch has relationship to the ratio of owner's equity 自己資本率.


Needless to say,the banks has some money as its own capital for each of them.The money is the capital for joint-stock corportaion 株式会社.We call the capital the owner's equity.


The banks lend the companies some money.The question is a ratio of the money which the banks lend to the owner's equity.


If expressing the ratio with a fraction 分数,its denominator 分母 is the money which the banks lend,and its numerator 分子 is the owner's equity.The fraction is the ratio of the owner's equity.


For example,if lending ＄ a million and the owner's equity is ＄ 80 thousand,its ratio of the owner's equity is 8%.


If not having its own moeny …

• << 20 【The banks had begun the credit crunch in Japan.】 『Plenty of firms rushed to the banks so as to ask for borrowing money.』 If having little money,the banks may go bankrupt,so they need to maintain at least the owner's equity of 8% in ordrer to do a sound management.It's an international rule. Except for the cash itself,the owner's equity of the bank,it means the bank's own capital,includes the lands,buildings and stock which it possesses. 　　　　　　　　　　 Some stocks which the company possesses are the owner's equity.Japanese banks used to own such the lot of stocks that they had substantial amount of the owner's equity,but as the price of the stocks slumped the owner's equity of the banks also decreased. 『The owner's equity was an obstacle to the banks.』 For instance,when lending ＄ an million and its owner's equity is ＄ 80 thousand,if the owner's equity decreases up to ＄ 40 thousand,the bank has to reduce the money which it lends so as to maintain the rate of the owner's equity.

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【What I've thought.】


Whenever I've thought like the next before a long day off starts.“I'm going to study English harder!”Then I'm the one with an iron will,for the long day off hasn't started yet.😚


I've been in the middle of the long day off.What am I doing just now? I've expressed myself in this thread with a canned beer in my hand.Once the long day off starts,I change into the weak-willed one,though to my sorrow I'm not originally the one with strong will.😂

While I've wanted to express myself lots of things in English,I've indulged in heavy drinking.I'm sure it's a waste of time,but I can't resist the temptation of drinking.😳


Without drinking and studying English just now may be a trifle thing,but going on doing the trifle things leads to something wonderful,I'm sure.


Easier said than done.I've often made up my mind to stop drinking from the next day.Someone said to me,“The next dy won't come to to you forever,I'm sure.”😜



I hate to say,it's right to the point.😩

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>> 18 【Credit crunch had begun in Japan.】 『Plenty of companies rushed to t… 【The banks had begun the credit crunch in Japan.】


『Plenty of firms rushed to the banks so as to ask for borrowing money.』


If having little money,the banks may go bankrupt,so they need to maintain at least the owner's equity of 8% in ordrer to do a sound management.It's an international rule.

Except for the cash itself,the owner's equity of the bank,it means the bank's own capital,includes the lands,buildings and stock which it possesses.
　　　　　　　　　　
Some stocks which the company possesses are the owner's equity.Japanese banks used to own such the lot of stocks that they had substantial amount of the owner's equity,but as the price of the stocks slumped the owner's equity of the banks also decreased.


『The owner's equity was an obstacle to the banks.』


For instance,when lending ＄ an million and its owner's equity is ＄ 80 thousand,if the owner's equity decreases up to ＄ 40 thousand,the bank has to reduce the money which it lends so as to maintain the rate of the owner's equity.

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>> 20 【The banks had started credit crunch in Japan.】


『The owner's equity 自己資本 was an obstacle to the banks.』


After all,the price of the stock dropped and the owner's equity also decreased,so the banks were forced to reduce the money which they could lend.

Even if the large companies asked the banks to borrow the money,the banks couldn't.🙅


『The enterprises asked some local banks to borrow the money.』


As a result,the enterprises which couldn't borrow any money from any major banks asked some local banks.While the local banks have lots of deposits they have few borrowers,so they were worried about the few borrowers.


However then major top-rated companies asked the local banks to borrow money,so the local banks were greatly pleased with it.


After many detours varied things happen unexpectedly in economic activities.

The local banks seemed to think like the next.“We would lend the money to the major companies rather than to some small and medium-sized ones in the local area.

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>> 21 【The banks had started credit crunch in Japan.】


『The enterprises asked the local banks to borrow some money.』


As a result,there is a possibility that local banks learn not to lend the local companies.There is a possibility that the vicious circulation may happen.


By the way,as I've said,I've expressed this thread being based on a book,『14歳からの世界金融危機』written by 池上彰 in 2008,so the situation must have changed,though I'm not sure whether it has changed into good one or bad one.

The author continued his comment.


All of us feas so much that we can't lend anyone any money.It's as if each financial institution did what is called タンス預金.In fact there are plenty of people who have lots of money,but they can't lend any money easily.It's happened actually.

『信用収縮』


If any banks don't lend any money,various companies will be in trouble.Any enterprises can't start new business.Even if they try to increase personnel and to start new business,if stopping,size of economy becomes small,so…

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>> 22 【The banks had started credit crunch in Japan.】


『信用収縮』


The economic won't develop with small size of economic activities.The vicious circulation happens.We call the phenomenon 信用収縮 in technical terms.


Contrary to it,the banks have a function of creating faith.


For example,if depositing some money in the bank,the bank will other company the money.The company uses the money for some payments to another company.

Then another company deposits the money in the bank,and the bank lend the money to one more company.Thus while the money goes and come between the company and the bank,on the surface the money which was deposited in the bank increases.


When repeating it,the money deposited in the bank increases more and more.It becomes double or triple.It's the creation of faith.A creation is created newly.It's the bank's function of creating faith.


Some money goes on increasing,and they begin to appear in the world more and more,but once if reversing,being afraid to lend money…

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>> 23 【The banks had started credit crunch in Japan.】


『信用収縮』


If the situation reverses,and almost all of people are afraid to lend any money,the money which going on appearing and increasing returns to its original value.


The opposition of the creation of the faith is the 信用収縮.It's happened just now.When the faith is losed,it's happened.


『Major banks have took action so as to enrich each owner's equity.』


Some major banks,what is called mega banks,have announced that they enrich the the owner's equity against the vicious spiral from autumn in 2008.They've said like the next.


“Instead of lending any money from others,we issue stocks as bank.We let others buy the stocks.We are going to gather the money like that.”


It's the way of increasing the money with the owner's equity.


Lots of top-rated firms want to borrow the money from the major banks,but the major banks don't have enough the owner's equity to lend others the money,so they issue the stock newly,increase the owner's…

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>> 24 【The banks had started credit crunch in Japan.】


『信用収縮』

Briefly,the banks can't lend any money because of not having enough the owner's equity,so they issue some stocks newly,let others buy them,increase the owner's equity,and try to expand new finance.


For example,if the owner's equity becomes double,the money which they can lend also will be.Major banks have made haste so as to materialize the situation.


They've tried to enrich the owner's equity,and to expand the finance for the top-rated firms,for they certainly collect the money from the top-rated companies.


『The use of public funds.』


The governments introduce the use of public fund in ordrer to assist the banks in the U.S.A.and Europe.It's also a movement which tries to increase the owner's equity.


The banks issue the stocks,and the governments buy them,so the owner's equity increases,then the banks can lend more money.


It's not helping the banks but reducing the credit crunch of the banks as much as possible…

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>> 25 【The banks had begun credit crunch in Japan.】


『The use of public funds.』


In a word,the use of public funds prevents the firms from reducing their economic activities.


The financial anxiety spread over the Japan so much in 1990s that our government adopted the use of public funds and increased the owner's equity.Some countries in the West have done the same things.


By the way,I used to express the electric companies had full confidence from us,but then the great earthquake disaster didn't happen in Tohoku region,so we have much confidence in almost all of the electric companies,but the situation seems to change a lot.


The use of public funds may promote the economic activities,but it looks as if the government treated well the banks,and the banks rested on it.


I find it unfair,for lots of people have been in troble because of the hard time,though I'm not sure of the situation at present.


At least banks clerk should have received both the salary and bonus reduction.

• << 28 【Interest rates approaches zero all over the world.】 『FBR has actually adopted zero interest rate policy.』 FBR 連邦準備制度理事会 of the U.S.A has announced that its interest is actually zero in 2008.The FBR is a central bank in the U.S.A.,which controls the interest in the U.S.A. Its economy has gone bad so much that the FBR tries to drop interest rate almost up to zero.Then not only companies but everyone will be able to borrow some money from the banks. The FBR has hoped like that,and shows its plan clearly that it buys bonds being based on the housing loan which is the main culprit behind the financial anxiety. If the FBR purchases the bonds being based on the housing loan,the mood in which too terrible to buy the bonds being based on the housing loan will change. Even if being forced to be faced the worst case,there are the ones who purchases,we feel secure.As a result,everyone will learn to buy and sell other certificates like corporal bonds.It's the FBR's intention.

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【Complaint.】


I've been working in a factory as one of members of a temporary company.The treatment of the temporary company for us the employees isn't very good,for none of us can take paid vacation.


While I'm the one who actually work in the factory and there are others who go to some factories in ordrer to enter into contract with them.The others provide us some places where we work.We call them sales staff.


In general,the sales staff have more confidence than us who actually work in factory,for substantial numbers of people are employed as temporary staff,and more than half of them leave,I'm wonder,but sales staff don't easily quit the job.

However the temporary company to which I belong treats neither the sales staff nor others well,for at first no one can take paid vacation.


When being busy in a factory,all of the employees can't take the paid vacation,but then the temporary company pay some money for its employees because they can't take the paid vacation,but…

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>> 26 【The banks had begun credit crunch in Japan.】 『The use of public fun… 【Interest rates approaches zero all over the world.】


『FBR has actually adopted zero interest rate policy.』


FBR 連邦準備制度理事会 of the U.S.A has announced that its interest is actually zero in 2008.The FBR is a central bank in the U.S.A.,which controls the interest in the U.S.A.

Its economy has gone bad so much that the FBR tries to drop interest rate almost up to zero.Then not only companies but everyone will be able to borrow some money from the banks.


The FBR has hoped like that,and shows its plan clearly that it buys bonds being based on the housing loan which is the main culprit behind the financial anxiety.


If the FBR purchases the bonds being based on the housing loan,the mood in which too terrible to buy the bonds being based on the housing loan will change.


Even if being forced to be faced the worst case,there are the ones who purchases,we feel secure.As a result,everyone will learn to buy and sell other certificates like corporal bonds.It's the FBR's intention.

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>> 28 【Interest rates approach zero all over the world.】

『The Bank of Japan has dropped its interest rate.』


As the FRB of the U.S.A.dropped its interest rate up to zero,so strong yen made progress,for the interest rate was zero in the U.S.A.then,contrary to it Japanese one was still 0.3%.


Money moves from the place where there's low interest rate to other place where there's high interest rate.Interest rate of the U.S.A.became zero,so there was a movement of trying to move the fund into Japan where there was still interest rate,so the strong yen moved ahead still more.


The strong yen did such the serious damage to Japanese economy that the Bank of Japan,it's the Japanese central bank,announced that it dropped its interest rate from 0.3% to 0.1% in 2008 so as to avoid the damage.

One of plans of the Bank of Japan is buying CPs which were issued from the companies.The CP is an abbreviation of commercial paper.It's a short-term corporate bond.


If the Bank of Japan buys the CPs,…

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>> 29 【Interest rates approach zero all over the world.】

『The Bank of Japan dropped interes rate.』


If the Bank of Japan buys the CPs,companies and financial institutions also purchase the CPs with relief.The Bank of Japan intends that corporations' find-raising went smoothly.


【1929 has reappeared?】


『There used to be bubble of housing in 1929.』

The great panic used to happen in 1929.It resembles this time very much.There used to be the bubble of housing just before 1929 when the great panic happened.


When development of the land started in Florida,some people bought the houses even without going and seeing the house actually,for they could because they weren't going to buy the houses actually.


They bought the houses for investment.“If buying,the price of the house will soon go up.Then if selling it other,we can make money easily,and if buying some stocks with the profit,we'll make more money.”


They seemed to think like that,and the bubble of stock also occurred.

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>> 30 【1929 has reappeared…】

『There used to be the bubble of housing in 1929.』


The bubble of stock occurred after the bubble of housing.Just then the British developed a system of investment trust.


When buying some stocks,everyone was forced to do one by one until then,but if making use of the investment trust,everyone could buy varied stocks by the investment trust.

Even general investors who had little money learned to be able to handle with some stocks with the investment trust.As a result, dealing with the stock was brought into widespread use.A boom of stock had happened.


However,a bubble always bursts some day,and at last it's occurred actually in 1929.Then the Republican Party came into the power,but the Republican Party doesn't think it should interfere with private economy.


Therefore,even if the great panic occurred and American economy became very serious,the American president had nothing useful at all.“If some companies go bankrupt,it'll.It can't be helped.”

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>> 31 【1929 has reappeared.】

『From the Republican Party to the Democratic Party.』


In consequence,great depression occurred and lots of Americans became poor,so they call the President Hoover the worst one in American history,so the Republican Party had also fallen in the estimation,Roosevelt was elected the President from the Democratic Party in the next election.

The Democratic Party thought when being depression,it should improve the national economy even if the nation got into debt.


The Americans seemed to think,“No more the Republican Party.”so they chose the Democratic Party.The same thing had happened in 2008,so they call the President Bush second Hoover,or the worst President in American history.


The Americans thought Bush is worse than Hoover.


『It's fear itself that we should fear.』

The President Roosevelt in the Democratic Party took the place of Hoover.What kind of policy did he adopt? We've learned it at school.It's the policy of New Deal.

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>> 32 【1929 has reappeared.】

『It's fear itself that we should fear.』

The new deal means making a fresh start.The Republican Party didn't think it should spend national funds on relief for private companies,and did nothing useful.


However,then the depression would go bad more and more,so spending national fund on constructing dam,road,or varied thing,and trying to improve economy.It's the policy of new deal.


The President Roosevelt used to say in his inauguration ceremony like the next.

“It's fear itself that we should fear.The nation will join force,and revive the economy,so please don't be worried.”Roosevelt said to the people like that.


Then there had never been TV.Roosevelt appealed to the people on a radio program.He sat by a fireplace in the White House and said to the people,so they call it a fireside chat.


He said to the people.“We don't have to be fear anything.If working hard,our life will be wealthy again.”


The President Obama also said to the American people…

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>> 33 【1929 has reappeared.】

『It's fear itself that we should fear.』

President Obama spoke to the people in dynamic image of Web site opened for his election every week before he became the President,or August in 2008 after he was elected to the President.


When Roosevelt was the President,the latest media was a radio,after that the latest media has changed from TV to dynamic image.


“Let's unite our efforts and work hard,and the market will be active!”He encouraged the American people in the website like that,so he looks like the President Roosevelt.


『To what is called green New Deal.』

President Obama has obviously studied the way of the President Roosevelt. It's what's called the green New Deal that Obama has launched.


When Bush was the President,while the U.S.A.carried out a large-scale of tax reduction for the rich,it attacked Afghanistan and Iraq and spent a large amount of money on the war expenditure.

As a result,financial surplus of the time of the President Clinton…

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>> 34 【1929 has reappeared.】


『To what's called green New Deal.』


As a result,the Bush Government not only used up financial surplus of the time of Clinton,but left the worst financial deficit and resigned.


In that situation,the President Obama has invested financial capital.He's clarified a plan of his Government that even if financial deficit expands,economic recovery is a top priority.


The Bush Administration was negative for environmental protection,but the Obama Government has put a great deal of effort into the environmental protection and tried to foster environmental industry.


The Obama Government has tried to connect his policies with economic recovery,for political power has changed and the Government can change its policy drastically.


Japanese prime ministers have changed one after another so far,but the political power is limited coalition government of the Liberal Democratic Party and Komeito.


Unless the political power changes,the policy doesn't seem to be…

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>> 35 【1929 has reappeared.】


『To what's called green new deal.』


Unless the political power changes,the policy won't be changed drastically.It seems to be hard,for it means it denies the predecessor's policy.


The Koizumi Government of coalition of the Liberal Democratic Party and Komeito,and after that Abe Administration and Hukuda Government followed.Their main policy had been the reconstruction of policy.


As a result,the Aso Government couldn't deny the policy easily.If wanting to change the policy radically,political power has to be changed.The Obama Government had shown us it.


By the way,to tell the truth,I'm not familiar with both of economy and politics at all.I've expressed some descriptions which was announced several years ago,so its situation has changed naturally.


In short,I'm sure I have to give supplementary explanation,but to my sorrow,I can't,for I don't have such little knowledge that I can't.

The more time passes the more information becomes old-fashioned…

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>> 36 【What should we do?】

『Strong yen isn't always bad.』


We've often watched news on economic stagnation on TV recently,so we are apt to feel melancholic,but all the things aren't always bad.For example,it's a strong yen.


Export industry has been in trouble indeed,but import industry is greatly pleased.The people who belong to industry suffering from recession complain on the recession.


However,other ones who belong to industry enjoying benefit from business boom never grumble.


When strong yen continued,the car industry made an unprecedented profit,but no one in the car industry said like that,“We've made a profit!”but when being in recession,they begin to complain.


The strong yen means that prices of imported goods drop.Top-brand articles from foreign countries also fall.Japan has bought various things from abroad,so their prices also drop.


In addition,we buy crude oils in dollars.When being strong yen,its price drops.Dropping the prices have double reason.

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>> 37 【What should we do?】


《Strong yen isn't always bad.》


There used to be industries which were in trouble because the price of crude oil dropped,for example,it's the distribution 流通 industry.It wasn't damaged by the strong yen.


It means that as for business condition,all the industries don't suffer from recession.Our everyday life may improve partly in regard to the business condition.If it's so,will we find it easygoing to lead everyday life?


《Japanese financial industry is relatively sound.》


Ironically,Japan has relatively little damage from what is called sub prime loan because financial liberalization doesn't advanced very much.

While almost all the banks in the U.S.A.and Europe deteriorate their managements,Japanese financial institutions are relatively sound,so apparently it seems that we don't have to be worried about it so much.

However,global economy has gone bad so much that Japanese economy will be forced to be influenced by the global economy.

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>> 38 【What should we do?】


《Japanese financial industry is relatively sound.》


However, being strong yen means that yen is better than euro and dollar when it comes to having assets.When having lived in Japan,we find it hard to recognize,but we relatively become ver rich on account of the strong yen.


Korean currency's worth became half at the end in 2008,comparing to the yen in 2007.Plenty of Korean office ladies had come to Japan as a shopping tour until the beginning in 2008,but the situation had reversed.


Hosts of Japanese office ladies went to korea as the shopping tour from the end in 2008 to the beginning in 2009.

Then we the Japanese became twice as rich as the Korean in the half year,so the strong yen doesn't always to be so bad.


It's certain that the economy has went bad more and more,and we can't always put much confidence in stimulative measures of our government.


However,Japanese economy is relatively reliable in the world,and even if Japanese prime ministers are …

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>> 39 【What should we do?】


《Japanese financial industry is relatively sound.》


…so even if the Japanese prime minister is poor,Japanese economy seems to manage to hold on.


《Maintenance of Japanese finance has been well done.》


While lots of Japanese people may be afraid of news of financial crisis,fortunately or not,we've actually gone through the financial crisis in 1990s.Then financial crisis broke out,and some banks went bankrupt.


As a result,varied what is called financial safety net has been arranged well.For example,when making a deposit in the bank,10 million yen and its interest will be guaranteed at least.We call the system a payoff.


Therefore,if some banks are on the verge of bankruptcy in the future,we don't have to panic.If the banks go bankrupt,10 million yen and its interest will surely return to us.


What should we do if we have 20 million yen in the bank? We have only to deposit every 10 million yen in two banks.There are some financial institutions around us.

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>> 40 【What should we do?】


《What is called Japanese financial safety net has been arranged well.》


There are various financial institutions like banks,trust banks,and credit associations 信用組合 around our homes and workplaces.Even if we have billions of money,we have only to deposit the money on the several financial institutions.


By the way,as for myself,I don't have to be worried,for I don't have enough money to be worried about.


What is called major life insurance companies don't go bankrupt easily,if worst comes to worst,the life insurance companies usually join in other insurance.There is a system in which the money is guaranteed.


If an emergency arises,we don't have to be worried as long as the system is arranged.We call the system what is called the safety net.


Even if someone walks on a tightrope in a circus and drop from it,it's all right,for a net is stretched under the tightrope for safety.In short,we don't have to be worried too much.

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>> 41 【What should we do?】


《Financial institutions are undergoing rehabilitation now.》


Financial summit meeting was held in the U.S.A. August in 2008.It means that each country in the world declared that they did everything which they could in order to do away with financial anxiety.


Panic swept the whole world in 1929,and then each country was absorbed in protecting itsef too much that it imposed a tariff 関税 on foreign goods,so the trade reduced.In consequence,world economy got still worse.


Each country in the world recognize it as a lesson,so it tried to join forces each other so as to avoid the same error.It seems to be important.


World economy is,as it were,undergoing rehabilitation.If comparing the world economy to a human body,it'll be the next.


As being seriously hurt and bled,so the person stopped the bleeding in haste.As a result,the blood circulation go bad so much that it ruined its health.It's waiting for recovery from its illness,so blood circulation is improving…

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>> 42 【What should we do?】

《Financial institutions are undergoing rehabilitation now.》


The blood circulation are improving little by little,it means the blood circulation is undergoing rehabilitation that money circulation improves gradually.


In short,it takes a long time for the economic recovery.Stopping the blood circulation,it means stopping money circulation,will cause a bad influence,or a thing like a side effect.


For instance,both an automobile and a train can't stop immediately even if the drivers jam on the brakes.


As economic downturn has started everyone tries to stop it hard,but it can't be stopped at once,but as putting on the brakes,the vehicles will stop before long.


Economic downturn will also stop soon,the economy will recover before long.It's the message from the author,though I have doubted it.Even if the economy recovers,to my sorrow,I won't be able to enjoy its blessing.I have nothing to do with it.


《We need decent knowledge on the finance.》

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>> 43 【What should we do?】


『We need decent knowledge on finance.』


How should we adopt a stance to money from now on?


At one time the Japanese government did a campaign which trying to promote an investment,『From saving to investing.』


It seems that investing is more desirable than saving.Without depositing in the bank,buying some shares 株 or some corporate bonds means money circulates around the society,and the economy will be activated.


In short,in general not only saving but investing is indispensable,but when Japanese government gave a boost the investment,it was in the middle of what is called bubble economy.


Plenty of people have bought some shares because of the time of investment,but the bubble burst and the price of the shares dropped,as a result,they have had a hard time.

While they shouldn't have bought the shares in the middle of the bubble economy,if dropping the price of the share,it may be a bargain.


A way of thinking“Investment is more desirable than saving…

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>> 44 【What should we do?】


『We need decent knowledge on finance.』


Investment is more desirable than saving,the way of thinking may be important just now in the long run.


『Don't take up anything which we can't understand!』


A thing about which we should be careful is we shouldn't be involved in anything in which we can't grasp.


There have been a lot of private universities which are deep in debt all over the Japan in this financial crisis.Some have hidden loss and a president resigned on account of the hidden loss in other university.


When being in the middle of the bubble economy,there used to be financial goods of package being based on subprime loan,and derivatives.

The financial goods of package being based on subprime loan have a variety of credits.


There are plenty of firms and private universities which are suffering from a great amount of loss owing to the derivatives and financial goods of package being based on subprime loan.


The derivatives have what we call 仕組み債.

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>> 45 【What should we do?】


『Don't take up anything which we can't understand!』


The 仕組み債 is the one of which seller always make a profit.If the condition of the 仕組み債 is good,the one who buys the 仕組み債 can also make a profit.


