Let's enjoy Englis Ⅵ
I've studied English for about a decade,for I have fun,it's just that is, though sometimes others have criticized my English,it can't helped. I've tried to improve my English ability, but I can't find something efficient.
However if we can find it easily, no one takes pains when learning English,I'm sure.
Being skilled at English is wonderful,but is it a final goal?
Studying is learning from others or from books. Without doubt, trusting being taught from others,and enjoying remembering something useful,and when possessing plenty of knowledge. It's a sensivity who is skilled at learning,but so what?
The wisdom of us the human being is ahead of it. Learning something useful is just a starting point.
However most of the people acquire plenty of knowledge and are immersed in being one of the elite,and the end.
The study we learning at school has already existed in the society,and learning it is just basic thing, but the wisdom of the human being is ahead of it.
Making use of the wisdom,we think of something which is ahead of the wisdom,create something useful which doesn't exist in the society.
Needless to say, we aren't a dog nor a cat. We obtain the knowledge,and convey the next generation the knowledge,and the next generation challenges the next stage. We are the ones which convey the will others.
Needless to say,it's not my thought. It was written in a comic book.
20/03/22 01:57 追記
Number of letters are limited to 600, but I think the more, the better. It used to be 1400, then 1000, and this time 600. It cannot be helped.
20/03/22 02:18 追記
Without knowing, corona virus seems to spread over the world, though I've never worn mask,gargled nor washed my hands, but fortunately or not I'm fine. Eventually everyone will be dead in the future.
新しいレスの受付は終了しました
A continuation of the last response of Let's enjoy English!Ⅴ
【The Cold War started】
〔The Wall in Berlin which symbolized that the Cold War was over collapsed〕
Even if we use the word of the Cold War,it means that there has never been actually a war between the U.S.A. and the Soviet Union,but there had been their proxy wars 代理戦争 each place in Asia.
In addition,a wars and disputes were developed at the borders between the camps of the both of the Liberal and Communism.
What is called a hot war actually broke out. When talking about the Cold War, we must not forget it,said the author like that.
By the way, when the Cold War started?
〔The Iron Curtain fell on.〕
The Iron Curtain which crossed the European continent from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic Sea fell on,the English President Churchill said after he retired at a lecture of Missouri University in 1946. After that the word of the Iron Curtain started to be used.
The information from the Eastern Europe which was influenced ..
【Discrimination】
When reading the World Cup of soccer was open in the Republic of South Africa,I read its article in The Japan Times for learning English. Then a word of the black people was used in it.
When reading it I was surprised at it,for talking about the color of their skin is a kind of taboo,I was sure,but I've never heard the topic was denounced.It means that the article doesn't try to discriminate against the black people,I'm sure.
Though talking about the color of the skin,it doesn't always mean it's taboo,but I'm sure it's a delicate problem.
I've never been any overseas at all,but if being there and hearing of the word of the yellow people,what do I feel? I'm not sure of it. Actually the color of my skin is yellow, so what?
Except for the racial discrimination, there are various discrimination. The one who discriminates against others has a reason,though needless to say it shouldn't do it.
It doesn't think it want to be the lowest class of something,so it ...
【Discrimination】
The one who discriminates others hate to be in the lowest class in the society or a group,so it creates the lower class than itself by force.
I hate the one who discriminates others,but does it mean I also discriminate? I'm not sure.
The problem is so delicate that I've tried to avoid it as much as I can until now,but without being able to say what I want to,my study for English is meaningless, so I've expressed it.
I hate to be denounced,but to my sorrow almost all of none of the people have paid attention to this thread of mine,so I don't have to be worried to be denounced.
By the way,when building this thread of mine, someone kind put button of sympathizing for this thread,in addition, the person also did for my other response for other thread.
I'm grateful to the person for it.Thank you very much.
By the way,a device for translating foreign language seems to have been developed so much.The people who study English disappear in the future,I'm wondering.
Continuation from the no.1 response,
【The Cold War started】
〔The Iron Curtain fell on〕
The information from the Eastern Europe which was influenced over the Soviet Union was closed,so the Western countries couldn't understand what happened in the Eastern Europe.The word of the Iron Curtain showed us the situation.
America, England joined forces with the Soviet Union and made war against Germany.The three countries which won Germany were kind of comrades.
America and English thought they'd cooperate with the Soviet Union and proceed to revive the Europe after the World WarⅡ,so the two countries simply couldn't understand the behaviors of the Soviet Union after the World War Ⅱ.
The Soviet Union fell on the Iron Curtain so as to prevent America and England from seeing beyond the curtain,and the Soviet Union seemed to do something strange beyond the curtain.
The phrase of the Iron Curtain shows the impression of the two countries' anxiety.
〔The occupied territories of the ....〕
【The Cold War started】
〔The occupied territories of the Soviet Union became satellite countries for the Soviet Union〕
American President,Roosevelt,from England Churchill,from the Soviet,Stalin gathered Yalta which was a health resort along the Black Sea in the Soviet February in 1945 in the middle of the World War Ⅱ. It's what is called a conference in Yalta.
The three countries could forecast that Germany'd be beaten in the war,and exchanged their opinions on the Europe after the war.
Roosevelt proposed the announcement on the liberated Europe in the Conference,and the two other leaders agreed with it.
Each country which was liberated from the occupation from Germany in Europe forms an interim government 暫定政権 which represents groups of the whole nation. Putting a democratic election into effect as fast as possible,and forming a government which represent the people.
So the three countries decided to join forces.In short they form an outline after
the World WarⅡ,but Stalin ..
【The Cold War started】
〔The occupied territories of the Soviet Union became satellite countries for the Soviet Union〕
...but the Soviet Union didn't keep the promise between the three countries after the World War Ⅱ.
Without putting the democratic election into effect in the countries where Soviet drove the German army out of the countries,Soviet formed the political power of Communism after one another.
The democratic election was put into effect in other countries where Soviet occupied like Poland,Bulgaria,Hungary,and Romania.
The member of the Communist Party who ran away in Soviet in the middle of the war returned there with the army of Soviet,and formed a temporary administrative committee,and it changed into the government.
Organizations of anti-Germany led by the Communist Party developed into the government as it was in Yugoslavia and Albania.
The democratic election was put into effect in Czech and Slovakia alone among the countries which Soviet occupied,and ...........
【The Cold War started】
〔The occupied territories of the Soviet Union became satellite countries for the Soviet Union〕
...and a coalition government including the Communist Party was formed,for they experienced a long democracy,but a coup d' etat was caused by the Communist Party and it killed a part of the member of the Cabinet ministers,and established an independent government.
In addition, Soviet started to blockade Western Berlin in Germany 1948.Stalin changed the countries occupied by the Soviet Union into satellite countries for Soviet one after another.
Those countries broke off exchanges with the Western Countries,and they couldn't go in and out in their own countires at will. They weren't allowed to have a freedom of speech,so no one can't understand their situatiton from the Western Countries.
This is what is called the Iron Curtain by Churchill.
〔Cou p d' etat〕
It's French word originally, and it means a stroke to a nation.
A revolution is a change of a ....
【The Cold War started】
〔A coup d' etat〕
A revolution is a political change by an overwhelming power of the people.
On the other hand, the coup d' etat is done by a part of influential power against the people's will. It robs the political power off the country by force.
Though it failed in Japan, the events of 5.15 or 2.26 are equivalent to the coup d' etat.
〔Satellite Countries〕
The moon goes around the earth, and it can't be away from the earth.
In the same way as the two of them,the countries in the Eastern Europe couldn't be away from Soviet which was in the center of the countries.
Other countries in Western area called them satellite countries with criticism.
〔Stalin had an inordinate fear〕
Soviet made a war against Germany during the World War Ⅱ, and about 25 million people,including private citizens, were killed in the war. We're forced to be surprised at how many they were.
As a result,the people in Soviet are compelled to be sensitive to the security of its...
【The Cold War strated】
〔Stalin had an inordinate fear〕
As a result the people in Soviet Union were compelled to be very sensitive to the secutiry their country after the World War Ⅱ,especially Stalin who was a dictator had very strong tendency for the security for his country.
Stalin was the one who had an inordinate fear,and he'd always been suffering from suspicion that other people around him tried something hurtful to him.
His inordinate fear made him excute his attendants,the executives in Soviet one after another. He had the inordinate fear not only for his own safety but for his country.
He feared that Soviet'd be beaten by the Western countries,and it led to collapse of his country. It seems that the fear made him create the satellite countries as a buffer 緩衝 zone among the Western countries.
〔Containment policy 封じ込め by America〕
Both America and the Western countries were confused with the way of Soviet,but the confusion changed into wariness and anger before long.
【The Cold War started】
〔The Containment policy by America〕
George kennan who was a dupty ambassador to Soviet sent a long telegraph to the Security State appointing out how dangerous Soviet was.
He said a friction between Soviet continued. He insisted that Soviet wasn't blanquism 冒険主義 like the Nazis Germany. It wouldn't run a risk, so if offering stubborn resist to it,it'd retreat.
Instead of military expansion,it aimed at political expansion, so the Western Countries should counterattack with a strong will. He insisted in the telegraph like that.
America fought with Soviet during the World War Ⅱ, after that America adopted a cooperative policy to Soviet, but the telegraph changed American diplomatic policy.
As setting a high valuation on his political suggestion, Kennan was engaged in making policy of strategy against Soviet in the Department of State.
He announced a thesis seeking for the containment agaist Soviet anonymously. The thesis had influenced over the America,and..
【The Cold War started】
〔The containtment policy by America〕
...and the thesis decided the American strategy against Soviet. Kennan insisted like the next.
Even if America showed Soviet a good will, we couldn't change the Soviet's expansion for Communism and its hostile attitude toward the Western countries.
Instead of seeking for a cooperative policy to Soviet,we confine Soviet for a long time patiently with a firm position, and wait for its collapse from inside Soviet,we don't have other choices.
If there is a sign that the influence of Soviet spreads,we should counterattack firmly at once,he said like that,and this is the Containment policy by America.
〔Truman doctrine〕
Truman President appealed that all the people had two choices in an American council.The one is they live their everyday life,being based on democracy, and the other one is their everyday life which the ninority suppresses the majority.
Assisting the people of each country who resist armed minority and ..
【Cold War started】
〔Truman doctorine〕
Assisting the people of each country who resist the armed minority and the pressure from the outside is the American policy, Truman asserted like that.
In short, he divided into the world two,leberalism and communism,and announced confrontation agaist the vice. We call it the Truman doctorine.
Dividing the world into the good and evil, and asking which way to choose. It was a simple theory, but it was accepted by the American.
After that America assumed an attitude confronting communism represented by the Soviet Union everywhere in the world,this is very start of the Cold War.
〔Soviet also opposed with the Cominform〕
As opposing to the American containment policy,Stalin gathered heads of the Communist Party all over the world,and formed the Cominform.
He tried to gather not only the executives of the Communist Party in the Eastern countries but the other members from the Western Countries.
He gathered them as comrade who seeks for......
【What I've thought】
There is a phrase beyond description,but a writer said like the next.
We writers shouldn't use the phrase absolutely,for we should express as much as possible,even if we can't express a thing with our words,we change it into words. It's our role at least as writer.
Though I'm not the writer,I've handled language with regard to English. When confronting something hard to express,I'd given up easily before in other English thread.
I should have expressed why I couldn't and how I couldn't. My curiosity has made me express various things, but to my sorrow,I don't have enough knowledge to express it in relation to science and English.
The writer said she was deeply impressed with some remaks of a book of other author. Without reading it her attitude as writer would change as it is,and she said she's thought from the bottom of her heart like that.
It doesn't always mean that when expressing something there is some point which we should pay attention in the book.
Continuation of the last thread.
【What I've thought】
Beyond that,the author said the essence on writing. He's pointed out a preparation for the one who handles the language,the female writer said like that in the book.
It seems that it is said if being able to express on women and cooking,it's a full-fledged writer.
Setting aside the women,expressing on the sense of taste is very hard. The sense of the taste is caused in our mouth,in personal part of our body.
It's not abstract like feeling but concrete definitely,so extending our sensation,and catching something concrete,and changing it into some words.
When writing it myself,I realize how hard it is! At first listening to my sensation is hard,and even if we can get over it,we come up against a limit of language.
