レッツ　エンジョイ　イングリッシュ　18th

【What will happen in the Presidential election of America?】

《The reinforcement on the regulation concerned gun..》

It is hard for us the Japanese to understand, but as the right of having the gun has been allowed at the constitution in America a lot of people have the gun.

America used to be the colony belonged to England, but has accomplished its independence through the war for the independence. At the time on the war for the independence, there was none of the decent military force in America. Ordinary people who were usually engaged in agriculture fought against guns in their hand.

• 共感4

【What will happen in the Presidential election of America?】

《The reinforcement on the regulation concerned gun…》

They fought against the armed force belonged to England guns in their hand, so lots of the people in America regard having the gun as the symbol on independence at present.

No one can invade the right on the people of having the gun, it has been expressed in the constitution of America.

There are fifty states in America, and as the authority on the each state is so powerful that each of them can establish its own law originally, some of them regulates the gun, but there has…

• 共感4

【What will happen in the Presidential election of America?】

《The reinforcement on the regulation concerned gun…》

…but there has never been the bill regulating the gun fundamentally with the national level.

Though we the Japaneses who live in Japan may haven’t understood, if the movement of trying to regulate the gun in America, the criticism of violating the right of having gun appeared and the movement didn’t go ahead historically, but the regulation on the gun with the national level used to be in America in the past. It’s the law on Brady.

At the time of the President Clinton….

• 共感4

【What will happen in the Presidential election of America?】

《The reinforcement on the regulation concerned gun…》

At the time of the President Clinton belonged to the Democratic Party who was eager to regulate the gun, the law on Brady took effect.

In the case of attempted assassination on the President Reagan in 1981, James Brady who was the press security hit the shot on the head and was damaged, after that tackled the movement on regulating gun, so it was named the law on Brady.

When buying all the revolvers, making the hold time for five days and forced to research the criminal record…

• 共感4

【What will happen in the Presidential election of America?】

《The reinforcement on the regulation concerned gun…》

…and forced to research the criminal record and the history of mental illness on the one who hoped to buy gun then in the law on Brady, and the law regulating to sell a gun which has high killing effectiveness due to shooting the large amount of shot all at once was formed then.

But both of them were effective in specified time, for they were laws with expiration date, so it lost its effect in 1998, and the latter did in 2004.

As there were lots of members of assembly who were….

• 共感4

【What will happen in the Presidential election of America?】

《The reinforcement on the regulation on gun…》

As there were lots of members in assembly who were opposed to the regulation on gun in America, when those laws lost the effect, they weren’t prolonged at all.

The existence on the NRA which is the abbreviation of National Rifle association of America has have the influence over the laws because there are lots of members in assembly of America.

NRA is a group of the people who love the gun but receives financial assistance from the company of making gun or shop selling gun, and it’s…

• 共感4

【What will happen in the Presidential election of America?】

《The reinforcement on regulation concerned gun…》

,,,and it’s the profit earning group which has influence over both on the society or on the government.

NRA has used the large amount of money and developed movement of making the member of assembly who tried to regulate gun lose in an election until now.

As there are lots of members of assembly who fear of turning NRA into an enemy and losing the election, so they can’t start the regulation on gun actively.

The President Biden who received the case of shooting gun randomly one…

• 共感4

【What will happen in the Presidential election of America?】

《The reinforcement on regulation concerned gun…》

The President Biden who received the case on shooting gun randomly one after another signed the bill on the reinforcement of regulation concerned gun passed the votes which worked in bipartisan way June in 2022.

But the new bill has stayed within strengthening on identity check who hoped to buy the gun under the age of 21, or hard hitting measure on psychic medicine or guarding school, so it’s far away from the fundamental regulation on gun.

The President Biden has appealed that….

• 共感4

【What will happen in he Presidential election of America?】

《The reinforcement on regulation concerned gun….》

But the President Biden has appealed that America was filled with weapon for making war, and called out continuously to prohibit the gun which has high killing effectiveness so as to attack.

