Science,English,and math １１th
I will start from now on
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Continuation on the last response of Science, math and English 10th. ありがとう、メイちゃん
【Absorbing radioactive material with sunflower】
《Taking advantage of bacteria and decreasing the cubic volume on the radioactive waste》
…so we have to collect the plant and to dispose of it. The expert has a plan of making bacteria dismantle the collected plant, so the plant in which hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen almost account for is dismantled quickly, and is changed into water and carbon dioxide. Mineral which was in the plant remains.
Cesium 137 could has been included in the mineral, so making the…
- << 3 I am glad I was of help to you.😉
【Absorbing the radioactive material with sunflower】
《Making use of bacteria and reducing the cubic volume on the radioactive waste》
…so making the cesium with concrete and disposing of it safely as radioactive waste.
But there are still lots of problem actually.
For example, there are the people who are engaged in the series of work and they are forced to be exposing to radiation, and lawful regulation on the radioactive waste which occurs finally isn’t done yet.
The expert says as time passes, the radioactive material in the soil spreads, so the pollution circulates, so we have to…
＞＞2
…so we have to move forward with the plan quickly.
【An instrument on measuring radioactivity】
《Survey meter》
The instrument measuring radioactivity has began to paid attention due to the accident in the atomic power plant. Inspection against workers who are engaged in the atomic power plant or agricultural products. Lots of people must have looked at it on TV.
How do they measure the invisible radioactivity? Let’s look at the mechanism on the instrument measuring radioactivity.
Survey meter which is the instrument measuring the radioactivity has some kinds, according to the way of
【An instrument measuring radioactivity】
《Survey meter》
Survey meter has some kinds, according to the way of detecting radioactivity.
The ones which are frequently adopted is four, GM, scintillation, ionization container, and semi conductor.
The kind and strength on the radioactivity is different on each of four instruments, and applying for the goal of measuring pollution on the surface, or the amount of radiation on individual, and an appropriate instrument is adopted.
Those instruments measuring radioactivity is changing the radiation into electric flow and measuring. It’s common in…
【An instrument measuring radioactivity】
《Survey meter》
Four instruments measuring radioactivity are in common on changing the radioactivity into electric current and measuring, but the way of changing is different.
GM and scintillation have appeared in a news report sometimes, so lots of people may have looked at them. Each of shape looks alike, but it’s structure is different so much.
Radiation makes the air in the measuring instrument ionize. Ionization is something electric neutral is divided into plus pole and minus pole. Flow on ionization is detected as electricity. It’s the GM.
【An instrument measuring radioactivity】
《Survey meter》
On the other hand, scintillator has nature emitting light when radiation exposes. The nature has been made use of in the scintillator, so the radiation goes into the scintillator, and is changed into the light, and the light is changed into electricity, finally it’s detected as electricity.
GM is adopted mainly so as to detect pollution on the surface of material.
On the other hand, how much is exposed to radiation if being in the place? Scintillation detects the amount of radiation in the air.
There is difference on the way of adopting. The author said he is going to express it and the concrete way of measuring in detail from now on.
【At the atomic power disaster, measurement was done according to a manual on measurement in emergency】
Radioactive material was released owing to the accident in the nuclear power plant and its pollution becomes problematic.
Various inspections have been done and is reported almost daily. Whether or not the radioactive material is attached to or is mixed in agricultural products like vegetable or livestock products like milk, or there are people who…
【At the atomic power disaster, measurement was done according to manual on measurement in emergency】
…or there are people who live in an evacuative area went home at one time, or others who were engaged in the atomic power plant. The same inspections were done on those people.
The way of measuring pollution and procedure has been fixed as manual on measurement in emergency on the atomic power plant accident like this time.
Precise and huge measuring apparatus is indispensable originally so as to measure the amount of pollution by the radioactive material, but when being in emergency…
【At the nuclear power disaster, measurement was done according to manual on measurement in emergency】
…but when being in emergency, a portable measuring apparatus is adopted, and making sure the polluted situation, and close measurement is done on the pollution which is worried about being beyond average level.