First of all,the 仕組み債 is financial goods which financial institutions think up in order to avoid their loss.Buying the financial goods means undertaking plenty of their risk.


Without being aware of it,we mustn't buy the 仕組み債 which we can't understand very much,even if it seems to makes us make a profit.


As for a share,we may be able to grasp to some extent,but needless to say,as to the share,we shouldn't buy it,if thinking like the next.


“Though I'm not sure what the company has done,it looks splendid,so it's all right.”


If thinking,“I have lots of information on the company,and its are wonderful.I use them regularly.I want to support the company!”there will be an option which we'll buy it,for we recognize well on the company.


There are a great variety of…

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>> 46 【What should we do?】


《Don't take up anything which we can't understand.》

There are varied kinds in regard to stock,and investment trurt.Some are low risk,but others are extremely high.We have to be careful of them.



They are always either what is called “high risk and high return”or“low risk and low return”There is no “low risk and high return”at all.

If someone brings us chance to make a big money,we must not be involved in it.If someone says so,it should have a finger in it!


As for the profitable mechanism,it's not us but the one who brings us a chance to make a big money will be profitable,for if being convincing of making a big money,instead of advising others to be involved in it,the person itself should have a finger in it.


In addition,if there's something suspicious which we absolutely make a big money,we should always doubt it,for there's nothing absolute.


If saying“absolute”we should always dobut it.If buying some stocks,we should have those things basis in …

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>> 47 【What should we do?】


《Don't take up anything which you can't understand.》


If buying some stocks,we should be careful,trying not to be affected by the stockson our everyday life,being based on the concept that being safe absolutely is impossible.


After buying some stocks,if being worried about whether the stock price is up or down so much that we check the stock price frequently,it will hurt our work or our life,for we spend lots of money on the stocks.

“I've bought some stocks,and I've been worried about their price movements a little,so I sometimes remember,what's happened to the stock？”


If being able to think like that,it'll be all right,for it's just that it's small sum of money about which we won't be worried.


How much is it? Needless to say,it depends on.If someone rich,it won't be worried about even if it loses no less than 10 million yen.


However there are some other who will be worried about if losing 100 thousand yen,though I belong to some other who will…

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>> 48 【What should we do?】


『Don't take up anything which we can't understand.』


If buying some stocks,we should cut back on the amount of money we spend on some stocks.We should think like the next.


“This company's achievement will improve in the long run,so I'll buy its stock.Even if it causes me a loss,I'm all right,for it's a small sum of money.

As for small sum of money,it depends on,but as long as we obey the general rule, we don't have to be at a loss.


『Investing our money in ourselves is the surest thing.』

If trying to investing some money in some stocks,or to make use of some money,we need to consider its amount of money.We have to hold sum of money within some extent which we can understand.

The harder we study and the larger extent which we can understand,the larger place in which we invest some money.

In short,studying spreads the places which we invest.Learning something is eventually useful for us.


If thinking of“What's happened in the society? Why is the …

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>> 49 【What should we do?】


『Investing our money in ourselves is the surest thing.』


If thinking that“What's happened in the society? Why is this commodity good? Why can a company sell such a good merchandise?”and“I'll invest some money in the company!”we'll be forced to study on the company,for without any information on the company,we shouldn't invest.


In this way,if understanding things in the society,it'll be useful for our jobs.


If recognizing what kind of goods are sold well,it'll be useful for ourselves.


As it's been frequently said since long ago,the best investment is spending some money for ourselves.


Investing some money in ourselves means studying.Spending some money on our study.


For example,going to a language school,or having a license.


In short,investing some money in ourselves can certainly pay us in the future.


【At the end.】


『SONY,you are also…』


SONY announced its what is called 連結営業損益 would be deficit of no less than ￥ 260 billion.The deficit…

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>> 50 【At the end.】


『SONY,you are also…』


What's the 連結営業損益？ It's the whole profit of not only the head office but of the subsidiary company.


SONY seemed to expect in 2008 that there would be surplus of 200 billion in a term of March in 2009,but it would have a steep deficit.


SONY has gained the whole sales from foreign countries.Serious depression all over the world made its sales drop,in addition,the strong yen advanced.


Please pay an attention the time when the company expected to be surplus.It was August in 2008.


There used to be the collapse of American subprime loan then,but world economy didn't go bad extremely.


It was after what's called the Rheman Shock when world economy deteriorated.


If losing confidence for money,and finance,it means stopping a flow of money,such the catastrophic thing is apt to happen.


SONY's commodity is so good and it's been popular among the people in the world,so we the Japanese often call it『世界のソニー』,but the company has been affected …

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>> 51 【At the end.】


『SONY,you are also…』

SONY has been affected by the depression,and been struggling for its economic recovery.


The company has set forth a plan of cutting down its cost so as to reduce deficit.

Carrying out a reduction of the cost not only in electrical department but in the one of video games and movies,as a result,the company succeeded in decreasing no less than ￥ 250 billion,comparing to the previous year.


Does it mean exciting game and interesting movie decrease in the future?

Putting productions in each factory together means reducing cost,but other cost generates.Its amount of money is ￥ 60 billion.Even if trying to decrease the cost,a new cost has generated.


The company has stopped a part of production in factory,so about a thousand of temporary staff have been fired.

Furthermore,as to full-time staff,the company hopes that some of them resign voluntarily.


There is no exception both to directors and administrators.The directors' bonuses and…

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>> 52 【At the end.】


《SONY,you're also…》


As taking its responsibility,both directors' bonus and administrators' rewards would also be cut down.


《TOYOTA and Microsoft are also…》


As for points of dropping sales in foreign countries and being under the influence of strong yen,TOYOTA had also been in the same circumstance.


TOYOTA had possibility of what's called 連結営業赤字 of a term of March in 2009,that thing had never happened after the World War Ⅱ.


The company was in the middle of considering reduction of full-fledged employees in foreign countries.


Microsoft announced that it cut down approximately 5 thousand employees.It's the first large-scale reduction of personnel since the company was founded in 1975.


If the economy in the world goes bad,firms who abstain from buying new personal computers or updating software for business use increase.


People which give up purchasing new personal computers increase,as a result,a big company like Microsoft will be in difficulty.

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>> 53 【At the end.】


《Japanese economy became the worst situation after the World War Ⅱ.》


The Bank of Japan,the central bank,announced a promise that economic growth rate fell into －1.8% in 2008,and －2% in 2009.They are the worst number after the World War Ⅱ.


The worst one in the past used to be －1.5% in 1998,but the ones of both in 2008 and 2009 are worse.


The Bank of Japan drew a scenario that the economic growth rate would rise up to about 1.5,but it's on the condition the financial anxiety will be dispelled and consumption in foreign countries would be upturn.

Economic deterioration would continue becoming serious more and more both in the World and in Japan,but the economy would get out of the worst situation,and begin to improve.


The Bank of Japan expects like that,but it may end up being only a desire.


《Expectation for President Obama's inauguration．》


Obama assumed the President in the U.S.A.January in 2009.It was penetrating cold in Washington then.Why did President…

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>> 54 【At the end.】


《Expectation for President Obama's inauguration.》


Why did they change a President in the U.S.A.in such a cold season?

In the U.S.A., an inauguration ceremony of a new president used to be done in March when it's the warm weather of spring.


However,President Hoover who was at a loss what to do in the world panic of 1929 was beaten at the presidential election in 1932.His term of the American President was in the next March,so American economy went still bad.


If the President who suffered heavy losses in a Presidential election remains in his President office,both the national politics and economy remain stagnant.


As the American Congress was aware of it,a date of inauguration ceremony of American President was moved up from March to January.


“As recognizing the history,I'm forced to think the inauguration ceremony was moved up,for President Bush who spoiled the world economy like Hoover disappeared January.”Akira Ikegami said.


We've expected the new…

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>> 55 【At the end.】


《Expectation for President Obama's inauguration.》


We've expected the new President Obama to be a second Roosevelt all over the world,for all the people's expectations made his inauguration ceremony grow livelier.


《They've chosen a hope.》

However,President Obama stressed at a speech in his inauguration ceremony that they couldn't take optimistic view in the future.He said like the next.


“Our economy has been weakened terribly.It's a result of our entire society' blunder which failed to adapt our nation to a new era.It's not only a part of greedy and irresponsible behaviors but our fault,for we've neglect to make a severe decision.”

He continued like the next.“I'm going to declare you today.An ordeals which we've faced are genuine.The ordeals are serious and numerous.We can't deal with it easily in a short time.”


Instead of using permissive remarks,President Obama called a preparedness with severe remarks.


Is there a politician like him in Japan?

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>> 56 【At the end.】


On the other hand,President Obama called like the next.

“However,all of you in the U.S.A, I want you to understand.These trials will be handled.We've gathered here,for instead of terror,we've chosen a hope,instead of dispute and disagreement,we've selected to possess the same goal.”


The President continued like the next.


“We've been distressed and frightened because of economic blunder,but if learning something important from the blunder and going on making an effort with hope,we'll definitely recover.”


President Obama made a speech for the people in the U.S.A.like the next,and the others listened to him all over the world.We also can confront the crisis with a hope.


By the way,as you know,I've expressed《14歳からの世界金融危機》which was written February in 2009.

Has the situation improved? I'm not sure of it.At leart,I should read newspaper carefully everyday and watch a TV news commentary.


Instead of other's,I should express my own thought in English,but I can't…

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【Marvelous painting twitter,I'm wondering.】


I'm going to express myself in English,being based on a Japanese book,名画の言い分, written by 木村泰司,published from ちくま文庫.


I'm going to start from its preface,for it'll be useful for us to understand what the book tries to say,I'm sure.Here we go!


“Please show me how to appreciate Western arts.”or“What's a history of Western art?” Whenever others ask me some questions like those,I make it a rule to answer like the next.

“Instead of watching,we should read the paintings.”


We the Japanese often said nowadays we should watch arts with sensitivity,or it's just that there're two options,‘liking it or not.’or‘being moved by it or not.


However it's impossible to understand Western art before modern times with only sensitivity,for naturally Western art has been born in Western civilization.Western civilization itself has started from concept that the human's sensitivity isn't reliable,so we should be rational.

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>> 58 【Preface】


In the first place,it's after the 18th century when painters started creatings their works at will.

The works used to be things which sent others some messages.Its origin dates back to the age of ancient Greece.

There're definite intentions on the works.As for the Western art,we should grasp the messages and intentions precisely on the works,and enjoy enough the world of the Western arts.


We need a large amount of knowledge of the history,politics,religious idea,thought,and social background on the time when the works were created.


The history of Western art belongs to the knowledge,the knowledge has been systematized as some learning.It's the history of the Western art.


So even Europeans and Americans can't understand the Western art without learning the history of the Western art.


Considering that they are Europeans and Americans,but they live in modern time,so everyone needs the knowledge on the history of the Western art if wanting to grasp the Western art.

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>> 59 【Preface.】


We the Japanese lead our everyday life,having little knowledge on the Greek myth or the Bible,so we can't naturally understand the Western art with uncertain thing like sensitivity.

However,almost all of us won't be a professional on the art,so we don't have to possess a large amount of knowledge.


The author proposes we grasp the essence of the time when the works were created.It doesn't always mean that we have precise knowledge.


If grasping rough essence of the time,we'll also be able to understand why the works were painted at that time.


Then we can read and solve messages which were entrusted on the works.It's the true charm of appreciating the Western art and an easy way of savoring the Western art.


In European and the U.S.A,they take their children to an art museum when the children are young,and the parents teach their children the knowledge on the art with plain words.


Let's have a pure heart like a baby and appreciate the art pleasantly together!

• 共感0

>> 60 【First chapter,the birthplace of the Western art.A trip from ancient Greece to the Middle Ages.】

The birthplace of the Western art is ancient Greece.All Civilization before Greece was controlled by some gods in a sense.


Even if it rained,it was thundering,they were what the gods had done,they used to think like that then.


“No,they're not.”Some people learned to change their minds.They learned to think things rationally and made the humankind a center for everything.


As a result,it's the time of ancient Greece when both philosophy,learning and art were born.


The ancient Greece was succeeded to ancient Rome,and was revived in the time of the Renaissance.It's been succeeded to modern Western art.


Because the Western art was born in rational civilization,without being rational,we can't understand the Western art.


The birthplace of the Western civilization is ancient Greece,so the birthplace of the Western art is also the same place.That's why the history of the modern art…

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>> 61 The author says like the next.“I'm going to cover the history of the art which has length of almost 2400 years in no more than a copy.It's so darning that please prepare yourself.”

Needless to say,I don't know anything on the history of the Western art,so I have to prepare for myself.


《The era of archaic,when the civilization of which center was humankind was born.》

Roughly speaking,as to the ancient Greek art,there're three eras,Archaic,Classic and Hellenism.


ｸﾛｲｿｽ墓碑像 seems to be created about 525 B.C.more than 2500 years ago.It's not supported by anything.We call a sculpture which has no props 丸彫り彫刻.


All statues of a standing figure used to have some props with them before the ancient Greece.


The 丸彫り彫刻 appeared for the first time in the ancient Greece,consciousness of the people in those days shows on the 丸彫り彫刻.It means the next.


It's not that the god made the the humankind stand.The humankind stands with its own will vigorously.


We can understand the civilization …

• << 69 《The era of archaique,when the civilization of which center was humankind was born.》 We can grasp the civilization of which center was the humankind was born there. As for a sculpture of males in Greece,they are all naked,even if they're gods or athletes,but being naked has some intentions. We the Japanese often said we don't always make much of our faces.It doesn't matter even whether or not it's beautiful. However the concept of which being beautiful isn't made much doesn't seem to be accepted in the Western,in particular males,for one of origins of being beautiful in the Western lies in the beautiful of the males. As for males,being beautiful used to be vesy vital in the ancient Greece,so they pursued an image of ideal male. For example,they competed the championship with nothing on like the gods in the Olympics of the ancient Greece. The athletes smeared olive oil as sunscreen to their skins,for they wanted to look they were beautiful,for interior beauty in the males…

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Stop drinking for you,your health.

You wanna die?

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>> 63 Thank you for your message and your concern.


Do I want to die? I'm not sure of it,but I don't always drink heavily every day,though I'd drunk until a few hours ago.


I'm sure I'm alcoholic.To be exact,I depend on alcohol.I'm not addicted to alcohol,I hope so.


When being hungry,I tend to feel drinking.I find it hard to overcome the temptation of drinking.


When leading your everyday life,are you happy? As to myself,I'm not sure of it.I don't choose to live positively,and I don't think I want to live a long life,though it doesn't always I've suffering from something unhealthy.

Eventually all of us will be dead some day,so I don't mind so much,but I'm afraid you'll be offended by my remarks,but this is what I've felt.I'm sorry for it.


Have a good night.

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>> 64 Hi！

Chillax, Mr.銀三.
Every man is his own worst enemy.
I' m gonna save you from drinking with my supernatural power. Hahaha.

Good luck ！

From Dr. Creepy.

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>> 65 Thank you for your message.

Supernatural power…?


Well,putting that aside,it doesn't mean I always drink,for actually I've never drunk yet both yesterday and today,though today I'll drink after the work in the factory,for today is a payday,so I can't help it.

Hey! Dr.Creepy,what's the supernatural power? Could you please tell me?


If it were a way of curing my alcoholic,I would be happy.


I hate to be absent from my job,so I won't drink heavily today after the work.


Good night.

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>> 66 Good morning, Mr.銀三.

‘supernatural power’means‘ 超能力’in Japanese. Also yo can say it like ‘psychic power’,though.

I was just kidding, sorry. I have no ‘Extra Sensory Perception’. ‘ESP’is short for that.

To be honest, I don't believe in supernatural power. Anyways, you can overcome it like me if there is no supernatural power.

You can do it！

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>> 67 Hi,Dr.Creepy.How are you? Thank you for your encouragement.


You've overcome the alcoholic,haven't you?It's wonderful!


However,without a clear vision in which I've wanted to be,it seems to be difficult,I'm afraid.To my sorrow,I have little interest on my life.


I have no family,so I'm not responsible for anyone.I'm not sure whether or not it's good.

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>> 62 The author says like the next.“I'm going to cover the history of … 《The era of archaique,when the civilization of which center was humankind was born.》


We can grasp the civilization of which center was the humankind was born there.


As for a sculpture of males in Greece,they are all naked,even if they're gods or athletes,but being naked has some intentions.

We the Japanese often said we don't always make much of our faces.It doesn't matter even whether or not it's beautiful.


However the concept of which being beautiful isn't made much doesn't seem to be accepted in the Western,in particular males,for one of origins of being beautiful in the Western lies in the beautiful of the males.


As for males,being beautiful used to be vesy vital in the ancient Greece,so they pursued an image of ideal male.

For example,they competed the championship with nothing on like the gods in the Olympics of the ancient Greece.

The athletes smeared olive oil as sunscreen to their skins,for they wanted to look they were beautiful,for interior beauty in the males…

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>> 69 【The era of archaique,when the civilization of which center was humankind was born.】


They'd thought that male's interior beauty built up its beautiful body naturally in ancient Greece.


In short,a body and spirit s one thing,and they used to be proud of each body.Hero worship was originated from it.Greek idea was shown in ancient Greek art in those days.


《In a word,it's predominance of man over woman 男尊女卑.》


To my surprise,homosexual love wasn't forbidden in the society of the ancient Greece,far from it,they made use of it.


Boyfriends who loved each other were intentionally assigned to the same military unit.It didn't seem to be rare.

A male is the one who wants to look nice himself in front of other who he loves,so when being at war,he wanted to show his boyfriend his bravery,and if his boyfriend was in danger,he would go to him in order to assist his boyfriend.


Because they had a sense of value like that,male sculpture are all naked,and they pursued its beauty.

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>> 70 《Predominance of man over woman.》


By the way,I'm not a gay at all,and I'm not interested in the homosexuality a bit.

To return to my main topic,I'm going to continue my expression.


On the other hand,lots of female sculptures are goddesses who wore their clothes,for female's status was comparatively low,and they thought female was inferior to male spiritually in the ancient Greece.In short,it's the society of predominance of man over woman.


While a man used to show others his nude for his exercise,a woman used to be prohibited to show others her nude.The moral didn't allow it then.A nude of goddess was inexcusable.


However,as time passed,some goddess' sculptures which were nude began to appear,I'm wondering if it responded to needs in its times.


Some sculptures of nude of Venus who is a goddess of sexual love appeared limitedly in the next era,classic time.


Briefly they pursued for ideal beauty on the art in the archaique era.They worked hard so as to come true…

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>> 71 《Predominance of man over woman》


Both representation of a male nude and other representation of female dress like folds were completed in classic era,and it have been succeeded in the present age.


It's classic beauty,and typical beauty.Its basis was founded in the archaique era.


By the way,speaking of the archaique era,wha is called archaique smile is familiar to us.What does it mean?


It seems a mysterious and peaceful smile hides something deep and meaningful,but it's just that it represents the one who breathes,the one who is alive.

There's a famous sculpture,『A dying soldier』,which was made at the end of the archaique era.


The sculpture represents a soldier who was on the verge of dying.To my surprise,he smiles,but it doesn't always mean he feels happy,nor he is spiritually awakened.


It's just that he hasn't completely died yet.The archaique smile means that he is dying.


Instead of watching,art is understanding,but we don't unnecessarily have to try to grasp deeply.

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>> 72 『Classic era,which was the golden age of Greek civilization.』


I'm going to express on the classic era.Greek civilization's golden age was from the A.D 5th to 4th century.


The origin or model of Western beauty lies in the Greek art from the A.D 5th to 4th century.Without recognizing the Greek art,we can't express the Western beauty.


There's a sculpture,Hermes who holds Dionysus in his arm,which was made by a renowned sculptor.


“How beautiful it is!”If feeling like that,it's not sufficient,for we look at the sculpture with only a sensitivity.


The work of the classic era in which idealism was made much of is naturally beautiful,but how should we understand its beauty?


By the way,I've never looked at the sculpture actually,even if I have,I doubt whether or not I can understand its beauty.


The comment isn't my own but the book,『名画の言い分』says so,though I've been interested in the art.


As you know from its title,the sculptor used Greek mythology for its subject matter.

• << 79 【Classic era,which was the golden age of Greek civilization.】 Hermes and Dionysus were half-brothers 異母兄弟,and their father was almighty Zeus.He was such a playboy that he frequently did love affairs. When being in a figure of a god,he was covered with fire of thunder,accompanied by thunder and lightning. When meeting a human,he changed into a swan,e,bull,or person.Zeus started extramaritial affairs 不倫 with a beautiful female woman named セメレ,and she was pregnant with his child. It was naturally Hera,wife of Zeus who was enraged at it.She was very jealous goddess. Hera changed into セメレ's wet nurse 乳母,and said to セメレ like the next. “I doubt whether or not he is Zeus.Please asked him to appear in the same figure when he went to see his wife.” セメレ was worried about it and pressed Zeus.“Are you really Zeus? If so, please show me the figure of the god!” Women seem not to listen to anything then even if we men try to say something.Zeus reluctantly appeared in the figure of …

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http:/ Hi /

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【What I've thought.】


A new year has begun,so in general we're apt to say“A happy new year.”but in fact I'm not sure why we feel so happy.


I'm wondering if it means like the next.

When leading everyday life,we've come across something hard,sad,and so on,but we've overcome them,so we've here,but I'm not sure.


Neither I have my family,nor any girlfriend,but it doesn't always mean that the situation makes me feel like that.


Then do I commit a suicide? No! Fortunately or not,I don't have enough guts to do.


Even if I have a girlfriend and get marry to her,will I feel happy? I'm afraid I won't be,but it's others' fault.Is it my fault? I'm not sure of it,it's just that it's my destiny,for I can't love anyone.It cannot be helped.

I'd thought for a long time I could,though I'd been slightly aware that I couldn't,but I didn't think I was the one like that.


It doesn't always mean that I'm ready to hurt others' feelings.I'm not sure of things of which others make most of,why …

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>> 75 【What I've thought】


It doesn't always mean that I'm suffering from a broken heart because someone beautiful has turned me down.


In the first place,I'm sure I can't love anymore,but I'm a male,so I'm apt to be consumed by lust.It's just that I want to satisfy my desire in the middle of it.


Ironically,we call the deed making a love,I can't help laughing it,for I don't feel any love.


However,I'd thought I could feel it,I'd expect there should be something wonderful,but it's my understanding.


When reading,there are some people who feel a strong loathing for me, especially females,it can't be helped.I deserve it.I hate to pretend to be a good-natured man,though I shouldn't have expressed what I've thought.


While I can't feel any love,it doesn't always mean whenever I feel lust for females,I won't attack any females.It's natural.


Without feeling love,we can lead our life,I'm sure,but the love can be interpreted broadly.For example,the love for family members,but…

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>> 76 【What I've thought】


It doesn't always mean that I intend to offend others.There's something different between I and the others.


For instance,while I find something natural,they don't,and when the they think it natural,I don't think.


More or less everyone may sometimes think so,but as for me,it's happened frequently.We the Japanese are liable to think like the next.


If large part of us do a thing,I have to do it.If not, neither I do.

However,fortunately or not I'm different,for each of us have different face,different personality,it's natural,for each of us is different,I'm sure,but the others aren't.


Even if I pretend to feel like others and I spend my time with them,do I feel happy? To my sorrow,I won't.


Contrary to it,if the ones like me are around me,can I pass my time with them? Absolutely not! I hate the ones who are stubborn,selfish,stupid,and hard to please like me.

However even if no one hates me,I'm going to do what I want to do.It's just what I've chosen it.

