Science,English,and math １１th
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【The steep route to decommissioning】
《Taking out the spent nuclear fuel is the hardest》
The container collecting ordinary nuclear fuel is the one which is designed to put into fixed shape, so a special container so as to put into the melted nuclear fuel was prepared.
It was October in 1985 after ten years from the accident when taking out the nuclear fuel started in the Three Mile Island at last.
As to the atomic power plant in Fukushima, the special apparatus has to be developed and to take out the nuclear fuel.
How is it in the atomic reactor? We have to understand it accurately so…
【Steep route to decommissioning】
《Taking out the nuclear fuel is the hardest》
We need to understand the situation in the atomic reactor precisely before taking out the nuclear fuel, the specialist said like that.
Furthermore, taking out the nuclear fuel is by far harder in the atomic power plant in Fukushima than the one in the Three Mile Island, for there is possibility that the melted nuclear fuel made a hole at the bottom of the pressure vessel and there was the melted nuclear fuel below the pressure vessel.
Collecting the nuclear fuel which dropped in the container vessel isn’t easy.
【Steep route to decommissioning】
《Taking out the nuclear fuel is the hardest》
Developing the machine for working which we can control from the remote place and collecting would be done, the specialist said like that.
As to the atomic power plant in Three Mile Island, the work on taking out the nuclear fuel took some four years and finished January in 1990 after 11 years from the nuclear disaster.
It has been worried about that the atomic power plant in Fukushima would take longer time.
After taking out the nuclear fuel is over and decontamination finished, dismantling atomic reactor…
【Steep route to decommissioning】
…dismantling the atomic reactor would start then. As long at when reaching the situation, dismantling itself would be done as the ordinary atomic reactor.
《Unknown material existing in the pressure vessel》
To tell the truth, there is one more thing in the atomic power plant in Fukushima which is different from the one in the Three Mile Island. It’s the large amount of salt remains in the pressure vessel.
As function of pouring water into the atomic reactor was lost at the atomic power plant in Fukushima, the seawater was poured so as to cool down.
【Steep route to decommissioning】
《Unknown material existing in the pressure vessel》
It has been thought more than 100 ton of salt was poured into each of pressure vessel in the atomic reactor, and the specialist pointed out that there is the possibility that the salt becomes a new problem.
There is the possibility that the salt reacts with uranium which is component on the nuclear fuel and makes up chemical compound. The problem is we have little information on the chemical compound with the salt.
After taking out the nuclear fuel and safekeeping has to be in the container.
【Steep route to decommissioning】
《Unknown material existing in the pressure vessel》
Then there is a fear that the container decays owing to the chemical pound on uranium with the salt.
After taking out the nuclear fuel, it has to do safekeeping for dozens of years. Then the container would damage on account of the decay and the radioactive material may have leaked.
We have to think out something then. For example, put the nuclear fuel into the container made of ceramic in the first place so as to prevent the container from decaying.
What kind of nature does the chemical compound have?
【Steep route to decommissioning】
We have to study the chemical compound on uranium with the salt so as to taking out the nuclear fuel, the specialist said like that.
《Final disposal on the nuclear waste is also the big theme》
Even if having achieved the decontamination and taken out the nuclear fuel, and being able to dismantle the atomic reactor, there is also the problem. When decommissioning, radioactive waste including radioactive material gives off. How should we dispose of it?
At first, even if the nuclear disaster doesn’t break out, disposing of the nuclear waste which is given…
【Steep route to decommissioning】
《Final disposal on the nuclear waste is also the big theme》
…disposing of the radioactive waste giving off from the atomic power plant is tiresome.
In Japan, the radioactive waste is classified into low level and high level. The low level is a filter which prevents the radioactive material from leaking outside the atomic power plant, and protective clothing, gloves when working at the atomic power plant.
As to the one in low level, burning down and compressing so as to reduce its cubic content, and putting it into an exclusive drum, solidified with cement.
【Steep route to decommissioning】
《Final disposal on the radioactive waste is the big theme as well》
The radioactive waste of low level in the drum is buried on the ground below several meters and is disposed of finally.