Thus the argument on regulating gun has gone ahead at the assembly in America, but the movement on reinforcement of regulating gun has been apt to be stopped by the Republican Party traditionally, so the law regulating gun severely has never been formed until now.

Though a painful case of…

• 共感4

【What will happen in the Presidential election in America?】

《The reinforcement on regulation concerned gun…》

Though a painful case that dozens of children were shot to death in elementary school broke out, the reinforcement on regulation has never been done severely. Then NRA insisted that deploying armed forced policemen all of school in American and preventing those event from breaking out again, it’s all right. Without decreasing, it suggested America should increase the gun more and more.

Lots of the people have supported the assault on regulating gun in America at present, but lots of…

• 共感4

【What will happen in the Presidential election of America?】

…but lots of members belonged to the Republican Party are elected from the area where there were lots of residents who supported to have the gun, for they have been opposed to the regulation on gun. As long as the Republican Party is the political party which is comparable to the Democratic Party in America, regulating gun in full scale will be hard.

【Invasion into Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《No less than a half million people have been killed or injured on the military force both of Russia and Ukraine》

The military…

• 共感4

【invasion into Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《..a half million people have been killed or injured…》

The military invasion into Ukraine by Russia occurred the 24th day February in 2024, so two years have passed since then. The huge number of casualties and refugees have been caused from the war and the seed of economic crisis has scattered across all over the world, to make matters worse, it has been under way at present, and the ceasefire doesn’t take shape at all.

The number of people who were killed or injured on the military force of the both of Russia and Ukraine was a half million…

• 共感4

【invasion into Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《..a half million of people were killed or injured…》

Those number of people were the victims in the war in total, according to the New York Times which is the newspaper in America, being based on the information from the estimate by the people in the authority of government in America.

One hundred and twenty thousand were dead and from one hundred and seventy thousand to one hundred and eighty thousand were injured in Russia. It’s in detail.

The number of soldiers in Russia is some one million three hundred thirty thousand. The number of…

• 共感4

【invasion into Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《…a half million of people were killed or injured…》

…and the number of soldiers in Ukraine are some half million, so we can say the military force in Ukraine is more consumable than the one in Russia, but it’s estimation is limited to the soldiers alone, and as to the private citizen in Ukraine, its damage is serious as well.

OHCHR said the number of the deceased were ninety hundred and the one of the inured were fifty thousand in Ukraine from twenty fourth day February in 2022 to the end of June in 2023, but the place where the battle is…

• 共感4

【Invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《…a half million of people were killed or injured…》

…but the place where the battle is violent is hard to grasp in the actual condition, so it has been thought its actual casualties was much more than that.

OHCHR is the abbreviation on Office of the United Nation High Commissions for Human Rights.

After June in 2023, the military force of Russia has had the counteroffensive eastern area in Ukraine, so the casualties have increased significantly from then in both of the country.

The President Putin could have thought the war put an end at…

• 共感4

【Invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《…a half million of people were killed or injured…》

…Putin could have thought the war put an end at short times in the beginning, if succeeded in suppress Kyiv which is the capital in Ukraine and in assassinate or in make the President Zelensky go away from Ukraine, Ukraine would surrender easily and the Ukraines would welcome Russia. The author said he thought he knew it.

Moreover we can see it the military force in Russia went there with the supply for the amount of a few days alone, but it has never happened actually, for Zelenskyy didn’t ..

• 共感4

【Invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《…half million of people were killed or injured…》

…for the President Zelensky didn’t run away and stayed in Kyiv and the military force in Ukraine resisted against violently the one in Russia which invaded. The morale in the military force of Ukraine is so high and the ordinary people have banded together firmly and supported their military force.

But as to the population and economic power, Russia surpasses Ukraine. The military supplies in Russia is by far more than the ones in Ukraine.