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>> 77 【What I've thought】


Oh! I made a mistake again.In the last part of the last responese,I said“No one hates…”but I should have said“Everyone hates me…”


By the way,I used to try to love a woman here,but I couldn't,though I'd expected I could in fact I couldn't.Neither its my fault,nor her fault.It can't be helped.


Did I pretend to try to look nice me? I'm afraid I did.She seemed to suffer from something lonely,then stumbled a little stone,staggered and stopped.The little stone was me.


Fortunately or not,we'd never met each other.When suffering from something bad,we're apt to seek a kind of help,even if the help may be useless actually.


It's a thing in the past.I hope she leads her life comfortably,though I have nothing to do with her forever.


It's just that I want to make discrimination for the thing in the past.


It's just that a thing in a virtual world.By the way,I've studied English for about a decade.Has my English ability improved? I hope so…

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>> 73 『Classic era,which was the golden age of Greek civilization.』 I… 【Classic era,which was the golden age of Greek civilization.】


Hermes and Dionysus were half-brothers 異母兄弟,and their father was almighty Zeus.He was such a playboy that he frequently did love affairs.


When being in a figure of a god,he was covered with fire of thunder,accompanied by thunder and lightning.


When meeting a human,he changed into a swan,e,bull,or person.Zeus started extramaritial affairs 不倫 with a beautiful female woman named セメレ,and she was pregnant with his child.

It was naturally Hera,wife of Zeus who was enraged at it.She was very jealous goddess.


Hera changed into セメレ's wet nurse 乳母,and said to セメレ like the next.


“I doubt whether or not he is Zeus.Please asked him to appear in the same figure when he went to see his wife.”


セメレ was worried about it and pressed Zeus.“Are you really Zeus? If so, please show me the figure of the god!”


Women seem not to listen to anything then even if we men try to say something.Zeus reluctantly appeared in the figure of …

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>> 79 【Classic era,which was golden age of Greek civilization】


Zeus reluctantly appeared in figure of the god.Then a lightning flashed,and thundered,Zeus whose figure was covered with fire showed up.


セメレ was a person,so she burned to death naturally,but if Zeus was almighty,why did he expect it? The god seems to have some human feelings.


Zeus was panicked,for セメレ had his baby in her body.He took out of his unborn baby from her body in a hurry,and sewed it on his thigh.In due course,Dionysus was born.

The baby cried for milk,but even if Zeus was almighty,he couldn't give his son his mother's milk.


Ironically,Hera who was Zeus' wife was a goddess who controlled childbirth and marriage.The Milky Way is mother's milk of Hera,which trickled down on the earth and a white flower came out there.It's a lily.People used to think like that then.


Zeus couldn't ask his wife Hera to give milk for the baby who was a son between him and his sweetheart.Moreover Hera watched for a chance to…

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>> 80 【Classic era,which was golden age of Greek civilization】


Besides,Hera watched for a chance to kill him.So Hermes who was a son between Zeus and a daughter of the giants'family was involved in this story.


Hermes had been quick-witted 機転が利く since he was born.He traveled varied places as a messenger for gods and became a guardian deity 守り神 for a traveler,gambler and thief in Greece.


Zeus said to Hermes.“I want you to take your half-brother to nymphs in the mountain and have them raise him.”Hermes carried Dionysus in his arms and traveled to the nymphs.


『Hermes who holds an infant,Dionysus』is the sculpture which was represented in a scene of the trip.


On the way to the nymphs in the mountain,when Dionysus was fretful,Hermes humored あやす him with a cluster of grape.Though actually the sculpture is a one-armed they seem to think so.

The episode hints the future of Dionysus,they also call him Bacchus.He has become the guardian deity of wine later.


When understanding background…

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>> 81 【Classic era,which was the golden age of Greek civilization.】


When understanding a work's background and story,we can appreciate and enjoy the work.It's the way of appreciating the Western arts.In short,as for the art,instead of watching,we should read them.

By the way,even if it's the same classic era,there's difference between ideal figure of B.C.the 5th and 4th century.


Main stream of the Greek sculpture in the B.C.5th century is a stern style.It means a stern expression which was suppressed feelings.


In those days when a male cried bitterly even in funeral,others thought he was unmanly and he was punished.


Suppressing grief and distress was more moved,they thought like that.It's same with Greek tragedy.

A person must accept its destiny.Then without resisting nor clamoring it,enduring it is beautiful and ideal. It's their sense of beauty.


On the other hand,when being in the B.C.4th century,they learned to like soft expressions.It's a style of elegance.

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>> 82 【Classic era,which was the golden age of the Greek civilization.】


Roughly speaking,the sculpture became better proportioned figure a little.To be concrete,it changed from what is called 七頭身 to 八頭身.More beautiful and more elegant sculptures become the mainstream then.


By the way,they had sought an ideal figure of a male through a sculpture in the ancient Greece.They had never represented any hair like the hair on a male's chest then.

Its exception is a thing like beard and pubic hair 陰毛.

The beard was adopted for the sculptures of gods and philosophers in their primes.


The pubic hair means that the one who possessed the pubic hair reached an age of adolescence.


As for the sculpture of a tomb,instead of the pubic hair,they used berry of a pomegrante ザクロ,which was the symbol of fertility.They represented the deceased reached an age of adolescence.


By the way,when expressing a Japanese phrase of 果物の実 in English,it depends on.Some used seed for the word,others berry and…

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>> 83 【Classic era,which was the golden age of Greek civilization】


When expressing 植物・果実の実 in English,it seems to be varied like a seed,berry,fruit,nut and so on.


As for the pomegranteザクロ ,I'm not sure which to use,for it's shameful of me to say it,but I've never eaten the pomegrante,so I'm afraid my remark may be in the wrong.I'm sorry for it.

Those Greek tradition in the art with regard to the various hairs had been to succeeded to what is called old masters.The old masters seemed to be artists before 1800s.

As a result,except for the hair on the head,any hair have never expressed and represented in both sculptures and paintings after the Renaissance.


When appreciating a work of art,please be careful of it.

【The era of Hellenism.Then Greek civilization was succeeded to the Rome.】

Greece became a part of the ancient Roman Empire in the Hellenism era.I'm going to express both the history of Greece and Rome concisely.


As you know,Greece used to be a city state 都市国家,and…

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>> 84 【The era of Hellenism,when Greek civilization was succeeded to the ancient Roman Empire.】

There was an ancient Persian Empire of Achaimanish dynasty.Greece was to the south.The two countries plunged into war in B.C.499.It's what is called Perusian war.


Greek alliance of which center was Athens won the war in Salamis in B.C.480.


After that the three greatest philosophers like Sokrates,Platon,and Aristoteles showed up,and Greek civilization became a golden age.


However,rivalry broke out one after another between the city states such as Athens,Sparta,コリント,and Thebai,so Greece went to ruin gradually.


Instead of Greece,Macedonia which was to north began to rise.Its king governed the whole city states except for Athens in B.C.388.


His son was the Great Alexander.He led both Greek and Macedonian armies and went on an expenditureto the eastern area.He established a great empire.It reached to Egypt,Central Asia and the Indus River in India.

The expenditure made the Greek…

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【What I've thought.】

I'm apt to neglect to come here,for I've put a great deal of effort into acquiring ability of listening to English.


I'm sure I have to concentrate intensively for a short term,otherwise I can't win what I want to do.


By the way,a woman who gave her name as 幸せ者 used to come to my thread.Needless to say,it's a handle name.I'm sure she's kind.


When coming across other's sadness or trouble,she seems to feel as if the sorrow and hardship were her own.She is warm and tender,so she's nice though I have nothing to do with her any more.


I can't feel like her,but it doesn't always hate her.I hope that she can have a boyfriend who can saves from her loneliness someday.


If I say something more,it's what's called 未練 in Japanese.It's just that I want to make a distinction between me and her.


She's diligent and has wanted someone who encourages her to make an effort,I'm sure.She's a hard worker.Good-by and thank you.

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>> 88 If wanting to stop,I will.Whether or not I continue,it's none of your business.


If you want to laugh,do as you want to do.I won't mind it at all.


自作自演!? そんな事やるか、ボケ！


If you don't think you want to watching,stop it!


I've never ask you to watch my thread at all.

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>> 87 削除されたレス You don't have to use the Japanese.


No one is perfect,besides in relation to me,but I won't stop expressing myself in English.I will never!


If being afraid of making a mistake,I won't do anything valuable.


Roughly speaking,if being able to make myself understood in English,it's all right,I'm sure.


I'm not native English speaker,so I can't use accurate English,but what's the accurate English?


English has been spoken in a large area.For example,to be exact, British English is different from American English.Then is either of them in the wrong? Absolutely not.

However,both of them are native speakers,so their English is by far better than me.


Language is apt to change,if to put it in an extreme way,the way of saying has no the right answer.


Learning language is different from learning math.As for the math,the right answer is only one,but English is different.


The more the place where its language is spoken spreads,the more its language apt to change.

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【What I've thought.】


I'm afraid I was emotional a little.I should not have been.To my sorrow,it seems that I'm not a splendid English speaker,but it can't be helped.


About a decade has passed since I finished taking English lessons at an English language school.The most part of my English is self-education,except for basic one.


I think I should listen to others' advices,but some of them are apt to full of hostility.“English is not fashion!”the one said to me like that.


Without being said,I've recognized it enough,however I'm forced to think the self-education has limit,but what should I do?


I have no friend of native English speaker,even if I have,I'm so stubborn and eccentric that I find it hard to associate with others.


Being alone isn't always bad,but to be honest I sometimes feel like talking with others,except for the ones who want to criticize me.


Needless to say,I think I sometimes need to listen to something critical,but I'll hate it if it's for slander…

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【What I've thought.】


Though I've received a message from someone who criticized me again,but it doesn't appear here.I don't understand why it didn't.

It said I'm a fool,but without being said from the one like him or her,I've recognized it enough.So what?


That's why I need to study,so I've done,but if it criticized me as a fool,how wonderful is it?


I want the one to show me its ability.Otherwise it can't say the thing to me.


It suggested I change my handle name,but it's none of its business.


It says me to continue this thread,but if wanting to go on doing it,I will.It has nothing to do with him or her in the least.

Whether it's criticism or praise,I'm going to send anyone back my message as long as I have enough free to do it.


If comparing the latest message to the others which repeated the same thing,the last one isn't so boring.


Whoever wants to come,I won't refuse,maybe.Even if it's bitter criticism,it's all right as long as showing the ground of the criticism.

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>> 88 削除されたレス You coudn't answer someone's special question, even though,it was quite easy,retard.　ハハハ！

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>> 93 Hey! Oaf! What do you want to say? Even if I didn't answer,it has nothing to do with you.If wanting to say something,show me it clearly,nuts.


There seems to be more people who have free time than I've expected.This idiot is also one of them.

My recent remarks provoke others who read my thread,I'm wondering.


However not only I but also others who react to my remarks are such the fools.We ended up abusing each other.It's meaningless.

However all the things aren't my fault.Needless to say,the one who provocates others,it's me,is wrong,but the others who are provoked are also wrong,I'm sure.


I hate to retract my previous statement,but it's ridiculous.


In the first place,I've not built my threads so as to abuse others.


It's just that I want to be a wonderful English speaker,but to my sorrow,not only I provoked others but also I was provoked.As a result,I'm also one of the idiots.


It's a waste of time.It can't be helped.I'm going to refrain from violent abuses.

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【In a factory.】


I've worked in a factory as a temporary staff.In the place where I worked,conveyor used to be adopted,but it was abolished and a new way is adopted.I'm dissatisfied with it so much.

The conveyor is a kind of stand in which lots of rollers are put with equal space.

When making goods,at first we put a carton on the part of rollers.Then we put the goods with some materials like a screw,a nut or other ones in the carton.Next we push foraward the carton to the next position.

In the next position,other one assembles the screw,nuts and so on.The other one also pushes foraward the carton to the next part.


I think it useful to use the conveyor,for when handing it to the next position,we have only to push,it's easy.


Instead of the conveyor,the stand with casters has been adopted.When handing the carton to the next position,we have to carry it to the next position for myself.I find it hard.


Needless to say,we have to make a lot of goods,so I'm forced to…

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>> 95 【In a factory】


The more we have to make goods,the more we're forced to carry the carton.It's so hard that I hate it.


When saying in poor my English,plenty of people may think like the next.“What's difference between pushing forward the carton on the conveyor and carrying it for itself?”


The burden to the body of the worker is different.When pushing forward it,we don't have to move,but when carrying it,we have to,even if the stand has the casters and it's a few steps,it's hard.


There are all sorts of the goods.As for its size,it's varied.


If the goods are smaller,we can put two goods on the caster.Then instead of putting the goods one by one,if putting two of them on the stand with the casters and carrying it,it's easier,but we can't.It's forbidden.I can't understand why.It's ridiculous!


Recently,new goods have been starting to make,and the factory intends to do mass production.


However,when making,it gives us the workers a lot of trouble and time in spite of the fact…

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【In a factory】

As I have worked in the factory as a temporary staff,I don't think I have to work hard like as a regular employee,for if comparing my treatment with other regular employees,mine isn't so good,but the others demand we temporary staff work like a slave.

It seems that the factory has paid suitable money for our work,but theprobrem is that the temporary company has exploited from us so much that our salary isn't satisfactory,but it can't be helped,for the temporary company is the place likethat.

While recently both the temporary staff and regular employees have quilted one after another,personnels haven't been filled,for even if new staff enter the factory,they tend to quit at once.

Sometimes I feel like setting fire both to the factory and the temporary company,but needless to say,I don't enough guts to do. If the accidents happen,I'll feel better even if I'm in trouble.

By the way,I've tried to send a message from a what is called a tablet.I need to get use to it.

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[The era of Hellenism,when Greek civilization was succeeded to Rome]

The expenditure made the Greek culture extend eastward without stopping.To tell the truth,the person who was charged of education for Alexander was Aristotle,a Greek great philosopher.Alexander also devoted himself to Greek culture.

However.he suffered from a fever on his way home from the expenditure and dead,then he was 32 years old,After that the empire of Alexander was divided into Macedonia,Egypt,and Syria.

On the othet hand.opinion is divided on the establishment of ancient Roman Empire.Latin people made villages around B.C 1000.It is said that it's the base of the ancient Roman Empire.After that,republic government was established around B.C. sixth century,after that the ancient Roman
Empire began to developed.

The Empire controlled whole Italian peninsula with its great military power around B.C. third century.It started what is called Poeni war with Carthago from B.C.264 to 146.Carthago lay in
.

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[What I've thought.]

As having boughft the ipad,I've tried to express myself in English with touch typing without looking at the keyboard.To my sorrow,instead ,pressing witn my forefinger seems to be more quickly.When doing the way,I have to put both my forefingers on the keyboard of F and J as thoroughly as possible.

However,the more the time passes,the more my forefingers aren't apt to put on the two keyboards.It can't be helped,for it's just that I've started today.As proverb says,Rome was not built in a day,but it takes much time.It's about 1.5 hour.

When doing it with my cellphone,I used to be able to finish doing it within an hour.In addition,I tend to touch unnecessary buttons.I need to get used to doing it.Before putting my fingers,I'm liable to think where to put.

Without thinking at all,I must learn to put my fingers what I want.Conceration in a short term is efficient,I'm sure.My ability improves littli by little,day by day,I hope so.I want to use the ipad at will.

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[ipad]

Recently I've bought ipad.To my surprise,it has a function of responding to its users.We call it Siri.For example,if speaking to "I want to drink" it responds like the next.

At first,it tells me some places where I can drink or I can purchase beverages,for example supermarkets,convenience stores,liquor shops or bars.It shows me the ones which is the nearest one in turn.

However without speaking to it fluently it can't understand what I want to say.When speaking it "soapland" and"pink saloon" it said it couldn't understand,though I'm not sure whether or not it had nothing to do with what I can speak fluently.

When speaking it"I want a girlfriend."it said "Good luck.I'm sure you can find someone wonderful."When speaking to it "I want a boyfriend." Needless to say,I'm not a gay,but I'm interested in what it said,but it gave a noncommittal reply.

When asking it to sing something it showed me a song of Sakura with words on the screen.I must consider its way of using.

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[The era of Hellenism,when Greek civilization had been succeeded to Ancient Rome Empire.]

The Ancient Rome Empire was at war with Carthago which lay in Northern Africa because of control on trade over the Mediterranean Sea from B.C 264 to 146 and the Empire won.

As a result,the territory of the Ancient Rome Empire became the place which surrounded the Mediterranean Sea from African northern coast to part of present Spain,and when the Empire was going through process of increasing its power,Greece belonged to the Empire.

After that the Empire destroyed three countries of Hellenism one after another .We call about the 300 years from the Great Alexander's expenditure eastward to extinction of Egypt of Ptolemy dynasty of which last queen was famous Cleopatra Hellenism era.By the way the Hellenism means Greek style,and the word was born in modern times.

The people in the ancient Roman Empire who made Greece belong to them experienced Greek philosophy ,humanity,art and gods …

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[The era of Hellenism,when Greek civilization had been succeeded to the Ancient Rome Empire.]

The people who made Greece belong to the Ancient Rome Empire experienced Greek philosophy,humanity,literature,art,and even their gods.They began to be attracted by the things the Greek had created,and to take them in as the Roman civilization positively.

As I can understand they tried to take the art or learning in.but what did it mean that they take the gods in?

We the Japanese live in a country where there are plenty of the gods.The Ancient Greece and Rome used to be the same situations like that.The people of the two ancient countries had lots of the gods.

The Roman people began to call the Greek gods Roman names.For example,Zeus was Jupiter,Aphrodite was Venus,Hermes was Mercury,and Eros was Cupid.Thus Greek civilization had been succeeded to the Ancient Roman Empire.

Speaking of typical sculptures in the era of Hellenism,Nike in サモトラケ.Laocoon,and Venus in Melos.

A victorious god…

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【The era of Hellenism,when Greek civilization had been succeeded to Ancient Rome Empire】

A victorious goddess ,Nike had gone down at the bow in a ship of a navy force.It's the sculpture of サモトラケのニケ.Her big wings were against a strong headwind 向かい風 and spread.Representation of her delicate dress was flapping.Wherever we look at the sculpture,it's filled with energy.

Laocoon was a priest at the Apollo palace in Troia when the Troia war broke out.He only objected to pull the wooden horse into the castle. A goddess Athena dispatched a huge serpent to him and his two sons.The snake wound itself around three of them and killed.The subject in the Greek Myth was taken in the sculpture of the Laocoon.

Laocoon's instant expression was contorted with pain,for the serpent bit his left side.The sculpture was represnented powerfully.His expression wasn't the one which he didn't endured his feeling.

The sensual beautiful Venus in the Melos.If comparing every work in the era of Hellenism with …

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【What I've thought .】

I've been registered at mixi as its member. A woman whose age is 22 sent me her message with her photo.To my surprise,she said she wanted me to send her my message,though I don't know why.

The day when I received her message I didn't send back my message,for I was confused so much,moreover sending her my message means telling her my mail address before we meet before we meet actually each other.I hate it,for I don't think I want her to know my mail address.I think it something dangerous.

However,I changed my mind next day,for if something bad happens,it's just that I have only to change my mail address,so I sent my message for her,but she refused to receive it.If sending my message for her at once,she may have received my message.

As long as I look at her photo in her message she looks nice concerned her looks,so I think she takes her pride in her looks.Not sending my message quickly hurt her feeling,I'm wondering.As for favorite things it depends,especially…

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【What I've thought.】

It's shameful of me to say,but I forget what I've wanted to say. I expressed myself early in the morning and I've just reached home just now.As a result my remarks aren't connected with the last response of mine.

By the way,I'm sure I can't love anyone. To begin with what Is the love? There are all sorts of loves,I'm sure.For example the love between a family,or the love for a friend,or the love for something important like a hobby or favorite things.The love between a female and a male is one of them,but I find it hard to understand.

Making a love isn't always love. When hearing the phrase of make a love I find it strange,for as for me when the sexual act was done could I make anything wonderful? Moreover I'm afraid I couldn't. I won't be able to make anything in the future.

If someone is kind to me I'll be happy,but needless to say it's not a love.I may be the only one who feel like that.Except for me the society may be full of love. If so I hate to say…

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【The era of Hellenism ,when Greek civilization had been succeeded to Ancient Roman Empire .】

If comparing every work in Hellenism with other works which is rational representation in Classic,lots of people should think the works in Hellenism are the next ones.If appreciating them,the works make their feelings elevate,and the works are dramatic representation which touch everyone.

To tell the truth,when making the work of the Venus de Milo there was an order to make a sculpture of Classical style which pursues ideal beauty,but the sculpture reflected the popularity in the Hellenism and the Venus de Milo which is sensual and is full of great feeling was completed.In short both style of Hellenism and Classic were combined and the Venus de Milo was born.

Thus the original idealism in Hellenism was lost and changed into the sensualism.It's character in the era of Hellenism,for then the Ancient Roman Empire expanded its territory all at once,even Egypt and Syria belonged to the Empire …

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【The era of Hellenism,when Greek civilization had been succeeded to Ancient Roman Empire .】

As a result movement of things and people increased extremely,and the society became the one which various nations and varied languages were intersected among the people,so common Greek recognition became insufficient in relation to the art.Then what had happened?

The artists learned to need representation which appealed to everyone's ordinary sense,things to understand at ease for everyone,for example a woman is beautiful or a child is cute.

Eros which is a God for sexual love was represented as a boy before the era of Hellenism but it changed into an adorable infant in the era of Hellenism.The idealism in the era of Hellenism was partially succeeded to the realism in the Ancient Roman Empire.

【Speaking of Roman sculptures,if watching them we feel as if we were in the office of TV talent,.】

After destroying Egypt of Ptolemy dynasty and returned to Rome in triumph,Octavianus was given …

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【Speaking of Roman sculptures,if looking at them we feel as if they were in the office of TV talents.】

After destroying the Egyptian Ptolemy dynasty and returning to Rome in triumph,Octavianus was given a title of Augustus from the senate 元老院 .The Augustus means an emperor in the ancient Roman Empire.Then Roman republican form of government from the end of B.C. 6th century was over and Roman Imperial Government started.

The Roman people carried away all the Greek art from Greece or three nations of Hellenism and made pkenty of replicas of which number exceeded the original.

Few of the original Greek art are extant at present,but the ancient Roman people longed for the Greek art so much that they made lots of their replicas,as a result we can appreciate the form or the style of Greek art at present.Even if the original ones were made of bronze,their copies were marble.

We think we must never copy a work of art nowadays,but that sense of value didn't exist in the era of the Rome.

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【Speaking of Roman sculptures,if looking at them we feel as if they were in the office of TV talents.】

The Roman art is basically culture of copy,but if a way of life or political structure is different it reflects the art.The author told in the book like the next.

" In an art museumt If going in the place where the Greek art is showed I feel as if I were surrounded with gallant people and in the other place where the Roman art is showed I feel as if the people who were clear-cut personality surrounded me."

In the Greek sculpture they pursued their image of the ideal male,so the lots of the Greek sculptures seem to be beautiful. For example a sculpture of a winner in the Olympics is a monument,so it doesn't always have to resemble the winner himself. Even if the winner isn't good-looking he is forced to be the most good-looking one in the era.

On the other hand the Roman sculpture was made much of a role as a portrait of a deceased person.It means worshipping the ancestor,and it …

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【What I've thought.】

If starting to speak like the next suddenly I'm afraid lots of people think I've lost my mind at last,but I wish I were a hunter!

If so,I don't have to work at the factory through the temporary company,but I find it hard to be the hunter actually.At first its income is unstable.If unable to catch any game I'll be in trouble.