There are some unclear expressions like as if being melted away,having rich smoothness まったり、or faint sweetness. They are boring expressions of which we may have heard somewhere.
We have to dispel those tedious ...
Continuation of the last response. The female writer continued like the next.
【What I've thought】
We have to dispel those tedious phrases and to look for our own phrases by ourselves.Having not enough vocabulary nor small scale words of mine made me hang my head often.
Even if when trying to express on the sense of the taste,I always let my head droop even right now.
On the other hand, the male author is marvelous. He is worth saying don't say beyond description,he's written with tremendous force. He caught the sense of the taste which is hard to catch,dismantling,all the phrases which he had were used then.
He expressed on two kinds of high quality wine which we can't drink in our whole life.Reading it alone caused goosebumps.It seems that I recognize plenty of possiblity on the language.
It doesn't always mean that we readers drank the high-quality wines,but we can enjoy them with his phrases enough,and be extremely drunk.
The male writers showed us not only the sense of the..
Continuation of the last response. The female writer expressed like the next.
【What I've expressed】
The male author expressed not only on the sense of the taste but the smell,the touch on the tongue,the sensation of aftertaste when it goes down our throat,sensation after drinking.
Besides,he expressed the container clearly in which an appetizers were stacked up.His expression makes us look at,smell,taste,touch and drink the wine
No other author can stimulate the fifth sense,even the sixth snese of the readers with the words of the writer than the male author,the female writer said like that.
By the way,I'm impressed with the sensivity of the female writer. When eating and drinking something delicious,I've never thought of anything.
After eating,it's just that I thought it was delicious.Her expression continues after that but I'll stop expressing in English.
If going on expressing,I'm afraid it prevents me from eating and drinking anything delicious any more.Preparation? Oh...
Continuation of the response of No12
【The Cold War started】
［Soviet also opposed with the Cominform］
He gathered them as comrade who sought for socialism and tried to solidify their unity.
Not only solidifying the unity between Soviet and each country in Eastern Europe,but making the movement against governments who were cooperative with America and America itself in each country on the Wwestern side rouse,and tried to stop the containment policy by America.
To tell the truth,an organization of international Communism used to exist before the World War Ⅱ,and we called it the Comintern. Its center was Soviet.
The Communist Parties in each country all over the world was a branch of the International Communism of which headquarters was in Moscow.
The Communist Party of each country had been sought to take action for realization of revolution in the world,according to direction of Moscow.
The revolution in the world means changing the countries into socialism all over ther world.
【The Cold War started】
［Soviet also opposed with Cominform］
When the World War Ⅱ broke out,America and Soviet fought in partnership,and the organization of the Comintern showed attitude whic didn't fight against America,and broke up.
The Cominform which was formed after the World War Ⅱ wasn't the organization like the Cominterm. It didn't direct the Communist Party in each country but the one in which information and idea were exchanged. Soviet said like that.
However it criticized the Communist Party which disobeyed a direction of Stalin,and forced a principle for activity to a Communist Party which took action in the Western countries.
It functioned as international despotic organization for Stalin.
The Western countries like America regared the existence of the organization as evidence which changing the countires into Communism all over the world.
As a result,the Cominform caused wariness among the Western side more and more.
［The peace by a nucuear weapon］
The Cold War..
【The Cold War started】
〔The peace with nuclear weapons〕
The Cold War between the East and West brought the peace with nuclear weapons.America developed an atomic bomb and used it for Japan just before at the end of the World War Ⅱ.
As Stalin knew that America proceeded with the development for the atomic bomb,he made the development for the atomic bomb urge in Soviet,and Soviet had also learned to possess the atomic bomb before long after the World War Ⅱ.
The atomic bomb developed into a hydrogen bomb which is more powerful,and we've learned to call two of them nuclear weapons.
The destructive power of the nuclear weapon was different from the others until then.
If two countries which possess the nuclear weapon were at war,The war would become
a tragic one in which the nuclear weapon was used,and everyone thought both of the country would be completely destroyed then.
The terror made the war between America and Soviet restrain.It's the theory of nuclear deterrence.
【The Cold War started】
〔The peace with nuclear weapons〕
Then a strange situation,what is called the peace with nuclear weapons,started after the World War Ⅱ.
If a hostile country uses the nuclear weapon before our country do,our country also has the nuclear weapon with which we can counterattack,so we can check the movements of the hostile country.As a result we have to prepare for plenty of the nuclear weapons.
Thus the both sides of the East and West went on producing plenty of the nuclear weapons.The competition of producing nuclear weapons which annihilated the whole of the human kind on the earth over and over again was unfolded.
As to the nuclear weapon in the early days,a bomber plane had to raid to the hostile country deeply and to fall the nuclear bomb over the base or the big city,so the situation in which an American large bomber plane always waited high up in the sky near Soviet continued.
After that,a missile loaded with the nuclear weapon was developed,being able..
【The Cold War started】
〔The peace with the nuclear weapon〕
After that,a missile loaded with the nuclear weapon was developed,being able to fire into the hostile country direct,and it was mass-produced.
Besides,having learned to be able to fire the missile from a submarine.There is a base which fires the missile on the ground,and the hostile country recognizes its location,so it's possible that a first blow from the hostile country may lead to annihilation on one's own country.
On the other hand,the hostile country couldn't recognize the location of the submarine,so the submarine which made loaded with the missile carrying the nuclear weapon deploy under the sea of each country in the world.
What if a person in upper level of the government or other one in upper class of the military army in either sides was possessed by a delusion,and put a button for firing the nuclear weapon?
We were to be forced to be threatened by the terror in the whole world.It means that the nuclear..
【The Cold War started】
〔The peace with the nuclear weapon〕
It means that the nuclear weapon isn't the one we can't use. As a result, except for the nuclear weapon, the development and competition for ordinary weapons made progress.
〔NATO and Warsaw Treaty〕
The military opposition between the both sides of the East and West in Europe became a form of NATO between Warsaw Treaty.
Each nation in the Eastern Europe became a satellite country for Soviet. They took in action in a body under the order from Soviet.
When looking at it, each country in the West was seized with fear. Each of them was too small to have power of tremendous military strength,so a plan that the countries in the West put themselves together and had the huge military strength occurred. It's NATO.
12 countries like America, England, France, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Italy, Iceland, Luxembourg, Holland, Norway and Portugal joined in the NATO,and the organization was inaugurated in 1949.
After that Greece, and..
【The Cold War started】
〔NATO and Warsaw Treaty〕
After that Greece and Turkey joined in 1952, Western Germany in 1952, Spain in 1982, and the number of the country which joined in NATO became 16.
Even if only one of countries which joined in NATO is attacked with the military force, the organization regards it as attack to the whole countries which participate in NATO, and counterattack in cooperation. It's the aim of NATO.
The way of thinking of exercising the right of collecting self-defense 集団的自衛権. America went into defense for the Western Europe so as to confine Soviet in the Cold War,and deployed American military base each place in the Western Europe,and maintained tremendous military strength there.
On the other hand,the Eastern side responded to the inauguration of NATO violently.
Representatives of 8 countries like Soviet,Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Eastern Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania gathered in Warsaw of Poland concluded the Mutual Aid Treaty in 1955.
【The Cold War started】
〔NATO and Warsaw Treaty〕
The military force which is based on the Mutual Aid Treaty is the Warsaw Treaty Organization.
Tough it started as military organization which opposed the Western side, if the country which joined in the treaty tried to escape from influence under Soviet, the organization played a part of preventing it from escaping with the military force.
It changed into the organization which controlled the satellite countries with the military force by the Soviet army.
〔The Cold War was over and the organization changed〕
After the Cold War was over, the Warsaw Treaty Organization dissolved.
Three countries which joined in the Warsaw Treaty Organization like Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia in the Eastern side participated in NATO.
Besides, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,Romania,Slovakia, and Slovenia in 2004. Contrary to it, the aim of NATO changed from the defense for Western countries to the security in the whole Europe.
【The Cold War started】
〔NATO and Warsaw Treaty Organization〕
A military intervention by NATO happened in order to stop the civil war in the place where we used to call Yugoslavia. I'm going to express its detail later on.
The organization was born in the middle of the Cold War, and always prepared for a war, but any bullet wasn't fired during the Cold War.
However the instant moment the Cold War was over, the organization exercised its military force for the first time ironically.
『The Internet was born from the Cold War』
We've always learned to make use of the internet everyday life, and I've also used the appliance just now. It's originally a technology which was born from the Cold War.
If Soviet attacked America with a missile and the military computers in America were destroyed, the whole America would be paralyzed. The Pentagon was worried about it.
All the computers are connected with the central computers. It's a centralized computer. If the central computer is the ...
【The Cold War started】
〔The Internet was born from the Cold War〕
If the central computer doesn't work,the function of the whole computer will be paralyzed, so connecting lots of computers in the whole country with the lines for telephone, then a network is completed.
Then if one of the computers is the trouble, we can maintain the whole network through other route. It's an idea of the Internet.
Its research started in 1969 as one link of a project in the Pentagon, with the end of the Cold War,it was allowed to take advantage of the internet for business in 1990, and the internet has spread throughout the whole the world at once.
The Internet was born during the Cold War, and grew up with the end of the Cold War.
〔The Cold War was over,then...〕
The Cold War could have been over,but after that the situation in which we should call a new Cold War is going to happen.
President Bush in America set forth defense system by missile so as to protect the missile from other countries.
【The Cold War started】
〔The Cold War was over then..〕
And America went into arrangement of the system for interception missile, besides , the development of a small nuclear weapon which is being able to use has resumed, Reinforcement of the military force continued.
Its immediate aim is preparing for the attack of the missile from Iran or North Korea. It is clear that the purpose includes Russia and China as potential enemy.
Contrary to it, the Soviet Union collapsed, and Russia became weak for the time being,but it started to organize and to reinforce its military system under the President Putin. The government of the power of the state is remarkable, Things begin to take on a new aspect in Russia.
China invested its money in expansion of military force, and is going to be a new Major.The structure of opposition has been indicated again in the world.
【Germany was divided into the East and West】
〔The Wall in Berlin〕
Two people were running for the Wall in the Eastern Berlin.
【Germany was divided into the East and West】
〔The Wall in Berlin〕
An English secret agent who accomplished his duty in the Eastern Germany tried to run away with his girlfriend to the West side. A vacant land along with the Wall spread out right and left in front of them. The vacant land was about 30 feet away from them.
They saw a watchtower on the right. It's about 70 feet away from them. The light of searchlight from the watch tower crawled on the vacant land.
It's the last part of an English spy novel,The spy who came back from a cold country,published by Hayakawa Library.The author didn't say its ending in the book which I've expressed. This novel was made into a movie.
The Wall which divided Germany into the East and West caused plenty of stories, but the Wall was destroyed and it doesn't exist at present.
The Wall vanished and time passed,then there seem to be some people who misunderstand that the Wall in Berlin was the border between Germany of East and West, but it ...
【Germany was divided into East and West.】
〔I'm a citizen in Berlin〕
However,the Wall in Berlin wasn't actually the border of Germany between East and West. Then what is the Wall in Berlin which used to be a symbol on the Cold War?
The late President Kennedy visited West Berlin in Germany July in 1963, and made a speech for the people in West Germany like the next.
Wherever the person lives, all the people who love the freedom are citizens in Berlin, therefore I'm going to say proudly, I'm a citizen in Berlin. The last paragraph was said in German.
The people got wildly excited at the speech in West Berlin. The East side suddenly built the Wall and Germany was divided into East and West. The people in West Berlin isolated from Eastern Berlin.
However Kennedy declared that he was the citizen in Berlin,and showed the people the solidarity and support by the West side in Western Germany.
〔Germany which was occupied by the Allied Powers.〕
The capital,Berlin in Germany was besieged..
【Germany was divided into East and West】
〔Germany which was occupied by the Allied Forces〕
The capital, Berlin in Germany was besieged by Soviet army April in 1945, and Hitler held a wedding ceremony with Eva Brown who had been married with him for a long time, and after that he committed suicide.
Germany invaded and conquered the vast territory in the European Continent in the World War Ⅱ, but it was attacked by Soviet Army.from the east and by the Allied Force of America and England from the west.
