Let's enjoy Englis Ⅵ

【Israel was born and wars have broken out】

［Appearance of Palestinian refugee］


After the first war in the Middle East, the Palestinian refugees continued to increase, and the total amount of 2.5 million of them ran away into each country around the Middle East.

Speaking of the Palestinian refugee, there seems to be misunderstanding as if there were a native race of the Palestine, but there isn't. They are the Arab, but they were driven away from Palestine, so they are called the Palestinian refugees.

However it's fact that continued to be called the Palestinian refugees, a self-awareness has begun to arise in the Arab who were driven out of the land where they lived.


［Inauguration of P.L.O.］

The land where the Arab lived was taken by Israel by force, and the Arab has formed an organization so as to take back their land. The organization is the Palestine Liberation Organization, and its abbreviation is P.L.O.　

When it was built for the in 1964,it used to be a sensible group...

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【Israel was born and wars have broken out】

［Appearance of the Palestinian refugees］


...it used to be a sensible group made up with the Arab.

After each country in Arab suffered from a painful blow at the third war in the Middle East, Arafat became a leader in the P.L.O. February in 1962 and the organization has changed into an aggressive one.

The P.L.O. was like a big allied countries. There were several groups which had several way of thinking inside the P.L.O. The several groups developed various actions or guerrilla actions.


［A leader Arafat in Palestinian of self-government］


He was born in Jerusalem in 1929. He learned an engineering at university in Cairo
and organized Palestinian alliance made up with students.

After that, FATAH which is the biggest group in the P.L.O. was formed by the main members of the P.L. O.

HATAF means death in Arab, so reversing the order the phrase and it becomes FATAH.
FATAH means victory.

FATAH did guerrilla actions and tried to involve..

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【Israel was born and wars have broken out】

［A leader Arafat in the Palestinian self-government］

FATAH continued acitivities of guerrilla and tried to involve other countries.

FATAH caused a full-scale war between Israel and other countries, using the acitvities of guerrilla as priming 起爆剤, and trying to possess Palestinne for the the Arab who were driven away from their home and became the refugees.

After that, Arafat changed into a moderate course, and moved into a course of peaceful coexistence.


[The peace which doesn't go smoothly in the Middle East]


In the middle of desperate situation like wars occurring one after another, appearance of Palestinian refugees, and terrorism by Palestinian guerrilla, a grope of tackle on peace has been continued.

After the fourth war in the Middle East, the president Sadat in Egypt decided to admit the right to life for Israel, in short he allowed Israel to be a nation, and his decision made returning the Sinai Peninsula which was...

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【Israel was born and wars have broken out】

［The peace which doesn't go smoothly in the Middle East］


...but the decision of Sadat made returning the Sinai Peninsula which was occupied by Israel come true. He accomplised an exchange between the peace and the land.

However he was assassinated by a serviceman who opposed to the peace between Israel and Egypt during a military parade commemorating the fourth war in the Middle East October in 1981.

Moreover the president Rabin in Israel was killed November in 1995 because he did a peace negotiations with Israel.

As doing the peace negotiations itself is at the risk of its life, the negotiations didn't go smoothly at ease.


［The people in Palestine who resisted against the military force with throwing stones］

Two automobiles in residents of Palestine and a large-sized trailer in the army in Israel collided head-on in Gaza under the control of Israel December in 1987, and all the four residents in Palestine were dead instantly.

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【Israel was born and wars have broken out】

［Residents in Palestine who resisted against the militray force with throwning stone］

The traffic accident made a resistance movement against the army in Israel of occupation force by the residents promote in Palestine. It's called a mass uprising 大衆蜂起.

The revolution by throwing stones continued until 1973, and there were 116 deceaded and thousands of injured people in the residents in Palestine.

Without having any weapons, the residents in Palestine resisted against the militarized soldiers in Israel with throwing stones. The soldiers in Israel were confused with them.

Firing at children who didn't have any weapons in Palestine was a great worry to the soldiers in Israel.

Instead of bullet, the one made of rubber or plastic were taken advantage,but if being hit on, they were injured seriously, and if worst come to worst, they would be dead.

Every time an image that children were hit by rifle or strucken by the soldiers in Israel...

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【Israel was born and wars have broken out】

［The residents in Palestine who resisted against the military force with throwing stones］


Every time an image of children of hitting on by rifle and strucken by soldiers was forecast, the public opinion in the international society become sympathetic to the residents in Palestine.

Criticism to occupation by Israel was strengthened.


［The P.L.O. fell into an awful predicament at the Gulf War］


The situatiton in the Middle East changed violently owing to invasion Quwait August in 1990.

President Hussein in Iraq who occupied Quwait stated withdrawal of the Isreli army from the occupied area in Palestine on condition that the withdrawal of Iraq.

Showing the problem on Israel, Hussein tried to change a thing on invasion Quwait into other thing of Arab between Israel.

The P.L.O. supported the plan of the president Hussein at once, but it was Quwait which helped P.L.O. with the money so much more than any other country until then.