In this case, the measuring instrument is sometimes adopted for different use which is different from the original way of using. What’s difference between the way of using the measuring apparatus?
《Using measuring way depending on a goal》
GM is abbreviation on Geiger Muller counter
【At the nuclear power disaster, measurement was done according to manual on measurement in emergency】
《Using measuring way depending on a goal》
GM is inexpensive and is highly sensitive, being able to observe low amount of radiation. It’s measured the number the radiation went into the apparatus. How many times does go into the apparatus?
We’ve heard of the unit on sievert, but measuring the pollution by the unit which considering the influence over the human body isn’t accurate. The radiation which is detected is gamma rays.
On the other hand, scintillation is expensive, but…
【At the atomic power disaster, measurement was done according to manual on measurement in emergency】
《Using measuring way depending on a goal》
…but being able to measure the amount of radiation and the scale of energy with high sensitivity. Moreover, the result on measurement is able to be converted into the unit of sievert. The apparatus calculates automatically, and the numerical value is shown with the unit on sievert. Gamma rays are detected mainly.
How much being exposed to radiation in a place? Usually adopting gamma rays of which ability of permeating power is strong so as to measure
【At the atomic power disaster, measurement was done according to manual on measurement in emergency】
《Using measuring way depends on a goal》
So scintillation which is higher sensitivity than gamma rays is adopted so much. When measuring the pollution on the surface, measuring beta rays. If measuring the gamma rays, it’s hard to distinguish the one in the air from the gamma rays, so the GM is adopted.
When there is radiation in the air, the ionization container can measure electricity, so more precise measurement on the amount of radiation becomes possible. Its detail is later.
【At the atomic power disaster, measurement was done according to manual on measurement in emergency】
《Using measuring way depending on a goal》
The ionization container isn’t appropriate for detecting low amount of radiation, but measurement on high radiation is possible. On the other hand, neither GM nor scintillation detect the high radiation.
In general, in the facility of atomic power plant or monitoring post on radiation, there are both of measuring apparatus of scintillation and ionization container. When the amount of radiation becomes high temporarily in the facility….
【At the atomic power plant disaster, measurement was done according to a manual on measurement in emergency】
《The way of measuring is uded depending on a goal》
When the amount of radiation becomes high temoprarily in the facility, the meter on apparatus on scintillation shook off, so the numerical value was measured by the ionization container then.
The one in which a semi conductor was adopted has low sensivity on the radiation, but it's so small that it has been used as personalas dosimeter 線量計. The dosimeter can measure how much a person is exposed to the radiation.
【Measurement is done according to a manual in emergency】
《Measurementis used depending on a goal》
The apparatus on the scintillation is originllay used so as to measure the amount of the radiation in the air, but the sensitivity on the gamma rays is so hight the way of measuring the radiation on food is described.
For example, as to the ionization container, measuring on pollution to food in which there is low radiation isn't suitable, moreover, as to the GM, the sensitivity to the gamma rays is so low that it isn't more suitable than the scintillation.
【Measurement is done according to a manual in emergency】
《We should chop vegetabel and put a detector in milk》
Can ordinary people who don't have any expert knowledge like us use the apparatus on measurement actually? It seems too hard, the author says like that.
The way of measuring is fixed minutely according to the manual in emergency. Leafy vegetable has to be shredded and to be stuffed in a container without any space.
When measuring milk, the tip on the apparatus has to be put into the depth by 10 centimeters, for the amount of radiaiton changes if there is different distance ...
【Measurement is done according to a manual in emergency】
《Vegetable is shredded and put the detector into the milk》
... for the amount of radiation changes if there is difference on distance from the radioactive material, so without using the same way of measuring, the result on measurement could change.
《Even if applying for the surface, we can't see its content》
Measuring the radiation on the surface of vegetable, it seems to be done on TV. Is it useless?
Roughly speaking, we can see whether or not there are a large amount of radioactivity, and is useful to judge whether or not the...
【Measurement is done according to a manual in emergency】
《Even if applying for the surface, we can't see its content》
...and is useful to judge whether or not the radioactive material is attaced to the surface, but it's limited to the pollution on the surface.