Furthermore, the way of thinking is different from the…

• 共感4

【Invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

…the way of thinking in Russia is different from in Europe which was shown in the World War Ⅱ, it doesn’t care any sacrifice on the nation in the military operation in the least. Even if there are lots of casualties from the military force, or how much the private civilians becomes the sacrifice, without being worried about them, it can crush the power on the military force each other longer than forever, so the longer the war is, the more disadvantageous for Ukraine.

《Why Russia has invaded into Ukraine?》

Why has Russia suddenly invaded into…

• 共感4

【Invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Why has Russia invaded into Ukraine?》

Why has Russia suddenly invaded into Ukraine? But as Russia gathered the military force of which scale was dozens of thousands around the border between Russia and Ukraine as of 2021, so if saying suddenly, It‘s misleading, but lots of specialists didn’t think Russia went over the border and invaded into Ukraine actually, for it wasn’t clear whether or not it broke out at the time of the Cold War between East and West, but in the present day when the society becomes global, the military invasion like that…
　

• 共感4

【Invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Why has Russia invaded into Ukraine?》

…the military invasion like that is irrational, so if thinking of the reason why Russia invaded into Ukraine, we have to consider the feeling in Russia beyond the rationality, concretely the feeling on the President Putin, so the author said he was going to pay the attention to the history between Russia and Ukraine.

The nation which was called ルーシ used to be around the place of Kyiv which is the capital of Ukraine around eighth century. It’s said it’s the root on the national name of Russia. ルーシ was….

• 共感4

【Invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Why has Russia invaded Ukraine?》

ルーシ divided into each principalities around the twelfth century and Russia learned to have huge territory in the east area, but the Russian people seem to have thought Russia and Ukraine used to be the same nation originally.

As the national flag in Ukraine is two colors of blue and yellow of which image is the blue sky and wheat, the nation has such the fertile land that it can harvest the large amount of wheat which is the staple food for the people, so other nations around it had wanted the area and was …

• 共感4

【The invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Why has Russia invaded into Ukraine?》

…and was often attacked.

Eastern half of the nation was occupied by Russia and west one was done by Poland in the 17th century.

As a result, the Russian who spoke the Russian language and believed in Russian Orthodox in the eastern area.

On the other hand, the people who lived in the western area spoke the Ukraine language. Their religion was occupied by Ukraine orthodox and Catholic. Cyrillic alphabet is used in both of Russia and Ukraine language, but they are different delicately as language.

• 共感4

【The invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Why has Russia invaded into Ukraine?》

After that in the Russian Empire which continued from the beginning of the eighteenth century the revolution broke out and changed into the Soviet Union and Ukraine was also annexed to the Soviet.

In short, Russia and Ukraine have formed as other nation at present, but both of Russia and Ukraine were part of the Soviet Union until Ukraine has accomplished its independence in 1991.

The Soviet Union adopted the form of federation. It means that fifteen republics like Russia and Ukraine form the federal….

• 共感4

【The invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Why has Russia invaded Ukraine?》

It means that fifty republics like Russia and Ukraine formed the federal nation together, though each of them were the republic formally, all the republics were controlled by the Communist Party in Soviet and they had no freedom.

In Ukraine which was incorporated into Soviet by the occupation, in particular, the people in the western area had the wish of being independent from Soviet, and it comes true when Soviet collapsed because it became deadlocked politically and economically.

The collapse of the….

• 共感4

【The invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Why has Russia invaded Ukraine?》

The collapse on the Soviet Union has made both of Russia and Ukraine separate and accomplish each of independence.

After the independence on Ukraine, some people who thought they were the member of the West Europe tried to join in groups like EU or NATO.

But the President Putin who rules over Russia thinks of it as the betrayal, especially NATO is the problem for Putin.