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【Israel was born and wars have broken out】

［P.L.O. fell into an awful predicament］


An exiled regiment in Quwait was so indignant that it broke off of helping P.L.O. with the money. Saudi Arabia which was exposed on the threat from Iraq also stopped helping P.L.O.

P.L.O. fell into being short of fund and it found it hard to go on its activity. No other countries around P.L.O. tried to take it seriously, so P.L.O. also suffered from political damage.


［Oslo agreement which was epoch-making］

Israel which was confused with being thrown stone by residents of Palestine. P.L.O. which fell into an awful predicament by invasion to Quwait by Iraq, and the public opinion which became aware by announcement of the president Hussein that the occupation by Israel was left alone.

Those three things were combined and a new stream was formed. Both of representatives of Israel and Palestine sat at the table for peaceful negotiation through the intermediation of America.

Howver the negotiation..

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【Israel was born and wars have broken out】

［Oslo agreement which was epoch-making］


However the negotiation hardly achieved success, but Norway in north European took into action and the situation changed greatly.

The Foreign Minister in Norway which has observed tradition of neutrality started an mediation between Israel and Palestine in secret, and an agreement which aimed at being self-government in Palestine was formed until September in 1993.

The negotiation was done in Norway's capital, Oslo, so it's called Oslo agreement.

The military forces in Israel withdrew from Palestine one after another, and Israel allowed the resident in Palestine to be self-govenment.

The signing ceremony of the agreement was done at a countryyard of the White House in Washington of the U.S.A. Then the president Clinton attended to the ceremony.

The leader Arafat who smiled all over and the prime minister Rabin who waw with a stern look shook hands urged by Clinton.

The movement of Rabin who...

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【Israel was born and wars have broken out】

［Oslo agreement which was epoch-making］


A movenmtn of then the president Rabin was clumsy a little, but it was impressive, the author said like that.

Both the situation in the Middle East and history have moved dramatically that day.


［The self-government started in Palestine］


The military force in Israel withdrew from occupied territory in Palestine such as Gaza and the west coast of the Jordan River one after another.

After withdrawal of the Israeli army, an election was done by the residents in Palestine January in 1996.

The one which is equal to an election for a national assembly and other one which is equivalent to a presidential election were done, and Arafat became the president.

The military organization which developed terrorism and guerrilla activities to Israel changed into policemen in the self-government of Palestine.

In spite of assassination of then the president Rabin, the peace in the Middle East seemed to make..

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【Israel was born and wars have broken out】

［A self-government started in Palestine］


...the peace in the Middle East seemed to make progress all at once, but since Netanya who was passive to the peace in the Middle East was elected a prime minister in Israel in 1996, the situation didn't go well.

The movement of withdrawal on the militarty force in Iraq became slow, and the negotiation for peace didn't developed so much.

However, Barak who succeeded to the course of Rabin was elected a prime minister May in 1995.

Guerrillas in Lebanon which is north to Israel fired at Israel, so Israeli army invade Lebanon so as to defend the safety in Israel June 1982.

After that, the military occupation continued on the south area in Lebanon, but the Barak Government made the Israeli army withdraw from the south area in Lebanon May in 2000.


［Jerusalem, which is the problem］


The most crucial point in the Middle East in the future is Jerusalem. How should they handle Jerusalem?

After...

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【Israel was born and wars have broken out】

［Jerusalem, which is a problem］


After the World War Ⅱ was over, Jerusalem was appointed to an area under control by the United Nations in the resolution on division of Palestine in the United Nation.

However the result of the first war in the Middle East has prevented the resolution from obeying.

Jerusalem was divided into the east and west because of agreement of cease-fire which was concluded between Israel and Trans Jordan. Then east Jerusalem which includes a former city area under control of Trans Jordan,and west Jerusalem Israel.

After the third war in the Middle East, the east Jerusalem also became under control of Israel.

Israel has insisted that Jerusalem belongs to Israel. On the other hand, Palestine has thought that it wanted to put its capital on Jerusalem. Both of them can't concede. How is its adjustment done? It's a problem from now on.

Is a compromise that Jerusalem is the capital for both of the country formed? Or...

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【Israel was born and wars have broken out】

［Jerusalem, which is a problem］



...or dividing into Jerusalem east and west, and the west is Israel,and the east Palestine. Is the way of dividing formed? All the people in the world have paid attention to it.

The residents in Palestine and the Israeli army conflicted violently each other over the holy groung autumn in 2000, and the confliction led to each place at once, and there were lots of the deceased then.

The confliction has made us recognize how hard to make an idea which both of them can accept.

Jerusalem is a special place where is the holy ground for three religions. The wailing wall is important for the Jewish people. Next to the wailing wall, there is a dome and rock which is important for Islam.

When Muhammad who was a founder of Islam had been to see the heaven, there is a rock through which he went. The dome was built so as to defend the rock.