For example, if the radiation is taken into the vegetable, even if inspecting the surface, no one can how much the radiation is included, and the liquid like milk is the same.
As a result, the radioactive material was released in the disaster this time, as to the one of which surface the radioactive material is attached to, we can...
【Measuremen is done according to a manual in emergency】
《Even if applying for the surface, we can't see its content》
...we can't see an exact amount of radiation even if measuring the surface alone.
The government announced the amount of radiation on food, a precise measurement on the food in which there is fear on pollution seems to be done.
After the accurate measurement is done we can discuss whether or not there is a large amount of radioactivity against the criterion value.
We've heard the mumerical value on measuremnt, so we have to judge whether or not it's measured precisely.
【What is the atomic power?】
After the disaster in the atomic power plant in Fukushima, we've paid attention to the nuclear power generation so much. How should we face the nuclear power generation?
It is about time we discuss in the whole country, so scientific knowledge on the nuclear power generation is indispensable than any other thing.
How is the fuel for the atomic power generation made? What is the mechanism which takes energy from the atomic nucleus? What is pluthermal? Radioactive waste is called the nuclear waste. How is it disposed of?
What is the atomic power?
The author said he was going to interpret the atomic power from the foundation.
【What is the atomic power generation?】
《How is electricity is made in atomic power plant？》
Buring coal and petroleum and water is boiled. Making the power on vaporation rotate a turbine which links to the generator, so the electricity is made.
Making the turbine rotate by steam and the electricity is made in the atomic power plant, so basically, it's the same with a thermal power generation. Then what's difference between the two of the electric power plants? It's a heat source heating water.
【What is the atomic power generation?】
《How is electricity made in the nuclear power plant?》
Uranium is used in the atomic power plant as fuel. The fuel is 燃料 in Japanese, but it doesn't mean actually that uranium is burned. Making use of phenomenon of nuclear fission, and heating water and boiling it.
The nuclear fission is the phenomenon in which an atom is broken and other atom is made.Then a large amount of energy is produced.
Making the uranium cause the nuclear fission in a container called atomic reactor and the heat is caused.
As none of material is burned, carbon dioxide isn't...
【What is the atomic power generation?】
《How is electricity made in the atomic power plant?》
...carbon dioxide which causes global warming isn't made.
On the other hand,the fault on the atomic power generation is a large amount of radioactive material is made. Being careful of safety so as to prevent the radioactivity from leaking outside in the atomic power plant.
When something unusual breaks out like a great earthquake, stopping operating the atomic reactor automatically, and cooling down at once,still more, shutting up the radioactive material. Adopting multiple safeguard is done in...
【What is the atomic power generation?】
《How is electricity made in the atomic power plant?》
Adopting multiple safeguard has been done in the atomic power plant.
As to shutting up the radioactive material,five protective wall is prepared.
1 A pellet for fuel which uranium is burned and solidifying.
2 A metallic cladding tube which shuts up the pellet.
3 A steel pressure vesse of which thikcness is 16 centimeters stores the nuclear fuel.
4 A container vessel which stores the steel pressure vessel.
5 A building made of reinforced concrete of which thickness is 2 meters covering the...
【What is the atomic power generation？n？】
《How is electricity made in the atomic power plant?》
The building made of reinforced concrete of which thikcness is 2 meters covers the container vessel.
Even if an disaster happens to break out, trying to make its damage minimize as less as possible with those five protective wall, but those walls were damaged by the great earthquake in Tohoku region this time and the unprecendented nuclear disaster broke out in the atomic power plant in Fukushima prefecture.
【The whole image on the atomic power generation】
《Natural uranium which is nuclear...》
【The whole image on atomic power generation】
《Natural uranium which is nuclear fuel has been mined each country all over the world》
Uranium which has been made use of fuel in the atomic power plant is one of metallic elements. There are several uranium, and there is the one of which atomic nucleus divides. When the atomic nucleus divides, a large amount of energy is produced, and taking advantage of the large amount of energy for electricity generation is the atomic power generation.