In 1949 when the Cold War between East and West became violent, each nation in the west Europe of which national land was small, England…

• 共感4

【The invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Why Russia invaded Ukraine?》

…and America which is a little way past the North Atlantic Ocean formed the military alliance which is the biggest one in the world so as to resist against the strong military power belonged to the Soviet Union..

It was WTO which is the abbreviation of Warsaw Treaty Objection used to stand face to face against NATO as by the nation in the east Europe. Its leader was Soviet, but it disbanded officially in 1991 and the Soviet Union collapsed in the same year.

If Ukraine joins in NATO which is the military …

• 共感4

【The invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Why has Russia invaded Ukraine?》

If Ukraine joins in NATO which is the military alliance, the military force belong to the nation in NATO including America stays in Ukraine and safety on Russia will be threatened, Mr. Putin thought like that.

Actually WTO hasn’t already existed and NATO expanded its influence over the east area more and more, so Mr. Putin seemed to have the sense of danger so much then, so he mobilized the military force, going over the border and invaded into Ukraine so as to prevent Ukraine from joining in NATO and to…

• 共感4

【Invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

….and to make the eastern area of Ukraine where lots of residents of Russian ancestors lived become the territory belongs to Russia.

『Column, NATO and WTO』

NATO is an abbreviation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization has been formed by twelve nation like the ones in Europe, Canada and of which center is America in 1949 so as to resist against Soviet as the military alliance. Its headquarter is at Brussels in Belgium, and thinking of the attack to a single nation belong to NATO as the attack to all the nations belong to NATO and has stipulated

• 共感4

【invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

『Column, NATO and WTO』

NATO has established the right of collective self defense of carrying out the counterattack, including using the troop strength.

Each nation in the east Europe like Czech, Hungary, Poland have joined in NATO in 1999, and seven nations in the Soviet Union then including the Baltic states like Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania participated in 2004.

Finland of which basic diplomatic defensive plan was neutrality for a long time, but the invasion in Ukraine by Russia has made Finland decide to join in NATO April in 2023.

• 共感4

【The invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Why has Russia invaded Ukraine?》

On the other hand, WTO which is an abbreviation of Warsaw Treaty Organization was the military alliance of which center was the Soviet Union and was formed among the nations of socialism in 1955. As it was formed at Warsaw which is the capital in Poland, being based on he Warsaw Treaty of friendship, joining force, and helping each other, so it was called like that. Its headquarter was in Moscow.

WTO was formed so as to resist against NATO and against the rearmament by the West German, but after the Cold…

• 共感4

【The invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

….but after the Cold War between East and West has come to an end, with the democracy in the east Europe and unification between east and west Germany, WTO has disbanded in 1991.

《What can the United Nation do so as to make the war come to an end?》

What are the United Nation doing with regard to the military invasion in Ukraine by Russia. We have often heard the voice like that.

The United Nations are the organization of which aim is maintaining the peace and safety in the international society and has enveloped after the World War Ⅱ.

• 共感4

【The invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《What can the United Nations do so as to finish the war?》

When a war broke out, if the nation which was damaged by the war appeals to the United Nations, its Security Council can call an urgent meeting and act on taking into action so as to make the war stop.

The Security Council in the United Nations is made up with permanent council members of five nations and non permanent council members of 10 nations of which term of office is two years.

The approval on more than 9 nations from 15 nations is indispensable so as to adopt the resolution

• 共感4

【The invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《What can the United Nations do so as to finish the war?》

But even if there is more than nine approvals, only a nation is opposed to it from the permanent members, the resolution isn’t adopted. It’s veto, the right to refuse which the permanent members alone have.

When the invasion in Ukraine by Russia started, the Security council was done and the resolution of calling Russia to stop the war, but Russia who is one of the Permanent members was opposed to it, so the resolution wasn’t adopted.