There is the Holy Church of Sepulchre 聖墳墓教会 west to the wailing wall.

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【Israel was born and wars have broken out】

［Jerusalem, which is a problem］

Christ was cricified on a cross on the hill of Golgotha. The Church of Holy Sepulchre 聖墳墓教会 was the one which was built on the hill of Googotha. If being a Christian, it seems that it wants go to there at least once.

The holy ground for three religions means that it is an important place for us the human race. Where should the holy ground belong to? Wisdom of the human race has been tried.

［Where does the peace in the Middle East go?］

It is sometimes said that the problem in the Middle East is a religious problem for two thousand years, and needless to say, there is an aspect like that, but the religion alone doesn't always caused an opposition.

In fact, both the Judaism, Islam, and Christanity, believe in the same god. Allah in Islam is the god in Arab. A Jewish person believes in the Old Testament, a Christian believes in both the Old and New Testament, and a Muslim believes in Koran, especially, Koran..

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【Israel was born and wars have broken out】

［Israel, which is a problem］

...especially, Koran is the most valuable sacred book for Muslims.

When Islam spread over the Arabian Peninsula, Muslims protected Christians who lived there. It is said that Muslim had a friendship for Christians as the ones who they believe in the same god.

There is a Japanese phrase like the next. 同じ啓典の民. It means people who believe in the same sacred book. We can't assert that they are opposed because their religion is different.

An expectation of England which tried to left influence over the Middle East even after the World War Ⅱ was over becomes the situation complicated.

After the World War Ⅱ was over, Israel became strong by an aid from America. Soviet approached each country in Arab and increased military assistance in opposition to Israel.

Influence of the Cold War between the east and west spread over in the Middle East.

Once the situation becomes quite entangled, it's hard to be settled, but..　

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Continuation of the last response.

...but a religious tolerate mental has been tried as the ones who have believed in the same god just now, though it is easy to say...

【Israel was born and wars have broken out】

『Column, Islam』

Islam is an attitude in which whole of the thing on us the human leaves to the god. We call the one who believes in Islam a Muslim. The Muslim means that the one who submits to the god.

There have been plenty of religions before Islam is formed, and Islam is in a position which gathers together all those religions into one religion. In short, Islam is a final religion.

A way of thinking that all the people are equal in front of the god has spread its support, and it is said its believers are about one billion in the world.

【Israel was born and wars have broken out, and...】

Disputes continue in the Middle East just now.

Leader Arafat died November in 2004, and Mahmoud Appas who belonged to a moderate faction succeeded to Arafat, but Hamas who was...

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【Israel was born and wars have broken out and...】

...but HAMAS which is an organization of Islamic fundamentalism got a majority in the one which is equivalent to an election of a national assembly, and Ismail Haniyea took office as prime minister.

Then FATAH to which Abbas belonged and HAMAS which Haniyea belonged were opposed severely. It often developed a gun fight. It's killing each other inside Palestine.

On the other hand, Sharon who belonged to hawks succeeded to Barak, and the relation between Israel and Palestine deteriorated. Sharon was ill in bed and Olmert became the prime minister.

Israel invaded Lebanon again so as to damage anti-Israel June in 2006, and after that withdrew from Lebanon, but Lebanon became in a chaotic state this time.

【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［A disturbance over a boy］

An official in helmet who wore a protecting mask and readyed its gun at a boy. The boy was crying.

A shocking photograph was delivered..

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［A disturbance over a boy］

A shocking photograph was delivered from Associated Press April in 2000. The boy was a Cuban refugee. The photo was a scene when an executive officer in American Federation tried to separate him from his relatives in Florida by force.

America was in uproar over the boy. It was an incident which symbolized an opposition between America and Cuba.

When the boy was heading to America with his mother in boat November in 1999, the boat was overturned and his mother was dead. He was drifting on the sea, grabbing a tube of tire, then American fisherman saved him.

The mother and son tried to defect from Cuba to America with other Cubans. The situation became complicated because the boy was saved from the American fisherman.

Except a refegee from Cuba, the refugee is sent back to its homeland as soon as it's discovered, for there is a rule on refugee in Cuban. It's wet foot and dry foot.

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge on a nuclear war】

［A refugee from Cuba alone is a special treaty］

While a Cuban is found before smuggling itself into America, it's sent back home, it can reach there for itself and it can be accepted as a political refugee. It's the rule for a refugee from Cuba alone.

If a Cuban is found before it reaches America, in short if its foot is wet,it's forced repatriation.

If it can land on America, it means if its foot is dry, its exile is recognized.

The boy was saved before he landed on America, so he is equivalent to the wet foot. If obeying the rule, he had to be sent back to Cuba, but there were lots of his relatives in Florida, and they insisted that he should be recognized as an exile and they sheltered him.

On the other hand his father who was divorced with his mother in Cuba appealed to the authority to send him back, so the office executive in Ameircan federation separated him from his relatives, and sent him to his father.