The natural uranium exists in the rock as chemical compound with oxygen. Uranium ore including the...
【The whole image on the atomic power generation】
《Natural uranium which is a nuclear fuel is mined each nation all over the world》
Uranium ore which includes the natural uranium has been mined in uranium mine all over the world.
The amount of deposit on uranium at the uranium mine in the world is estimated some 630 ton in 2009,according to International Atomic Energy Agency. It has been thought the amount of deposit has been atopted in the world for a hundred years.
《The power generation is possible with a small amount of deposit, but there is a problem》
The uranium fuel which is used...
【The whole image on the atomic power generation】
《Power generation is possible with a small amount, but there is a problem》
The uranium fuel which is used for the atomic power generation is a small amount extremely.
Let's suppose that there was an electric power plant of which ability on generating electricity of a million watt. It's equal to a single atomic reactor. The fuel which makes the electric power plant operate for a year is some 1.5 million ton of petroleum. But if it's uranium, it's no more than 21 ton.
The prblem on the atomic power generationis the spent nuclear fuel after...
【The whole image on the atomic power generation】
The problem on the atomic power generation is the spent nuclear fuel after the power generation using the uranium fuel, for the spent nuclear fuel has lots of radioactive material which is harmful to the human body, so we have to pay cloes attention when dealing with it.
『Uranium which has spread over in wide range all over the world』
Uranium is one of metallic elements discovered in 1789. Uranus which is a planet was discovered in 1781, and Uranium was named after Uranus. Uranium exists in the rock broadly in the natural world as oxide
【The whole image on the atomic power generation】
『Uranium which speads in wide range all over the world is an element』
When ultraviolet rays shine on the uranium as oxide, it glows green. When appraising or probing, the nature of glowing green is made use of.
In addition, uranium is included in sea water, and the way of colecting has been studied at present.
《Nuclear fuel cycle which is used by Japan as well. What's it?》
At first, the uranium ore is dealt chemically and processed into yellow powder. It's 重ウラン酸塩.
There is uran 235 which causes the nuclear fissure easily and uran 238...
【The whole image on the atomic power generation Ⅱ】
《Nuclear fuel cycle which is used by Japan as well. What's it?》
...and uranium 238 which doesn't cause the nuclear fissure easily.
There are little uranium 235 which doesn't cause the nuclear fissure easily in the natural world, so the work of heightening the rate on uranium 235 is done. We call it concentration.
The concentrated uranium is formed into a cylindrical lump of which height is some 1 centimeter, and of which weight is 6 gram and is burned and is solified. It's the real form on the nuclear fuel and we call it the pellet of fuel
【The whole image on the aotmic power generation】
《Nuclear fuel cycle which is used by Japan as well. What's it?》
The pellet of fuel is stuffed in cladding tube of which length is 8 meters and of thickness is 0.8 millimeters. The cladding tube is a metallic tube, and the number on the fuel of pellet is some 350. We call it a fuel rod, and the from 60 to 260 of the fuel rod are bundled. It's a fuel assembly and is used in the atomic power plant.
《Processing the spent nuclear fuel again》
The nuclear fuel which is used in the atomic fuel is exchanged into a new one from three to four years.
【The whole image on the atomic power generation】
《Processing the spent nuclear fuel again》
The spent nuclear fuel which was taken from the atomic reactor is buried underground as waste in America.
On the other hand, Japan processes the spent nuclear fuel again and makes use of it as nuclear fuel again. We call it the nuclear fuel cycle. Taking uranium which we can take advantage still and plutonium which was made when the uranium burned in the atomic reactor. Processing them as the nuclear fuel again.
But the nuclear fuel cycle in Japan is experimental, so the complete cycle on the ...
...so the complete nuclear fuel cycle has never been achieved in Japan.
【Mechanism on the atomic power generation】
《What is the uranium fuel? How is it made?》
We can't use the natural uranium as nuclear fuel as it is. The natural uranium is made up with uranium 238 which doesn't cause the nuclear fission easily. The uranium 235 which causes the nuclear fission easily is included no more than 0.2%.