At the time of the World War Ⅱ, five nations…

• 共感4

【The invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《What can the United Nations do so as to finish the war?》

…five nations like America, England, France, the Republic of China and Soviet Union as allied Forces fought against the Axis powers like Japan, Germany and Italy. As those five nations of allied forces exerted themselves so as to come to an end the World War Ⅱ, and the United Nation is the organization of which center was the Allied Force, so there has been the special authority like the Veto in the permanent members.

After that, instead of the Republic of China, the People’s….

• 共感4

【The invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《What can the UN do so as to finish the war?》

…the People’s Republic of China has been one of the permanent members.

When a disadvantageous resolution is submitted in, permanent members use the Veto. Therefore the UN can’t solve an international dispute of which interests reach to the permanent members sometimes, so two of the international courts have been established at Hague in Holland. The one is ICJ and the other is ICC. The former is an abbreviation of International Court of Justice and the other is International Criminal Court.

• 共感4

【The invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《What can the UN do so as to finish the war?》

The role on the International Court of Justice is being based on the international law and judging a conflict between nations peacefully.

The international Justice of Court which received the lawsuit from Ukraine ordered Russia to stop the military movements at once the sixteenth day March in 2022, but Russia didn’t come to the court and ignored the judgement.

The decision on the International Justice of Court has the binding authority, but doesn’t have any means to carry it out direct.

• 共感4

【The invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

So the judgement has been ignored at present as well.

A personal crime on the war is judged on the ICC. Though a criminal case should be judged each nation, the nation doesn’t have the ability of judging or doesn’t have intention of judging from the first, the ICC tackles on it.

《Can the ICC judge the President Putin with the crime on the war?》

The ICC issued the arrest warrant to take the blame on the responsibility with regard to the crime on the war in Ukraine on the seventeenth day March in 2023.

As Russia didn’t try to judge the…

• 共感4

【Invasion In Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Can the ICC judge the President Putin with the crime on the war?》

As Russia doesn’t try to judge the criminal on the war forty nations including Japan have asked the judge to the ICC. Russia has carried out the military invasion into Ukraine and is said that Russia took away sixteen thousand of children at least from Ukraine which Russia invaded to Russia.

There are children whose parents were killed in the war and become orphans, so giving them the nationality on Russia and made them adopted children for the Russian people. Moreover even…

• 共感4

【In invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Can the ICC judge the President Putin with the crime on the war?》

Moreover it is said that taking away even the children whose parents were in Ukraine, saying, let’s join in a camp and offering them patriotic education in Russia.

Those facts aren’t only the insistence from Ukraine alone but the international inquiry of committee of the UN announced the same report March in 2023.

The ICC said it has been done by the order from the President Putin and the President is responsible for it, and at the same time, the Ambassador Plenipotentiary…

• 共感4

【Invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Can the ICC judge the President Putin with the crime on the war?》

…the PresidentAmbassador Plenipotentiary Maria Lvova Belova who is in charge of the rights on children is responsible for it, and arrest warrants have been issued to her and the President Putin from the ICC.

Except for taking away children, Russia has been under some suspicion on the crime of war like genocide on private citizens, or destruction on infrastructure equipment, so the ICC is carrying out the field survey.

The military force in Ukraine reported the dam on the…

• 共感4

【invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Can the ICC judge the President Putin with the crime on the war?》

The military force in Ukraine reported the dam on the hydraulic plant was destroyed at the state of Kherson Oblast in the southern area June in 2023.

The amount of the water in the reservoir of the dam was eighteen cubic kilometer which is equivalent to two thirds of the water at Biwa Lake in Japan. As the dam was broken, the large amount of flood broke out along the Dnieper River which was the enormous area, six hundred square kilometer being equal to the 23 wards in Tokyo.

• 共感4

【Invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Can the ICC judge the President Putin with the crime on the war?》

Lots of people were dead and missing because of the large scale of the flood.

As to the destruction on the dam, the military satellite in America detected a flash on the explosion around the dam and the seismograph in Norway recorded the oscillatory wave on the explosion.