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［A refugee from Cuba alone is a special treaty］

The boy at age of six was made sport of between America and Cuba, but why is there the rule like that? We have to go back to an occurrence in 1994.

This year Cuban economy deteriorated sharply, and there were lots of ones who were dissatisfied with the situation, and they surged to America as exiles.

Then Amrica treated all the Cuban who landed on America as political
exile. It was established as a law.

We can be Americans and be rich as long as we go to Amrica. The refugees thought like that.

As seeing the situation, a prime minister Castro in Cuba announced likt the next.

If America doesn't change a plan of treating the Cuban well, I'm going to make my people leave my country for America at will.

The Cuban government had regulated illegal departure until then, but gave it up, and just winked at it. It looked as if it had been an export of refugees.

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［A refugee from Cuba alone is a special treatment］

As a result, the Cubans in hand-made boats or rafts went over the Caribbean Sea and aimed at America one after another. About thirty five thousand hundred Cubans arrived at America in 1994 alone.

［America changed its course］

America was in difficulty then. Florida where the Cuban refugees rushed was greatly disrupted. There were plenty of criminals who caused atrocious crimes in the refugees, and peace and order in Florida went bad extremely.

Originally, illegally entrants who seek rich from Mexico haven't stopped. While American government regulates the one from Mexico, they treat the Cuban well, so a criticism for it appeared.

So, America and Cuba concluded a new agreement on refugees, and forbode an illegal entry to America. America showed a new course that if finding one who tried to enter America illegally, it's sent back its home.

On the other hand...

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［America changed its course］

On the other hand, there is still a law in which a Cuban who lands on American territory is treated as a refugee, so there is strange distinction between the wet foot and the dry foot.

Why has America treated Cuba specially? There has been American expectation of which makes Cuba have a hard time, for there is a long history between the two countries.

［A crisis which was on the verge of a nuclear war in the world］

The world was on the verge of a nuclear war over Cuba October in 1962. It's crisis in Cuba.

A terror that the nuclear war may start went around all over the world then.

The author said he was a schoolboy in an elementary school then, and he desperately thought his life would come to end though he was so young.

Other one said like the next.

He was a student in high school then, and was in the middle of a school excursion. What if I was away from my home and the nuclear...

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the verge of a nuclear war】

［The crisis which was on the verge of a nuclear war in the world］

What if I was away from my home and the nuclear war break out? We thought in terro. After arriving at an inn, we gathered in a lobby and watched TV which told us the crisis in Cuba with bathed breath, he said like that.

Let's look back at the crisis in Cuba which was about to break out unprecented calamity.

［It started from a picture taken by a spy plane］

An American spy plane flew over Cuba and took a photograph on a base of missile October in 1962.

CIA analyzed the photograph, and it turned out that a Soviet intermediate-range missile which could load nuclear weapon was carried in the base. There were 14 missiles at least.

The photo was sent to then the president Kennedy, and the president held a meeting at once and considered a countermeasure. He recorded it in secret.

Members in the suprme dicision making body talked each other how they...

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［It started from a photograph taken by a spy plane］

Members in the suprme decision making body talked each other how they handle the crisis, a vivid description of the meeting was recorded like the next.

Kennedy asked, Why can you judge this the intermediate-range missile which can load a nuclear weapon?

The analyst in CIA answered. Its length is same as the one which was taken photo in a military parade in Moscow.

Kennedy: Can they launch it?

The analyst: Not yet.

Kennedy: When is it possible?

The analyst: It depends on the situation on its preparation on the ground.

Kennedy: What about a nuclear warhead?

The analyst: We are looking for it desperately but we can't find it in this area yet, but it's possible to load the nuclear warhead to the missile in a few hours.

When hearing a conversational give-and-take,　we can understand that America didn't secure any conclusive evidence that the missiles carried to..

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［It started from a photo taken by a spy plane］

...we can understand that America didn't obatain any conclusive evidence that any missiles carried to Cuba were loaded with warhead, but they leraned to think of its countermeasure on condition that the warheads were carried to Cuba.

The Secretary of Defense pointed out that half of the whole America was shooting range of the missile,and declared that if they need to bomb Cuba, they could do it in a few hours.

A staff official also advised to take some photos for scout and grasp an aim which they attack exactly and do a surprise attack at once.

High officials in the military force in America were so frightened that nuclear missiles were carried from Soviet to the country near America that they started to think of attacking Cuba serverely.

If looking at Soviet and America on a terrestrial globe, they face each other between the North Pole. Cuba is just behind America.

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［It started from a photo taken by a spy plane］

When staring an enemy in front of it, other one stole up behind before they know. America seemed to think like that.

［A plan of deployment on nuclear missiles by Soviet］

Then the president Khrushchev in Soviet planed to deploy 60 missiles and 60 warheads to Cuba in secret. Then Soviet developed a long range missile, but it didn't have ability to reach from the territory of Soviet to America.

On the other hand, America deployed a intermediate range missile to Italy and Turkey. The capital of Soviet, Moscow was its shooting range.