After Hitler was dead, without existing a legitimate government, the German Army surrendered to both America, England, and Soviet unconditionally May.
Soviet Army attacked and occupied the east side of the Elbe River flowing in Germany, and America did the west side of the river,according to the decision of the Allied Force.
As a result, the eastern Germany was occupied by the Soviet Army, and the western Germany was done by America, England, and France. It became the cause of........
【Germany which was divided into east and west】
〔Germany which was occupied by the Allied Force〕
Germany was occupied by four countries, and it was a cause of division of Germany into east and west.
A land reform was done in the area where the Soviet Army occupied from September in 1945, and the land which was larger than 100 hectare was confiscated. Nationalization of the key industry was made progress. The way of Soviet was adopted extremely.
On the other hand, three States were set up in the area where America occupied,and the governments in the State were appointed. America hated the centralization of power,and aimed at establishing of decentralized federation, being based on the government in the State.
The power was transferred to the government in the State greatly. The way of America was adopted drastically.
The fate of the area was changed so much, according as the Army of which country occupied there.
On the other hand, Japan was almost single occupation by ....
【Germany which was divided into west and east】
〔Germany which was occupied by the Allied Force〕
Japan used to be almost a single occupation by America alone after the World War Ⅱ,so Germany is different from Japan in relation to the way of being occupied.
〔The consciousness for anti-Germany〕
There were some countries which were attacked by German Empire,and lots of people had a terrible experience. Germany was divided into two, and its national strength dropped.
As a result, those plenty of people expected that Germany would never invade other countries around Germany again,especially a French writer フランソワ モリヤック said like the next ironically.
I love Germany,so the two Germany is desirable.
〔The capital,Berlin was administered in partnership〕
The whole Germany was divided and occupied by the four countries, Berlin which is to the east of the Elbe River became the area where Soviet occupied with regard to
its location.
However it was the capital, so the four countries......
【Germany was divided into east and west】
〔The capital, Berlin was administered in partnership〕
However Berlin was the capital, so it was administered by the four countries. Inside Berlin was also done by the same way.The east side was done by Soviet, and the west was America, England, and France.
In short Berlin was divided into east and west and occupied. It became a miniature copy of the whole Germany.
Which side should administer the whole capital which was divided and occupied?
Soviet and other three countries of America, England and France were opposed everything.
Soviet tried to manage to put the whole Berlin under its influence. After the World War Ⅱ,an election of a member of the city council was done by the people in Berlin.
The result of the election was like the next.
The rate of the number of votes obtained on a political party which was close to Soviet was no more than 20 %, on the other hand,other political party which was anti- Soviet was 49 %.
【Germany was divided into east and west】
〔The capital,Berlin was administered in partnership〕
A mayor who was anti-Soviet was elected by the members of the city council,but Soviet didn't approve of the existence of the mayor who was disobedient to Soviet.
After all the mayor who was elected by the whole residents in Berlin was installed in the area limited to the western Berlin alone, where America, England, and France administered.
〔Opposition over a reform currency〕
Soviet was opposed to the three countries in the West side not only over Berlin, but how they should handle Germany after the World War Ⅱ.
The thinking way of Stalin in Soviet was simple and obvious. Soviet suffered from a heavy damage from the war against Germany, so he thought he should recover from Germany as much as possible.
He wasn't interested in reconstruction of Germany after the World War Ⅱ at all. In fact plenty of mechanical equipment was sent to Soviet from German factories which was in the area....
【Germany was divided into east and west】
［Opposition over currency reform］
In fact lots of mechanical equipment was sent from the German factories Where the Soviet Army occupied to the factories in Soviet.
On the other hand, America was worried about how to reshape the German economy which was confused with the war,so two of the countries were opposed extremely.
They stood in opposition over the problem on the currency above all.
Soviet got the original plate of Germany bill and printed and issued lots of the bills in the eastern area.
The country issued the bills of the foreign country as it pleased and tried to get what they needed.
If issuing plenty of the bills,it is natural for the inflation, but Soviet didn't matter in the least. The German economy wouldn't revive forever in this situation.
America and England issured a new currency and planed to reconcile the authority of issuing bill in Germany. They tried to control the amount of the bill,and to suppress the.....
【Germany was divided into east and west】
［The opposition over currency reform］
The two countries tred to control the amount of the bill and to suppress the inflation. Its aim was the revival for the German economy.
On the other hand, Soviet thouth that it wanted to get the whole Berlin and planed to issue originanl currecy by Soviet in Berlin alone.
The way of Soviet repelled America and England,and the two countries decided to issue their original currency June in 1948. The currency could be used not only in the Western Germany but in the western area of Berlin.
Soviet was angry with it and tried to stop issuing their currency. The country responded that it blockaded the western area in Berlin where America, England, and France occupied.
［The western area in Berlin became an isolated island on the land］
Both Berlin and eastern area in Berlin were in the place where Soviet occupied, so the western area in Berlin became a isolated island on the land as if it have floated in..
【Germany was divided into east and west】
［The opposition over currency reform］
...so the western area alone in Berlin became an isolated island on the land as if it had floate in the place where Soviet occupied.
However there was the railway from the western area in Berlin, and the people there could use the superhighway in Berlin, but Soviet closed all those transport facilities.
In addition, Soviet stop supplying electric power, coal, food, and raw materials to the western area in Berlin from the place where Soviet occupied.
Soviet tried to starve the isolated island on the land.
Without being sent the supplies like the food from outside, the life of residents can't be maintained in the big city like the western area in Berlin.
The residents of which number were about two million faced the crisis of starvation.
Soviet thought that the blockade was so hard that the Western side gave up and accepted what Soviet wanted to do. It was a threat that the residents in the ......
【Germany was divided into east and west】
［The opposition over currency reform］
It was a threat that the residents in the western Berlin were held hostage, but the forcible style of Soviet repelled America and England violently.
The threat developed into a large scale of campaign,Save the residents in the western area of Berlin! The operation by the Western side was called to the one, a temporary bridge in the sky.
The operation was sending all the supplies what the residents of the number of about two million in the western area of Berlin by transport plane in the U.S. Army.
The planes rushed back and forth and flied to the two airports in the western Berlin from three airports in the Western Germany. Thus the large amount of the supply was carried by air.
Iron plates were spread all over vacant lands in the airport in the western Germany. It's a temporary runway,and a temporary air traffic controller was set up, and the operation of a large scale of air transportaion was done.
Oh! I made a mistake. As to the subtitle of the last response,instead, the oppositon over currency reform, it's the which I'm going to express in the lower place like the next as usual.
【Berlin was divided into east and west】
［The western area in Berlin which became an isolated island on the land］
The United States Air Force made a tranport plane fly every one minute in the peak hour of the operation. It's a kind of stunt. The times of amount of flying reached to about 280.000.
On the other hand, an ariplane accident happened one after another in the overcrowded operation of air transportaion, and it took a toll of the number of 65 in the whole operation.
America sent a message through the large scale of operation by the air transportaion like the next.
They wouldn't abandon the residents in the western area of Berlin absolutely, and the threat by Soviet was a failure.
Soviet lifted the blockade on the western area in Berlin May in 1945. It took about a year.
【Berlin was divided into east and west】
［The western area in Berlin which became an isolated island on the land］
The operatrion of a temporary bridge in the sky was over at the end of July, and the blockade on the western area in Berlin made the redidents there and the Western Germany which was occupied feel couclusive for anti-Soviet,and anti-Coummunist Party.
In short Stalin lost both the western area in Berlin and Western Germany.
［Two of German both of east and west were formed］
The repeated counterattack by Soviet made America, England, France give up the trial of building unification of Germany.
The western side of Germany where the three countries occupied was formed as Germany September in 1949.
On the other hand the eastern side of Germany where Soviet occupied was also organized as Germany under a despotic politica party October in the same year. Thus Germany became a divided nation.
［Construction the Wall in Berlin］
When waking in the mornig the residents in.....
【Germany was divided into east and west】
［Construction the Wall in Berlin］
When waking in the mornigh of Sunday, the residents in Berlin found that Berlin was divided into east and west with the wall and barbed wire August 1961.
The Eastern side of Germany started to build the Wall so as not that the people in the Eastern side run away to the Western side.
Berlin was separated into east and west with the Wall,and then about 1.3 thousand of policemen and armed militia were pressed into the construction from the morning a.m. 0 on Sunday. It's the start of the Wall in Berlin.
The Western side of Germany developed satisfactorily because of the help from America. The freedom of speech was also secured there.
On the other hand, Soviet carried away the mechanical eqipment from the factories thoroughly, the reconstruction for the economy was force to start from scratch in the Eastern side of Germany.
Besides, there was no freedom for speech there, and the whole nation was covere .....
【Germany was divided into east and west】
［Construction the Wall in Berlin］
...and there was no freedom of speech there,ant the whole nation was covered with dark and heavy atmosphere.
Soviet announced a plan of economy by group was conclusive than any other thing in 1959.
This plan is based on the stiffening theory of Socialism in Soviet and the Eastern Germany. Wiping out capitalists who have production means, and constructing the society by labors who doesn't have the production means.
It had been thought this was the construction of the socialism.
Farmers have production means like land and apparatus for agriculture, so they can't be called them bourgeois exactly,but they were classified as petit bourgeois with a socialistic point of view.
As a result,confiscating the land from the farmers and make them work in the farmland as group in its theory.
Besides, a small scale of factories run by family and a retail stores were also classified as petit bourgeois,so those...
【Germany was divided into east and west】
〔Construction the Wall in Berlin〕
...so both those small scale of factories run by family and retail stores were reorganized into the large scale ones and large stores.
There were lots of people who inherited farmlands, factories, and stores from generation to generation in the family became despondent, and they started to escape to the Western Germany.
In the border between the east and west,there were barbed wires and land mines, so the people couldn't go into the Eastern Germany from the West easily, but they could do in Berlin in their own country.
There was a limit for the defense on the border between the east and west, the people in the Eastern Germany rushed to the Western Germany. Once being in the western area of Berlin, they could go into the Western Berlin by railway,air,or superhighway.
The people who escaped from the Eastern Germany to the Western Germany using these routes increased extremely in 1961. It is said that no ...
【Germany was divided into east and west】
〔Construction the Wall in Berlin〕
It is said that no less than about 3.5 million people ran away from the Eastern Germany to the Western since the country was divided. Lots of specialists like doctors, scientists, technical experts, and intellectuals.
As a result, after that the Eastern Germany ended up suffering from being short of talented people who were indispensable the development for economy, so the country started to build the wall so as to prevent them from escaping.
Constructing the wall which prevent its people from running away meaning that accepting that the country was hard to dwell on there as if it had been a jail, but it couldn't pay attention to it any more.
The people who couldn't meet their family members increased one after another owing to the all of a sudden the division on the morning of the Sunday.
The Wall constructed by the Eastern Berlin almost surrounded the Western Berlin. The Wall wasn't constructed..
【Germany was divided into east and west】
〔Construction The Wall in Berlin〕
The Wall wasn't constructed not only between the border of both the eastern and western area of Berlin, but it reached the whole border between the two countries.
The author continued like the next.
The Wall in Berlin wasn't constructed as border between the two countries, but it separated Berlin as if it had been floated in the Eastern Germany east and west. Does it mean that the wall was by far stronger than the border? I'm not sure of it.
In the beginning, it was the barbed wires alone, but it changed into the concrete wall which was solidly built.
As to its length, it reached 43.1 km between the border eastern and western area of Berlin, and the whole length was no less than 155 km.
Speaking of the Wall in Berlin, it's just that the wall alone from which the people could see in the Western side.
However in fact beyond the wall in the Western side, there were obstacle which prevent the people from..
【Germany was divided into east and west】
〔Construction the Wall in Berlin〕
...there were lots of obstacles which prevent the people from running from the Eastern Germany, and there was other wall which belonged to the Eastern wall, according to the illustration on the book. It seemed that there were two walls and there were obstacles between the walls.
It was about 100 meter between the two walls. If there was the one who tried to approach to the wall, it'd be discovered and be shot to death by a watchman. The watchman who shoot to death was won official commendation actually.
I'm going to express on the obstacles from now on.