As a result, the natural uranium is forced to be concentrated and to be heightened the ratio on uranium 235 so as to make the nuclear fuel.
Uranium 235 is lighter than Uranium 238 slightly.
【Mechanism on the atomic power generation Ⅰ】
《What is the uranium fuel? How is it made?》
Making use of the difference on the weight between two of them for the concentration on the uranium.
Changing the uranium into gazeous body and making it rotate in an apparatus called a centrifuge 遠心分離機. Then centrifugal force works on atom in uranium.
When being in a car and turning a curve, our body is drawn to the outside, and it's the centrifugal force. The heavier the material is, the more the centrifugal force works.
In consequence, the centrifugal force works on the uranium 238 stronger....
【Mechanism on the atomic power generationⅠ】
《What is the uranium fuel? How is it made?》
...the centrifugal force works on the uranium 238 stronger than the uranium 235, for the uranium 238 is heavier than the uranium 235. In short, the heavy uranium 238 is forced to draw to the side which is near the outside, and the lots of the uranium 238 tends to gather in the part on the outside.
0n the other hand, the light uranium 235 is apt to gather inside a lot.
《Repeating the same process and heightening the concentration》
Moving the part where the uranium 235 is dense to the other centrifuge.
【Mechanism on the atomic power generation Ⅱ】
《Repeating the same process and heightening the concentration》
Then doing the same process, so the uranium 235 becomes denser. Repeating the process over and over again, and heightening the ratio on the uranium 235 little by little. Adjusting the ratio on uranium 235 so as to be from 3 to 5 % in the uranium fuel.
《What is chain reaction on the nuclear fission which causes thermal energy in the atomic reactor?》
It doesn't always mean that uranium fuel burns actually like petroleum or natural gas in the thermal energy generation. What is the...
【Mechanism on the atomic power generation Ⅱ】
《What is the chain reaction on the nuclear fission which causes thermal energy in the atomic reactor?》
What is the phenomenon on burning? It means that the fuel connects with oxygen in the air and giving off heat and light violently.
On the other hand, the fuel isn't burned violently in the atomic power generation. Making use of the phenomenon on the nuclear fission and taking out the heat.
《If absorbing neutron, the nuclear fission is caused》
Though the uranium 235 causes the nuclear fission easily, it doesn't always mean that the nuclear...
【Mechanism on the atomic power generation Ⅱ】
《When absorbing neutron,the nuclear fission is caused easily》
...it doesn't always mean that the nuclear fission is caused automatically.
The atomic nucleus on uranium 235 becomes unstable when absorbing neutron. Then the atomic nucleus frequently divides into two atomic nucleus, at the same time, a large amount of energy also gives off.
The nuclear fission in the uranium 235 makes the neutron jump out, and the neutron is absorbed in other uranium 235 and the next nuclear fission is caused, and the neutron pops out again, and the next ...
【Ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍ on the atomic power generation Ⅱ】
《When absorbing neutron,the nuclear fission is caused easily》
...the next nuclear fission is caused. That chanin reaction is caused.
Whenever the nuclear fission is caused, a few of neutrons pop out in lots of cases, and if all of the neutrons trigger the next nuclear fission, the nuclear fission multipiies like rats.
On the contrary, almost all of the neutrons which are caused by the nuclear fission are absobed in the material except for the nuclear fuel,it doesn't cause the next nuclear fission. Then the chain reaction stops.
【Mechanism on the atomic power generation Ⅱ】
《Critical is caused in the atomic reactor》
Adjusting the number on the nuetron in the atomic reactor, and a single nuclear fission causes the next one. We call the chain reaction on the nuclear fission is a critical.
Putting beryllium 9,or californium which release the neutron easily among the fuel assembly. Those neutrons become the first one which cause the nuclear fission.
《Light-water reactor by boiling has been used in the atomic power plant in Fukushima》
Two types of atomic reactor have been used in Japan manily. One of them is the...
【Mechanism on the atomic power generation Ⅲ】
《Light water reactor by boiling has been used in the nuclear power plant in Fukushima as well》
One of them is the light water reactor by boiling. The one which caused the serious disaster is also the same type.