On the other hand, the high level radioactive waste is solidification with glass which high dense radioactive material is included. It means the spent nuclear fuel itself in some other countries.
The solidification with the glass is made when reprocessing the spent nuclear fuel. The reprocessing means taking out uranium and plutonium from remained in the nuclear fuel with…
【Steep route to decommissioning】
《Final disposal on the radioactive waste is the big theme as well》
Reprocessing is taking out uranium and plutonium from remained nuclear waste with chemical disposal, and in the process, the waste liquid is made. It’s solidified with glass. It’s the solidification with glass.
The solidification with glass has high radioactivity extremely. If touching it direct, it means being exposed to radiation of fatal dose in no more than twenty second.
Therefore after putting into can made of stainless and putting into metallic container of which thickness is 20 cm.
【Steep route to decommissioning】
《Final disposal on the radioactive waste is also the big theme》
The problem on the final disposal of the radioactive waste of high level has been the big theme all over the world. Burying underground deeply, deeper than three hundred meter underground and disposing of it. It has been thought realistic.
But as to the landfill on the radioactive waste of high level from the commercial atomic reactor concretely has never been completed in the world, though its plan has gone ahead in Finland and Denmark.
There is an institution which stores the radioactive…
【Steep route to decommissioning】
《Final disposal on the radioactive material is also the big theme》
There is an institution storing the radioactive waste of high level for from three to five decade at Rokkasyo village in Aomori prefecture, but it isn’t the final landfill. Where should we dispose of the radioactive waste of high level? It has never been determined yet at present.
The radioactive waste made by the nuclear disaster is beyond assumption on the way of disposing, so we have to considerate how to dispose of it.
As to the atomic power plant in the Three Mile Island…
【Steep route to decommissioning】
《Final disposal on the radioactive waste is the big theme as well》
…the radioactive waste on low level was buried on the ground and was disposed in the landfill. The collecting nuclear fuel will be supposed to be put into the for container which is prepared and to be stored in the pool for three decade.
Meltdown broke out in Chernobyl in 1986, but collecting the melted nuclear fuel wasn’t done. Instead covering the whole atomic reactor with building made of concrete, and the nuclear fuel remains as it was at present. It’s called sarcophagus 石棺.
【Steep route to decommissioning】
《Final disposal on the nuclear fuel is also the big problem》
A large amount of radioactive waste would be made at the atomic power plant in Fukushima as well, but the way of disposing wasn’t determined when this description was done.
As to the atomic power plant in Fukushima, it’s different from the one in the Three Mile Island and a large amount of polluted water included radioactive material was made, and the work for purifying the polluted water goes ahead.
Purifying the polluted water doesn’t always mean that the radioactive material disappears.
【Steep disposal to decommissioning】
《Final disposal on the radioactive waste is also the big problem》
When disposing of the polluted water, filters and radioactive absorbent are used. It’s just that the radioactive material in the polluted water moves to the filter and the radioactive absorbent.
The polluted water contains lots of radioactive material melting from the nuclear fuel, and when the disposal was over, the radioactive material accumulates on the filter and the radioactive absorbent.
How should we dispose of the radioactive waste which has high radioactivity? It’s also the…
【Steep route to decommissioning】
《Final disposal on the radioactive waste is also the big problem》
It’s also the problem.
The nuclear disaster in Fukushima was so big that decommissioning on the atomic reactor faces lots of difficult problems. Getting over those problems and the decommissioning has to be done steadily, the author said like that.
There is polluted water includes radioactive material exhausted from the atomic power plant in Fukushima. It’s more than 100 ton and was used so as to cool down the nuclear fuel. It’s determined to release into the off the coast of Fukushima.
【Steep route to decommissioning】
The polluted water will be released to off the coast of Fukushima prefecture in the Pacific Ocean. As to the level on the radioactivity of the polluted water, it’ll be made as the same as drinking water and be released into the sea, according to the announcement in the government.