There were wire netting, and ditch. The watching was done twenty four hours a day by watchmen and watchdogs. Even if a fugitive could overcome the obstacle, there was sandy soil in front of the fugitive. When running away,it was forced to be on the sandy soil its own footprint.
The streetlights lit up around place at night. The number of the watchtower ...
【Germany was divided into east and west】
〔Construction the Wall in Berlin〕
To my sorrow, I'm not good at explaining something to people who read this thread in English, and am to apt to jump to conclusion, so I have to add something to this response.
At first,What is called the Wall in Berlin was constructed by the Eastern Germany, after that lots of people run away from its country to the west side,so the country constructed the second wall and obstacles, needless to say, the second wall has nothing to do with what is called the Wall in Berlin.
To return to our main topic, I'm going to start again.
The number of the watch tower was 302, the watchmen were about ten thousand, watch dogs were six hundred.
We can understand how desperately the Eastern Germany tried to prevent its people escaping from its country.
In this way, the western area in Berlin was surrounded by the wall, but a railway and superhighway linked through the two countries.
If being recognized it belonged to..
【Germany was divided into east and west】
〔Construction the Wall in Berlin〕
If being recognized it belonged to the Western Germany at the checkpoint at the Easter side, it could go into the Eastern side, but it's just that the railway and superhighway was allowed to pass through in the territory of the Eastern Germany.
〔The tragedy started〕
The tragedy by the Wall in Berlin started like that. After the Wall was constructed, there were plenty of people in the Eastern side who tried to go over and run away into the Western side. It is said that 239 people were shot to death by watchmen.
However no less than about five thousand people succeeded in escaping into the Western side. Soldiers belong to the Eastern Germany were included among them.
The Wall in Berlin was the symbol in the Cold War, and it was treated as subject in novels. 28 years passed from its construction to collapse.
〔The Wall was destroyed and...〕
The wall on the border is originally preventing some people....
【Germany was divided into east and west】
［The Wall was destructed and..］
The Wall on border is originally preventing harmful pepople who are against its courntry or illegal drugs from flowing its country.
However, if the wall plays a role so as to prevent its people escaping to neighboring countries, it's deplorable. After all, it didn't continue so long.
However those Walls were constructed between the borders of both the Eastern and Western European countries during the Cold War. Its aim was as same as the Wall in Berlin.
The military border in the Korean peninsula is also the same role which perevents the people in North Korean escaping to the South Korean.
The new Wall in the 21the century is being under construction by the Israeli government between Israel and a self-governing dominion of the Palestine along the Jordan River.
The long tall wall has been constructed there in order to defend terrorists of the Palestine from coming into Israel.
Even if being able to .......
Continuation from the last response.
Even if being able to make the wall physically, on one can stop the stream of information.
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet,criticism to Stalin】
［Confusion was exposed by a submarine］
A nuclear powered submarine in Russian Navy sank in the northern sea of Russia August in 2008. Then the Russian government was unwilling to show its information on the sank of the submarine in the beginning.
Even if it showed little information, the content of the information changed halfway again and again, so there was a criticism like the next.
The nature of Russian secretive methods have not been changed,especially a shocking thing was like the next.
There was a family member of the crew in the submarine who searched the responsibility of the executive in the navy. Then a woman approached the family member from behind.
Then the family member wore a coat, but the woman gave the person injection over the coat, and the picture was on the TV camera.
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, criticism to Stalin】
［Confusion was exposed on the sank of a submarine］
The woman seemed to insist on injecting medicine for his chronic illness on the report from overseas mass media, but who would inject that medicine over the coat? There was a criticism like the next.
The situation in Russia reminded us of the gloomy time in the Soviet Union. The history in the time of the Soviet Union reamins deep-rootedly even just now.
［The countries which belonged to the Soviet Union which suffers from plenty of confusions.］
By the way, I've expressed this book, そうだったのか！ 現代史 in English, and this book was written in 2007, so its information was a little old.
Considering the latest information, if adding to some comment on this book, I find it better, but to my sorrow, I have little knowledge, so I'm forced to describe as the book says. Please understand it.
An organization of guerilla of Checheya who sought independecy from Russia fought against.
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
［Some countries which belonged to Sovied Union suffer from confusions］
The organization of guerilla of the Chechnya who sought for independency from Russia have fought against the Russian militaly violently in the country of Chechbnya.
Except for it, there have been various racial disputes between some countries in the territory where we used to call the Soviet Union or in modern Russia.
Kirghiz has been independent from Russia August 1999, and four Japanese people went there on business, but a guerilla took them as hostage.
Almost all of causes of those disputes was Stalin who used to be a leader in Soviet Union. When the Soviet Union was established, he became the leader right after that.
The countries which belonged to the Soviet Union continued to be worried about the negative legacy even at present.
What kind of person was Stalin who brought that big disaster, and why was the one born like Stalin?
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
［The time when everyone feared Stalin］
The one asked, Can we buy someone excellent and innocent?
Other answered, No, but we can sell it.
It's an anecdote, and in this condition, the anecdote means a satirical political tale in Russia.
Lots of people were arrested, being sent to the Concentration Camp,or being executed because of anonymous information in Soviet in the time when Stalin governed. The tale satirized the situation, and the sell means the anonymous information.
The Russian Revolution happened in Russia in 1917, and a political party led by Lenin came into power, and the political party became the Communist Party after that.
After Lenin was dead, Stalin became his successor. Soviet was the country ruled by the Communist Party despotically, so being the top of the Communist Party is equal to the top of Soviet.
When Stalin became the leader in the country, the country ended up suffering from..........
【Something unbelevable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Sralin】
［The time when everyone feared Stalin］
When Stalin became the leader, the country ended up suffering from unprecedented troubles like purges, executions, and deaths by starvation by Stalin.
The number of the people who were dead by the trouble were too many to recognized its number. Plenty of people were forced to accept unexpected death then.
There is an episode which symbolizes a comment on Stalin.
When he went to a summer house, he was awaken by a distant baying of a dog. He asked, Whose dog prevents me from sleeping?
The guard answered, It's in the neighborhood.
Stalin ordered, Then look for and shoot to death.
In the next morning, he woke up and asked, Did you shoot the dog?
The guide answered, The dog was a guide dog, and it was shot to death.
Then Staling was indignant and told the guard to shoot the blind as well. After for a while he heard two shots, and he was satisfied with it.
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔An anecdote on Khrushchev〕
The criticism to Stalin by Khrushchev started, an anecdote was born in Soviet like the next.
When starting to criticize Stalin by Khrushchev, one of the audience cried.
Then, what were you doing?
Khrushchev asked the audience in return.
Who said it?
No one answered it.
Khrushchev said.
All right,it's what I'd done, I was quiet.
〔The secret report by Khrushchev〕
After Stalin was dead, the secret report by Khrushchev was done in a national meeting. When Stalin led in Soviet,what happened then? It was a shocking report.
The members of the delegation were asked to kept strictly secret on the content in the national meeting, but it was leaked to the communist party in the countries in the Eastern Europe, and the Department of State caught it and released it.
The secret report remained secret in Soviet until then, but after that it was announced there, so lots of people knew it.
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔The secret report by Khrushchev〕
When Stalin led Soviet, plenty of the members of the delegation were arrested and shot to death. Its number reached to about more than a thousand.
All of them were labelled an enemy for the people, and were sentenced to death in the secret court and were executed at once.
Stalin ordered a court of justice to sentence those people to death, after that to execute them right away
When investigating, a torture was allowed to be done, and if they didn't admit their crime, the investigation forced them to admit their crime by force with the torture.
Khrushchev said with regard to it like the next.
Stalin told the investigator to come and see him and gave him a direction, advising the way the investigator should adopt when investigating. The way was very simple and cruel.
Strike, beat, hit more and more, strike, beat, hit..
〔Stalin who was suspicious〕
The report said Stalin was...
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Stalin was suspicious〕
The secret report said that Stalin was suspicious abnormally. Khrushchev said like the next.
Stalin was the one who had never any confidence to others. He used to stare at someone and to say like that. Why do you try not to look at me in the eye?
It seemed that Stalin felt as if there had been plenty of spies, enemies, and hypocrites everywhere.
He had such the limitless authority that he behaved himself tyranically in relation to slaughter to others in both point of physical and mental.As a result, no one could show him its own will.
Besides, the report said a remark on an executive.
When being invited by Stalin as friend, and if sitting with him, I wasn't sure what happened after that. Whether I could go home or he got me throw into prison. I had no idea what he would do next. That kind of things used to happen sometimes.
We can understand the people around Stalin were frightened ...
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Even if being innocent, executives who accepted the death penalty〕
We can understand the situation that the people around Stalin were frighten at his every movements, and no one could do anything had went on for a long time.
It is pitiful that even if the reign of terror continued, there were plenty of executives who believed in the justification of the communist party and accepted the capital punishment.
An executive said in the court like the next.
I yielded to the pressure by the investigator and was forced to confess. The investigator went on torturing me since I was arrested. I've never joined in any conspiracy nor committed any crime.
I believe in the justification of the communist party like that I've been until now through my lifetime, and I'm going to be dead.
This executive was shot to death after two days.
The episode tells us a tragedy the executives who were put under spell that the party..
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
［Self-praise of Stalin］
The episode tells us a tragedy that executives who had put under spell that the party is always right, is absolutely right.
When Stalin was alive, his bronze statue was made each place in Soviet day after day,and the report that how splendid Stalin was done.
His biography was issued in 1948. The book was filled with flattering compliments on him like the next, the greatest leader, or the best strategist in the whole races until now.
There are parts where Stalin himself added to, but Khrushchev exposed it.
Stalin solveed the problems as leader for the party and the people enough, and won the support from the whole people of the Soviet.
On the other hand, he couldn't allow something proud, conceited, and haughty of others for his political activities.
［A terrible knock in midnight］
The report was filled with cruelty of Staling, but it was arrests and execution for innocent....
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔A terrible knock in midnight〕
... but it's just the arrest and execution of innocent people inside the communist party alone which Khrushchev criticized. He didn't mention on the cruelty and tragedy on the secret report at all except for inside the communist party.
There was suddenly a knock on a house in the midnight when everyday was fast asleep. When responding the knock, there were an officials in charge in the secret police of the Communist Party, and they took the family member to the police station by force, and the one who was taken never came back.
It was everyday occurrence when Stalin led in Soviet.
There isn't clear data about how many people the secret police execute actually, but it seemed no less than 8 million people were execute or thrown into the Concentration Camp at least.Others said its number was from about 12 to 15 million,
There were the ones who were executed in the military.
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔A terrible knock in midnight〕
The execution reached the military force. Lots of generals were falsely labelled a spy. Three of five of marshals and all the admirals were executed, and its number reached thousands, one fifth of the whole officials.
Even if a war broke out, those number of officials weren't dead, especially capable officials were dead so much before Germany invaded into Soviet, Soviet became weak altogether,so it was beaten thoroughly in the early stage of the war of the World War Ⅱ.
The number of victims were about 6.34 million, including private citizens, and one of reasons of plenty of victims was the military purge by Stalin right before the war broke out.
〔Farmers were slaughtered by adopting a way of group of farm〕
When the modern Russia was still called Soviet Union, and it adopted the socialism, the country was always met with the food shortage, and it had to import plenty of grain..
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Farmers were slaughtered by adopted a way of group of farm〕
... so Soviet had to import lots of grain from America every year. Then an anecdote used to be popular among Soviet like the next then.
If even America becomes the socialism, from which country Soviet should buy the grain? The people were aware that the agriculture didn't go well on account of the socialism in Soviet.
It was the group of farm by Stalin in 1929 which destroyed the agricultural base in Soviet, and caused not to revive the agriculture.
After the Russian revolution, Soviet had pushed forward the political policy which made much of heavy industries.
Joined the developed countries by force, and tried to show how splendid the socialism was, the country seemed to think like that.
As putting a great deal of effort of the country into the heavy industries so much that the farmers were in difficulty.
The price of farm products which the...
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Farmers were slaughtered by adopting the group of agriculture〕
The price of farm product which the farmer offered were suppressed with low price, so the farmers started to unwilling to offer the farm products. Stalin tried to break a deadlock of the situation, and started the group of farm.
He made each farmer stop the agricultural work, and gathered all of them in the farmland as group and made them work there, and made them deliver the harvested farm product to the nation.