However if being able to shoot down a beast like a wild boar I'll make a profit,for let's suppose that the wild boar was 200 kilogram.Its meat seems to be at least ¥5000 per kilometer,so I can win ¥1 million,though it won't go well easily,for first of all I have to do it at the risk of my life.

However everyone will be dead someday.Even if I'll be dead in the town or in the mountain alone it doesn't matter.Wherever,whenever,or whoever being dead is forced to suffering from agony.

A bear may gnaw on my head,a wild boar's tusk may stab me in the breast,I may be dead of snakebite or of Panaeolus papilionaceus 笑い茸 .If being the hunter I …

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【Speaking of Roman sculptures,if looking at them we feel as if they were in the office of TV talent.】

In short worshipping their ancestors developed the Roman art.The Roman learned to enjoy their lives in vacation homes.They seemed to think of the next things.

"We want to put a sculpture of our ancestor in the vacation home."or "When my daughter marries into other family I want her to take our ancestor's sculpture."

Thus the demand for the sculpture rose. When thinking of the ancestor,the decreased,if the face of the sculpture didn't resemble the decreased himself in the least,it's a bore. As a result the sculpture became realistic,so the place where the Roman sculptures were gathered became the place like a office of TV talents,where there were plenty of people who were clear-cut personality. It means that all the people weren't beautiful.

The Ancient Roman Empire had vast territory.The sculptures of the emperors and other kind sculptures which the emperor mounted on the horse
…

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【Speaking of Roman sculptures,if looking at them we feel as if they were in the office of TV talents.】

Sculptures of successive emperors were set up every town in the tremendous empire. Some of them mounted on the horse.They were emperors ,so their sculptures were idealized a little,but if the sculptures didn't look after the emperors a bit it's out of the question.

The first emperor of Augustus ordered to make some sculptures.One of them is Ara Pacis. It means a peaceful altar. There are also the sculptures called the parade by the member of the Imperial family. It looks like the album of the Imperial Family. If the Roman looked at each sculpture in the parade by the member of the Imperial Family in those days they could have recognized each of the sculpture.

There were difference between the Roman and the Greece in regard to the sense of values,especially to a naked body. As a result in general the Roman sculptures weren't naked,but their ideal beauty was in Greece,so the Roman …

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【Speaking of Roman sculpture,if looking at them,we feel as if they were in the office of TV talents.】

As a result the ancient Roman male strove to remove their hair in a public bathhouse in order to make their skins look smooth like a Greek sculpture.

【The birth of Christian art.】

The times passed and the situation changed so much in the B.C. 4th century. Christianity used to be heretical religion and be persecuted severely until then,but the Ancient Roman Empire recognized the Christianity officially in 313 and decided the Christianity for the state religion in 392.

As you know the Christianity is monotheism 一神教. The religion has only a single god,so other gods in both Roman and Greek were opposite to the Christianity. The other gods regarded as paganism,and were forbidden to believe in.

Both the Roman and Greek gods weren't permitted to revive at all for about a century until the Renaissance. Some works of art were influenced by the Greek and Roman in the beginning,but …

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【The birth of Christian art】

Some of works of Christian art were influenced by the Greek and Roman ones in the beginning ,but the art began to change gradually so as to announce the people that it was the time of Christianity.

For example the sculpture of the emperor of Constantinus who approved Christianity officially opened his eyes and his eyes looked up. It expresses the next.

"While I'm the greatest in this world where we live there is the God in the heaven above us."

In the 4th century the Germanic people had started the great racial migration for two centuries. It's the biggest event which caused the ancient European civilization in Greece and Rome changed into the Middle Ages.

The Germanic people rushed into the Roman territory in large numbers and the Ancient Roman Empire divided into the Western Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire in 395. As for the names of the two empires it may have been formal names,but in fact I don't know.

The Western Roman Empire was ruined …

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【The birth of Christian art】

The Western Roman Empire was ruined in 476 and many different nations of the Germanic people were jumbled up in the Western Europe.

After that the art of Greece and Rome,especially the Christian art in the early days developed in the Eastern Roman Empire,for the Germanic are the hunting people. They moved so frequently that the splendid sculptueres were useless,moreover they didn't have ancient tradition. Thus the development of the art was behind the times in the Western Europe.

However the Christianity spread over the Western Europe more and more. The Christianity is the religion which is good at missionary work 布教.
Not only the Greek,the Roman but the Germanic who came to the Western Europe were polytheist 多神教徒.

The Christianity was fully aware that those polytheists couldn't a single god,but the Christianity allowed the polytheistic to adore saints. Besides the Christianity took advantage of holy grounds of the aboriginal people effectively.

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【What I've thought】

While I've expressed the way of watching the Western art, it doesn't always mean my English remarks are equal to my thought. Even if I can understand an intention of a sculptor I'm not always touched by his work of art. If all of the people in the world are moved by some works of art ,do I have to be touched?

However when understanding the intention of the sculptor I find it interesting. It's just that I hate to pretend to be moved by the works of the art,for I've never watched any works of art in my own eyes. All of them are photographs in the book.

To my sorrow I'm not a sensitive one a bit,but I've been impressed with a few works . The one is pointillism 点描. It looks like a mosaic,and the other is a work of Renoir. Three naked women are bathing in the river. They are beautiful,even if they were women in the painting ,I thought when watching them in a book.

However I wasn't moved with them. It's just that I was impressed. I wish I could be moved some day!

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【What I've thought】

I've wanted to be a hunter but when calming down I find it possible,for the hunting season is about no more than three months a year. It's just that I hate to work in my job. In addition I'm not good at socializing with others. Being alone is better than being with others, i'm sure.

When walking around mountain or wood an experienced hunter seems to recognize easily whether or not there is game he wants. If looking at a dungs or tracks he seems to recognize the game's age or whether the game is male or female.

Roughly speaking the way of hunting is three and so on. A rifle, trap.or net. When using each of them ,he or she need a license . I've heard news lately that a bear attacked some people. Then the hunters have been called for.

To my surprise there are some women who have been the hunter. We call them what is called 狩りガール in Japanese.

Some lives of the hunters are self-sufficiency,I'm wondering. They handle the game which they get for themselves to eat …

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【The birth of Christian art】

For example there is Paris which originates from Cite Island. There is the chapel of Notre Dame in the island. Paris used to be the town of the Celts originally.

There used to be an altar for the Celts to do religious ceremony in the place where there is the chapel of the Notre Dame. After that the Roman influence increased and Paris became the town for the Roman. A shrine which held a ceremony for the repose of the Roman gods was built in the place where there was the altar for the Celts.

When the Christianity became a state religion for the Roman and Paris also became a city for the Christianity, a church for the Christianity was built in the same place. After that the chapel of Notre Dame was completed.

Even if both the religion and building changed the place was holy ground for the native people in the island of Cite. The Christianity seemed to adopt the way and made the people accept the way.

Some people resisted the way in the beginning but …

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【The birth of Christian art】

Some people resisted in the beginning but their their grandchildren seemed to accept and as a result they became the Christian in the end.Thus more and more the people became the Christian and it is said that the people were the Christian in the whole Western Europe.

Ancient Eastern Roman Empire developed the Christian art in the beginning. We also call the Empire Byzantine.Greek,Roman and Orient culture were united and original culture was born. It's the Byzantine culture. The Byzantine Empire existed until 1453.

I'm going to express on the painting of 湾曲した玉座の聖母子 in the culture of the Byzantine.

Plenty of people may have thought it's a poor one,for it's flat and their faces look expressionless, but the painting was done intentionally. Without having any intention any work of art hasn't been done in the Western art. There is always intention or inevitability there.

Lots of people became the Christian more and more,but if representing …

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【The birth of Christian art】

Plenty of people became the Christian more and more and if the Christian art had been represented in a three dimensional splendid sculpture lots of people would have been confused,for they were used to watch Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures.

As a result when looking at the Christian art they may have been worried about whether or not it was Christian art. At the same time we the human being have been sinful from the Christian point of view since Adam and Eve committed the sin in the Garden of Eden,so the Christianity thought that instead of the three dimensional figure like us the human being when a holy people was represented they were done in the two dimensional world.

The painting could avoid the danger of worshipping idol. Almost all of the people couldn't read any letters in those days. If being explained in letters almost all of them didn't seem to be able to understand the concept of the work of art. The Christianity thought the work of art …

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【The birth of Christian art】

The Christian seemed to think they had to show the Christianity with something concrete. The religious art has varied rules and there are some grounds for them.

The pose for the sculptures were fixed. According to some legends the original form of the pose of 湾曲した玉座の聖母子 is オディギトリア型の聖母. When St. Luka drew the Holy Mother for the first time she posed like the next.

She pointed at Christ with her right hand and held him with her left hand. He had a scroll in his left hand and posed with his right hand. The pose of his right hand means celebration.

The ways of using colors were also fixed. The philosophy of Plato which was born in Greece was taken in the Christianity as a part of the Christianity. It's new Plato doctrine. What is the new Plato doctrine?

In a word the new Plato doctrine is the God is equal to the light. While needless to say we the humanbeing don't shine ,a ruby, emerald, sapphire, or gold twinkle. Those gems are closer to the God than …

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【The birth of Christian art】

The gems are closer to the God than us the human being ,the Christian thought like that.

As a result when representing holy people their colors were fixed. They were the ones of the ruby,emerald,sapphire or gold. In short,red,green,blue,or gold. The colors were meaningful.

Moreover the colors in the painting of オディギトリア型の聖母 were also meaningful. The red is divine nature,it means mercy. The blue is holy wisdom. The gold in the background is permanent faith,the God's energy,or is the heaven.

I'm going to express a brief summary on the new Plato doctoring.

If using a simile 喩え,the infinite light is given off from the God. The light creates everything living. When being away from the light it becomes dark gradually. Everything isn't always the same. One is high and other is low. Each of them gets a soul from the reason and becomes the existence of material.

The worst situation in the existence of material is darkness. We call it evil for the sake of…

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【The birth of Christian art】

We call it evil for the sake of convenience.

As to us the human being the material side is the body. The body is full of desires and something evil,so a trouble is caused,but we the human beings are originally existence in the heaven. The homeland of our souls are in the world of idea.

Therefore our souls are released from our bodies and returned to the world of idea and changes into the reason and at last they unite into the God. It's an ultimate goal on the philosophy.

By the way I can't agree with the concept at all,for at first I wasn't born from the light. Needless to say I was born from my mother,though I may have been filled with something evil. It's just that my fault. I can't blame anyone for it.

As for the idea,I don't feel like expressing it. It's too abstract to take any interest in it.

When expressing in English once I can do 1page at most. I've done 78page just now. The book has about 300pages. It'll take a long time until I finish.

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【The Gothic style which was created intentionally】

By the way,the western area in the Europe began to be influenced by the eastern Byzantine art. The eastern Byzantine art means the Christian art in the Eastern Europe in the early days.

How was the Western Europe influenced by the eastern Byzantine art? I'm going to express France in the era of Gothic.
The book of 『名画の言い分』described what is called 青い聖母 which has been in the Cathedral in Notre-Dame. I'm going to express the 青い聖母. Needless to say,it's just a quotation from the book.

It's the statue of the holy mother and her child made of stained glass. It's beautiful and two dimensional. There had already been an elegant style which was adopted at a palace in Paris in the middle of the 13th century.

When a bell rang of a church around 5 in the morning ,first of all they went to church and received a mass ミサ without sitting on the chair. The mass was done in Latin Language and they couldn't read except for clergymen,royalty and …

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【The Gothic style which was created intentionally】

The mass was done in Latin language and they couldn't read except for clergymen,royalty and titled nobility,so they couldn't understand things which was done in the mass,but they received the mass and returned to their homes and started their job. It was their lives then.

Religious music and stained glasses become gorgeous gradually so as to attract them. They were overwhelmed by solemn steeples and high ceiling in which the Gothic style was adopted gave them an impression as if the ceiling made them soar in the heaven. Mysterious light shone on them from the stained glass and fragrant incense drifted in the air at the same time they heard solemn music.

There weren't any amusements,any pastimes,any entertainments in those days. Speaking of the mass ,the ordinary people regarded it as a big event. They were touched by the mass visually and emotionally. The church made them think as if the church had been the house of the God.

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【What I've thought】

I used to be a man of few words,but it does't always mean that I have nothing to say. Far from it! There are plenty of things to say. It's just that no one tries to listen to me.

I'm so eccentric that no one tries to approach me,even if few approach,to my sorrow they don't seem to be interested in what I want to say,but it's my fault,so I can't blame anyone for it.

When started learning English and trying to express myself in English I can describe what I've wanted to say at will,though I'm afraid it's just that few people who listen to me. It can't be helped.

By the way,I happened to come across an English thread in this bulletin board. The one who founded the thread seems to struggle to be a fantastic English speaker. I've never talked with anyone in English until then,so I feel happy.

Some people say it isn't too late to learn,but I doubt it. It depends on. The sooner the better. I find it natural ,unless we are forced to do.

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【The Gothic style which was created intentionally】

Thus the Christianity made the people become believers for the Christianity.

By the way when expressing art we've often used the word of style,but if wanting a definite answe," when did the style start?" it seems to be impossible.

Various movements for art continues without a break for a long time and it becomes a kind of history. Roughly speaking after a few centuries and so on they looked at the movements for art systematically and they started to call the movements something,adding the style.

However as to the Gothic style,we can clearly recognize the time when it started. An abbot in a religious house started the Gothic style deliberately from 1137 to 1144 in the suburb of Paris.

The religious house was the family temple for French successive royal families. When rebuilding the royal family temple the abbot gathered not only skilled architects but also excellent artisans for stained glass,bronze,mosaics or wares made of …

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【The Gothic style which was started deliberately】

When rebuilding the royal family temple house,the abbot gathered not only skillful architects but also excellent artisans for stained glass,bronze,mosaics and pieces of handiworks made of gold or silver from all over the Europe. He showed the first step for the architecture of the Gothic style.

If wanting to know why it happened we need to read French history. The person who became the abbot was born into a poor family,extremely poor. He was adopted by the royal religious house so as to reduce the number of mouths they had to feed.

He made friends with a man who become Louis the Sixrth later in the school for service when they were children. There were close bonds between two of them.

When he became the French King,Louis the sixth,his friend also became his official advisor who was in the best rank and was installed as abbot then.

The king's son,Louis the seventh had complete trust in the abbot,for when he went on …

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【The Gothic style which was started intentionally】

When the Louis the seventh went on an expedition for the Crusadors the abbot was engaged in the French government as a regent 摂政.

Even being France in those days,it didn't used to be a single nation which was arranged well as it is at present. A region of direct control by the French King was limited. Paris and its outskirts and an area of Orleans.

Other territories lined up along the French kingdom. They belonged to the French nobles which were vassals 家臣 in the federal system. Their influence was so enormous that the French King seemed to be an honorary post 名誉職.

To make matters worse,the influence of one of the vassals was becoming more influential then. He also became the English King and possessed lots of other territories of other vassals. There was a Lady who got divorced by Louis the seventh. The influential vassal got married the Lady,as a result the vassal owned about half territory of modern France.

Louis the sixth  …

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【The Gothic style which was started deliberately】

Louis the sixth was firmly forced to be aware of significance of his position as a King in the background in the 12th century. He came out with a new concept that France wasn't the one which ranked with its vassals but the one which was surrounded with borders.

He raised clearly the federal system and showed the French King stood on the top of his vassals. He tried to establish a nation like that. Its symbol was the Gothic Style.

At first Louis the sixth won bishops in each area in France and cities which had been influenced by the cities to his side. He adopted some excellent parts of abbeys in Romanesque style which had been built each place in France. He mixed with the excellent parts and added his original artistic feeling and created the Gothic Style.

He carried out the Gothic Style and rebuilt his own abbey. Thus the Gothic style had started. The abbey was so magnificent and beautiful that they were fascinated by the abbey.

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【What I've thought】

August starts from tomorrow,then summer vacation also begins after a week and so on. We also call the summer vacation a long day off,however whether or not it's long it depends,for as to the factory which I've been engaged in its long day off is no more than 3 days. I can't say it's long at all.

In general we've heard a cicada can't live for a long time though when it's a larva it can spend several years in the ground. When coming out or the ground and becomes an imago 成虫. the chirp of the cicadas have been echoed as long as they live as if they devoted every minutes to the chirp. A few weeks and

To my sorrow my long day off is shorter than the chirp. My long day off will be over before the cicadas stop chirping.

By the way the factory in which I'm engaged has started new products. As to the strong point is the low price. The factory seems to take a policy of maintaining a narrow profit margin and a large sales volume 薄利多売.

However there are such a lot of…

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【What I've thought】

When producing there seems to be such alot of troubles that it takes plenty of time and it makes the work harder. Considering a price for one product we must not spend much time on making the product,otherwise it'll be no profitable,but the more we try to make the products the more it take time. How does the factory try to make up for the loss?

I'm just a staff in a temporary company,so even if the factory goes bankrupt I have nothing to do with it.

If the company were a ship which were going to sink into the sea and I were a mouse I would run away long long ago.

When being late for the schedule for product some of leaders say we the employees are responsible for being late,but I don't think so in the least,for the section which I belong to have done nothing wrong at all.

The problem isn't my section but the previous one,so the previous section should take the responsibility for being late. It's just that I've been involved in the trouble.

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【The Gothic style which was started intentionally】

The result of the Gothic style expanded from Paris and its suburbs little by little and building of a big church in the Gothic style was a big fad each place. The abbot placed the abbey which he rebuilt as spiritual center in France and succeeded in drawing patriotic feelings from the people.

Fortunately having faith in the Virgin Mary was popular among them.

Then farming villages changed into cities gradually. Reforming farmland and clearing forest land for cultivation made progress. The crop and the population increased,as a result lots of people started to gather in the cities gradually,but all of them couldn't speak the French. They spoke their dialects. They had nothing in common at all.

However there used to have faith in the earth as the mother each place from the ancient times,and the native faith became common points and it turned into the faith in the Virgin Mary. Needless to say it doesn't always mean that they …

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【What I've thought】

I've been studying English for about a decade,though it's just that I've tried to use the English as much as I can.

There are a great variety of languages in the world,and the English is also one of them. Whichever languages we speak we use it so as to tell others our will,but I'm forced to doubt whether I can convey my will to others precisely. The more I speak the more I'm irritated or I'm embarrassed,so I'm forced to think there should have been more appropriate phrase. The languages are difficult to express.

I hate to want to be looked nice but but I sometimes do,but when saying something I don't have to pretend that I'm a bad egg. Indirect referrence is by far better than hurting others,for I'll regret doing it.

By the way I'm afraid my enthusiasm for the English is losing little by little. Why do I speak the English? I used to think I have fun,I think so just now,but something ambitious is losing from my heart. I'm wondering I've been spiritless.

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【The Gothic style which was started deliberately】

Needless to say it doesn't always mean that they didn't understand the Bible. It's just that they regarded the Virgin Mary as the goddess of having an easy delivery or the goddess which made the women be blessed with their children.

The Gothic style was mixed with the faith in the Virgin Mary and what is called the great churches of Notre-Dame were built one after another each place. The Notre-Dame means Our Lady in English. In short it means she is the Virgin Mary.

When building the Great Churches of Notre-Dame the French Royal Family didn't mind spending money. The Royal Family supported the Gothic style,for it's kind of political campaign.

As a result the Great Churches in the Gothic Style became a symbolic thing. The more the Great Church spread the more the royal authority expanded. Filipe the second succeeded the throne of the French Royal Family after the Louis the seventh. He recaptured the enormous territory from England…

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【What I've thought】

I'd been working in a factory as a temporary staff but I quit the job in the factory yesterday. I'm just the temporary staff,so it's no problem for me at all,for I'd hated to work there. If working against its will everyone hates,I'm sure.

The factory has planed a mass-production for new goods,but it's failed,for there have been such a lot of mistakes that the plan of mass-production couldn't be done. Without carrying out the plan the factory may be forced to close,the factory seems to think.

When making the products while the factory handles the products very carefully we the employees are treated roughly,especially we the temporary staff. I'm sure they don't think we the temporary staff are human.

Whether or not the plan is well done,it has nothing to do with me a bit. Even if the plan is well done my treatment remain as it is. Nothing improves in the least. If the factory is closed it's just that the place where I work changes, though it's over.

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【The Gothic style which was started intentionally】

Thus France became a great power about the 13th century. By the way,except for the popal territory and Venice,it was 1861 when Italy was unified. Germany was in 1871. Considering the neighboring countries,the concept of a nation with the border seemed to be innovative,though I hate to say it doesn't ring a bell very much.

If saying the religious art of the Gothic in the Middle Ages, religious principle or the world of the concept were showed in front of the people. To be concrete, "This is the instruction of Roman Catholicism." There are intentions even each sculpture of the entrance in a great church. There are something significant even each piece of stained glasses.

However it was royality and titled nobility who understood the world of the concept. They led the society and shouldered the development of the religious art then. Almost all of the bishops and great bishops were from distinguished family of the peerage.

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【The Gothic style which was started intentionally】

Royalty and titled nobility were educated every country and every era traditionally. Contrary to it,without being in an abbey ordinary citizens didn't have any chance of being educated,they were simply uncultured,though it was natural. As a result they tended to like a thing which was familiar with them. The situation was same in the Europe in the 15th century.

The merchants who were rich and educated were on the rise in both Italy and Nederland which means present Holland and Belgium in the 15th century. Then the art also changed into other one with needs from the new sponsor of the art.

The times changed and I'm going to a new chapter from now on. Roughly speaking I'm going to express on Renaissance.

【Power of the art made the morale of the citizens rise】

Renaissance was was in its full glory in Italy south to Alps in the 15th century. Florence was the center of the Renaissance. Why was Florence the center of the Renaissance?

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【Powre of the art made morale of the citizen rise】

We need to know the background of the era in order to grasp why Florence was the center of the Renaissance. I'm going to describe it simply here.

Italian economy developed greatly in the latter half of the 15th century. It was caused by expenditure for the Crusades from the latter half in the 11th century to the 13th century. Some merchants in port towns like Genoa and Venice cooperate the Crusades. They offered the Crusades troopships.

The merchants were allowed to expand their commercial sphere in reward. They were under a great debt to the Crusades. Then a wealthy citizens were on the rise naturally. If being rich we aren't to apt to pray to the God when being in difficulty.

The God hedged them in religious precepts in the Middle Ages. "We have had enough of being restrained from the God any more. Let's enjoy eating,singing and loving! Let's have a good time in this life!"

Thus instead of the God,the human became the center …

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【Power of the art made morale of the citizen rise】

In this way,instead of the God the era when the human was the center came then. They started to take an interest in the era of the Greece and Rome very much,for in the era the human was the center in the world.

When being rich we the human always seem to do the same thing every country every era. What do we do? It's collecting antiques. There were the people who had gathered things which were in regard to the Christianity in the Middle Ages,but they started to collect other antiques in the era of the Greece and Rome,for they seemed to think like the next.

"The beautiful Virgin Mary and the goddess Venus of love and beauty are by far more wonderful than other Virgin Mary who grimaced in the Middle Ages"

Moreover political situation had greatly influenced on the art in the 15th century. Italy didn't used to be unified then as it is. Florence,Venice,and Milan were dependent as a city state each other. The one who ruled the Milan …

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【Power of the art made morale of the citizen rise】

The then grand duke of Milan regarded himself as an Ancient Roman Emperor and tried to control the whole Italy. It was the people in Florence who resisted it. Florence was a town of merchants and artisans. If someone controlled the town they couldn't trade at will. As a result the town of Florence and the garnd duke were at war then.