Even if it’s radioactive level is same as drinking water, I’m sure none of is ready to drink. Far from it, It’s so dangerous that it will be released into the sea. The release starts from this year. It takes dozens of years until it’s completed.
Not only local fishers’ but…
【Steep route to decommissioning】
Not only local fishers’ association but China and South Korean have been opposed to the plan.
As to the radioactive material, if the polluted water is the same as the drinking water, it doesn’t to be thrown away into the sea, but It’s so dangerous that it has to be thrown away into the sea, I’m sure.
I’m afraid the sea and creatures in the sea will be polluted by the radioactive material, and we’ll eat the polluted creature in the sea without knowing it, but what should we do? No one hate the dangerous thing is thrown away near.
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《When does the black out happen? What should we do in order to avoid the blackout in summertime?》
We have been worried about the electricity shortage each place in the whole nation since the disaster in the eastern Japan in 2011. If the demand for electricity exceeds the ability on supplying electricity from the power plant, it is said that there is possibility that the blackout happens suddenly.
When the demand on electricity is over the supply the electricity a little, the electricity isn’t sent to us. Why?
【Thinking of the electricity shortage from the foundation】
《When does the blackout happen? What should we do so as to avoid the electricity shortage in summertime?》
Let’s thinking of generating electricity, and sending electricity from the foundation to the mechanism which causes blackout because of the electricity shortage, the author said like that.
The big earthquake broke out on the 11th day March in 2011, and it made not only the atomic power plant in Fukushima but some other atomic power plants and thermal electric power plants stop operating.
Power plants usually generate…
【Thinking of the electricity shortage from the foundation】
Power plants usually generate necessary electricity and supply the electricity, according to the demand. If the power plants can’t supply the electricity for the demand, it is said there is a fear that the blackout occurs if the worst happens. The author said he was going to express its mechanism and measure.
《A large amount of electricity is consumed every summer》
How was the electricity used from 2008 to 2010? The author said he was going to express at first. A large amount of electricity is used in both June, August.
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《A large amount of electricity is consumed every summer》
Air conditionings are turned on all at once during daytime in summertime when the temperature becomes high, and necessary electricity increases then.
Tokyo electric power company repaired an old thermal power plants and making them operate, and the electricity was sent from other power company in other district so as to prepare for the electricity in summertime in 2011. It also called large scale companies to save electricity.
The electricity shortage isn’t the problem in the…
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《A large amount of electricity is consumed every summer》
The electricity shortage isn’t the problem in Kanto area alone, for some of the atomic power plants are under periodic inspection, so it wasn’t clear when they started to operate, so each place is worried about the electricity shortage.
There are electric power companies which doesn’t have enough ability for supplying electricity, and sending electricity to those companies from other ones was done. As a result, it seems enough ability to send electricity is lost.
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《A large amount of electricity is consumed every summer》
If enough ability to send electricity becomes small, there is a fear that the demand on the electricity exceeds supplying for the electricity. It is said then blackout happens unexpectedly. The demand on electricity exceeds the supply for electricity a little, the blackout happens. Why?
How is the electricity sent to every home? The author said he was going to express it so as to know why the blackout happens.
《How is the electricity sent to households?》
Power plants make…
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《How is the electricity sent to households?》
Power plants make electric generator revolve and generating electricity on alternating current 交流 at first. Its source of energy is hydraulic power of flow on the water accumulating in dam in high place, thermal power on burning petroleum, or atomic power made by nuclear fission from nuclear fuel. It’s various.
In the next, the electricity which was made raised its electric voltage before sending. In fact, when the energy of electricity is sent through the transmission line, the part of…
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《How is the electricity sent to households?》
…the part of energy on the electricity becomes heat and is lost.
When sending electric power to some extent, the electricity on high voltage has little heat to lose if comparing it with the electricity on low voltage, so after generating electricity, It’s raised to the high voltage at once. The electricity which is lost when sending is some 5% on generating electricity.
Thus the electricity with high voltage is sent for the long distance. After that the electric voltage is dropped in an…
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《How is the electricity sent to households?》
After that the electricity is dropped in an electric booster station near the house on contractor and electricity is delivered.