The agriculture didn't go well owing to the capitalists in the farming villages, the wealthy farmers. Let's wipe out the wealthy farmers in the farming villages in order to push forward the socialism, Stalin thought like that.
The farmlands were made each place and other farmlands possessed by private farmers were confiscated, and the confiscated farmlands belonged to the farmland of group.
The livestock possessed by the farmer was .....
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Farmers were slaughtered by adopting the farming as group〕
Livestock which the farmer had was also confiscated, so the farmers themselves slaughtered their domestic animals, for the farmers thought they would rather slaughter the domestic animals than to be confiscated. It was done in a wide range in Soviet.
The farmers were classified into the wealthy and poor by force in the farmland. The wealthy were killed or were thrown into the Concentration Camp and were engaged in the forced labor there. The poor made to be the labor in the farmland as group.
It is said that the policy of wiping out the wealthy farmer made almost nine million of farmers drive out of the farmland, and about half of them were executed.
〔Agricultural base collapsed due to the farming as group〕
What happened by the farming as group?
The ones who were classified into the wealthy in the farmlands were the ones who were hard-working farmers.
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Agricultural base collapsed due to the farming as group〕
The ones who were classified into the wealthy tackled to the farming with its family members so eagerly that they could lead wealthy everyday life relatively each of the farmland.
However the ones who tackled the farming with fever didn't exist because of wiping out of those hard workers on agriculture
On the other hand, the ones who were classified into the poor went into the farmland as group. They were labors. As long as they work in regulated hours, they earned their salary.
Even if they work overtime, their salary didn't increase, so the desire for working declined, but the agriculture was done in nature.
If it is likely to frost, they need to build a fire all night so as to prevent the field from cooling.
If dry weather continued, they have to be worried about the water. It doesn't always mean that it's all right if working from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Agricultural base collapsed because of the farming as group〕
In spite of the situation, the ones who did overtime didn't exist, the crop on agricultural product in Soviet dropped extremely.
Though Ukraine which was called a grain belt in Russia and had always been rich harvest, the place was suffering from a famine then.
A tragedy of starving to death of the ones who were engaged in agriculture unfolded in the farmland which used to be rich in Russia.
Soviet went on being worried about the food shortage every year after that because of the destruction of agricultural base thoroughly. It continued until Soviet collapsed.
〔An oppression to a minority race〕
When the Russian revolution broke out, its population was over a hundred million, but the Russian race wasn't more than half. The country was an aggregate of multi ethnic.
If various races crowded in a local place, the solidarity as race heightened, and they...
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Oppression to a minority race〕
...then they would start an independent movement from Soviet, Stalin was worried about it. Suspicious nature of Stalin appeared here.
He adopted a policy of making some of minority races each place move as group. Sending some minority races who had nothing to do with them each other far away.
For example, Chechnya. In Chechnya where a violent fight against Russia and activities of guerrilla continues just now, the people were forced to do the mass immigration to the Central Asia or Siberia when Stalin led.
After Stalin was dead, they were admitted to return their homeland, but their grudge and distrust to Soviet intensified.
The Tatar people who used to live in the Crimea Peninsula were made to move Uzbekistan. After the Tatar people were driven out, the Russian people started to live there.
Even after the Soviet Union collapsed, the Tatar people continued the movement of ..
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Oppression to a minority race〕
Even after Soviet collapsed, the Tatar people continue the movement for coming back to Crimea Peninsula.
Stalin adopted not only the movement but also separation.
He feared that five Islam races may unite and resist against Soviet, so he divided the race into five republics by force. Those republics become independent ones like,Kazakhstan, Kirghiz, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan at present.
Four Japanese people went to Kirghiz on business August in 1999,the guerrilla took them as hostage.
By the way, though there were about 300 characters were left, to be sleepy to endure. Good night, every body.
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, criticism to Stalin】
〔Oppression to a minority race〕
The central Asia was divided by Stalin by force then, and armed guerrilla tried to established a unified state by Islam alone, then the crime of taking the hostage happened.
In short, Stalin's policy is still having a lingering effect.
Except for Chechen,and Kirghiz, various racial disputes have happened in the countries which used to belong the Soviet Union or in Russia, and the racial mass immigration and the policy of separation for the race were caused by Stalin.
The seeds of trouble which Stalin planted still remained an unpleasant feeling. What he'd done is serious.
〔The one who was called Stalin〕
Staling isn't a real name but a Russian language. It means a man of iron in Russia. Lenin named him Stalin as the name for action of the Communist Party. He was born to a son of an artisan who made shoes in Georgia.
His school record was good, and he entered a theological..
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔The one who was called Stalin〕
Stalin entered a theological seminary, but started a movement for communism while being a student, so he was expelled from the school. After that he had done everything for the revolution, terrorism, assassination, and a bank robbery, especially notorious is a management of a house of prostitution.
He managed lots of the houses of prostitution, and when a guest paid money, its 10% was paid to the prostitute, 50% for the management for the house of prostitution, and 40% was for his own.
Stalin himself was also the guest of the house of the prostitution, except for Stalin, no one knew how much he contributed to the Communist Party from the 40% of the money he received.
Lenin sent him a letter and reprove him on his way like the next.
We've fought against exploitation by people, and whoever it is, even if a prostitute, if someone criticize us for exploitation from a person, it'll ...
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔The one who was called Stalin〕
...it'll a destructive damage for our movement, Lenin said like that.
However, it's just that he wrote to Stalin because he feared that the fact was reported in newspaper, and he added to the last of the letter like next.
When contributing to the money regularly, I recommend you say this money is from an anonymous sympathizer.
After his first wife was dead, Stalin married one after another, and had lovers, and when some women were tired of his endless human relation on women, and his cruelty, and criticizing him for them, some women died suspicious death, and others disappeared without knowing.
After Lenin was dead, Stalin hadn't control the Communist Party, so he was the partner of the right wing and oppressed the left wing, and after that he oppressed the right wing as well. His way was shrewd.
Wiping out all the people who had possibility of becoming his enemy, he came to ....
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Why was Stalin born?〕
...Stalin came to absolute power like that.
Why was born the dictator like Stalin?
When Hitler was born in Germany, the fascism political party came to power in a democratic election, and the dictator was born. We call the process the paradox in democracy.
When being in the nation of democracy, the people elect a statesman, and he comes to power. It's natural, but if he was the dictator, the next democratic election won't come true. We call it the paradox of the democracy.
Socialism declared that liberating the oppressed people, or extermination of the exploitation of human, which was done by human, but the dictator was born from the political party which announced high-minded policy.
While advocating releasing the people, the political party massacre the people. Unthinkable situation happened.
It happened not only in Soviet but in China, Cambodia, and North Korea. Why did they happen?
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, criticism to Stalin】
〔Why was Stalin born?〕
If saying it in a way of far-fetched, it may be the next structure, the author said like that.
Marxism and Leninism is scientific socialism, and the scientific means right. correct, so the leader of the political party which adopts the Marxism and Leninism is right.
As the leader is right, the action by done with its direction and order is also right. The order and direction is based on science, but if it doesn't go well, except for conspirator or betrayal inside the organization, there is no way of explaining it anyone.
Let's disclose the conspirator! Betraying the political party for the people is enemy for the people.
We sometimes call the theory an infallible myth. Infallible meaning it will never make a mistake. The political party for the people will never make a mistake.
Why do the one who aim at releasing the people from oppression kill the people?
It's a historical problem in.....
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Marxism and Leninism〕
It's a serious historical problem in common that plenty of people were killed in the war in the pretext of religion.
After Lenin was dead, Stalin originally started to say the word, the Marxism and Leninism.
The contradiction in capitalism causes a resistance from labors before long and the revolution is caused by the labor. It's the thought of Marx, and Lenin developed it into scientific one, it's the Marxism and Leninism.
Marx analyzed the economy of capitalism in his book, and said the capitalism would develop into socialism by the revolution of the labor in due time.
Then Marx thought that the revolution by the labor would happen in the country where the capitalism developed enough all sides.
On the other hand, Lenin thought even if in a country which was culturally backward, if a armed revolutionary with thought in center used military force, the revolution of socialism would happen.
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, criticism to Stalin】
〔Marxism and Leninism〕
We call it an armed uprising.
Putting the Marxism into practical use and adapting to the circumstance in Russia, it's the Marxism and Leninism.
The Russian revolution was successful, so the communist party each country started to think like the next.
The way of Russia is right, so each country has to cause the revolution with this way.
It depends on, for each country has each situation. The Marxism and Leninism isn't always with the revolution each country.
A Communism Party which thought like that appear later on so much.
〔Lenin's will〕
Lenin who was the leader of the Russian revolution ruined his health in his later years, he resigned from the position of the leader of the Communist Party.
He was worried about Stalin who would abuse his official authority so much that he delivered his will to executives of the Political Party. As to the will, it was expressed that after his death..
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Lenin's will〕
As for the will, it was supposed to be opened after his death, and the content of the will is like the next.
Stalin was very rough, and we can endure his shortcoming as long as it's among us the member of the Political Party, but if becoming the leader, his behaviors would be unforgivable.
So I propose you comrades remove him from his position, and replace him with other.
When opening the will, Stalin was also present at it, so no one knew the content of the will in the public, nor it was done.
〔Shock of criticism on Stalin〕
The criticism on Stalin shocked not only to the member of the Political Party but to the people all over the world.
While the Cold War between the East and West became serious, the people who aimed at causing the revolution in the countries of capitalism were encouraged with Stalin. He was their hope.
They seemed to think like the next.
Soviet has developed remarkably...
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Shock of criticism on Stalin〕
Soviet has developed so remarkably, under the guide who leads the release from the oppression that the countries in capitalism will reach a dead end , and they change into the socialism before long.
They thought like that.
Stalin was a big existence for the people of the side of establishment who oppressed the group of revolutionaries each country in capitalism.
When the death of Stalin was announced in 1953, the stock markets each place of America slumped. We call it the slump by Stalin.
Lots of stockholders were so worried about that one of leaders in both the East and West disappear, so the order in the world would be confused so badly that they sold their stocks, so the historic sudden fall happened.
In short, Stalin was the big existence for the world.
The criticism on Stalin also had a great influence on the Communist Party each country of the world. The Communist.....
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Shock of criticism on Stalin〕
The Communist Parties each country assumed that the line of the Socialism for Stalin was natural, and the theory of Stalin was the main stream of the Marxism and Leninism.
The response of the communist parties each country was various, but the movement of anti-Stalin was carried out more or less.
A fraction of communist party who advocated the anti-Stalin appeared in Japan as well.
On the other hand, China didn't allow the criticism on Stalin in the least. After that, the communist parties of both of the countries are opposed, we used to call it the opposition between China and Soviet, and the criticism was a direct cause on the opposition between the two countries.
Stalin who carried out the socialism with iron will firmly was a model for the communist party in China.
When a parade is done in China, tremendous poster of faces of three people, Lenin, Stalin, and Mao Zedong appear.
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, criticism to Stalin】
〔Hungary which was crushed with Soviet tanks〕
In short, Stalin was a good example for the communist party in China.
The criticism on Stalin was done in the general meeting again in the next time in 1961. This time its content was reported in newspaper, so the people in Soviet also recognized what Stalin done.
Stalin's body was laid out with treatment of preservation next to Lenin in the Red Square, but after the general meeting, it was withdrawn,and was cremate,and was buried under other graveyard.
The communist parties each country of Eastern Europe were confused with the criticism on Stalin. As the executives of the communist parties have accepted the orders from Stalin absolutely right, they weren't sure what to do.
They couldn't judge what kind of reforms they should, and there was no direction from Soviet. They tried to ease the rigid control,trembling with fear.
As a result, a revolt broke out in Hungary
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, criticism to Stalin】
〔Hungary was crushed with tanks of Soviet.〕
The criticism on Stalin was done by Khrushchev for the first time and after eight months, a rebellion broke out in Hungary which was a satellite country for Soviet October in 1956.
Students and labors gathered a meeting seeking reform to the communist party in Hungary, and a patrol unit fired at them, and the revolt broke out.
The communist party was surprised at the rebellion, and requested the Soviet Army to help. The Soviet Army dispatched a tank corps to its capital, Budapest, and a part of Hungary Army fired back and a street fight started. It's Hungary Upset.