The people in Florence made use of military force,political power and other power of art and raise the morale for themselves and tried to win the war. They looked up the Athene as the goddess who led them to the victory.

Athens was also a city state like Florence. As I'd expressed the Greek alliance of which center was Athens won Persia of reign of Achaimenes of a great power in Salamis. The ancient great power was equal to the modern one,the present U.S.A. After that Greece reached the golden age for their civilization.

The people in Florence longed for Greece and Rome which succeeded to the Greek…

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【Power of art made morale of the citizens rise】

The people in Florence longed for the Ancient Greece and yearned for Rome which succeeded to the Greek civilization,moreover the ancient Rome is more close to them. They tried to revive the humanities,art and gods in the Ancient Greece and Rome. We call the series of movement in France in the 19th century Renaissance.

【Symbol of Christian humanism,it's primavera】

However the Christian church controlled the society then,so the situation wasn't so easy. Even if they could revive the ancient gods,they were Christians. They were different from the Japanese,though we the Japanese pay a visit to a shrine and some of us hold a wedding ceremony at church and others do a funeral at temple.

The Ancient Greece and Rome was the era when they believed in heretical gods from Christian point of view. The ancient gods were denied during the Middle Ages,but the people in Florence were realistic merchants and thought like the next.

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【Symbol of Christian humanism,it's primavera】

"Needless to say,the people in Greece and Rome believed in the heretical gods,but it can't be helped,for it was before the era when Jesus Christ was born. The Ancient Greece and Rome were our great roots of the civilization." The people in Florence affirmed the ancient civilization.

Thus the study, art,and gods in the Ancient Greece and Rome were revived as the Christian humanism.

In fact the ancient gods had been made use of in some instructive poems partly during the Middle Ages,but the people in Florence renewed them ,changed the ancient ones into others which were appropriate for Italy in the 15the century.

For example Venus used to be the god for sexual love in the ancient but it was revived as the god for love and beauty,for the god for the sexual love wasn't suitable in the society in which the Christianity had influenced on the people.

The Cupid was the son of the Venus. He was also the god for the sexual love and desire…

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【A book which I've bought】

The other day I've bought a book. Its title is 快読100万語！ペーパーバックへの道. Roughly speaking its concept is like the next.

Everyone can read an English book,what is called a paperback. The author has insisted that we can do it easily without using dictionary. When coming across unknown words he said us to skip over them. When finding it hard to read stop reading and start reading other one.

In fact there seem to be plenty of books which recommend that we read English books widely. Whichever books I choose,they suggest the three things. Don't use dictionary. When running across unlearned words leave them out. When finding it difficult to read,stop it and choose other one.

On the other hand I've done opposite things. As for using dictionary I'm not repulsed at all. I find the dictionary useful when studying English. In addition when coming across unlearned phrases I'm apt to be worried about them so much that I tend to use the dictionary. Am I in the wrong?

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【A book which I bought】

The author has insisted like the next.

Let's suppose that the thing at which we aim was mountain climbing. The roads to the summit are uneven. It means a million languages. While some parts are even plenty of holes,pits and roots of the trees wait for us to catch our feet.

By the way when reading an English book and coming across unknown words it's equal to the holes and the roots of the tree on the roads of climbing mountains.

If looking up the unlearned words in dictionary one by one,it means that as if we used a shovel and filled up the holes with the soil one by one,and dugged up the roots one by one. The shovel is equivalent to the dictionary.

After being even we'll go ahead,but can we go to in a great distance? We can't. With the ways lots of people have given up reading the paperbacks at once. We should refrain from taking the same mistakes. The author has insisted in his book. He said,"we have only to jump over both the holes and roots." But…

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【A book which I've bought】

The author said on the dictionary like the next.

Without using the dictionary at all plenty of people are afraid. When it comes to being able to read an English book some of them think the English-Japanese dictionary has helped them.

However the knowledge from the dictionary is very shallow and they are frequently in the wrong. There are some English experts who rely on the English grammar and English dictionary,but their knowledge on the English is so weak that they don't understand the articles like the and a enough.

Needless to say,it's not my own remark but the author's,so please don't be offended by what I've said.

When reading an English book,which word appears the most in the book? It's "the" but it seems that the phrase has been made light of among the Japanese schools.

We the Japanese pay no attention to the article,even if looking up it on the dictionary there seems to be a mistranslation like その and there are other notes.

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【A book which I've bought】

The notes said we don't have to translate it into the Japanese.A Japanese word,その isn't important among us in the least. It doesn't appear so frequently,but the English phrase,"the" is different among them. It appears more than any other words in the English. Is there any Japanese words which is equivalent to the article ?

There seems to be more serious problem. The more it appears the more it's important,but we the Japanese have made much of the definite article,for the English which has been taught in the Japanese school has disregarded the basic mechanism on the English.

What does the definite article mean in the English concretely? There are three roles.

The easiest one is the next. We add the definite article to the word which has appeared before. We've learned in the school. This is an example.

『A mouse』 went out in 『his boat,』but there was no wind. 《The》 boat did not move. "Wind" shouted 《the 》mouse.

There are two the definite articles in the …

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【A book which I've bought】

Oh! I've made a mistake! There are the two definite articles in the examples. Both of the definite articles indicate the words which appeared each other before,the mouse and the boat.

The second one is the next,it's a little harder to understand,for a thing which the definite article indicates doesn't appear clearly in the book,but when showing the one outside the book we use the definite article,being based on two grounds.

Judging from the situation expressed in the book,if the one is in the room,the door must be the only door in the room.

Judging from the common sense,speaking of the planet,it usually means the earth.

The third one is the next. When reading an English book some people tend to translating the English sentences into the Japanese at the same time. The author said that he was afraid that they don't seem to recognize the last one forever.

Even if they read the former sentences and use the common sense to the full,they don't seem …

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【A book which I've bought】

Even if they read the former sentences and use their common sense to the full,nothing will occur to them. In this case,strange to say,the definite article means a sign that it becomes the familiar one immediately,for it'll be expressed from now on.

It seems to be contradictory,but it's because of saving a labor. It may be better if being created a word of a meaning which is described right away,but in fact the only word of the definite article has been sufficient.

Roughly speaking,those three ones are the typical usages for the definite article,but there is other role which developed from. We can say it's a meaning. It doesn't always mean that I try to express all the roles of the definite articles,I'll show you the one which helps us to understand the basic role on the definite article from the developed definite article.

We add the definite article to the one which we can indicate,and other role which draws out the typical one. For example there …

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【A book which I bought】

For example there was a professional baseball player in the Major league. They called him the man. All the baseball players in the Major league are males,and calling him the man and showing us who he was,for he was a man of the men. It's the exactly the title.

Shigeo Nagashima is the same example. He's called Mr.in the mass media. Whoever someone is a grown-up of a male we add the Mr. to his family name,but calling him "Mr." means that giving him the title,doesn't it?

Whatever it's adding the definite article to anything used to be popular in Japan. Unexpectedly it was exactly the role for the definite article.

If the definite article is a sign which makes the llsteners or reader inform that they can indicate it's when the information was sent to one direction. If it's written language,it's when the language was sent from left to right. And if it's a spoken language it's when it was from the past to the future. Whether it's voices or letters…

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【A book which I bought】

Whether it's voices or letters,if the information changes its direction here and there at will, the meaning of the definite article disappears.

Japanese education for the English has paid no attention to direction for the information until now on account of translating the Englisd into the Japanese from the latter part. We the Japanese have thought like the next in relation to grasping the English.

Reading the English again from the latter part and changing the English into the Japanese word order. It means that we can understand the English completely.

When the direction for the English information is incoherent,even if the definite article shows the direction precisely,it becomes meaningless. The definite article is a word which we used more than any other words in the English,but it has been disregarded until now because reading back the English again from the latter part has changed the significance of the definite article meaningless.

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【A book which I've bought】

English-Japanese dictionaries apply an equivalent term in translation,その for the definite article or they say we don't have to translate the definite article into the Japanese word so much. It shows that understanding the Englih in Japan has been in the wrong until now.

The dictionary doesn't refer to whether or not we translate it. We should recognize that expressing it is something strange. None of the English-Japanese dictionaries describe mutual understanding on both the sender and receiver for the inforrmation.

Its title is 快読100万語！ ペーパーバックへの道. Roughly speaking a million English words are equivalent to 10 books of which pages are 300. The author says if reading through the books we can read a paper back which are easy to read for a grown-up. Is it so?

I've read more than 10 books of which pages are 300,though I've used the dictionary as much as possible,for I love the dictionary very much. I'm not sure whether or not my English ability improves.

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【What I've thought】.

Being too tired to feel like doing anything,for I've changed the place where I work and I've started a new job at a new place,but it seems to be harder than I expected.

The others are by far more skilled workers than me there,for they've worked much longer than me,so it can't be helped. In addition considering my age I hate to say but I'm forced to recognize I've been old. To my sorrow I've lost all my energy.

However I'm sure I have to get accustomed to the job in which I'm engaged at present. If looking back on in the past I have undergone many hardships and managed to get over them. I must not lose my heart easily,I'm sure.

When facing a hardship,its worth seems to prove to be clear,but I'm forced to be gloomy. Moreover my TV is broken again though to be exact it's not my own. It belongs to the temporary company for which I've worked. Even if the TV has been out of order,I've never minded it at all,but I've been exhausted both in mind and body.

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【The symbol of Christian humanism,it's primavera】

Cupid used to be the god of sexual love and desire,but it's revived as the god of love. The typical one which is symbolical for the Christian humanism is the primavera painted by Botticelli. The primavera means a spring. I'm going to express on the picture.

There are plenty of heretical gods in the picture like Zephyrus which is the god of the west wind,it means the Spring wind. クロリス who is the Holy Spirit on the earth. Flora who is the goddess of flowers,Cupid who is the god of love,Venus which is the goddess of beauty,three beautiful goddess and Mercurius who is the god of a messenger.

By the way the Western art is so reasonable that we can recognize what kind of the god it is. It's just that we have only to pay attention to a thing which is painted with the god. We call it a mark.

For example as to Mercurius' mark, a cap and a pair of sandals which have wings and a cane for the messenger around which two snakes are coiled.

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【The symbol of Christian humanism,it's primavera】

If those things were painted with the god,it's Mercurius and how should we interpret the work of art? There seem to be varied interpretations and I'm going to show you one of them.

Zephyrus which was the god of the west wind loved and demanded クロリス which was the Holy Spirit in the earth and she accepted it. The bride changed into other goddess of flower named Flora. It means the love between us the humans.

Contrary to it,Cupid who was blindfolded and Venus indicated the three beautiful goddesses,which means the love in the heaven,the love from the God.

Mercurius tried to drive away the clouds over his head with his cane. His act means like the next. "If comparing the love between the humans with the love from the God,it's nothing important." In short the work of the art is the one in which the love from Jesus Christ and which means the Christian humanism.

By the way there are some frontispiece 口絵 in the beginning of the book and …

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【The grave mark in which the spirit in the Renaissance was announced in a loud voice】

There are some frontispiece in the beginning of the book 名画の言い分. Considering my English ability to express without looking at them with your own eyes I'm afraid what I've said may be hard to understand. I hope you are very imaginative.

Leonardo Bruno wasn't only a great humanist but a great statesman. Why is the grave mark 墓廟 epoch-making? At first it's an epitaph 碑銘 engraved on a stone coffin. While the name and position of the decreased or the date when the decreased died were usually engraved,a poem was offered there like the next.

"When Leonard was dead it's been felt in the history,eloquence changed into silence. All the goddesses in the Rome and Greece couldn't hide their tears equally."

To my surprise the Rome and Greece who believed in the heretical goddesses and religion appeared on the poem. The sculpture that the decreased lay down quietly wore a laurel on the head and he held the …

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【The grave mark in which the spirit in the Renaissance was announced in a loud voice】

The sculpture that the decreased lay down quietly wore a laurel on the head and held the book which the decreased wrote himself on the breast.

Considering it was set up that a prayer book which the sculpture of the decreased held on the breast then it was also epoch-making. A angel of which origin was the ancient heretical god held a medallion.

In a word it was the grave mark which announced the spirit in the Renaissance in a loud voice. They didn't deny the Ancient Greece and Rome as the heretical god and culture. They were the ones before Jesus Christ was born,so it can't be helped. It's the root of our great culture. The things like that was declared in the prayer book in the prayer book.

By the way,did the Ancient Greece and Rome go to the heaven after being dead? Otherwise did they go to the hell? They were heretical and they didn't go to the heaven,but they were the root of their own …

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【The grave mark in which the spirit in the Renaissance was declared in a loud voice】

If the ancient people had gone to the hell,the people in the Renaissance would be worried,for the ancient ones were the root of the ones in the Renaissance. As a result the idea of Purgatory 煉獄 was come out with. The place where it's neither the hell nor the heaven. It's away from the heaven in order to clean up the sin.

A poet in Florence,Dante guided them the Purgatory through the Commedia 神曲 in the beginning of the 14the century. The clearer the idea of the hell and Purgatory became the more the indulgences 免罪符 were sold then,but ironically they thought it so unreasonable later that it led to Reformation by Luther.

The Commedia wasn't written in the Latin but done in a dialect in the district of Toscana,so Dante was called a founder of the national literature. After that the stream of the national literature spread over the whole Europe. The development of the national literature every country…

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【The grave mark in which the spirit in the Renaissance was announced in a loud voice】

The development of the national literature made the dialects put in order and both the English and the French were established as the national language each other.

By the way whenever expressing some descriptions in English I'm apt to have something which I want to know. For example the title of the Commedia. It's the story on the Purgatory. It doesn't seem to be comical but when hearing the title,I'm worried about whether or not it was related to something comical.

The idea of Purgatory became so clear that it led to the Reformation by Luther. Why? Whenever coming across the questions like that and researching one by one, I'm afraid I can't finish what I want to express forever,so I'm going to go on with this thread.

【The revival of love among the family members in the work of art,Holy Family】

The more the standard of living rose the less the death rate on the children also did,so when rearing…

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【The revival of love among the family members in the work of art,Holy Family】

The more the standard of living rose the less the death rate did. Then when rearing the children they'd learned to treat their children with affection,for when bringing up the children they didn't try to love them so much until the Middle Age.Death rate of infants were so high that they tried to prevent the mothers from receiving mental damage when their children died.

However the standard of living rose in Florence and they learned to love their children. They learned to make much of the education for their children. Judging from the situation in the Europe then a literacy rate used to be high in Florence,for Florence was a town of merchants and artisans. Without being able to read and write and doing arithmetic they couldn't lead their lives. Besides the fathers always worked next to their children or they always came back to their home at night.

Contrary to it,when it come to Swiss,the situation was…

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【The revival of love among the family members in the work of art,Holy Family】

On the other hand when it comes to Swiss,the situation was different a little even if they were in the same era,for the fathers were mainly engaged in raising cattle in Swiss. They went to the fields and mountains with the cattle and didn't return to their home at least for half a year. As a result the father's existence became big in Florence and recognition that the father was one of family member became very strong there.

For example it appeared in the religious painting like the Holy Family,for the painting of Holy Mother and her child were by far more than other paintings of family members until then. When a foster father,Joseph was painted they used to make light of him a little in the paintings.

However the rank of Joseph rose and learned to be painted as family member after the 15th century. Its good example is the Holy Family painted by Michelangelo. The painting was round. When celebrating …

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【Revival of love among the family member in the work of art,Holy Family】

When celebrating something like a marriage or birth the round painting was sent. The painter made use of the spirit in the Renaissance for the representation in the round painting.

There is the family in the center of the painting. Father,mother,and their child. There are some naked males behind them. Each of the family members are their backs to the naked males. The place where the family seemed to be separated from the naked ones who are in a gutter.

The naked men mean the era of Ancient Greece,the heretical era. The father seems to be John the Baptist. The gutter means the Purgatory 煉獄. It is said that the painting means the transition from paganism to the Christianity.

John the Baptist is a prophet and a pioneer to Jesus Christ,in addition he baptized Christ. He was one of important people in the Christianity but the Christianity wasn't established yet when he was alive and he was the Jew and a Jewdaist.

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【Revival of love among the family member in the work of art,Holy Family】

All the people in the Holy Family were in the transition from the heretical one to the Christianity. The place in front of the family is the time of the Christianity,though it wasn't painted. If interpreting like that we can enjoy the world which the work of art originally has.By the way Jesus himself used to be the Judaist. The Christianity is the religion which was born after his death,being based on his teaching.

As to the background in the Holy Family there seems to be varied interpretation. What I've expressed is one of them. Though I've understood the world which the work of art has,I've never impressed with it at all. I'm sure that recognizing something is different from being impressed with it.

【The school of Athens where philosophy and faith was in harmony】

Some painters represented the spirit in the Renaissance. They are various. The work of art which supports the Greek philosophy and the …

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【The school of Athens where philosophy and faith was in harmony】

Greek philosophy and the Christianity supported the spirit in the Renaissance. The school of Athens represented by Raphael has the harmony of the philosophy and faith. The situation in the painting is like the next.

Plato and Aristorle are walking toward here through the central passage. All the famous Greek philosophers were around the two of them. Except for the two philosophers walking through the passage they posed as they like.

The work of art is in a room of the Vatican Palace at present. The room is equivalent to a study for the Pope. The Pope is at the top in the Catholic. The painting of the people who believed in the heathen religion is being decorated in the study of the Pope.

It seems to be very serious for the Christianity,but we the Japanese who aren't the Christian may not ring a bell very much,but it's amazing. In short the work of art shows us that everyone can go to the heaven through both the way…

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【The school of Athens where philosophy and faith were in harmony】

In short the work of art shows that everyone can go to the heaven with the both ways of reason and of faith. The faith isn't originally rational,especially Roman Catholic isn't. Without believing various miracles like being pregnant of Virgin Mary or revival of Jesus Christ,the faith can't stand up at all.

Miracle is incompatible with reason,but the history of Greek and Roman philosophy is older than that of the Christianity in Florence. Without accepting the Greek and Roman civilization they couldn't hold their identities,so they researched Plato's philosophy thoroughly and took in as what is called new Plato doctoring. Its concept is like the next.

"If raising the reason we the human can unite the God. In short we can go to the heaven through the reason like we can do with religious faith." They came to a conclusion like that.

It's the Renaissance when the way of thinking on the philosophy and faith was completed.

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【The school of Athens where philosophy and faith were in harmony】

However it hadn't been done easily. Thomas Aquinas who was not only a theologian 神学者 but a philosopher wrote what we call 神学大全 and tried to harmonize the faith and reason in 13th century. After a great many years passed they could unite their faith and something heretical at the beginning of 16th century.

Speaking of Renaissance we the Japanese tend to think of a master like Michelangelo,Raphael,or Leonardo da Vinci and their famous works are apt to captivate us,but it's not the only essence on the Renaissance.

Without understanding the Christianity well we can't grasp the significance of the Renaissance at ease. Besides the Renaissance has a long period and except for Florence painters played an active part in various areas like Venice,Padova,or Siena. Each feature appeared respectively.

For instance Andrea Mantegna who played an active role in Padova represented his work,St.Sebastianus. It's a good example.

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【School of Athens where philosophy and faith were in harmony】

Sebastianus was shot with some arrows in the painting. His body was pierced with several arrows. In spite of being pitiful his expression doesn't look painful very much. The expression is pathos. A stern and manly expression which endures something painful used to be the mainstream in the civilization of Greece and Rome.

If crying bitterly in a funeral,males were punished in the Ancient Greek and Rome,for they thought it unmanly.

By the way I suddenly feel sleepy. Good night everyone.

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【School of Athens in which philosophy and faith were in harmony】

The element of Greek sculpture appears in the work of art of The Holy Sebastianus,for his naked body seemed to be beautiful. The painter was interested in archaeology so much that he painted minutely the remains Sebastianus' background. The painter's taste appears here and there in the work of art.

Time,area,and painters' personality are reflected in varied forms,it's the Renaissance. Therefore no one can express the Renaissance easily. To begin with trying to describe it at ease is in the wrong,so I'm going to do it roughly.

【Sublimation from a painter to an artist】

The economy had developed so much that the standard of living rose in Florence. Without time to spare no one can hardly think. As having the time to spare they thought on themselves in Florence.

They didn't used to be conscious of themselves in Europe in the Middle Age. In the Renaissance they discovered themselves and the time when the human …

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【Sublimation from a painter to an artist】

The time when the human became the center in the world arrived then. Something new appeared. They were two. The one was an artist. Europe used to be the hierarchical society. Both the painter and sculptor were artisans which belonged to low part in the social standing. They used to think like that in Europe,for without using the brain,when working the artisans were covered with something dirty.

The Florence used to be the town of the merchants and artisans originally. We the human have the desire of succeeding in life. We also have a sense of rivalry. They were awaken to themselves. They learned to push themselves forward. Some of them wanted to be the center of attention. They didn't think they wanted to be resigned to the class of artisan any more,so they became the artists.

However we must be careful of the next thing. Calling themselves artists weren't admitted. The artists need abundant knowledge and high-minded. They needed proofs…

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【Sublimation from a painter to an artist】
If wanted to be called an artist they needed proofs which support their own work of art with some sentences. Others needed to regard them as the ones who were almighty and were familiar with everything as if they had been gods. Their works weren't regarded as the work of art until their intelligence and spirit were reflected on their works.

The artists who were equal to the God didn't paint their work but create. It seemed to mean that the artists created something new.

By the way I find it hard to read the lines. I'm afraid that I can't read the even the lines enough.

Thus artists, artisans and the work of art, an industrial art of object were separated gradually in the Europe after the Renaissance which started in Florence. The Renaissance had influenced on every country in the Europe after that. For example France in the 16 century,England in the 17century and Russia in the 18 century.

At the same time the self-confidence and self-…

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【Sublimation from a painter to an artist】

Self-conscious and self-conference of the artists spread over every place in the Europe. Other thing which appeared something new was a portrait. They learned to think on themselves and the portrait seemed to appear. It occurred not only in Italy but in Nederland where the economy developed. I'm going to express on the portrait later when you may forget,for I'm about to go into the third chapter. The portrait was written in the fourth chapter.

【Paintings in the Nederland which are slightly better than others】

While the Renaissance was its best days in Italy in the 15the century wealthy class of merchant rose in the Nederland next to the Alps which is equivalent to present Holland and Belgium then. A court noble 公家 of the Burgundy of which fief 領土 was France ruled there.

The Nederland belonged to Spain of the Habsburg in the 16th century,then the Protestant rose and there was internal trouble within the home. The Nederland divided into …

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【Paintings in the Nederland which are slightly better than others】

The Nederland divided into the two because of the Protestant at the end of the 16 century. The one was the Nederland in which the Protestant was the mainstream. It's the present Holland and the other was the Nederland belonged to the Spain in which the Catholic was the main stream. It's the present Belgium.

As Holland which is the nation of the Protestant was born,the Christian art in this area,or the religious art of which theme was the Christianity developed originally so much. It is no exaggeration to say that the religious art completely changed.

The paniting in the Nederland may not have been familiar with us the Japanese,but it's the painting in the Nederland which is slightly different from the painting in the Italian Renaissance. I'm going to express something interesting on the transition of the religious paintings.

Nederland developed as the area where commerce and manual industry prospered once in ….

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【Paintings in the Nederland are slightly different from others】

The Nederland developed as the area which commerce and manual industry once prospered in the 15 century,especially in the southern area like Flanders the cities which flourished with woolen goods like Bruges,Ghent,or Brussels crowded together,they sang the prosperity.