The electricity of high voltage comparatively is sent to big customer elephant like railway companies and big companies, after that the voltage was dropped in the electric booster station and the electricity is sent to companies, factories, and households through the power grid.
In this way, making the electricity which is lost when sending is as small as possible.
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《How is electricity sent to households?》
In addition, power plants stop generators at night when there are few people who use the electricity and make the generators operate during the daytime when using the amount of electricity increases, and generating electricity whenever the electricity needs.
In consequence, power companies make a plan of generating and change the amount of generation on electricity according to the demand, referring the change on the amount of consuming electricity, and prediction on the change of temperature,
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
Besides, the amount of supplying for electricity must not be over the demand. It is said it has to be arranged to match the changing demand as same as possible.
《How does the black out happens?》
Why do we need to match the demand to supply?
If there is a big difference between the demand and supply, unusual sending electricity which is different from frequency and from electric voltage is done. In the worst case scenario, the transforming equipment broke down or the apparatus which received the electricity ends up malfunctioning.
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《How does the blackout happen?》
If there is difference between the demand and supply, it is detected before the equipment is damaged and sending electricity is stopped partly. It’s the blackout. The blackout plays a role as safety device.
But if the blackout happens suddenly, it will have big influence over the society, so the unexpected blackout must not use easily. It’s the last resort.
There are three factors which cause the blackout. The one is changing on frequency, and the other is the voltage becomes low unusually and the…
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《How does the blackout happen?》
…and the last one is the whole power grid becomes unstable.
The change on frequency is demand and supply on the electricity collapses so much that the frequency gets out of the fixed area and it leads to the blackout. Immediately after the earthquake on the 11th day March in 2011, it was reported that the blackout may have happened because of the change on the frequency.
What is the dropping the electric voltage unusually?
Demand on electricity surpasses the ability on sending electricity in the…
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《How does the blackout happen?》
The demand on the electricity surpasses the ability on sending electricity in the power grid and the electric voltage drops lower than the fixed value so much, and the blackout happens.
What is the whole power grid is unstable?
The rotation on lots of generators connecting with the power grid is disturbed over influence by an accident like thunderbolt, and the blackout happens easily. We call the situation the whole power grid is unstable.
For example, blackout happens in an area owing to the…
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《How does the blackout happen?》
For example, the blackout happens in an area on account of the thunderbolt, and generators connecting with power grid around is burdened, then generators stop one after another. The blackout spreads in this way and develops into the large scale of blackout sometimes.
A large demand against the electricity which is near the limit on the ability of sending electricity in the power grid causes the large scale of blackout easily.
The large scale of blackout unexpectedly causes various problems. Being …
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《How does the blackout happen?》
There is possibilities that being trapped in elevator, or medical equipment which is used at home stops. Means of transport is paralyzed and flow on things and the people stops and the function on the society stops.
An instance in recent years, the large scale of blackout broke out in North America in 2003, in Europe in 2006.
Does the large scale of blackout happen in Japan as well? As to Japan, the connection between electric companies is weaker, if comparing it with Europe and America, so the large…
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《How does the blackout happen?》
…so the large scale of blackout on the whole of the electric companies doesn’t happen easily, but there is the possibility on the large scale of blackout.
Connection among each of electric company is weak. It means that when an local area falls into electricity shortage, the electric company in the area has to secure the electricity for itself.
It will takes a long time for recovery on generating facilities and enough ability of supplying electricity isn’t secured continues for a long time.
【Thinking of electricity shortage from foundation】
《How does the blackout happen? 》
The situation in being lack of reserved energy power continues, so we can't cancel the fear of falling into the black out. Except for the Tokyo Electric Power Company, other ones have been worried about the same problem.
The atomic power plant was under periodical inspection, so it's not clear when it started again, on the other hand, other nuclear power plants which operate will be under periodical inspection soon, so the outlook on supplying electricity is hard to foresee.