The communist party in Hungary made Nagy Imre who belonged to the group of reform install the prime minister so as to suppress the revolt, though he was expelled until then, for the communist party couldn't pay no attention to the national intention for reform any more.
The Nagy prime minister sought.....
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Hungary which was crushed with tanks of Soviet Army〕
Nagi prime minister sought withdrawal the Soviet Army from Hungary and introduced multiple party system, in addition, he announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Treaty Organization and Hungary's neutrality.
However Soviet answered it with the tanks again. The Soviet Army dispatched a large military unit of 2500 of tanks and thousand of armored cars to Hungary, then the prime minister said on radio like the next.
This is Nagi Imre, and I'm the prime minister of Hungary. The tanks of the Soviet Army have attacked to Hungary before daylight today.
It is clear that they have come in order to crash our democracy, but the army of our country has resisted against it. The government has stood by its post. I'm going to tell it to the Hungarian and each country in the world.
The residents fired back to the tanks with hand-made grenade, but the tanks crushed the ........
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Hungary was crushed with tanks with the Soviet Army〕
...the tanks of the Soviet Army crushed the resistance with a bombardment indiscriminately. Roughly speaking, three thousand of the Hungarian were killed,and two million of them escaped into the West side because of the upset. The prime minister was also arrested and executed after that.
The wish of the Hungarian who sought the democracy was crushed with the tanks, and the prime minister who was the the representative of the people was executed.
It was done by an order by the executives in Soviet which done the criticism to Stalin. The criticism on Stalin by Khrushchev was the one among inside the communist party alone, and it doesn't always mean that it gave up the way of Stalin that crushing the request of the people with the use of the violence.
After the criticism on Stalin, the rigid control for the people was eased in Soviet, but the essence of.....
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Hungary was crushed with tanks of the Soviet Army〕
...but the essence of controlling the nation of dictatorship by the communist party alone remained unchanged. The people in Soviet had to wait for the change until Gorbachev appeared.
Hungary has restored the honor of Nagy, and the way of saying Hungary upset as anti revolution changed into the revolution for the people. They appreciate the event again.
〔Why hasn't a worship for a specific person disappeared?〕
The secret report by Khrushchev criticized Stalin at the general meeting, and the meeting decided that getting over the worship for a specific person who has nothing to do with the Marxism and Leninism.
In short, it emphasized that worshiping for the specific person doesn't anything with the Marxism and Leninism at all, but not only Stalin, but in the countries of socialism which declared the Marxism and Leninism, worshiping for the specific ....
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Why hasn't the worship for a specific person vanished?〕
...the worship for a specific person is rampant more or less, Tito in Yugoslavia,Hodza in Albania, CeauSescu in Romania,Mao Zedong in China.
Both the countries which adopted the same line with Soviet and other countries which didn't and opposed to Soviet,it tends to fall into the worship for the specific person as long as it declares the Marxism and Leninism as idea for politics.
Brezhnev who pushed aside Khrushchev showed the tendency of worship for the specific person during his long political power.
Why did the plenty of worship for specific person exist beyond the border? It wasn't attributed to the responsibility for Stalin alone, I'm forced to think that political structure something peculiarly caused the worship for specific person,the author said like that.
In those countries, the style of dictatorship by the communist party is adopted. Even if...
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Soviet】
〔Why hasn't a worship for specific person vanished?〕
Even if there is other political party in name only, it doesn't play a role as opposition party. Under dictatorship by a single political party alone, everything is to obey the guidance of the political party.
In this situation, there isn't the separation of three branches, the administrative, legislative, and government which we understand.
The judiciary like a prosecution or a court isn't independent.The public prosecutor's investigation obeys the guidance of the political party, and the judge can't sentence against the policy of the political party.
The mass media also receives the guidance by the political party,and it is sought a report for socialism. The report of criticism for the way of politics or judiciary isn't sought.
A critic report on a decay by administrative organ is done sometimes, but it's based on a policy which the political party puts....
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Why hasn't the worship for a specific pesrsonn vanished?〕
...but it's based on the policy on which the political party puts a campaign for anti-decay into effect.
If there isn't the freedom of speech, various things are decided and are carried out without being informed to the poeple, so a sound public opinion for the people can't be formed.
By the way what kind of the structure is on the political party?
A supreme dicision making body of the communist party was a meeting of the political party with relation to Soviet.
However,the meeting of the political party was at best a few times a year,and a number of a delegate who gather reach thousand, so a debate isn't done actually. As a result, the meeting of the political party was just a purfunctory.
So, instead of the political party, the central comittee decided its policy. In short, the central committe acts the political party.
However there are lots of ..
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Why hasn't the worship for a specific person vanished?〕
...but there are lots of people in the central committee, so an executive board made of a handful people acts the central committee, and policy of everyday is decided at the executive board.
In addition, the chief secretary leads the executive board. The chief secretary who has a great influence on all of the people acts everyday judgement.
In short, in the system of political party which is formed like a pyramid,
it is possible that the chief secretary decides everything actually.
So, the political party leads all the organizations, being based on judged in the system of political party like a pyramid.
In a word, the one who stands on the top of the system of the political party decides everything. If the person is a noble character and a person of character, it is possilbe that a fair politics is done.
However, if it's the one like Stalin, there is no...
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet】
〔Why hasn't the worship for a speicific person vanished?〕
Howver if the one who is like Stalin stands on the top of the organization, there isn't any system which stops him. Nothing can stop him.
Even if declaring the worship for a specific person has nothing to do with the Marxism and Leninism, it's useless.
Moreover, if the person who stands at the top of the organization alone continues to judge everything, the morality of the middle-management drops.
It's the person who stands at the top of the organization judges everything, so the middle-management has only to obey the direction or order from the person.
Even if they show originality and contrive, failing something means it's just that being criticizied, so no one feel like taking a risk.
Thus, the middle-management stops judgement in all of fields like politics, economy, and diplomacy. They have only to wait for the judgement of the person who stands at the top of the...
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔Why hasn't the worship for a specific person vanished?〕
The middle-management has only to wait for judgement from the person who stands at the top of the organization.
The economy of the countries of dictatorship by single political party alone tend to remain stagnant, but they have their own reasons.
Judging from the situation, we have to prepare for the time when a person who isn't noble-minded becomes a leader in a country. We need an institutional system which pushes aside the person from a position of authority.
Besides, it dosen't always mean that it's a problem in the countries of socialism alone.
〔The criticism to Stalin was done and...〕
Cruelty and foolishness for the worship to the specific person in the system of Stalin is never a thing in the past.
The specific worship for Kim Ⅱ-song in the North Korea and an existence of a concetration camp where a political offender is sent means that the same...
【Something unbelievable happened in Soviet, a criticism to Stalin】
〔The criticism to Stalin was done, and ...〕
The specific worship for Kim Ⅱ-song in the North Korea and an existence of concentratin camp where a political offender is sent means that the same thing has happens at present.
In Turkmenistan which was independent from the Soviet Union, the same thing was done until the President Niyazov died December 2006, and Russia at present.
After the Soviet Union collapsed, the country once seemed to advance to the democracy, but the power of state was done by Putin in Russia just now.
Journalists who criticized the organization led by Putin were killed by successively, but it isn't clear who has killed the journalists at all.
The reign terro by Stalin is never the one in the past.
【Why China and Taiwan opposes?】
〔A child in Taiwan, Chen Shuibian becomes a President〕
Chen Shuibian was elected at a Presidental election in Tawiwan March in 2000. He has belonged to the...
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔A child in Taiwan, Chen shui-bian, became the President in Taiwan〕
He belonged to the opposition party until then, and for the first time, except for the one who belonged to the Taiwan Nationalist Party, he is the first political leader in Taiwan.
He called himself a child in Taiwan, for he is proud of himself who was born in and brought up in Taiwan.
China doesn't allow Taiwan is a nation. It recognizes Taiwan is a part of China. Chinese prime minister said before the Presidential election started in Taiwan like the next.
Whoever being elected, I don't permit Taiwan is independent from China in any formality. We the Chinese will protect our country's unification and dignity risking our blood and lives.
He checked the Taiwan's election like that.
Chinese executives think unpleasant the way itself that Taiwan's residents elect their own leader. They don't allow Taiwan is away from the Chinese Continent, and is independent from China.
If Taiwan...
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔A child in Taiwan, Chen Shui-bian, became the President in China〕
If Taiwan try to be independent from China, we are ready to use armed force. The Chinese executives continued to say like that.
Chen Shui-bian who is elected at this election belonged to a political party which insisted that Taiwan is independent, though the President himself has kept it quiet after the Presidential election.
Right before the Presidential election, there was a big occurrence which made the residents in Taiwan feel like voting what is called 民進党. It's a big earthquake in Taiwan.
As for the phrase, 民進党,I looked up it in dictionary, but there is no phrase which is corresponds with the phrase, so I use the 民進党 direct.
〔The residents in Taiwan were indignant with the Chinese measure〕
A great earthquake of which hypocenter 震源 was the center in Taiwan broke out September in 1999. The death toll from the earthquake was over 2400.
Not only Japan but each country in the....
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔The residents in Taiwan were indignant with the measure of China on the great earthquake in Taiwan〕
Not only Japan, but each country in the world offered help at once in relation to the earthquake.
On the other hand, Chinese government showed thankfulness to rescue operations from each country to Taiwan province which is a part of China at the UN in the next day of the earthquake.
China said that Taiwan belonged to China before taking into any action in order to help Taiwan. It offended the residents in Taiwan.
Moreover when Russian rescue party tried to reach Taiwan for help overhead Chinese territorial airspace, Chinese government obstructed it, so the rescue party was late for arriving Taiwan. The residents in Taiwan were angry with it.
Chinese government offered help for Taiwan. It's $ ten thousand million, no more than \ ten million yen. The amount of money was so little that it provoked the residents' hostility.
A female who was from ..
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔The residents in Taiwan were indignant with the measure of China on the big earthquake in Taiwan〕
A female who was from Taiwan and worked in Japan wrote down what the residents in Taiwan felt like the next.
Taiwan was in the middle of the rescue operation on the earthquake disaster, and Li Dong-hui 李登輝, a statesman in Taiwan, went around a stricken area and was worried about the earthquake disaster.
On the other hand, Jiang Zemin, 江沢民, a Chinese statesman,showed thankfulness for the people who offered help for Taiwan in the world shamelessly instead of Taiwan.
Moreover it's a matter of life and death, but he frequently spread if sending relief donations to Taiwan, it must be through Chinese Red Cross, if sending a rescue party to Taiwan, Chinese permission was indispensable.
The voice of wanting to help the people in Taiwan heightened so much in Japan that Taiwan's branch office opened a bank account, and received the relief donations from Japan.
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔The people in Taiwan were indignant with the measure of China on the big earthquake in Taiwan〕
Some people went to a bank so as to transfer money to a bank account which received the relief donation from Japan to Taiwan.
The person in cashier window asked them,which of the bank accounts? and they were confused with the question.
There was one more bank account which was opened by China, and the name of the bank account looked like the one of Taiwan.
The hardly distinguishable name of the bank account made the people who tried to send the relief donation to Taiwan get angry.
It is said that those various ways of China made the people in Taiwan be furious, and it connected to voting the candidate from 民進党 which appealed to be independent from China.
It means that the movement of Chinese government itself accelerated the movement that Taiwan tried to be independent from China.
〔Where are you from China, or Taiwan?〕
The population of Taiwan is...
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Where are you from China, or Taiwan?〕
The population of Taiwan is about twenty two million, and it's as big as Kyushu area in Japan. Does the small island belong to China? or not? Why does it always become a problem?
To tell the truth,it's related to Japan. Let's see the history of Taiwan.
Whenever being asked, where are you from China or Taiwan? I always hesitate. China, Taiwan of Chinese ancestry, or Taiwan, the longer I lived in Japan, the more my answer changed. The female who was from Taiwan said in her book.
In school of Taiwan, they didn't learn the history of Taiwan but the one of Chinese Continent until 1996.
The National Party which controlled the Taiwan for a long time thought their country is China, and Taiwan is just a part of China.
The Chinese communist party which controls the Chinese continent and the national `party which controls Taiwan was same with regard to the way of thinking,Taiwan is a part of China.