In addition the third head of the court noble in the Burgundy moved his palace to Brussels,so Flanders developed as the magnificent cultural center. It was the painter in the 15th century who played an active role among the Court and wealthy citizens in the upper class.

The Royalty and titled nobility shouldered the development of the religious art in the Middle Age of the Gothic style until then. There used to be plenty of the religious art which represented the world of the concept. Without being aware of definite culture they couldn't understand the religious art.

Being conscious of the culture meant that being well versed in the theology,but…

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【Paintings in Nederland are different from others】

Being conscious of the culture then meant that they were versed in the theology,but they couldn't understand it as long as they weren't the royalty and titled nobility. Unless the theme was well-known the class of the citizen couldn't grasp it at all.

However in the Nederland of the 15th century, the citizen in the upper class was awaken to the self-consciousness or being the patron of the art made a new art that the Bible's theme was developed their everyday life start.The citizen demanded that they want the work of art which was easy to understand,so the representation which were familiar with them was born.

They thought the the world which was sinful was created by the devil in the Middle Ages but as the mysticism rose their thought changed into other one that the God created all the things in the world. The change influenced greatly on the art in the Middle Age. As a result they learned to think like the next.

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【Paintings in Nederland is different from others slightly】

"All the things were created by the God and even if it's very tiny the God's spirit was reflected on it" they learned to think like that. In consequence the realistic art that they tried to represent all the things in detail concretely,the realism that observing the world which they saw with their own eyes as it was and represented as it was was born. Besides the way of using the oil painting was completed in the Nederland and more realistic representation became possible.

【Hidden symbolism appeared】

Its good example is the painting of an altar in the Merode represented by Robert Campin. It's the Annunciation. What is the Annunciation?

An archangel 大天使,Gabriel appeared in front of the Virgin Mary and told her that she was pregnant. It seems to be essential scene in the Christianity. The music in the background was Ave Mary then.

The painting seems to be easy realistic representation to understand,for the room where …

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【Hidden symbolism appeared】

The painting of an altar in the Merode seems to be easy realistic to understand,for the room where the archangel told the pregnant was a room of a family of the citizen class who was the customer.He ordered the painting. The room was equal to a living room at present.

While it was familiar and easy representation to understand, it used to be very inappropriate,for making the holy person or sacred story appear in the worldly place like the room in an ordinary family was inexcusable then.

However responding to the needs from the society,especially if being a patron,it's vital,so the painters in the Nederland of the 15th century made various things hold meanings. In short using the symbol and changed the worldly space into holy one. We call it the hidden symbolism.

Without grasping the hidden symbol in the paintings in the Nederland of the 15th century we can't understand them in the least. Let's read and interpret the hidden symbol in the Annunciation.

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【Hidden symbol appeared】

The Annunciation means the archangel,Gabriel told the Virgin Mary that she was pregnant. The work of art of the painting of an altar in the Merode was its scene. I'm going to express the painting in detail.

There were white lilies on the table. It means the purity of Mary. There were the toilet articles in the inner part of the room. They are tools to cleanse itself. It also means the purity of Mary. It connects with the theme of telling the pregnancy direct. In short Mary remained chaste she became pregnant.

Why did the painter emphasize that Mary was pure? There were some people who doubt like the next."While remained a virgin is it possible to become pregnant?" If there was the one like that others regarded it as heretical in those days.

In the next please pay attention to the candle on the table. Its wick 芯 was red and the smoke was rising from it,so we can recognize the candle had gone out just then. Even if the art became something new the people's…

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【Hidden symbol appeared】

Even if the art became something new,the people's religious emotion remained the one in the Middle Ages. In short they sticked to the thought that the God is light,and as it was the moment when the light went out the light went into the Mary's womb and she was pregnant just then. The painting represented the thing like that.

The adoptive father,Joseph was in the right side in the painting. They presume that the painting was represented from 1425 to 1430. It is said that it's the first example in which the adoptive father Joseph was represented properly. He was in the Holy Family,but it was done by Michelangelo about in 1506.

The adoptive father was a carpenter. There was a little box on the desk for the job. The little box was a rat trap. St.Augustine used to said that the cross of the Lord was equivalent to the rat trap. The rat trap in the painting means that Jesus received the human's body and appeared as the human when he was born.

It was donors …

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【Hidden symbol appeared】

It was donors who were painted on the left side of the painting. They were a couple who ordered the painting and contributed it to the church. Violets and shrub of roses were painted on their background. The rose means Mary's purity and love and the violet means her modesty. There are also various hidden symbols there.

Did the customers who ordered the painting understand the meaning of the hidden symbol? It depends on. Some did but others didn't. As for the latters the painters always explained its meaning to the customers.

Even the people who were cultured then could hardly understand the mousetrap which was the religious symbol. It wasn't clear whether the customer ordered to paint the mousetrap or the painter represented it of his own accord. In either case,high religious cultured person influenced on the painting.

【Jan Van Eyck who was a versatile painter】

Speaking of a person who was typical painter in the Nederland of the 15th century,it's …

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【Jan Van Eyck】

Speaking of a person who was the typical painter in the Nederland of the 15th century it was Jan Van Eyck. It is said he is the one who complete the technique of the oil painting and the technique made the feature in the Nederland's painting which gives us clear impression and have the minute painting possible.

He is also well-known as a pioneer of the independent portrait. I'm going to express it later. His masterpiece is the painting of altar in Gent. It's composed of 12 panels. In the beginning his elder brother was painting,but he was dead and the young brother succeeded to the work.

There are 7 panels on the upper side and 5 on the lower side. Both of the upper side and lower side can be folded with each 2 panels of the both ends . Then different paintings appear.

I'm going to express from the one which is folded. When folded it is divided into three parts. The upper,the middle and the lower.

The lower part is mad of 4 panels. The couple who contributed …

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【The versatile painter who is Jan Van Eyck】

The lower part is made of 4 panels. The couple who contributed the work of art was painted on the two panels each other. The third one was the one who baptized others and the last one was the one who wrote down the gospels.

Except for the couple the two of them had the things which symbolized each of them and the things were painted on the panel. The one who baptized others had lamb and the one who wrote down the gospels had a cup and there is a dragon in the cup.

By the way I have bad eyesight and the painting in the book is so tiny that I can't recognize the things which they have exactly. The book says he had 子羊 in the Japanese. To my sorrow I'm not sure whether it's lamb or a sheep which wasn't yet.

The middle part is the Annunciation,it means telling being pregnancy. There was a dove over the Mary's head. It's the symbol of the Holy Spirit. The angel who told Mary she was pregnant was also painted.

The upper part is prophets and…

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【iPad】

To my surprise,when saying something the iPad can answer. For example if saying "I want to drink" the iPad shows me the place where I can buy the liquor like a convenience store,or a liquor shop or other place where I can drink like a bar. It's useful. All of them are nearby.

What kind of things can the iPad answer? I thought and tried.

"Introduce a woma to me." I said to the iPad when drinking and it said. " Oh! You are popular among my friends,so …" I was shocked,for while I'm a human and have few friends,it's the iPad and has some friends…Oh! No! Needless to say I was so drunk that I thought like that.

"Hey! Sing something for me!" I said and it started to sing a song,though it's just that it showed the words of a song on the screen. Its title was Sakura.

The more I asked the more I was sunk hopelessly in self-hatred,for I thought as if I had been ill-natured drinker,but to my sorrow I was actually.

I'm sure I have to make use of the iPad more effectively.

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【The versatile painter who is Jan Van Eyck】

The upper part was prophets who predicted the Savior would arrive and maidens in the service of a shrine were painted. Then let's open it and look at its inside.

There was Jesus Christ who is the Father,the God in the center of the upper part. His right side was John the Baptist and his left side was the Holy Mary were painted. When facing the Day of Judgement the two of them who were both sides at the Christ mediate the Christ and the believers.

There were angels who played the musical instruments at the both sides of Mary and John. They thought when being met by the Angels the Angels play the musical instruments in those days.

Please look at the both sides of the Angels. They were Adam and Eve. The two of them are life-sized paintings. They are realistic and nude who maintain their dignity. The way of representation was innovative in the Nederland then.

Eve was pregnant in the painting. It means the original sin. There are the …

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【The versatile painter who is Jan Van Eyck】

There were stories on Cain and Abel above Adam and Eve. Cain and Abel were the children of Adam and Eve. The stories were on the first murder which the human committed.

There is the famous little sheep in the center of the lower panel. Plenty of hidden symbols were used in the painting.

There was a pigeon in the ring of light above all the things in the lower part. It was the symbol of the Holy Spirit. There was the little sheep on the altar as a sacrifice. The little sheep was the symbol of Jesus Christ who appeared in order to atone 償う the humans' sin.

The little sheep was surrounded by the Angels who were represented as 8 virtues of the Christianity.

The pigeon which was represented an the Holy Spitit and the little sheep which was represented as the sacrifice were in a straight line and connects with the upper panel,where there is Christ who is the Father,the God. The three of them were represented as the Trinity 三位一体.

There is a…

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【The versatile painter who is Jan Van Eyck】

There is a well of which shape is octagon at the bottom of the lower panel. It was represented as the spring for the life which means the baptism.

The patriarchs in the Old Testament were represented at the left side of the well and the Twelve Apostles 使徒 were kneeling at the right side of the well. The Saints in the church of the Christianity stood in lines in order of the rank in the church.

There are some groups which maintain their faith in spite of the persecution at the left side behind the well. There are maidens who were martyred 殉教 and each of them has a branch of a hemp Palm 棕櫚.

The description of the representation continues but I omit them. I'm going to express on the theme of the painting on the altar. It's the Atonement キリストの贖罪 which was shown in the Apocalypse of John. Jesus allowed himself to receive the hardships. It's the greatest theme in the Catholic,but I've been tired of the Christianity.I have nothing to do with it.

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【The root of the portrait is an ancient coin】

To tell the truth I've never been the Christian and I've never believed both the heaven and the hell. If there was the hell I'd go there before anybody else though it doesn't matter.

The Christianity says the God has created us the human,but needless to say it doesn't always mean that I've never asked him to create me. I'm wondering why I was born. Oh! My English has wandered from the subject.

The root of the personal portrait in the Europe is an ancient coin. Whenever they won a war or they went on an expedition new coins were made in both Ancient Greece and Rome.

The coin was a memento which was a carved seal of a personal feature with its achievement and the personal portrait was very important culture in the Ancient Rome. As to a sculpture,plenty of the busts were carved then.

However they made much of the God rather than the human in the Christian society of the Middle Ages, so the portrait became out of fashion,but the human …

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【The root of the portrait is an ancient coin】

However the human became the center in the world in the Renaissance and the portrait has developed remarkably after that. Needless to say the figures of the human have been painted in varied ways since the ancient times,but the portrait of which object was an individual was painted under definite will in the Renaissance.Almost all of the individuals were powerful people everywhere in the world. They used to force to paint their portraits so as to show off their power.

It was in Italy at the Renaissance and Flanders in the 15th century that the portrait didn't belong to the powerful people alone. The economy had developed so rapidly in those areas that the bourgeoisie was on the rise.

The standard of living also improved and the bourgeoisie had enough time and money to do something and learned to think of something. To be concrete they thought of themselves. As a result they knew themselves and the portrait appeared.

In addition the …

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【The root of the portrait is an ancient coin】

In addition the idea on the family changed. In general no one thought of a marriage with love until then. Everyone got married so as to lead their lives like us the Japanese long long ago,but the idea on the love was born in the Renaissance.

Regenerating the learning,art,and gods in the ancient and the value as the human was affirmed so the nude also revived in the art. Likewise the Venus revived as a goddess of love and beauty and the people learned to talk on the love.

Needless to say there are varied loves. The love between a male and a female,or romance,and other love among the members in the family.

They became wealthy and the bourgeoisie was on the rise. They learned to spend enough money and time to educate their children and the existence as father became so big that the love among the family member also became strong then.

We think we want to put the photograph of the beloved nearby. Likewise the needs for the portrait …

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【The root of the portrait is an ancient coin】

Likewise the needs for the portrait heightened among the people then.

【The change from a profile】

The Western art needs a model every era,but there were no models for the portraits in the time of the Renaissance. The portraits existed in the era of the Ancient Rome but almost all of the portraits were lost in the Renaissance.

The painters in the Renaissance referred to the ancient coins which the wealthy used to possess. There was a profile on almost all of the coins though it doesn't always mean it wasn't the ancient rule.

Except for the profiles there was but very few. Almost all of them were the profiles. They were right at their each side,for representing with the profile is easy to capture the feature.

If trying to paint from the front the painter had to make a sketch carefully and representing it with the coin was hard. The painters in the Renaissance who referred to the coins thought the portrait had to be painted from the …

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【The change from a profile】

The painters in the Renaissance who referred to the coins thought that the portrait had to be painted from right to its side,so the profile started from representation for the profile,and the area of Flanders made the portrait change in the 15th century.

Jan Van Eyck was the typical painter in Flanders in the 15th century. It is said that he is a pioneer on the portrait. At first we have to look at his self-portrait. We call the work of the art 《A msn in a red turban. 》His face in the self-portrait doesn't face right in front of the one who appreciates the portrait nor his profile.

Three-fourths of his face is to the one who appreciates the portrait. It looks that his eyes alone face the front. It's said that when painting he looked at himself in the mirror.

Jan Van Eyck wasn't an ordinary painter. He wasn't only a diplomat in a principality of Burgundy but a member of the staff in a place like the Japanese Imperial Household. Sometimes he became a spy…

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【The change from a profile】

Sometimes the painter became a spy who was instructed a secret order. He doubled as the painter and a chamberlain 侍従 in the Burgundy principality. By the way a cultured person liked to wear the turban in the Court in those days.

Jan Van Eyck painted other work of art. Its title is 《The Arnolfini Portrait》 The couple of the Arnolfini was merchants and lived in Flanders. They were acquaintances of Jan Van Eyck. Their poses in the portrait are thought to be the one which was an oath for their marriage.

Speaking of the painting in the Nederland in the 15th century we have to find and understand the hidden symbols in the painting. We need to pay attention to the window.

If a fruit which was laid there was an apple it means the original sin. If it's an orange it means purity and being not guilty. The orange was painted under the window in the painting, so the painting represented that when they got married they remain chaste. The bride's abdomen looks big…

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【The change from a profile】

The bride's abdomen looks big in the painting but it doesn't always mean that they got married because of her pregnancy. When looking at the floor there is a pair of sandals which were taken off. Taking off pair of the sandals means standing in the holy earth. In short it represented a sacred marriage.

A dog also appeared in the painting. The dog is the symbol for the marriage,for the dog is faithful to its owner. It's the symbol for their chastity for love.

By the way I have a question on the bride. The book said that she isn't pregnant and the pregnant didn't make them get married but her abdomen looks big. Why does her abdomen look big? There is no expression on her abdomen any more.

On the other hand the book emphasized that they were chaste. She happened to have a big appetite and to eat lots of food so her abdomen looks big? I find it unclear.

There is a red bed behind the bride. The red means that they are a real couple. There is a mirror on …

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【A pioneer for the portrait,Jan Van Eyck】

There is a mirror on the wall at the inner part of the room in the painting. The mirror seems to grow bigger. It's a convex mirror 凸面鏡 and was very expensive then. When the mirror was painted in the work of the Nederland in the 15th century it's the symbol for riches,but we need to be careful.

If it was painted in the work in the Nederland at the 16th century,it's the symbol for vanity but the work of《The Arnolfini Portrait》was painted in the 15th century,so the painting shows us how wealthy the couple was.

Except for the couple there were two people who were painted in the work. They were tiny. One of them is Jan Van Eyck. I'm afraid it's too tiny to look at the medallions. There are 10 medallions around the mirror. Each scene of Christ receiving the difficulty was painted on each of the mirror.

There is a chandelier on the ceiling but there is a single candles in the room. It doesn't always mean that the couple of the Arnolfini was …

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【As for a female,average human life span in Japan is age of 85 and in Botswana it's 34】

When being over age of 20 in the Ancient Rome they were the old? How long did the Ancient Rome live 2000 years ago? It's only age of 22. About 1500 years passed and it's the era of Middle Age. Then the average human life span was age of 33 in England. If I were born then I would be dead long ago. The average human life span was too short.

Lots of people used to be dead owing to a famine or an epidemic long long ago. About four-thirds of the European died on account of the plague. Both of waterworks and drainage ditches were arranged and hygienic situations improve so much the people died less and less.

Industrial revolution in the 18th century made the people rich the people who died thanks to the famine decreased gradually. As a result the human life span has been double for these 200 years.

The one who is the longest human life span is the Japanese female. It's age of 85. It is said that …

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【As to a female,average human life span in Japan is age of 85 and it's only 34 in Botswana】

It is said that the human life span gets longer by 3 months every year so it may reach the age of 100 when 60 years pass.

On the other hand the human life span gets shorter and shorter in Africa. For example if being born in Botswana I may have been dead at age of 34. It's human life span in Botswana is half times as long as that in Japan, it's expected that it became the age of 27 in 2010. What's difference between the two countries?

AIDS and poverty have made the human life span decrease. Their human life span is short owing to the AIDS,poverty,and unsanitary situation. It is said that the people who infect the AIDS continue to increase in Africa and the decreased will reach millions in the future.

Curing the AIDS is very costly. The doctor's fee for the AIDS a person costs ¥3 million a year. There are some people who try to spend the
money on education,or prevention for other disease

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【As to a female,average human life span is age of 85 in Japan and it's only 34 in Botswana and so on】

They've thought like the next.

"Eventually the people who infect with the AIDS will be dead before long. Instead of them,we should spend money on other healthy people"

The hospitals are full of the people who infect with the AIDS. What should we do?

By the way I tried to express other topic but I deleted it by mistake so I chose other one,for I don't think I want to express the same content in English at once. This time the book which I've chosen is みんなで考えよう。世界を見る目が変わる50の事実

I'm not the Christian at all,so I'm not interested in the Christianity very much. When expressing I sometimes find it boring. Understanding the thing which a painter tried to represent and being moved by its work of art is different thing.

I'm going to express on Mona Lisa in the future. Lots of people say she is beautiful but I don't think so. I'm so eccentric that what I've thought is different from others.

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【A pioneer for the portrait,Jan Van Eyck】

It doesn't always mean that the couple of Arnolfini was stingy. The single candle is a symbol for the marriage. As the fire was burning on the candle and the God is equal to the light,so it means that the God is also the witness for the marriage.

There is a phrase like that on the upper part of the convex mirror."Here is Jan Van Eyck 1434." It means that he wasn't only the witness for the marriage but was the painter of the work.

The painters who were awaken to themselves in those days learned to sign on their works. If being unable to sign they painted their self-portrait somewhere on the work. As for the portrait of the couple of the Arnolfini,the painter not only painted his self-portrait but signed on the convex mirror.

【Mona Lisa which is the most beautiful portrait in the world.】

Three-fourths of the figure faced front in the portrait. I call it the portrait of three-fourths for the sake of convenience. The portrait of three-…

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【Mona Lisa which is the most beautiful portrait in the world】

The portrait of three-fourths which was born in Flanders crossed over the Alps and arrived Italy. Both the portrait of three-fourths and the technique of the oil painting which is said that Jan Van Eyck completed brought over to port towns like Venice and Genoa from Flanders and spread over the inland like Florence.

The influence from the painting in the Nederland seems to be by far larger than we the Japanese expect.

There is the portrait of three-fourths which was born in Italy and is the most beautiful in the world. It's Mona Lisa with which we are familiar. Lots of people have been attracted with her mysterious smile and peaceful appearance even at present.

There is still no end to the various guesses or arguments on the Mona Lisa. For example " Who was its model?" or" Is it the self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci?"

On the other hand there must have been some females who thought like the next. "I don't think she is…

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【Mona Lisa which is the most beautiful portrait in the world】

"I don't think she is beautiful. I'm by far more beautiful than her." The author of 《名画の言い分》says like the next. "I've never heard nor read that Mona Lisa was interpreted to be a beauty in the history of art."

Mona Lisa was adopted as commercial or someone sang her in a song,so we may have forced to think she is beautiful,but then why we said she is beautiful? It's techniques. There are no marks of paintbrush on the painting.

There is a way of thinking that any outlines don't exist in nature. Using the thick of a finger and changed the outline into a graduations and painting with fine effect of light and shade. It's a technique of Sfumato. The technique is making use of an optical illusion. I don't know the Sfumato in detail.

In short Leonardo da Vinci took advantage of the special technique on the Mona Lisa and the technique makes her in the art of work look beautiful.

The Louvre has possessed the Mona Lisa just now…

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【Francois the first who brought the Renaissance to France】

The Louvre has possessed the Mona Lisa at present. Why? I'm going to express the person who has caused it from now on.

The portrait of the Francois the first who was the French King was painted by Jean Clouet,who was a Court painter and was born in Brussels. The figure faced three-fourths to its front in the portrait. He didn't face right ahead of the one who enjoys the portrait. Why? It's tradition from the Middlfe Age.

The only one who was allowed to be painted from right in front of the painter was Jesus Christ,so the king of France which was the country of the Catholic was the figure who faced three-fourth to its front in the portrait.

Francois the first was from the family branch of the French Royal. Her mother was the most cultured person in the French Court. She was absorbed in educating only her son because her husband died young. As a result Francois the first grew up to a cultured youth. He got married to a …

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【Fancois the first who brought the Renaissance to France】

Francois the first got married to a daughter of Louis the 12th who was the French King. The king had no son,and the one who was allowed to succeed to the throne was a male alone,so the son-in-law of Louis 12th became the king when Louis 12th was dead.

After being the king he marched against northern Italy at once,for the war broke out between the Habsburg of Austria at the beginning of the 16th century. Francois who came to Italy was surprised,for speaking of the 16th century,both Leonardo da Vinci,Raphael,and Michelangelo were active painters and it's golden age in the Renaissance.

There was England and Frnance 100 years war from 1337 to 1453 and occurred a successive war between France and Italy. Then no one could hope to develop any art in France. When Francois the first became the king France used to be a beautiful country of the Gothic style as if it had appeared in a fairy tale,but if comparing it with Italy which was …

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【Francois the first who brought the Renaissance to France】

If comparing France with Italy which was the golden age of the Renaissance then,France was the country which was behind the times. Francois the first was so cultured one that he recognized it right away. He decided to do like the next.

"I'll bring the latest art which has been born in Italy to France by all means."

Thus France imported the Renaissance from Italy about a century later. Francois is the one who brought the Renaissance to France. He occupied the Principality of Milan.

Francois the first was cultured and recognized a beautiful thing at once,so after occupied Milan and when looking at the work of art 《The Last Supper》represented by Leonardo da Vince he may have thought he took an immediate fancy to the work of art and wanted to bring it to France,but he found it impossible,for it's a wall painting.

Instead of it…if saying so it may be the wrong word,Francois the first invited Leonardo da Vince to France.

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【Francois the first who brought the Renaissance to France】

If comparing with his rival,Michelangelo,Raphael,he was treated coldly by the Pope in those days,so Leonardo da Vince came to France at once with some of his works of art including the Mona Lisa,but he was dead right away so the Mons Lisa has belonged to the French Royal Family.

By the way I'll change the topic from now on,for I find it boring. I'm forced to admit to make a bad choice as to the book.

【One to three fat people live in developing country】

It seems that being fat is worse than smoking. When looking at advertisements on a magazine or a newspaper we've frequently come across the word of diet. Everyone seems to make a desperate effort to lose weight though the world is filled with the hungry.

It is said that there are more than 0.3 billion fat people in the world. Being fat causes fearful chronic diseases like heart trouble,diabetes or high blood pressure.