As to the destruction on the dam, both of Russia and Ukraine insisted the enemy did it, but the dam has been occupied by the military force in Russia from 2022. It is said the dam on the hydraulic plant isn’t…

• 共感4

【Invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Can the ICC judge the President Putin with the crime on the war?》

It is said that the dam on the hydraulic plant isn’t washed out with the attack from ordinary missile, so there is the possibility that someone set on the large amount of detonating powder inside of the dam and exploded.

Which nation could do in the dam under the occupation in wartime, Russia or Ukraine? The nation which exploded the dam is obvious by itself.

Destroying the dam during the war is thought to be the crime on the war, for there has been an international rule even…

• 共感4

【invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Can the ICC judge the President Putin with the crime on the war?》

…for there has been the international rule on the war even during the war, and the thing which we must not do is fixed.

For example, the attack to the private citizens, hospital, religious and culture facility, infrastructure facilities, or atomic power plant which we can’t think of as the part of the military strength, killing captives, using weapons offering pain indiscriminately have been forbidden.

As disastrous things happened in the lots of wars in the past, the rule has…

• 共感4

【Invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Can the ICC judge the President Putin with the crime on the war?》

…the rule has been fixed.

Things which we must not do during the war has been summarized as the Geneva Conventions at Geneva in 1949 after the World War Ⅱ and the additional protocol was done in 1977. The inhumane conducts which were prohibited there have been fixed as the crime on the war.

Not only Japan, Ukraine but Russia have joined in the treaty, and the author showed us the part of the treaty in the book like the next.

Residents who are the private citizens must not be…

• 共感4

【Invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Can the ICC judge the President Putin with the crime on the war?》

Residents who are the private citizens must not be the object for attack, and we prohibit any kind of violence and the threat by the kind of violence spread among the residents.

As to workpieces and institution in which violence power is built in like the dam, dike and the nuclear power plant, even if they are the object of the military attack, if attacking them, it causes to release a dangerous power and damage seriously among the residents, we must not attack them.

• 共感4

【Invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Can the ICC judge the President Putin with the crime on the war?》

If the arrest warrant is issued from the ICC, can we arrest the President Putin and stop this war?

Let me get straight to the point, it seemed to be hard, for Russia has never joined in the treaty as to the ICC, so no one can take in custody him as suspect and nor transfer to the judge as long as he is in Russia.

One hundred and twenty three nations and place including Japan join in the international treaty making up the establishment on the ICC. If Putin visits those nations…

• 共感4

【invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Can the ICC judge the President Putin with the crime on the war?》

If the President Putin visits the nations and places, the nations and places have a duty of arresting him and transferring him in the court of Hague. As a result, if visiting in Japan, Japan will arrest the President Putin, but he won’t be in the nations which don’t join in the treaty.

In addition, neither Russia, China, nor America have never joined in the treaty. If joining in it, there is the possibility that the people of its nation are judged as the criminal in the war.

• 共感4

【Invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

《Can the ICC judge the President Putin with the crime on the war?》

Though the President Biden has evaluated the arrest warrant was issued to the President Putin, America doesn’t join in the treaty, so the argument that America should join in the treaty will happen in the future.

The authority in Russia has issued the arrest warrant to some people who were related to the decision of issuing the arrest warrant to the President Putin last year. The one is the English chief prosecutor in the ICC, and others including a Japanese, with the reason…

• 共感4

【Invasion in Ukraine by Russia has prolonged】

…with the reason why they are against the criminal law in Russia, and the movement is the part of revenge that the ICC issued the arrest warrant to Putin.

《Is it possible to stop the war with the economic sanction?》

Russia has the strong power in the UN, so no one can stop Russia with the power of the UN. Neither the judgement from IJC nor the ICC can stop the President Putin direct. America and each nation in Europe can’t suppress with the military force, for if carrying it out, the war will expand and its damage will be more serious.

• 共感4