Khrushchev thought if deploying a nuclear missile to Cuba which is a kind of a backyard to America, it's very significant strategically.

Soviet sent missiles, warheads, and soldiers of forty three thousand to Cuba with a train. The soldiers of Soviet pretended to be experts on agriculture. American spy plane took photo the situation.

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of nuclear war】

［Five scenario of air raid on bases］

If attacking Cuba, which base should they choose? American army prepared for five scenarios. The one is missiles and warheads in warehouses in questions alone which were 52 places.

The other was all the combat planes and surface to air missile which were 194 places, and another all the military installations and so on, especially the fifth scenario was on condition that full-scale invasion to Cuba by American military force continued.

［Consideration for cost to attack on Cuba］

On the other hand, if America attacked on Cuba, Soviet would retaliate was considered. In the meeting for consideration, conversational give-and-take like the next was recorded.

The Secretary of Defense: If attacking on bases in Cuba, hundreds of people of Soviet would be killed. Then how would Khrushchev respond for it? We should think we pay high price for it.

Kennedy: If so, Soviet would occupy Berlin.

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［Consideration to attack on Cuba］

The Secretary of Defense: If Soviet army attack on Berlin, American army in Berlin would be destroyed.

A staff officer: It's a full scale war.

Kennedy: Is it a nuclear war?

If America attacks Cuba, Soviet also attacks American army stationed in Berlin as revenge, and the war escalates and it may develop into a full scale nuclear war....we can feel that kind of sense of impending crisis from the record.

［American air force insisted on attacking Cuba］

A staff officer of air force in America pressed Kennedy to tell there was no choice except for military movements.

A strategic bomb occurred to both Japan and Germany to the staff officer during the World War Ⅱ, and he put it into practice it. The strategic bomb is a large scale air raid destroying economic base. He was a hero in America.

［Kennedy announced that deployment of missile and a sea blockade］

Kennedy broke off a..

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［Kennedy announced a deployment of missiles and a sea blockade］

Kennedy broke off a usual TV programs and announced American people that nuclear missile was deployed by Soviet in Cuba October.

In spite of a strong proposal from the military, instead attacking Cuba, Kennedy chose a sea blockade so as to avoid a escalation to a full-scale nuclear war.

At the same time he told to quarantine all the weapons for attack which were transporting by Soviet on the sea.

The word of quarantine is usually used when a patient of contagious disease is isolated, but in this case it means an inspection.

It means stopping the ship by force and inspecting its load. If doing it on the public sea it's equivalent to a semi military movement.

Instead the inspection, it seemed that Kennedy used the word of quarantine so as to avoid getting on nerves on Soviet more than he needed.

He warned to Soviet if attacking to each country in..

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［Kennedy announced deployment of missiles and a sea blockade］

Kennedy warned that if Cuba attacked for each country in West side with nuclear missiles, America would regard it as attack to America itself, and it would cause a complete revenge to Cuba.

［Both Soviet and Cuba prepared the troops for action］

On the other hand, Soviet criticized that American's action was a way led to a nuclear war, and ordered Soviet's army to prepare the troops for action.

Military force of each country in Europe which joined the Warsaw Pact was also ready for attack.

At the same time, Cuba expected an attack from America and issued general mobilization orders 総動員令 and twenty five hundered thousand residents prepared for defense.

The Pentagon announced that if ships in the communist camp refused to be held up, it was ready to attack and sink them, and tension of the both sides heightened.

As crisis of the nuclear war...

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［Both Soviet and Cuba prepared the troops for action］


As crisis of the nuclear war strengthened so much that heavy buying for food in a life of a nuclear shelter started all over Ameirca.

Though the crisis which the people faced wasn't reported in Soviet a rumor of being about to start the nuclear war spread among the people.

It is said that some of the Presidential aides of Khrushchev called their wives to be away from Moscow.

All the people were frightend by terror of the nuclear war all over the world, and the author who was a schoolboy in an elementary school was one of them.

An American spy plane which scouted over the sky of Cuba was shot down by a surface-to-air missile of Soviet army, and the tension heightened more and more.

About hundred of American warships were watching around the blocking line, and plenty of Soviet freighters moved toward the blocking line.

If the Soviet freighters tried to...

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［Both Soviet and Cuba prepared the troops for action］

If the Soviet freighters tried to break through the blocking line, the American warships would try stop them, and what happened then?

Soviet submarines gathered around the blocking line, and American destroyers ran after them, and bomber planes which loaded nuclear bomb continued to circle over the Atlantic Ocean so as to attack Soviet with nuclear weaopn as it likeed.

American Marines finished preparing for attack to Cuba and started to go on board. Fourteen thousand of ex-soldiers in air force were summoned and were going for their meeting places.

It is said that then the Secretary of Defense prepared for the war and thought it was the last Saturday for him. All the high officers in Ameirca spent the night without sleeping.

It is said Kennedy spent the night, watching his favorite movie, Roman Holiday.