The female who is..
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Where are you from China, or Taiwan?〕
The female who was a writer received education that Taiwan was a part of China. When she just arrived at Japan, she assumed that she said she was a Chinese, but she was aware that the way of thinking was an idea from the education by the National Party.
When LI Teng-hui 李登輝 who was from Taiwan was installed as president in Taiwan, then the children started to study the history of Taiwan in textbook for the first time.
Then the consciousness as people belong to Taiwan was born. Taiwan is Taiwan, it's not a part of China, but Taiwan used to be a part of Japan in the past.
〔Taiwan used to be Japanese colony〕
Japan won the Sino-Japanese War which broke out from 1894 to the next year, and took Taiwan from China with Shimonoseki Treaty.
Then the Taiwan island didn't have industry, nor so many population, so the island wasn't fascinated for the government of China, so the country didn't regard it as a loss at all.
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Taiwan used to be a Japanese colony〕
Japan who had learned to control Taiwan set up the headquarter for controlling Taiwan. It's said 台湾総督府 in Japanese, but I make it rule to call it the Japanese headquarters in accordance with the purpose of this thread.
The Japanese headquarters was set up in Taipei, and a general who was sent from Japan held all the power there.
The Japanese headquarters suppressed the residents of Taiwan who resisted against the Japanese control with the military force.
The residents who were over ten thousand were killed in the battle or caught by the Japanese army and were executed. After that a serious control went on by the Japanese police.
The features of controlling the colony by Japan is changing them into the Japanese thoroughly.
Building a shrine each place of Taiwan, and the residents were forced to required to learn the Japanese as duty, and received education that they were children of the Japanese emperor.
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Taiwan used to be a Japanese cololy〕
As a result, all the aged can speak the Japanese very well even now. The ex-president, Li Dong-hui 李登輝 is also one of them. He used to learn in Japanese university and is also a good speaker of Japanese.
While controlling Taiwan by Japan was the power of the state by the police, Japan built up a foundation for development of industry.
Japan arranged roads, railways, and harbors in the whole island, preparing even agricultural land, the industry had developed so much in Taiwan.
Introducing the system of compulsory education made people who could read and write increase by leaps and bounds.
A textbook in junior high school described on the history of Taiwan like the next in 1997.
The Japanese was a main tool which the we absorbed modern infromation, and it prompted the society in Taiwan of modernizasition.
When Taiwan was the Japanese colony, the general of the headquarters defended and treated a ..
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Taiwan used to be the Japanese colony〕
When Tiwan was the Japanese colony, the general of the headquarters defended and treated a contagious disease efficiently, and public health was emphasized.
As the traffic, industry and education were improved so much that the population maintained high birth rate for a long time, but the death rate dropped sharply in Taiwan.
School taught students to be punctual to the minute, and didn't permit to be later for school or to come home before the school was over at will.
In the traffic on the railway and the road, a timetable was set up, and asking passengers to board according to the timetable, and starting and arriving its destination was done according to the timetable.
When constructing houses, starting to pay attention to a ventitaltion, sunshine, and to setting up a lavatory, they received a vaccination, and injection according to the rules.
A habit of washing hands after going to the lavatory and .. .
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Taiwan used to be a Japanese colony〕
The habit of washing hands after going to a lavatory and taking a bath was cultivated. We stop spitting and spitting a phelegm everywhere. We also stop throwing away dust.
We make it a rule to clean the whole house regularly, and join the cleaning activity in our local area.
〔Japan left and the National Party returned, but..〕
Japan lost in the Pacific War, and Taiwan returned to China. China was controlled by the National Party.
The residents in Taiwan were glad, for they could escape from the Japanese control and could return to their homeland before long.
Chinese army came from the continent, and they thought the soldiers were welcome.
However when looking at the soldieres who came from the continent, the residents in Taiwan were astonished at them.
None of the soldiers who came from the continent wore military uniform decently. All of them were in rags, and carried pots and pans on their back.
They ...
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Japan left and the National Party returned but ...〕
The soldeiers who came from the continent didn't know even water supplies. When turning on a faucet,the water was running, and when seeing it, they were surprised at it, and the residents were also surprised at the soldiers.
The soldires who came from the continent were surprised at a department store, and stole a bicycle but didn't knwo how to ride on it. Those episodes are told from generation to generation.
While there were plenty of soldiers who couldn't read and write, almost all of the risidents in Taiwan who could read and write in the time of Japanese colony were flabbergasted at the soldiers.
The public servants who came back with the soldiers grew corrupted. They couldn't distinguished the public and private. They get the public fortune which the Japanese army left one after another.
When asking something for a public office, without sending bribery, anything didn't go well.
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Japan left and the National Party came back, but...〕
The ones who come from the continent account for almomst all of the public servants, and the ones who was from Taiwan hardly were adopted.
The residents in Taiwan said on the situation that a dog left and a pig came. The dog is the Japanese, and the pig is the Natioanl Party.
It means that the dog was noisy but it became a watchdog, but the pig ate almost all of thing by itself, after that it's just it lain down.
The residents in Taiwan thought one ruler named Japanese left and other ruler named the national party came from the continent.
And the civil war between the national party and communist party became so violent in the Chinese continent that the national party started to send daily necessities from Taiwan to the Continent by force.
The national party overissued paper money so as to supply war expenditure,so inflation became violent,and prices went up. Lots of things were running ..
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Japan left and the natioanal Party returned but...〕
Lots of things were running out, and the prices went up. Those things hit the residents direct in Taiwan, so the disappointment and dissatisfaction of the residents exploded at last.
〔2.28 occurrence in which all the educated class was killed〕
A woman sold tobacco illegally on the street in Taipei February in 1947. A regulator in the Monopoly Bureau found it and confiscated the tobacco and its sales.
The woman who lived alone appealed to the regulator, but the regulator who came from the continent hit her with a gun.
She shed blood from the head and fell down on the ground. When passersby surrounded the regulator, he fired, and hit a man by the regulator. The woman who was struck and the man who was hit were dead before long.
In the next day, the residents made a strong protest, but the armed police answered them with a bursto of shots by machine gun, and three resiennts died instantly there.
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔2.28 incident in which all the educated class were killed in Taiwan〕
We call the riot 2.28 incident.
In the riot, the residents who originally lived in Taiwan attacked the rulers who came from the continent.
It is said that the residents spoke to others in Japanese so as to distinguish the ones who they attack.
If others answered in Japanese at once, they were also the same countrymen in Taiwan, so they wouldn't attack, but if being unable to answer the Japanese right away, it means it's an enemy who came from the continent.
The secretary of state was panicked and requested the continent for help of army. On the other hand, he thought he tried to stop the riot, and he pretended to negotiate the representative of the residents.
Lots of educated class, students and labors hoped this negotiation go well, and thought they tried to make a progress democratization for Taiwan.
However the negotiation is just gaining time until the help of army came.
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔2.28 incident in which all the educated class were killed in Taiwan〕
The army of the national party who came from the continent for help started to massacre the residents in Taiwan March.
First of all,the residents who negotiated with the secretary of state were aimed and all of them were slaughtered. The slaughter reached to the whole island.
Investigation on the victims of actual situation of the incident started in the Li Dong-hui 李登輝 government at last, its number is twenty eight thousand formally.
Others say there are lots of missing, actual number of victims would be several times as many as the formal one.
The intellectuals who received the education in the time of Japanese colony were eradicated in the incident.
There was no freedom of speech nor political activities in Taiwan, the one who criticized the national party was arrested at once and executed.
It is fact that the ones who went through the Japanese colongy in Taiwan had...
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔2.28 incident in which all the educated class was all killed in Taiwan〕
It is fact that the ones who underwent the Japanese colony had by far bitter experienced because of the national party who was their brotherhood, so the memory of the Japanese colony faded.
On the other hand there are some Korean people who said the time of the Japanese colony was really miserable.
There is different recognition against the time of Japanese colongy between the people of Taiwan and Korea.
It seems that there are lots of residents who are pro-Japanese in Taiwan, for they had so bitter experience by the national party, so the memory of Japanese colony may have faded, the author said like that.
〔The civil war between the communist party and national party, and the national party lost and came to Taiwan〕
While the government in the national party massacred and suppressed the residents in Taiwan, it unfolded the civil war with the communist party in the continent.
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Civil war between the communist party and the national party happened and the national party lost and came to Taiwan〕
After the Pacific War, the Japanese army withdrew from each place in China, though the communist party and national party were in harmony with regard to against Japan, and fought against Japan together until then, they started to fight each other.
The national party which led by Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石 was too be corrupted to support from the people. It couldn't defeat the communist party at all.
The national party ran away to Taiwan where the national party continued to control December 1949. No less than about two million of people like the national party, executives in the Chinese government, soldiers, and their family members came to Taiwan.
〔Chiang Kai-shek 蒋介石〕
He was born in the time of Shin in 1887, and learned in Japanese military school, and became a Japanese second-class soldier in Niigata prefecture.
辛亥革命 broke out...
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Jiang Jie-shi 蒋介石〕
As 辛亥革命 broke out and Shin fell down, he returned to his homeland and joined the revolution. He made every possible effort to build new country there, and became the leader of the national party, and unified China.
He reigned over the China as dictator until being drove out of China by the communist party.
After escaping into Taiwan, he dreamed of invading China, and suppressed the ones who objected to him relentlessly. His politics was like that.
However when Japan lost in the Pacific war, Japanese compensation damage against China became a problem, but he didn't request the compensation.
Then he said he would deal with the grudge, using virtue. As having been moved by it, plenty of the Japanese became his fan.
〔China has been formed〕
The communist party which won the national party in the civil war announced that China was formed from Beijing 北京 October in 1949.
Then the structure that China which was ruled by the...
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔China has been formed〕
The structure of opposition that China which was controlled by the communist party in the continent and other Chins led by the national party in Taiwan alone has been born.
Mao Zedong 毛沢東 who ruled the Chinese continent thought after rearranged the position and attacked and relieved Taiwan. The China in Taiwan was in a precarious state.
〔The Korean War made Taiwan continue to exist〕
Taiwan continues to exist because the Korean War broke out.
The national party was defeated by the communist party in the continent and ran away to Taiwan. The national party was so corrupted that America ran out of patience with the country.
Even if Taiwan was controlled by China, it can' be helped, America thought like that, and was about to give up on the country.
However the Korean War broke out, America changed its attitude for Taiwan altogether. The Korean War broke out and after two days, America dispatched the seventh fleet Taiwan...
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔The Korean War made Taiwan continue to exist〕
...and America dispatched the seventh fleet to the Taiwan strait and checked China's movement in the continent not to attack Taiwan.
China supported the North Korea, so America opposed against China, and started to help Taiwan for its economy and military affairs from the next year.
The Korean War made the situation in Asia established the structure of the Cold War, and America has helped Taiwan so as to compete with China.
The opposition between China and Taiwan was incorporated into the structure of the Cold War. Taiwan continues to exist because the Korean War broke out.
〔The ones who lived in Taiwan originally and the others who escaped to Taiwan〕
The national party led by Chiang Kai-shek 蒋介石 who ran away to Taiwan thought he rearrange its position, and invade the continent.
The slogan of the national party was attacking the continent and rescuing its brotherhood from the communist party.
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔The ones who lived in Taiwan originally and the others who escaped to Taiwan〕
The continent was their homeland for the people of the national party, and Taiwan was a temporary place where they lived, they were sure of it.
Under the dictatorship of the national party, the control by the people who came from the continent to Taiwan continued, though exactly, there were two small political parties which didn't oppose to the national party formally.
When the national party escaped to Taiwan some people also ran away to Taiwan. They were called 外省人, and they account for 16% in the population in Taiwan.
On the other hand, the others who lived originally before the 外省人 were called 本省人, it makes up for 83%, and other 1% is minorities.
外省人 speaks Beijing language, and 本省人 speaks Taiwan language. The two languages are different altogether. so when wanting to come to mutual understanding,they use the Beijing language. The Beijing language is a common....
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔The ones who lived in Taiwan originally and the others who escaped to Taiwan〕
The Beijing language is a common language China.
The people who live in Taiwan have a duty to carry an identification card with them, and if looking at the identification card, they can see whether the person is the 外省人 or 本省人 at once.