《A large amount water is boiled in the core》
There are the fuel assembly of which length is some 4.5 meters at the pressure vesselin the light water reactor by boiling. Its total number is from 400 to 760.
The pressure vessel is made of special steel of which thickness is some 16 centimeters. There is water more than 300 ton in the...
【Mechanism on the atomic power generation Ⅲ】
《A large amount water is boiled in the core》
There is the water more than 300 ton in the pressure vessel, and the water is boiled direct by the heat on the nuclar fission. The pressure vessel which is operated then is filled with steam of which temperature is some 280 degrees, so the place becomes high pressure of some 70 atmospheric pressure.
The steam made in the pressure vessel is sent to the turbine, and making the turbine linking to the generator rotate and electricity is produced.
The water is boiled by the nuclear fuel, so its steam ...
【Mechanism on the atomic power generation Ⅲ】
...so its steam also includes the radioactive material. As the steam is sent to the turbine in the building on the facility, controlling the radiation becomes necessary, but when comparing it with other type on the light water reactor, its structure is simple.
《Shutting up the radioactive material》
The pressure vessel is sealed hermetically in the containtment vessel made of steel of which thickness is some three centimeters.
When the pressure vessel is broken, the containtment vessel prevents the radioactive material from leaking, but...
【Mechanism on the atomic power generation Ⅲ】
《Shutting up the radioactive material》
...but its sealability was lost at the accident of the atomic power plant in Fukushima.
The containtment vessel is covered with concrete of which thickness is 2 meter and prevents the radioation from leaking from the inside. The containtment vessel is in the building for the atomic reactor, and the thickness on its wall is 1 meter
《The light water reactor by pressurizing which passes and receives the heat with two steps》
The one more atomic reactor which has been adopted in Japan is the one by pressurizing
【Mechanism on the atomic power generation Ⅳ】
There are 54 of the atomic reactors in Japan at present, and 24 is the one by pressurizing.
《Making the water of which pressue and temperature is high boil the water in the plumbery 配管》
The fuel assembly of which height is some ４ meter is in the pressure vessel made of steel of which thickness is about 14 centimeters in the atomic reactor by pressurizing. The number on the fuel assembly is from 120 to 190.
The pressure vessel is filled with the water of 350 ton, and the water is also heatd by the atomic fule like the one by boiling.
【Mechanism on the atomic power generation Ⅳ】
《Making the water of which pressure and temperature is high boiled in the plumbly》
But the water is put on the pressure of some 160 atmosphere, and the temperature on the water is usually no less than 320 degree, so even if the temperature on the water is so high the water doesn't boil.
The water of which pressure and of which temperature is sent to the apparatus of generating steam and passing heat to water running in the other plumbly and making the water boil.
t
The steam is made like that, and it's sent to the builiding where there is ..
【Ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍ on the atomic power generation Ⅳ】
《Making the water of which temperature and of which pressure is high boiled in the other plumbly》
...and the steam is sent to the building where there is the turbine, and making the turbine rotate with the steam and generating electricity.
As a result, the water and the steam which include the radioactive material doesn't have to be sent to the turbine, so controlling radiation in the builiding where there is the turbine is unnecessary.
On the other hand, the structure on the atomic reactor becomes complicated. The pressure vessel and ...
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旦那に頼んだことを忘れるのは⁉️
現在私が入院中なので、旦那に買ってきて欲しいものがあり、次の日には必要だったので頼みましたが、旦那は…
19レス 403HIT 相談したいさん -
小さな幸せを教えてください
みなさんの小さな幸せはなんですか？
11レス 302HIT 社会人さん -
不登校生にできること
中学3年生不登校生です。 ほとんど愚痴になりますが、よければ返信ください。 2年生中盤ぐらいから…
13レス 338HIT 困ってるさん -
応援メッセージ下さい
28歳の時に8年付き合った彼にプロポーズされました。OKの返事をした3ヶ月後、やっぱり無かったこ…
8レス 241HIT 恋愛好きさん (20代 女性 ) - もっと見る