Plenty of money were spent on diseases which were …

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【One to three fat people live in developing countries】

A large amount of money were spent on the diseases which were caused from being fat. Roughly speaking it's twice as much as the disease which were caused from tobacco. We've frequently used the phrase of metabolic syndrome,for whole our country has tried to prevent us from coming down with the chronic disease which caused from being fat.

To my surprise the fat people account for about 30 percent in poor developing countries. Though being poor,being fat. What does it mean?

A lot of processed food which include lot of sugar content 糖分 and fatty meat has been imported to the developing countries from the developed countries. Its price is lower than the local fish. In addition the fatty meat is the one which has been taken advantage of pet food or fertilizers in the wealthy countries. They have sold the poor the harmful things in the developing countries.

Being fat is serious in the group of islands in the Pacific. A minister in …

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【One to three fat people live in developing countries】

A minister in Samoa criticized the cheap imported meat like the next."It's a junk food which has been forced upon the poor from the wealthy countries." Fiji has not been allowed to import meat partly.

The developed countries which have exported the cheap meat insisted on like the next."We've sold the consumers the cheap food which they want. Why shouldn't we do?" How should we think?

We have to enlighten the people in order to get rid of being fat in the developing countries. In short we have to instruct them healthy diet and a way of leading life. One more thing. The economic problems have to be solved so as to lead the healthy eating habits.

WHO has given Tonga as an example and said like the next."If developing the agriculture and fishery in which they have been engaged from long ago,they'll return to their original healthy eating habits on which they don't need to spend much money."

Thinking over the people's health …

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【One to three fat people live in developing countries.】

Thinking over the people's health seriously is one of tasks of the nation. What is the problem on being fat? What is healthy eating habit or healthy life?

【Teenagers in the U.S.A.and the U.K. are highest rate in regard to pregnancy in developed countries.】

It seems that a TV program has become a current topic. Its title is 《A mother whose age is 14》. Roughly speaking 1.25 million girls who are teenagers become pregnant in the world every year. Almost half of them give birth to their children.

The U.S.A. has the most girls who become pregnant in teenage. 52 to a 1000 girls in teenage undergo of giving birth to the child. On the other hand no more than 5 to 1000 girls in teenage become pregnant in Japan,so we can recognize how many girls in teenage are mother in the U.S.A.

The U.K. is the most after the U.S.A. 31 to 1000 give birth to their child. If being a mother in teenage,what kind of problem is caused? According to the …

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【Teenagers in the U.S.A and the U.K. is the highest rate in regard to pregnancy in developed countries.】

According to the inquiry lots of the girls were from the poor family. As a result they can't do their child care in decent environments. They are forced to quit the school. They can't get a good job,so they can't escape from the poor situation,so their children also bring up in the poor family. In consequence the chain of the poor is born.

Why have the U.S.A. and the U.K. made a mistake? The two countries could have been the most wealthy nations in the world. Why are there plenty of pregnancy in teenage? We must think over the problems on the culture and politics.

The U.K. is originally liberal on making a love. There are photographs of women who are topless stately on a newspaper. TV programs are also suggestive,but there are some people who are opposed to the sex education doggedly in school. They seem to think like the next.

"We must not think over on making love because …"

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【Teenagers in the U.S.A and in the U.K is the highest rate with regard to pregnancy in developed countries】

Oh! I'm afraid I may have made a mistake. They seem to think like the next.

"Making love is so obscene that we must not teach the children it." Doing the sex education isn't a legal obligation in the U.S.A. President Bush insisted consistently that the sex education is teaching them sexual abstinence, though he isn't the incumbent President. Instead of teaching to take precautions on social disease or birth control,making them control their passions and desires. He seemed to want to say like the that.

However the education on the sexual abstinence hasn't been effective at all,according to the inquiry. A girl in teenage said like the next.

"While we must make love we think the birth control is something illegal. We've felt like that."

Even if adopting any kind of choice it seems to be free,but without having right knowledge we tend to have a wrong guilty feeling.

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【Teenagers in the U.S.A and the U.K is the highest rate in relation to pregnancy in developed countries】

It's time when we should talk on making love,the birth control and pregnancy outright.

【No less than 44 million girls weren't born in China】

《16 females have been killed every day because of being lack of a dowry.》

It is said that about no less than 50 million males won't be able to find their marriage partners in China in the future. There will be more males than females by about 50 million. Why? for the people have wanted boys more than girls.

While 100 boys were born 118.5 females were born in China in 2000. The ratio of men to women has expanded more than more. The tendency is also strong in India or Southeast Asia. Why have they wanted the boys?

Because while the boys work and earn for them the girls are married to someone and leave their homes. Their real intention seems that they don't think they want to spend their money on their daughters who don't take care of …

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【No less than 44 million females weren't born】

《16 females have been killed every day owing to being lack of a dowry》

They don't seem to think that they want to spend any money on their daughters who don't take care of the family members. There seems to be a custom in India that when being married the female has the dowry. If having little dowry the girls are bullied at the place where they are married.

As a result 16 females have been killed a day. That bad custom has accelerated the tendency that they don't want the girls.

《What is a invisible child?》

Even if being pregnant when recognizing the unborn baby is a girl with the diagnosis on gender,they have an abortion or after being born the girls were sometimes killed right away in those countries. They make their babies drink very heated hot chicken soup. Needless to say the babies are dead at once,but the parents seem to insist that it's a just accident. How cruel it is.

When being ill,if it's a boy,the parents take him to…

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【No less than 44 million females weren't born】

《What is an invisible child?》

When coming down with an illness,if it's a boy,the parents will take him to hospital. Actually there are lots of girls who die from the illness though they wouldn't die as long as being taken to hospital. As for the number of the dead because of a diarrhea,girls were twice as much as boys in India according to the inquiry.

China has adopted the policy of an only child in order not to increase the population. The number of child is limited to only one in the country. The second child is in violation of the rule,so the parents don't inform the public office of it even if the second child is born. They call the child of which name isn't entered in the family register an invisible child.

The invisible child can't go to school and can't receive official aid. No one seems to recognize how many there are the invisible children clearly,but if informing to the public office lots of people seem to think it's a…

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【No less than 44 million females weren't born in China】

《What is an invisible child?》

Plenty of people seem to think like the next. If informing to the public office it should be the boy. The problem of custom in which they discriminate against the females is deep-rooted.

【There are more people who are engaged in door to door sales for cosmetics than soldiers in Brazil】

《Cosmetics which has been sold in the world reach to ¥11 trillion》

Please imagine the next scene. Each of thousands of females who put on makeup beautifully is about to push a chime on the door. It has happened in Brazil in fact. They have been engaged in door to door sales for cosmetics. They are saleswomen in the company which deals with the cosmetics in Brazil. Its number is no less than a million. Brazilian soldiers are a little under 0.3 million. The saleswomen are by far more than the soldiers in Brazil.

The beauty industry is world-active. The sales of the cosnetic has reached about $95 billion. Why do we…

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【There are more people who are engaged in door to door sales for cosmetics more than soldiers in Brazil】

《Cosmetics who have been sold in the world reaches ¥11 trillion》.

We spend our money on the cosmetics because being better appearance will benefit us somehow. It is said that the dolt is lower than the cool by 15 % in relation to the income. The fat female is lower than the ordinary one by 5% in regard to the income. We sometimes feel that a good-looking guy and a beautiful woman will be advantageous.

However it doesn't always mean that economic situation makes us think that we should be cool or beautiful. The female's strength and independence have been enphasized in the cosmetics' advertisement. The message of "You are worth of being beauty" is included there as the message for women's power.

Don't you think like that? "Polishing myself and wanting to be the best myself!" The advertising in the cosmetics is the message that making up is to be done.

《The females who have …》

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【There are more people who are engaged in door to door sales for cosmetics than soldiers in Brazil】

《The females who have sold the cosmetics in the jungle》

Appearance has priority over all other things in Brazil. If being said to be a vain person it's an admiration in Brazil. They regard the people who don't neglect to make effort in order to look themselves as wonderful,so they spend their money on the cosmetics.

In addition the cosmetics in the company have improved the Brazilian females' lives. The door to door sales doesn't need any academic background and any qualifications, The females who had been forced to work as a maid in a wealthy house can become independent and work as the saleswoman in the cosmetic company.Some females who succeed in their job and earn pretty good income have appeared.

The best model of the strong women who the cosmetic company wants to appeal is in Brazil. They row canoes and move forward in the jungle of Amazon. They sell lipsticks and …

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【There are more females who have been engaged in doors to doors sales for cosmetics than soldiers in Brazil】

《The females who have sold cosmetics in the jungle》

The females have sole lipsticks and antiperspirants in the jungle. They are the strong girls themselves which the cosmetic company has wanted to appeal.

What kind of job are there if females lead their lives with pride?

By the way I've expressed myself in English,being based on a book as usual. Its title is 『みんなで考えよう。世界を見る目が変わる50事実』Some of the topics are so cruel that someone may have thought it disgusted,so please be alert. Its author is a female and has said in the preface like the next.

"When starting to write I've sometimes found it sorrow myself. What a cruel world this is. What is the use of letting the readers know them? However I've thought like the next."

"Even if it's only one topic it's all right. If it makes you think over the world…I told myself like that. Even if only one step,when joining forces it causes…

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【The preface of a book which I've bought】

The author said like the next."Even if it's a small step,if joining force,it'll cause a big change,I'm sure of it."

She continued."Plenty of people have started to recognize the force. This book was published in the U.K in 2004. After that an astonishing change happened. TV stations,books and articles which appealed to us to set forth for a trivial activity appeared one after another in order to improve the world."

She continued."if saying I don't need any bag in the store no one'll look purplexed at all. Recycling centers were born all over the nation. We've learned to ask the statesmen some problems seriously on our environment or poverty in the world. The thought that each of us has the power to change the world has had suddenly a big support of the public opinion. How wonderful it is!"

She continued."There are lots of impending problems. There are so big unfairness and unequality that they are one of the biggest problems. Not only …"

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【The preface of a book which I've bought】

The author continued."Not only the difference between wealthy countries and poor countries,but the difference between the rich and the poor has become great in each country of ours. It's the source of various problems,I'm sure. If being able to manage to decrease the unequality the world will become happier and safer place"

The book seemed to be written for teenagers mainly,so the phrase for the teenager were expressed on the preface. I'm going to return to the main topic.

【No less than 80 percent of executions in the world has clustered in no more than 3 countries like China,Iraq,and the U.S.A.】

《Some countries which abolish the death penalty and other countries which put it into force》

Have you ever heard the name of a group called AMNESTY? It's the group which has protected the human rights,which has been active in the world so as to defend the right of being for the people. It has also appealed to abolish the death penalty.

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【No less than 80 percent of executions in the world clustered in no more than 3 countries like China,Iran,and the U.S.A. 】

《Some countries which abolish the capital punishment,other countries which put it into force》

The capital punishment has disappeared in more than half countries in the world,according to the report of their group. The country which abolishes the death penalty increases a year by three countries on the average,so the death penalty should disappear after about 30 years,but…

There are some countries which won't abolish the death penalty no matter what,especially the firm ones against the abolition are China,Iran,and the U.S.A. Oh! I made a mistake. It's not Iraq but Iran.

China,Iran,and the U.S.A.account for no less than 80 percent of the capital punishments which were done in 2000. Its numbers were 1060 in China,113 in Iran,and 71 in the U.S.A.

《Only stealing the gasoline it would be the death penalty》

To my surprise if committing even a minor offense like …

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【No less than 80 percent of executions in the world clustered in no more than 3 countries like China,Iran,and the U.S.A】

《Only stealing the gasoline is the capital punishment》

To my surprise a minor offense like stealing gasoline is the death penalty in China. No less than 1781 people were executed in China in 2001. Besides it was done during very short term. It's just 4 months. It's more than the other people who were dead in the death penalty in the countries all over the world in the past three years.

Executions and physical punishments like whipping and cutting off limbs have been opened to the public in Iran or Saudi Arabia. Even minors under 18 years of age are sentenced to the death penalty mercilessly in the U.S.A. Actually no less than 19 minor criminals were executed in the U.S.A. after 1990.

The numbers of the executions are so different among the countries aren't an ordinary. Executed has been done easily but is it all right? What is the right of being on the people?

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【A supermarket has more personal data than its government in England】

《Personal data which are accumulate with point cards》

If being a member in a supermarket or in a department store,whenever doing shopping its points have been accumulated in the card. We can exchange the points with a gift or things like gift certificates. It's profitable,we are apt to think like that,but is it so?

Whenever the points are accumulated in the card minute data are recorded and kept in the company who keeps the supermarket. When,what did we buy? Then which store did we make use of ? It may be a dreadful thing.

For example let's suppose I were a membership in the supermarket. The company can analyze my personal history on the shopping closely. The company can get a large amount of information on me like my income,my family member,and my hobby. If feeling like doing,the company can check me as if it were a spy.

There is a corporation which adopts the system of the member system on the point card.

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【A supermarket has more personal data than its government in England】

《Personal data which is accumulate with a point card》

The system of the point card in the biggest company in the England has no less than 13 million memberships. The sponsors for the card are various companies like a supermarket,a department store,a company for cellphone,or wine and so on. If wanting information on someone,the information which is gathered is beyond our imagination. The amount of the information is by far more than that of the personal data which the English government has.

《The personal data isn't always made use of for its original aim》

When the corporation has the personal data what happens? For example there is the next case in the U.S.A. A customer sued a supermarket for the next thing. He was injured because he was slipped and fell,for there was some yogurt on the floor. The supermarket presented the authority for the record on the point card of buying some liquor,for the supermarket …

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【A supermarket has more personal data than its government in England】

《The personal data isn't always taken advantage of for its original aim》

It seemed that the supermarket tried to make the customer out to be an alcoholic.

After the terrorism on 9.11 the American government examined the record on the point card for the criminal of the terrorism thoroughly and analyzed his pattern for shopping. It's said that the government developed the system to check whether or not planning the terrorism.Thus there is plenty of danger that the information on the point card isn't used for its original aim.

It is said that pursuit system with a function that sending signal has been in the middle of development. IC tip is used for the pursuit system. If being introduced the IC tips will be planted into varied things like a wrapping paper for commodity,paper money,cellphone,automobile and so on.

The information on us will be gathered by corporations in a wide range and accumulated more and more.

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【The people of homosexuality and lesbianism are illegal in more than 70 countries and they are carried out the death sentence in 9 countries】

《Severe penal regulations in various Islam countries》

The mere gay or lesbian are carried out the death sensations in some countries though they don't do anything bad. It's just that they are gays or lesbians. The countries are Mauritania, Sudan, Afghanistan, Pakistan,Chechen Republic, Iran, Saudi Arabia,UAE and Yemen. All of them are the countries of Muslims.

No less than 4 thousand of gays or lesbians were executed in Iran after Isramic revolution in 1979,for making love with the same sex is prohibited in the Koran which is the Isramic sacred book.

《Why are gay or lesbian punished?》

Even if it's not so extreme,there are laws which discriminate against the gay,lesbian,or bisexuality in more than 70 countries. "A male and a female love each other and they get married and have their home. It's natural. Choosing other different relations is …

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【The people of gay and lesbian are illegal in no less than 70 countries and they are carried out the death sentence in 9 countries】

《Why are gay and lesbian are punished?》

"A man and a woman love each other and they become a couple. They have their home. It's natural. Otherwise it's in the wrong." There are some people have judged like that and there are still plenty of countries and social structures which feel hostile and prejudice against the gay or lesbians,

However if each of us love someone and we are carried out the death sentence because of being gay or being lesbian,what should we do? Love is very private like freedom of religion or idea. A thing which has something to do with the person's existence isn't considered as freedom of Liberty,it's shocking a little,isn't it?

《Unconstitutional judgement in the American supreme.》.

The prejudice has been about to get rid of in lots of countries. The American Supreme Court was given on the law of the Texas that the different …

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【The people of gay and lesbian are illegal in more than 70 countries and they are carried out the death penalty in 9 countries】

《Unconstitional judgement in the American Supreme》

The American Supreme Court has given an order to the law of Texas like the next. "Making love between the same gender has been prohibited in the law on the Texas State,but the law is against the American constitution."

The judgement has made the law invalid not only in the State of Texas but other 13 States which adopted the same law. Besides the American Supreme has permitted the people of the gay and lesbian to get married and to bring up their child and to have a close bond as family members like the couple of a man and a woman.

The American Supreme used to give on the judgment that those rights aren't applied to both the gay and lesbian in 1986,so the society seem to have changed extremely. The society which both the gay and lesbian love each other stately as like other couples of different gender …

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【The people of the gay and lesbian are illegal in more than 70 countries and carried out the death penalty in 9 countries】

《Unconstitional judgement in the American Supreme》

The people of the gay and lesbian love each other and lead their lives as usual stately like the couple of the man and the woman in the future,but on the other hand there is severe reality that the people of the gay and lesbian carried out the death and they have been persecuted. We should not forget the fact.

By the way I'm not the gay at all,but it doesn't seem to easy as the author expect. If they are far away from me,I don't mind it at all. Fortunately or not I have no family members. Let's suppose that I had either a son or daughter. What if they are gay or lesbian? I don't have any confidence to be worried about it in the least. Easier say than done. I hate full of high-sounding ideas.

【One to 5 people lead its life under a dollar a day】

《Can we lead our lives with no more than ¥3500 a month?》

There…

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【1 to 5 people lead its life under a dollar a day】

《Can we lead our lives with no more than ¥3500 a month?》

There are plenty of poor people extremely in the world. How much are they poor? Their living expenses a day is under a dollar. If a dollar is ¥116 they have to lead their lives with ¥3480 alone a month. The living expenses includes the food expenses and the rent for an apartment house. Can we imagine it?

There are lots of those poor people in the world. Its number is more than 1.2 billion. In a word they are 1 to 5. They can't eat enough. Without going to school,their children earn little money. They barely lead their lives. Even if coming down with the sickness they have too little money to go to hospital.

When ruined its health they can't work,so they become poorer. Even if they've struggled so as to clawed their ways up from extreme poverty,they can't. It's reality that there are plenty of those people in the world.

《If contributing only ¥35 we can make the poverty wipe…》

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【One to 5 people lead its life under a dollar a day】.

《If contributing no more than ¥35 we'll make the poverty wipe out from the world》

Only 1% in the national income of the most wealthy countries is given for the poverty, those people who have been distressed by the poor will be helped,for enough food,medical care,and education will spread to all the people and the death rate of newly-born infant will drop and the little money can prevent the poor from coming down with an illness.

The United Nations set its goal of making the number of the people who suffer extreme poverty decrease to half. The developed countries promised to contribute only 0,7 % of the national income to the poor countries. As for the amount of the money it's not so hard,but the promise has not been kept.

The amount of the money which the wealthy countries offered to the poor countries is just 0.23 % of their whole national income. If the teenagers' pocket money is ¥5000 it's just that contributing ¥35 to …

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【1to 5 people lead its life under a dollar a day】

《If contributing only ¥35,we can make the poverty wipe out from the world》

If a teenager's pocket money is ¥5000, it means that he or she offered the poor countries only ¥11. As I've said the book which I've expressed in English is mainly written for the teenagers,so the way of saying is addressing them like that.

《The rich become richer more and more and the poor become poorer more and more》

The gap between the rich and the poor becomes bigger. The GDP for a nation in the most wealthy 20 countries is 18 times as rich as the GDP for a nation in the most poor countries. The rich still become richer more and more and the poor still become poorer more and more. How unfair it is.

It is cleat that decreasing the poor who have suffered the extreme poverty as much as we can is a good thing but it seems to be hard.

【The number of a female who are killed by her husband or her boyfriend is more than 12000 in Russia every year】

《One to …》

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【The number of a female who are killed by her husband of her boyfriend is more than 12000 in Russia every year】

《One to three females are beaten or raped.》

Have you ever heard the phrase of DV? It's an abbreviation of domestic violence. The violence which happens home. Speaking of the violence which happens home,some people may have thought that a child acts violently,but it's not. The DV is mainly the violence which her husband or her boyfriend use for a female.

It is said that 1 to 3 females receives some harm like being beaten or being raped in her life,especially there are plenty of harms from the DV in Russia. Lots of females from 12000 to 14000 are killed by their husbands. In short a female is killed every 43 minute. The number of the female who were killed by the DV is 1238 in the U.S.A. in 2000. Oh…!

《We the male should throw away a fixed idea that we can cotrol them》

Why is the harm on the DV terrible in Russia? One of reasons is the poverty. The difficulties of making …

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【The number of a female who are killed by her husband or her boyfriend is more than 12000 in Russia every year】

《We the male should throw away the fixed idea that the male can control the female》

One of the reason is the poverty and the difficulties of making a living,the housing shortage,and the shelter which prevents the female from the violence is insufficient,but the reason which has caused the violence is their fixed idea. There seems to be a Russian proverb like the next. "The male beat the female,for the male loves the female."

Unbelievable,but the fixed idea isn't always limited to Russia alone. The female has been treated as a living fortune since long ago. A father gives his daughter in marriage,and he receives some money as its reward,and the husband bought his wife with the money,so he can treat her as he likes. The way of thinking has been deep-rooted there.

There are still lots of countries where the female must obey her father and her husband at present …

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【The number of a female who are killed by her husband or her boyfriend is more than 12000 in Russia every year】

《The male should throw away the fixed idea that he can control her》

There are some countries where the male have been allowed to kill the females when the female committed
adultery or disobeyed her marriage proposal which her parents fixed.

A meeting for the females all over the world was held in Beijing in 1995. Lots of countries joined in the meeting and pledged to eliminate the violence against the female,but the DV hasn never disappeared.

【There are 1.6 million Americans who have been operated for some plastic surgery in 2006】

《The cosmetic surgery has been for about 4 thousand years》

The cosmetic surgery is popular among us greatly. The number of the people who were operated for plastic surgery in the U.S.A. reached about 1.6 million. The number of the people who are as much as the population in Holland changed the form of their noses,got rid of the wrinkles or…

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【There are 16.2 million American who have been operated for some plastic surgery in 2006】

《Cosmetic surgery has been done since about 4 thousand years ago》

The number of people who are as much as the population in Holland have changed the form of their noses and got rid of the wrinkles and received breast enlargement surgery. If imaging it I'm forced to be overwhelmed by the number of the people.

It was about 1997 when the cosmetic surgery has started to increase,for a way of what is called Botox has been developed. It gives a person an injection of botulinum and the botulinum makes the muscle paralyze. If the muscle is paralyzed the wrinkle won't be developed. It's been so easy to do that almost all of people have learned to do without reserve,

We seem to have thought of varied other ways. For example stuffing something under the skin of pulling the skin over the stomach upward. The cosmetic surgery has been done since long long ago. Skin transplant operation was done in India …

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【There are 16.2 million American who have been operated some plastic surgery in 2006】

《Cosmetic surgery has been done since 4000 years ago》

I hate to say but I've made a mistake again. The number of the people isn't 1.6 million but 16.2 million. It was the wrong number of digits.

Skin transplant operation was done in India about 4000 years ago. Some other operations were done in order to hide the mark of the syphilis 梅毒 in the body for the peerage in England in the Middle Age. However the First World War made the plastic surgery do so frequently. There were plenty of injured people in the war. They wanted to conceal their scars. The plastic surgery developed so as not that the scar was noticeable.

《If an appearance changes,does a mental suffering disappear?》

A healthy and normal person has been operated as a patient nowadays,for the people who are apt to think that changing its appearance will resolve its problem has increased. Besides the operating expense has been reasonable…

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【There are 16.2 million American who have been operatede plastic surgery in 2006】

《If an appearance changes will a mental suffering disappear?》

Lots of youths have been operated minor cosmetic surgery. An actress or a fashion model have admitted being operated cosmetic surgery officially lately. Britney Spears who is a famous pop singer has also declared being operated the breast enlargement surgery. After the news it is said that plenty of young female visited cosmetic surgeons for the breast enlargement surgery.