The world faced the last moment then.

［A broadcast..］

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［A broadcast in Moscow announced the crisis was over］

A broadcast in Moscow announced Soviet army withdrew weapons from Cuba, and the word of missile wasn't used then. Soviet accepted a request from America without permitting it deployed missiles officially until then.

It took two weeks from discovery of deployment of missilse and the crisis in Cuba was over.

Then a newscaster in America had a coment like the next.

It is no doubt today the world can escape from the most dangerous crisis of a massacre by nuclear weapon since the World War Ⅱ.

The crisis in Cuba was settled in the form that if America didn't attack Cuba, Soviet would withdrew missiles from Cuba officially.

To tell the truth, Kennedy negotiated with khruschev in secret, and America promised to withdraw nuclear missile from Turkey.

The worst dangerous crisis in the 20th century was over then, but as facing the danger of crisis on the nuclear...

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［Broadcast in Moscow announced that the crisis was over］

...but as facing the crisis of the nuclear war for the first time, the leaders of both America and Soviet recognized how terrible the nuclear weapon was.

After that the nuclear weapon is the one which they can't use, on the other hand, a competition of expanding ordinary weapons strengthens.

［Cuba which used to be a colony of Spain］

Why did Cuba permit Soviet to deploy missiles in its country? Let's look back on the history in Cuba this time.

Cuba which is opposed to America violently, but there is a base of American navy in Cuba. It's Guantanamo in the main land of Cuba. The base shows us Cuba used to be close to America before the revolution in Cuba.

Islands around Cuba are called the West Indies. Why does the name of Inida appear there?

Columbus who departed from Spain aimed at India discovered a new continent in 1492, by the way, the discovery is..

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear crisis】

［Spain which used to be a colony of Spain］

...by the way the discovery is one-side view in Europe, for there were originally residents there, so instead discovery, other word of arrival has been used at present.

Columbus misunderstood the continent where he reached was India, and called its residents the India, and named islands around the continent the West Indies. After that Cuba also became the colony of Spain.

Spanish language has been used in Cuba and its area is half as big as Japan.

Cuba aimed at being independent from Spain at the end of the 19th century, made war on Spain for independence.

Then in the middle of the war for independence, American ship anchoring in Havana exploded mysteriously, and America thought Spain caused it, and started to make war on Spain.

America won the war, and Philippine and Guam belonged to America then, and America negotiated Spain without Cuba being consulted, and...

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［Spain which used to be a colony of Spain］

...and America permitted Cuba to be independent, but something happened in Cuba,America would interfere in it. Cuba was independent on the condition interference in domestic affairs by America.

Then Cuba offered a base for America and it was one of condition that America requested. The base of Guantanamo for American navy has existed since then.

［A course revolution in Cuba］

Though being independent from Spain, the situation in which Cuba was under American rule this time. American enterprizes possessed tremendous land of Cuba, and Cuba became ideal resort area for the American.

As the Batista government which came in to power by a coup continuded a dictatorship supporting by America, an opposition movement against a corruption in politics started then.

A central figure in the movement was Castro. He and his comrades of which numbers were about hundred attacked...

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［A course to the revolution in Cuba］

Castro and his comrade of which number was about hundred attacked barracks which led by army of Batista June in 1953. Then he was just at the age of 26. Then there were more than thousand soldiers in the base, but they attacked with few weapons, but they failed.

Castro was arrested, he was also a lawyer, and said in the court, the history would announce him he was innocent, but his judgement was fifteen years' imprisonment.

However after two years he received pardon and was released, and he defected to Mexico, learned tactics there. He got acquainted with Che Guevara, and they become best friends in all their life.

『Column, Che Guevara』

Che Guevara who made the revolution in Cuba be successful with Castro was born June in 1928. He used to be a doctor in Argentina, but continued a guerrilla war each place in South America,and met with Castro in Mexico. They acted on together.

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

『Che Guevara』

After the revolution in Cuba, Guevara was naturalized in Cuba, and took office as president of its national bank, but abandoned the peaceful life in Cuba, and threw himself into guerrilla activity in South America.

He was caught by an army of government in Bolivia in the middle of gurrilla activity and was executed there on the spot October in 1967.

His ashes were dug out of a burial ground in Bolivia and were sent to Cuba and a state funeral was done for him after 30 years.

Guevara who was full of hope of revolution in all his life is the one who has been admired by the Cuban.

［Landing on Cuba again］

Castro departed from Tuxpan port in Mexico with his comrades whose number was 81 and landed on Cuba again December 1956.

A boat for them wasn't very good and only eight passengers one, for Castro barely had enough money to buy second-hand boats.

He announced he would return to Cuba before..

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［Landing on Cuba again］

Castro announced that he'd return to Cuba before departing from the port, for he told his enemy his return on purpose so as to tell the people in Cuba who were dissatisified with the Cuban government his return and made the movement for revolution success.

Needless to say, the Batista's military force which heard his announcement awaited him at the place where he was likely to land.