《Pumping up water at night...》
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《Pumping up water at night and preparing for the peat during the daytime》
We need reserved from 8 to 10% electric power against the demand on electricity so as to avoid the black out, so it planned to make use of pumped storage power generation actively as one of ways in order to increase the supply for the electricity.
The amount of consuming electricity is little at night, so generating electricity more than the amount of consumption at night and pumping up the water to highland with the electricity then.
When the electricity...
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《Pumping up water at night and preparing for the peak during the daytime》
When the electricity needs in the daytime, flowing the stored water and generating electricity then.
We can't save the electricity as it is, but if changing it into other energy, we can. Generating electricity at night and saving it at the form of potential energy at 位置エネルギー the high place.
But whenever changing into other one, the energy decreases. As to the generating electricity by pumping up the water, the fuel on the petroleum, the electricity at night...
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《Pumping up the water at night and preparing for the peak during the daytime》
Fuel on the petroleum and so on, the electricity at night, water and the electricity in the daytime, as it's repeated, so its efficiency is worse than the hydroelectric power of flowing water automatically. It's the fault on the generating electricity by pumping up the water.
Generating electricity at night and saving the electricity in battery, it's all right, some people may have said like that, but the battery is expensive and inefficient so as to save...
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《Pumping up the water at night and preparing for the peak in the daytime》
…but the battery is expensive and insufficient so as to save the large amount of electricity. It’s not realistic.
There are thermal power plants which have been stoped, so making them operate again and building new thermal power plants are done.
《Half on the consumption of electricity in household is air conditioning for cooling during the daytime in summertime》
Decreasing the demand on the electricity leads to increase reserved electric power.
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《Half of the consumption on the electricity in household is air conditioning during the daytime in summertime》
The temperature is high at weekend in summertime, and the air conditioning is off and on and the setting temperature on the air conditioning is dropped, so the consumption on the electricity is the highest in the whole year then.
The amount of consumption on the electricity makes up for some one third in the household at that time. Be careful not to suffer from heatstroke, we need not to drop the setting temperature too much.
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《Half of the consumption on electricity in household is air conditioning for cooling during the daytime in summertime》
Dropping the setting temperature on the air conditioning not too much is efficient for saving electricity. The measure of raising the setting temperature on refrigerator has been thought.
Plugging home appliance in alone consumes standby power 待機電力, so pulling the plug from home appliance which isn’t used leads to save electricity.
Not decreasing the amount of consumption on the electricity but shifting the time when…
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《Half of the consumption on electricity in household is air conditioning for cooling during the daytime in summertime》
…but shifting time when the electricity is used is effective. We call it peak shift.
Immediately before the peak from twelve to thirteen o’clock when the consumption on the electricity increases, the amount of consumption on the electricity decreases owing to noon recess.
After the disaster on the earthquake in Tohoku area, part of companies have taken step of shifting the lunch recess. Moreover Sunday and national…
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
As lots of companies are day off on Sunday, so the demand on the electricity drops on that day, so some companies make their factory operate on Sunday, and day off is one of weekday. That kind of attempt has been done.
《Is it possible the power grid in which black out doesn’t happen?》
The supply for electricity has been controlled according to the demand on electricity which changes from moment to moment. If being able to control the electricity not only supplying but the demand, we can prevent the blackout from happening definitely.
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《Is it possible the power grid in which the blackout doesn’t happen?》
For example, let’s suppose when the reserved electricity became small, setting upper limit on the amount of consumption at the meter in a household automatically was done.
When dropping the setting temperature on the air conditioning by 1 degree, if it exceeds the setting temperature, we can control in order not to drop the temperature, and can prevent the demand from rising.
We call the meter which has the function like that smart meter. Empirical research trying …
【Thinking of electricity shortage from the foundation】
《Is it possible the power grid in which blackout doesn’t happen?》
Empirical research trying to introduce the smart meter has been progressed. If it comes true, without planned power outage, everyone learns to be able to use the electricity at will, though it’s in limited range.
In addition, instead of everyone trying to save electricity consciously, making the home appliance and the meter save the electricity automatically. It may be possible in future, but it seems to take a long time, though we’ve hoped it, the author said like that.
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