When opening a magazine the females show off their perfect body in the magazine. The people have been worried about the beauty of their appearance more and more. Everyone has been strongly attached to being young and beautiful. Everybody tends to think its natural figure is ugly and being old is something unhealthy. Is it so?

If having not enough money for cosmetic surgery what should they do? When going on being operated cosmetic surgery, what happen to them?

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【What I've thought】

As I've said I've expressed myself in English,being based on some books,so all my remarks aren't always my own.

Being operated the cosmetic surgery itself isn't in the wrong,I'm sure. It depends on. If changing its appearance is having confidence with itself is good,isn't it? The problem is that the time when it stop being operated. Anybody can't go on being operated the cosmetic surgery forever,I'm afraid.

Whether or not being operated the cosmetic surgery is a thing which each of them determine. Others have nothing to do with it as long as they aren't the blood relatives.

As for myself,I'm so eccentric that even if I change my appearance nothing special will happen. The problem lies somewhere else,though to my sorrow I'm not sure of the place where it is. Needless to say it seems that the problem is myself,but why? What place is the problem on myself? I'm afraid it's everything on myself,but it can't be helped. It's just that it's myself. It's my own choice.

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【Mines 地雷 kill of injured at least a person every hour】

《The mine costs no more than ¥400!》

Lots of people have ever seen a photograph of an image of children. The children don't have either its arm or leg. 1 to 236 nations don't have either the arm or leg in Cambodia,but it seems that they are luckier,for more than twice as much as the people are dead. All of them died because of the mine.The dreadful wreckage from the war are no less than 0.1 billion under ground all over the world. They remain silent so far but in the future…

It's 8067 people who were dead of injured owing to the mine in 2003. If included the injured who weren't reported,it is said its number reaches 20 thousand.

It's the First World War when the mine appeared for the first time. A century passed and it has been used in the present age when high technological weapons have played an active role. The U.S.A. prepared for about 90 thousand antipersonnel mines in the Iraqi War in 2003,though the weapon weren't done

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【Mine kills or damages at least a person every hour.】

《The mine costs no more than ¥400》

However without using it's all right,for it's just ¥400 but when getting rid of the mine its cost is about ¥20000 and giving us a lot of time and trouble.

《The weapon of which life is decades and kills people equally》.

The trouble is that the mine has a very long life. Plenty of mines have been buried in Poland during the First World War. Dozens of people were killed by the mines every year even in 1970s. Even if the war is over,the threat of the weapon goes on. It kills everyone. It does a soldier,a peasant or a child. As a result no one approaches the place where the mine is buried.

The counter influence against the government buried thousands of mines in the farmland in Somalia and Sudan in Africa. The peasants were afraid of the mines so much that they couldn't do farming any more.

《The measure fof abolition of the mine》

However there is hope for us. The treaty which prohibits the …

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【Mines kill or damages at least a person every hour】

《The measure for abolition of the mine》

The treaty with which the total ban for the antipersonnel mine has been concluded in 1999 and no less than 152 countries have joined in the treaty.

Though America,Russia and China haven't concluded with the treaty but the whole world has moved forward for prohibition against the mine greatly.

Famous people have also taken action. Paul Mccartoney who is one of members of the Beatles and Angelina Jolie who is an actress have been active in the movement for prohibition the mine,especially the one who has been influenced on the movement greatly is the latest Princess Diana in England.

Without any hesitation at all she walked around the mine field and appealed the abolition for the mine. The people all over the world were moved by her,but it's just that the world has started to take a step towrd the prohibition against the mine.

【No less than 44 million children have been forced to work in …】

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【No less than 44 million children have been forced to work in India】

《Even if having worked for a year its wage is no more than ¥12》

There are plenty of children who can't go to school though they want to in the world. Without going to school no less than 44 million children have worked in India. They work from 12 to 14 hours at a factory a day and their annual income is no more than ¥12. Besides when making a mistake some are hung upside down and others smeared with gunpowder a wound and are set fire to the wound. How cruel they are!

There seem to be 0.246 billion children who work in the world and their age is from 5 to 17 according to ILO,the International Labor Organization. 0.171 billion children have been forced to be engaged in dangerous labor,1.6 million ones are made to practice prostitution and 0.3 million ones have been engaged in soldiers.

《Even if punishing the employers the problems remain unsettled》

What should we do? If punishing the employers who make the …

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【No less than 44 million children have been forced to work in India】

《Even if punishing the employers the problem remains unsettled》

If punishing the employers who have forced the children to work,is it all right?

American Parliament used to decide not to buy the goods from a clothes factory in Bangladesh. Lots of children were forced to work in the factory. The pressure was effective in the factory and 50 thousand children were liberated from the factory,but the children went to other factory where the wage was lower and worse working condition,for without working they couldn't lead their life.

It doesn't always mean that the working children want to stop working. The problem is the money which offsets to their work hasn't been paid enough. The thing that the children are working isn't always in the wrong. Helping their family business,mowing the lawn,or delivering newspaper is a good chance for the children to learn the experience of taking responsibility for themselves,but if…

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【No less than 44 million children have been forced to work in India】

《Even if punishing the employers the problems remain unsettled》

However if the work prevents the children from studying,having a good time or making friends with others we the grown-ups should hold out a helping hand to them.

【Nations in developed countries eat no less than 7 kg of food additives a year】

《There are 13 kinds of food additives in a ham sandwich》

A ham sandwich has been sold in a convenience store or supermarket. Do you know 13 kinds of additives are included in the ham sandwich? If looking at the indication for the raw materials the ham sandwich is filled with the additives. The amount of the money which the food industry spent on the food additives is $ 20 billion. What's the use of the food additives? Are they really safe?

Both of flavor of strawberry and banana are popular among the lots of young. The flavor is seasoned with spices and it's not genuine at all. No less than $ 3.6 billion have…

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【Nations in developed countries eat no less than 7kg of food additives a year】

《The flavor of which the raw materials have not been clear》

$3.6 billion have been spent on the flavor in the whole world a year. What kinds of raw materials are made in the flavor or how is the seasoned with the spice? It's business secret. The flavor is a product of hundreds of chemical reactions. Its companies don't have to announce its raw materials. Only the people in the company recognize what kind of things are used in the food. Aren't you afraid of it?

Instead of sugar saccharin which is artificial sweeter is used in the food. It's said it's safe,but the specialists on cancer have pointed out the saccharine has carcinogenesis 発癌性. Plenty of saccharine were given to a rat and it had a bladder 膀胱 cancer in a study in Canad.

America has tried to prohibit to use the saccharine completely but the prohibition hasn't been carried out owing to the support from the public opinions and the maker.

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【Nationsn in developed countries eat no less than 7kg of food additives a year】

《Creating flavor or taste which is as if they were genuine is a kind of fraud》

There are one more problem. We become unaware that whether or not the things which we eat is authentic. Is real strawberry and a strawberry flavor which is created with chemical reaction the same? The flavor and taste as if they were true,but they aren't genuine. It's a kind of fraud,so we should be wise.

When going shopping at a supermarket we should watch an ingredient label before paying the money at the checkout counter. If there is something strange in the food we must not buy it. Then food makers may have been careful of the food additives a little more.

There are plenty of food around us and a variety of food additives are included in it. Why is it included?

【The sponsor charge in which Tiger Woods wear the cap is 55 thousand dollar a day. It's as same as the annual income for 38 year of s labor in the factory】

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【The sponsor charge in which Tiger Woods wear the cap is $ 5500 thousand a day. It's as same as the annual income for 38 year of a labor who makes the cap in the factory】


《His income is more than any other athlete in the world》

You've heard of the name of Tiger Woods,I'm sure. He is an American professional golfer who came out in a spectacular fashion in 1996. Then his age was 20. He has won 67 times in all for a decade. He is by far stronger than any other professional golfers. Not only being strong but he has earned much more money than any other athlete.His annual income in the 2004 is presumably about $ 87.36 million. It's about ¥ 10 billion.

《The greater part of his income is his sponsor contract charges with some companies》

His enormous income isn't always from only a reward on the golf. He wears a cap or clothes which the sponsor companies offer and appears on the CM and his contract charge is paid to him. Nike entered into a contract with Tiger Woods when he came out as …

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【What I've thought】

The other day someone told me that my English remarks are so much the errors that he or she couldn't understand,especially for an English native speaker.

I was born in Japan and I've never been to any foreign countries. If feeling my English is hard to understand I'm sorry for it, but I've done my best. If there is the one who is worried about my English the person doesn't have to look at my thread,for I've never asked it to do it. It's none of its business.

Except for me,even if all of the people all over the world insist that my English is too poor to understand ,I won't give up expressing myself in English! I don't mind it at all!

I've expressed myself in English in order not to be pleased with the English native speakers,though I'm not going to pick a fight with them. Please leave me alone.

I won't stop expressing English,maybe.

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【The sponsor charge in which Tiger Woods wears the cap is $ 55 thousnad a day. It's as same as the annual income for 38 year of a labor who has made the cap】

《The great part of his income is his sponsor contract charge with some companies》

I've made a blunder. It's not 5500 thousand but 55 thousand. I'm sorry for it.

Nike entered into contract with Tiger Woods when he had just came out as a professional golfer. Its amount of money is about $ 44 million for 5 years. It is said that the sales for the golf department in Nike shot up from $ 0.1 billion to $ 0.25 billion during his contract with the company. Tiger Woods' sales effect is immeasurable.

《what the labors at Nike factory in Thailand complained》

Tiger renewed his contract with Nike in 2001. It's $ 0.1 billion for 5 years. In short wearing the cap means that he earns $ 55 thousand a day. The cap has been made at the factory in Thailand. The labor's wage in the factory is no more than $ 4 a day. If the labor wants to earn…

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【The sponsor charge in which Tiger Woods wears the cap is $ 55 thousand a day. It's as same as the annual income for 38 year of a labor who has made the cap】

《What the labors at Nike factory in Thailand complained》

If the labor wants to earn the same amount of money which Tiger Woods received from Nike a day,it means $ 55 thousand,the labor has to work every day for 38 years without taking a holiday,so the labors decided to appeal to the professional golfer directly.

When the professional golfer stayed at a hotel in Bangkok November in 2000 the labors went to the hotel and tried to appeal to him like the next. "Could you please ask Nike to raise our wage enough so as to lead at least the minimum standard of living." but the professional golfer rejected the interview. He announced his cold comment.

The author of the book said like the next." I think a thing which is more than irony of fate with regard to the different amount of the money between them. Something is in the wrong."

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【It's 7 million females and a million males who have suffered from eating disorder in the U.S.A.】

《A musician and anorexia 拒食症》

It's about 40 years ago. There used to be singers called Carpenters who brought about million hits one after another in the U.S.A. The Carpenters was composed of a elder brother and his little sister called Karen Carpenter. Lots of people all over the world were fascinated by her singing voice,but she died at the age of 32 because of anorexia.

The one who suffers from the anorexia wants to become slim at any rate and it continues an unreasonable diet and it can't take any meal a bit at last. The disease is the highest death rate in other sickness owing to something mental. Two of ten are dead on account of the disease.

《Mass Media has promoted to be thin.》

Eating too much and throwing up and the process is repeated. It's bulimia 過食症. We call the bulimia and anorexia eating disorder. 7 million of females and a million of males have suffered from the …

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【It's 7 million females and a million males who have suffered from eating disorder in the U.S.A.】

《Mass Media promotes to be thinner》

7 million females and a million males have suffered from eating disorder in the U.S.A. It's equivalent to the 4 % of its population. The eating disorder has been greatly influenced by Mass Media. The weight of fashion model is less than average weight of the American women by 25%. Both TV programs and magazines have special section devoted to the diet.

The Mass Media has aroused the people to do diet and they will be by far more beautiful before long. It may be natural for them to be forced to think they must lose their weight.

《Is being thinner really beautiful?》

There is Fiji among the group of islands in the Pacific. The Fijian used to think a plump but solidly woman was beautiful from long ago,but they've got TV since 1995 and it has also changed the standard of a beauty. American and England TV dramas were telecast and all of them were…





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【It's 7 million females and a million males who have suffered from eating disorder in the U.S.A.】

《Is being thinner really beautiful?》

American and English TV programs were telecast in Fiji and all the Fijian were absorbed in them. After 3 years three-fourths of Fijian female teenagers learned to think they were too fat. One fourths of them started to diet. The standard of the beauty has been greatly influenced by Mass Media. The idea that being thin is beautiful may be the wrong impression.

【About half of the youngster of which age is 15 have experienced of drug in England.】

《Drug has spread among the youngster as if it were a nightmare》

There is an easy inspection kit which detects with a handful of hair whether or not being used drug. The parents are said to prepare for the inspection kit and to inspect their children in England. It seems that about half of the youngster of which age is 15 have experienced the drug,according to an investigation.

Smoking has also become a …

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【About half of the youngsters of which age is 15 have experienced of drug in England.】

《The drug have spread among the youngsters as if it were a nightmare.》

Smoking has also become a problem. One of four youngsters of which age is 15 has a habit of smoking in England,its average is 50 cigarettes a week. Drinking is also a problem among the youngsters,amount of drinking among the youngsters becomes double if comparing a decade ago. Drug,smoking and drinking have already spread among the teenagers.

《Damage and danger which are caused by drug,smoking and drinking.》

Those habits are harmful for their health. Far from it. Other various danger is caused like drunken driving. It's said that the earlier they start to indulge in drinking,smoking,or inhaling the drug,the harder drug they are apt to be absorbed in.

《Is it all right if a minor tries a handful of cigarette,liquor of drug?》

Whether or not being indulge in smoking,drinking or injecting the drug depends on their will.

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【About half of the youngsters of which age is 15 have experienced of drug in England.】

《Is it all right if a minor tries a handful of smoking,drinking of inhaling the drug?》

If their friends tempt a minor to do the harmful things,can it reject the temptation? They may have thought it's all right unless it's a large quantity. It's all right,for a grown-up also does or wanting to do it somehow? Oh no! They should thought over it carefully once,for if their parents inspect their hair secretly they don't feel pleasant very much.

By the way needless to say those remarks aren't my own. Before being worried about the teenagers in England I should be concerned about myself. Whenever coming across unpleasant things I tend to escape to the liquor. Even if being a grown-up, too much drinking isn't good for my health.

【There are 67 thousand lobbyists working in Washington DC.While there are a Federal member of Diet there are 251 lobbyists.】

《Business of lobbyist is a political activity.》

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【There are 67 thousand lobbyists working in Washington D.C. While there is a Federal member of the Diet there are 251 lobbyists.】

《The business of lobbyist is political activity.》

When reading an American newspaper a word of lobbyist sometimes appears in an article on politics. The lobbyist is a professional who appeals to the politics. We call the activity lobbying.

If thinking we want to reflect our opinion on a policy we'll write to a Diet member,conduct to collect signatures,or do demonstrations. They are lobbying but the one which the professional lobbyist does is different. It appeals to the Diet member direct and makes the Diet member take action.The number of the lobbyists in the U.S.A. is over 67 thousand. $ 1.55 billion was paid to the lobbyists in 2000. The lobbying is a big Industry.

《Everyone wants to reflect each assertion.》

A local assembly employs the lobbyist so as to demand for the federal government. Almost all of the groups like some companies,some NGOs or …

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【There are 67 thousand lobbyists in Washington D.C. While there is a Diet member of federal there are 251 lobbyists.】

《Everyone wants to reflect each assertion.》

Almost all of the groups like some companies,some NGOs or some groups which ask for special advantage have asked to the lobbyist in order to insist their opinion. For example wanting a budget,wanting to make a law,or wanting to change a policy. Everyone wants the lobbyists to listen to each assertion.

Some of the lobbyists are international and it's said that they went around the Eastern Europe in order to receive the support on the American military movement against Iraq.

《Is the lobbying useful in the society?》

If reporting the message to the government,do you think the lobbying is useful in the society? An energy company donated a large amount of money to a politician in the U.S.A. and then a law which was profitable for the energy company was about to be established in 2003. How do you think about it?

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【There are 67 thousand lobbyists working in Washington D.C. It is a Diet member of federal for 251 lobbyists.】

《Is the lobbyist useful in the society?》

It is said that no less than about $ 30 billion worked on an election in the U.S.A. in 2000. A large amount of money was offered to candidates who said profitable opinions for specific people. If the lobbyists play an active part in its background,how do you think about it? I find it important that everyone can say its opinion or everyone can assert.

However if the politics is influenced on a handful of people by the power of the money,it's in the wrong. It seems that few people know what kind of advantage is in the background in the lobbying. It should be clear for everyone. We should recognize who appeals to the Diet members ,what is appealed to the Diet members and what is given to the Diet members.

In addition we should make sure whether or not the Diet members talke action without being controlled by the money.

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【A car kills two people per minute.】

《The number of people who were dead in a traffic accident is second to the ones who were dead because of AIDS》

A woman whose age was 44 were involved in a traffic accident in London in 1896 and was dead. It was the first traffic death in the world. The car was running with a demonstration and it was at a speed of 6 k.p.h. After that the traffic accident continues to increase with spread of cars and about 25 million people were dead owing to the traffic accident. Its number is as same as the population of Venezuela.

About 1.2 million of people were dead in the traffic accident a year. In short two people are dead a minute on account of the traffic accident. The ones who were injured or suffered a disorder are over 10 million a year. The traffic accident is one of the three worst cause of the people's death in the world in 2020 according to an investigation by the Harvard University and WHO.

The cause of death is second to AIDS in regard to males…

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【A car kills two people per minute.】

《Traffic accidents which have frequently occurred in developing countries.》

The traffic accident is a cause of death which is second to AIDS in regard to males whose age is from 15 to 44.

Roughly speaking the cars running in developed countries account for 60 % in the world,so we tend to think that plenty of traffic accidents have happened there but it's in the wrong. If comparing the number of traffic accident in developed countries in the beginning of 1970s to the ones at present,it has decreased by 25 %. 70 % of death traffic has happened in developing countries in the world at present.

Wealthy countries have new cars. The system of a safety check of a car is arranged,and there are lots of cars which are provided with safety devices like an airbag or ABS. Besides the roads have been put in good condition.

On the other hand there seems to be plenty of drivers who don't have a driver's license,the roads aren't always in good condition.

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【A car kills two people per minute.】

《Traffic accidents which have frequently happened in developing countries》

Regulations against unlicensed drivers and traffic accidents haven't done well,and even if when being happened to the traffic accident an ambulance doesn't arrive there at once.

Developing countries have suffered from damage of about $10 million every year on account of the traffic accident according to an estimate by WHO. It's twice as same as the amoun of money which the developing countries have received as development aid. The traffic accidents prevent the developing countries from developing.

《A lesson in a success of Fiji.》

I'm going to express an example in Fiji like the next. Automobile insurance companies donate 10% of insurance money to the group which have tried to improve the condition on the roads. The group has done traffic safety campaign lively and it's a great success. The traffic death decreased by 44 % until 2002.

If being able to decrease the …

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【A car kills two people per minute】

《A lesson in a success of Fiji》

If being able to decrease the traffic accidents the nation can save its cost and develop. It does away with the poverty and the gap between the poor and rich. Decreasing the traffic accidents is a very important theme.

【About 80 thousand of acts of violence or riots have broken out at hospitals for abortion in North America since 1977】

《An ex clergyman who killed a specialist in abortion became a hero》

A great controversy which splits the United States in two has happened on abortion. It was caused in Texas state in 1973. The abortion was forbidden by the law of the state there,but a trial judged that the law of the Texas was against the constitution. As a result the law in the State became invalid. The law allowed the people to have an abortion.

The people who were opposed to the abortion rebelled against the judgement. Radical people who were opposed to the abortion insisted that being abortion is a murder.

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【About 80 thousand of acts of violence or riots have broken out at hospitals where abortion is done in North America since 1977 】

《An ex clergyman who killed a specialist in abortion became a hero》

The radical people who were opposed to the abortion used even violence so as to stop the abortion. They surrounded the hospital and protested against the hospital. They played a nasty trick on the patients or the staff in the hospitals. Some of them exploded,set fire to the hospitals or caused a murder case.

A doctor and a driver were killed in Florida in 2003. The doctor was the specialist in abortion who performed an operation on a female for abortion. Its criminal was an ex-clergyman and asserted that he had done it in order to prevent a pure baby from being killed. While he was put to death he became a hero among the people who objected to the abortion.

《Some were on the list of assassination and others were actually attacked》

Acts of violence or riots in the hospital where…

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【About 80 thousand of acts of violence or riots have broken out in the hospital where abortion is done in the North America since 1977】

《Some were on the list for assassination and others were actually attacked》

The number of acts of violence or riots in the hospital where abortion is done have reached about 80 thousand in America and Canada from 1977 to at present,in particular the radical ones are the people who are called Army of God. The name and address of the doctors and staff who work in the hospital where the abortion is done are being open to the public in the internet. Some people who were on the list were killed and others were attacked.

Even if unable to forgive others' opinions or behaviors so much they shouldn't have attacked the doctor or they should have stopped threatening a female who wished for abortion. Trying to suppress others' opinions with violence is in the wrong.

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【While the people who recognizw the yellow mark of M in Macdonald make account for 88% the people who recognize the cross in the Christianity 54%】

《Is a person who is religious immature?》

I'm sure you know the cross is the symbol in the Christianity. An investigation was made for 7 thousand people in 6 countries. It was no more than 54% of the people who recognize the meaning of the cross,though it was no less than 88% of the people know the yellow mark in Macdonald.

The people who don't recognize the meaning of the cross increase. In short they've learned not to believe in the God gradually,especially the European people have a strong tendency of giving up its faith. The people who believe in the God account for 92% in the U.S.A. One of three people go to church every week.

On the other hand the people who believe in the God is about 60 % in England. Every week one of thirteen people go to church in France. Some European cultured people say the people who are religious are…

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【While the people who recognize the yellow mark of M in Macdonald make account for 88%, the cross in the Christianity is 54%】

《Instead of the religion,high-quality brand has appeared》

Some European cultured people declare that the people who are religious are immature mentally.

Instead of religion the people have learned to worship other thing. What's it? It's big-name brand. A catch phrase of liquor was" Believe!" Instead of the religion the people have learned to worship the high quality brand,the crosses of necklace are only the accessories at present.

The sales of high quality brand like Gucci or Burberry has gone up more and more. They pay debt for the high quality brand. One of five families have debt of about 2000 pound in the balance of credit card. It's equal to ¥0.46 million.

The high quality brand sells some lifestyles or some feelings rather than the commodity itself. It tempts us to pay lots of money,and we'll lead wonderful life in fantastic mood.

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【While the people who recognize the yellow mark of M in Macdonald make account for 88%,the cross in the Christianity is only 54%】

《Instead of religion high quality brand has appeared.》

The high quality brand looks like the religion,for both of them give us something satisfactory. They make us feel happy or give us relief. The people in developing countries don't have enough money to get something satisfactory,so the people who are religious have increased there. The Christianity make account for about 60 % outside the Europe and the U.S.A. What do you worship?

【The Kenyan spend one-third money of their family badges on a bribe】

《The Kenyan offer a bribe 16 times a month on the average.》

Offering money or a present for a powerful person in order to make the powerful person do something convenient. We call it a bribe. Without offering the bribe they can't lead their life in Kenya of Africa. When entering a school,receiving a medical treatment,applying for a passport,being …

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