82 people who landed on Cuba were surrounded by lots of soldiers overwhelmingly, the number of them became no more than 12.

12 people ran away to Mt. Maestra which was easternsouth in Cuba and started a movement for guerrilla there. It started almost from scratch.

However as going on the movement for guerrilla, their companions increased gradually. As the people knew how the movement for guerrilla was done, the movement for anti-Batista government spread.

Even if being in difficulty like that, Castro never..

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［Landing on Cuba again］

...Castro never tried to give up. It looked as if he had been Don Quixote, but it was exactly a charisma whose fortitude spirit and ability caused the revolution.

After his landing two years passed, Castro forced the president Batista into exile in Dominica January in 1959, and won the revolution. Then he was at the age of 32.

［Opposition between America and Cuba］

America accepted the revolutional government in Cuba January in the same year. Instead of the corrupted dictator, Batista, America expected that Castro who were supported by the Cuban would bring democracy in Cuba and continued a good relation between America and Cuba.

However the revolutional government led by Castro did public execution to executives in the Batista government. They were no less than 500, moreover nationalized agricultural land which American company owned. It was sixty five hundred thousand hectare.

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［Opposition between America and Cuba］

In addition, Castro never listened to the people in Cuba a bit. In consequence, America strengthened criticism to Cuba.

Cuba imported crude oil from Soviet and asked an American oil company in Cuba to refine it, but the oil company refused it, and Cuba nationalized the American oil company at once.

Then the president Eisenhower in America decided to reduce an import of sugar from Cuba extremely as revenge.

Importing sugar was a lifeline for Cuba, but America tried to cut off, and Castro responded to America by nationalizing 26 American company. America was so indignant with it that it broke off the trade with Cuba.

On the other hand, Soviet offered to buy all amount of sugar which was refused by America. After that, Cuba started to strengthen economic connection between Cuba and Soviet.

［A secret operation by CIA in America］

America had a sense of inpending crisis to...

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［A secret operation of CIA in America］

As America had a sense of impending crisis to Cuba which was close to Soviet more and more, it planed to push aside Castro by using CIA.

There were the Cuban who hated the Catro government and defected to America. America tried to make them do military training and invade Cuba. It's originally Eisenhower's plan, but Kennedy who had just took office as president succeeded to the plan, and accepted it.

However Kennedy announced like the next so as to keep the plan secret three days before the invade.

American military force never would intervene in Cuba under any situation. I assure you America would have nothing to do with Cuba at all. He lied openly.

American six bomber planes which pretend to be Cuban airplanes took off Cuba from Nicaragua and attacked an airport in Cuba April in 1961. Three Cuban airplanes were destroyed and seven private citizens were involved and died.

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［A secret operation of CIA in America］

Castro announced for the first time the Cuban revolution was the revolution in socialism in the memorial service for the victims.

Whether or not Castro was originally a socialist was debatable, but we can't deny that America's action made Castro change into the socialist close to Soviet.

After two days of the attack on the airport,one thousand and five hundred Cuban who doported America departed from Nicaragua and Guatemala, and invaded Cuba.

American airplanes in the military force planed to help the attack,but but America was criticized for the bombing from the world, and Kennedy wavered so much that he ordered to stop help the attack Cuba from over the sky.

The operation of invading Cuba failed easily.

After the failure of operation of invading Cuba, CIA tried to assassinate Castro over and over again. It laid in poison to a cigar which Castro smoked or sprinkled gas ...

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［A secret operation of CIA in America］

CIA planed to lay in poison to a cigar which Castro smoked or to sprinkle gas which mentally deranged spirit on a studio of TV station where Castro made a speech, and to make Castro look like he became insane, but all of them failed.

After that those plans themselves were brought to light. They were very poor plans.

［The revolution of which color was olive］

As Castro received the attack from CIA in America, he strengthened his attitude close to Soviet more and more, so he accepted a deployment missils from Soviet.

Castro started policies in socialism like the next. Education, medical treatment, gas, and electricity were free of charge one after another.

A big gap between the poor and rich before the revolution almost vanished, and the rate of baby mortality dropped like developed countries.

Cuba was different from Soviet which broadcast what Soviet wanted to say as it..

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a neculear war】

［The revolution of which color was olive］

Cuba was different from Soviet which broadcast what Soviet wanted to say as it was and couldn't criticize its politics at all. Controlling on freedom of speech wasn't at all strict in Cuba.

Castro who was always in combat uniform of olive color used to go to Cuba everywhere easily and had a conversation with the people in Cuba.

Instead red revolution of Soviet style, Latin light socialism was called the socialism of olive color. Japanese youth who longed for the revolution in Cuba went to Cuba in large numbers so as to help harvest sugarcane which was the mainstay in the economy in Cuba.

［Collapse of Soviet made Cube be in a crisis］

It was Soviet which supported the socialism in Cuba. While Soviet offered crude oil with low price, it purchased sugar with high price.

Though America put pressure on its friendly nations to prohibit trade with Cuba, trading with Soviet...

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a neclear war】

［Collapse of Soviet made Cuba be in crisis］

...trading with Soviet alone supported the economy in Cuba, but Soviet collapsed in 1991, so financial help from Soviet disappeared completely, but economic blockade by America still continued.

The Cuban got out of Cuba, being exile in America occurred one after another in the middle of the crisis.

［Cuba changed its course］

Cuba which suffered from economic dullness changed its economic plan in 1993. It allowed the people to possess a foreign currency. The foreign currency means American dollar in this case.

Cuba also permitted 117 kind of stores under private management, and allowed foreign companies to advance into Cuba positively in 1995. As a result the gap between the rich and poor has expanded again.

The gap between the rich and poor which almost vanished in the time of socialism has started to expand.

Lots of foreigh tourists have visited in Cuba which put a...

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】

［Cuba has changed its plan］

Plenty of foreing tourists visited Cuba which put a great deal of effort into sightseeing. The Cuban employees were forbidden to receive any tips in dollar, but it was allowed.

The ones who are engaged in sightseeing increase a chance to get dollars. As Cuban currency, peso was a sudden fall with deterioration of Cuban economy, even if a few tip, if it's a dollar, it's severla times as much as a monthly income of the Cuban.

In consequence, the one who has a chance to contact with foreign people and the other who doesn't have at all expand the gap between the rich and poor gradually.

A female who turned to prostitution to get money has been apt to noticeable on the street. Castro's ideal has been shaken.

［After what is called crisis in Cuba, what's happened there?］

After Castro who led Cuba received an immidiate operation because of an instestinal hemorrage June in 2006, he...

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of nuclear war】

［After what is called crisis in Cuba, what's happened there?］

...Castro disappeared from public places, and his young brother succeeded to him, but the young brother doesn't have a charismatic character like Castro, so lots of people have paid attention to Cuba.

Cuban economy has went on depression on account of American economy blockade, but anti-America of Castro's thought has expanded in Latin America.

President Chavez in Venezuela and president Morales in Bolivia have called themselves a good axis as socialism government with Cuba.

Cuba which has high level on medical treatment dispaches its medical team to Bolivia, Venezuela which is a oil major bears its cost, and Bolivia supplys agricultural products for Venezuela in return.

Other countries which have washed their hands 愛想をつかす　of America become anti-America, and a network of anti-America is forming in Latin America. Castro's authority doesn't become weak.

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【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of nuclear war】

『Column,Fidel Castro』

Fidel means someone who believes in something. His fathere was an emigrant from Spain, and was a rich farmer. Castro was born August in 1928, and was the fifth of seven children.

He'd started acitivity of antiestablishment from a student, after being a lawyet, he threw himself into an armed struggle for anti-Batista.

Evaluation for Castro depends on. Some people regared him as a hero, and others a scoundrel ならず者.

He wears beard, mustache, whiskers as trademark, and always wears a combat uniform of olive color.

He is well-known as eloquent speaker, right after the revolution, he made a speech in front of the large number of crowd in the square for no less than straight 9 hours.

【A grand struggle for power, what is called the Great Proletarian Culture Revolution】

［A portrait of Mao Zedong 毛沢東 which looks at China］

The square at Tiananmen 天安門 in Beijing 北京 which often appears on a picture in..

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【A grand struggle for power, what is called the Great Proletarian Culture Revolution】

［A portrait of Mao Zendong 毛沢東 looks at China］

The square in Tiananmen 天安門 which often appears on a picture in Chinese news. A tremendous portrait of Mao Zendong 毛沢東 has been put up there as if he looked down on the square.

A father of building China was a leader in the Chinese communist party. Lots of taxi drivers have hung his photo of portrait in the car as lucky charm in China.

He has been so popular among the Chinese, and he seemed to play an important part in Chinese history, but there are lots of things in which we are forced to lean our heads to one side with regard to what he did.

The worst crime is causing the Great Proletarian Culture Revolution which still left a traumatic scar in China.

The Chinese communist party led by Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 adopted a historical resolution on evaluation on Mao Zendong like the next in 1981.

His achievement is the first, and his mistake was the second.

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【A grand struggle for power, what is called the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution】

［A portrait of Mao Zendong 毛沢東 looks at China］

While Mao Zendong 毛沢東 succeeded in the revolution in China, and his achievenment on a father of building country as communism of China is the first, on the other hand, he also made a mistake.

However his mistake is the second thing, and it doesn't always mean that we deny all what he had done.

As to the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, it's prescribed that the leader caused it by mistake, and it was made use of by anti-group for revolution, and the revolution was a civil war which brought the political party, nation and each people big disasters.

What kind of revolution or civil war was the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution?

［It was started from a criticism on a historical drama.］

It started from a curious criticism. There was a criticism for a historica drama, Hai Rui Bagan,　海瑞罷官 in a newspaper in Shanghai 上海. A coment of criticism ..

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