本省人 who have a memory in which they had been damaged by the 外省人 continue to have distrust to the 外省人.
There were lots of children of the 本省人 who were told not to get marry to the 外省人 in childhood and became grown-ups.
〔Confusion in the continent of China and development in Taiwan〕
Under the opposition structure of dividing into China and Taiwan, they took exact opposite courses each other.
Under the guidance of Mao Zedong, the failure of Great Breakthrough policy 大躍進政策 and confusion of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution went on one after another, the economy remained stagnant, and there were hundreds of victims in the continent
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Confusion in the continent of China and development in Taiwan〕
On the other hand, the national party didn't have any bondage from Taiwan, it put into agricultural reform effect, divided the land of a large landowner who lived in Taiwan for a long time into peasants.
The peasants who had their own land improved product will so much that the agriculture developed in Taiwan. The farmland became rich and export of agricultural product also advanced.
The free trade for foreign countries made a progress satisfactorily, and marvelous economic development was done. Lots of computer products in the world, including Japan, are produced in Taiwan.
As to a national income a person in 1998, the continent was $ 774, and Taiwan 12040, so Taiwan defeats China in the battle of the economic power, but fell into an awful predicament in the view of political situation.
〔Taiwan was purged from the United States〕
The United Nations were started functioning..
Oh! I made a mistake. In the subtitle of the last response, instead of the United States, I should have written United Nations.
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Taiwan was purged from the United Nations〕
The United Nations started functioning after the World War Ⅱ, and it has organizations of the United National Security Council 安全保障理事会, and a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council 常任理事国 which have stronger power than other countries.
A permanent member of the U.N. Security Council is composed of five countries, America, England, France, Soviet which becomes Russia later on, and China.
The China means the one which controlled in the continent of China when the United Nation started, and other China was driven out of the continent and escaped to Taiwan, so there was two China in the world.
A resolution that the China in the continent should be the China in the United Nation was adopted in 1971, so Taiwan lost the position in the United Nations.
To make matters worse...
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Taiwan was purged from the United Nations〕
To make matters worse for Taiwan, the countries which established diplomatic relations with China increased, so Taiwan broke off those countries.
As a result, Taiwan was isolated politically altogether in the international world.
Both Japan and America which were reliable for Taiwan also entered into diplomatic relations with China. Japan stands on the recognition that the one in continent is only the China.
While America recognized the one in the continent is legitimate, it established a law between America and Taiwan in America. America has to protect Taiwan in case of an emergency.
Taiwan didn't retire from the stage of the international society, but did from the world of international sports at one time, but it has returned to the international tournament like Olympic, using the name of Chinese Taipei.
〔Democratization has started in Taiwan〕
Though Taiwan developed economically, it wasn't....
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Democratization has started in Taiwan〕
Though Taiwan developed economically, it wasn't democratic in the point of political of view, but when dictator of Chiang Kai-shek 蒋介石 died, the country started to change so much.
After the dictator died, his son succeeded his father as the head of Taiwan, but under the son democratization started slowly.
When the national party came to Taiwan, a martial law was proclaimed, but it was lifted July in 1987, the son chose Li Dong-hui 李登輝 as the vice president. The son of the dictator regarded him as his successor.
Then the people who came from continent 外省人 controlled the national party, but the successor lived originally Taiwan, 本省人.
The son of the dictator died, and the vice president became the president. For the first time, the one who lived originally Taiwan became the president.
Under Li Dong-hui 李登輝, the democratization made a progress at high speed. Political offenders were released, freedom of speech..
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔democratization started in Taiwan〕
Political offenders were released, freedom of the press was allowed, and the existence of opposition party which is opposed to the national party was also permitted. In addition, Li Dong-hui 李登輝 started to reform the national convention.
〔Li Dong-hui 李登輝〕
He was born in Taiwan in 1923 and was educated as a Japanese in the time of Japanese colony. He said he was a Japanese until 22. He was influenced by Japanese thinkers.
He is known he has a deep knowledge of Japanese literature of Japanese classic, 源氏物語, or 枕草子.
He graduated from the ex Tokyo university and returned to Taiwan, and became a professor of Taiwan university. He was recognized as specialist on agricultural matter.
After joining the national party, he became the vice president, and after that was president.
〔He made perpetual members of assembly who were elected in the continent retire〕
There are two kinds of national assembly which is equal to ..
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔The president made perpetual members of assembly who were elected in continent retire〕
There are two kinds of national assembly which is equal to Japanese Diet in Taiwan. The one is national convention, and the other is legislature.
By the way, I have little confidence on the way of saying the two national assembly. I'm afraid there is more appropriate way of saying, but it doesn't occur to me, so I make it rule to use two of them.
Laws are established in the legislature, and establishment and reformation on the constitution, appointment on the president and vice-president is done in the national convention.
The term of the member of the national convention is six years, but as being in Taiwan, the election wasn't being able to be done in the continent.
After being elected in the continent December 1947, without being elected again, the term of the members of the national convention was put off. Those members were called perpetual members.
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔The president made the perpetual members of national convention who were elected in continent retire〕
Some of the perpetual members managed to attend the convention because of advanced age, and even if attending to, others always fall into a doze during the convention. There were lots of those kinds of members in the national convention.
A criticism that they continue to hold office is in the wrong appeared, though the ones who always doze in the convention isn't always limited to Taiwan.
At the urging of Li Dong-hui 李登輝, he made the perpetual members announce their term of office expire. All the members of national convention who remained in their position no less than for 42 years resigned December in 1947.
Instead, a new election was done in Taiwan alone, the new members of national convention were elected, then Li Dong-hui became the president.
〔The presidential election becomes a direct election〕
Then the presidential election was....
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔The presidential election becomes a direct election〕
Then the presidential election was indirect.The representatives who were elected from residents elected the president and the president was decided, but Li Dong-hui 李登輝 changed into it the direct one.
The residents elected their own leader,the president, with the direct election March in 1996. As a result, Li Dong-hui 李登輝 won an overwhelming victory.
The presidential term was four years, and its term of office expired March in 2000, but without running for the next election, Li Dong-hui 李登輝 retired from the political world.
Then Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁 who belonged to the opposition party, 民進党 was elected as president.
〔China threatened Taiwan with a missile〕
It was the first direct presidential election in Taiwan. The residents themselves elected their own political leader with the direct election, but the way of Taiwan repelled the Chinese government.
It seemed that the Chinese government..
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔China threatened Taiwan with a missile〕
It seemed that Chinese government hated the way of Taiwan of electing their own representative with the direct election in 1996 as if Taiwan had behaved an independent country.
The response of the Chinese government to Taiwan was a menace with a missile. China fired missiles west and east off the coast of Taiwan in the middle of the presidential election as military training.
In addition, a large scale of military exercise of landing was done at the coast of the continent in the Taiwan strait. It was a message from the Chinese government like the next.
If Taiwan tried to be independent, Chinese would stop it with military force.
America dispatched two aircraft carriers 空母 to the sea of Taiwan in a hurry. It checked China. The one of names of the aircraft carrier was Independence. Was it by chance? It was an irony to China.
The threat by China made Li Dong-hui 李登輝 won overwhelm victory. It was reported ...
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔China threatened Taiwan with a missile〕
It was reported that Li Dong-hui 李登輝 seemed to be a close election contest, but the residents in Taiwan were so astound with the menace of China that they thought they should unite under Li Dong-hui, and he became the president.
〔Chinese communist party which aims at unification of Taiwan〕
China named Chinese military force the People's Liberation Army. Each country always has military force, and it's for the nation, but China is different.
The People's Liberation Army is the military force for the communist party in China. It doesn't receive an order from the nation but receives an direction from the communist party.
Some people think the Chinese continent has been under the communist party, so there are no people who the communist party should release.
However if the people in Taiwan were released, their duty wasn't accomplished. The communist party thinks like that.
Taiwan belongs to China, so...
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Chinese communist party aims at unification of Taiwan〕
Taiwan belongs to China, so Taiwan isn't permitted to be independent at will. If showing the movement of independence, China would stop it with military force.
It's the position of the Chinese government.
The unification on the thought of China is the same on Macao, and Hong Kong. Two of them adopt different system on a capitalistic economy, but they belong to China. China recognized the different system well. It is called one country and two systems.
China tries to adopt the same system for Taiwan. It appeals Taiwan to unify China without changing the way of political, economy and military force in Taiwan.
〔Independence or unification?〕
The thought in Taiwan side is different according to its position.
The time of the national party led by Jiang Jie-shi 蒋介石, the insistence of Taiwan was also unification of China, but in this case it was unification by leadership of the national party.
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Unification or independence?〕
Anyway,the thought of China and Taiwan become one nation was the same then, but after Li Dong-hui 李登輝 became the president, the plan of Taiwan changed gradually.
When answering interview overseas,he said on the relation between China and Taiwan. It's the relation between the two special countries. He said like the next.
Taiwan has amended the constitution in 1991, and the area where the constitution is accepted limited to Taiwan. Taiwan recognizes China is legitimate in the Chinese continent.
The constitution was amended in 1992, the president was elected by the residents direct, so legitimacy of the national power in Taiwan is the will of the residents in Taiwan, and it has nothing to do with the people in the continent.
The relation between China and Taiwan is special, and it's not the ones between the central and local nor inside China.
Taiwan and China have already special relation between two countries, so we..
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Unification or independence?〕
...so we don't have to announce Taiwan is independent.
It's practically announcement that Taiwan is independent.
Chinese government repelled it violently,and abused Taiwan, but there was nothing it could do then. It was a strategy win by Li Dong-hui 李登輝
〔The president Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁 who appealed a dialogue with the continent〕
Chen Shui-bian became the president after Li Dong-hui 李登輝. He belonged to 民進党. The political party declared the independence of Taiwan, but after trying to run for the presidential candidate,the political party adopted a realistic course,so the plan of the independence of Taiwan was put aside for some time.
Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁 who assumed the office of president called for a direct dialogue with the Chinese government. He has gone on the offensive of peaceful coexistence with China.
Taiwan which wants the international society to recognized the independent Taiwan practically, and China..
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔The president Chin Shui-bian 陳水扁 who appeales a dialogue with the continent〕
While Taiwan which wants the international society to recognize its prcactical independence little by little, China which desperately wants to stop it. It seems the tactics between them continuse from now on.
〔Chin Shui-bian 陳水扁〕
He was born in a poor family in 1950, but was always excellent record in school, and passed an exam for lawyer while he was in university.
Then he tried to aim at being an elite lawyer, but defended a speech suppression case, what is called 美麗島事件 by the national party, after that he joined the movement of the 民進党.
He was elected mayor in Taipei, and got results to administrative reform and was paid to attention, but was defeated at the second election of the mayor, then challeged the election of the president, and was elected president.
His wife became paralysis of her side of the body owing to a traffic accident which seemed to be a...
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔Chin Shui-bian 陳水扁〕
His wife becomes a paralysis of her side of the body because of a traffic accident which seemed to be political terrorism and was forced to be in the life of a wheelchair.
By the way, I expressed the 美麗島事件, but I hate to say to my sorrow I have little knowledge on it. If you're interested in it, please look up it in the internet for yourself.
〔Youth in three classes in Taiwan〕
The people in Taiwan are greatly divided into three classes according to their thoughts for Japan.
After controlled by Japaneses colony, and the natioanal party arrived from the continent, and the people had bitter experience by the national party, so they become a pro-Japanese group. They are the generation of grandfather and grandmother.
While receiving the education of anti-Japan, and having hostility toward Japan, they have always been attracted by Japanese products. They are the generation of father and mother.
Ever since they can remember they..
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔The youth in three classes in Taiwan〕
Ever since they can remember they have been surrounded by the Japanese products and they have been brought up, being attracted by Japanese culuture.
Those three classes in Taiwan, especially the young generation who yearns for the Japanese culture is called Habi Habit... oh! when expressed, I've forgot the exact way of calling them.
They are the ones who are attracted by the Japanese culture extremely. They watched an animated cartoon on TV in childhood, love character merchandise of Kitty or Pokemon, and sang snatch of Japanese popular songs.
Their existence greatly occupies in Taiwan at present.
〔The opposition between China and Taiwan and...〕
After that, the opposition between China and Taiwan continues.
Roughly speaking, China has threatend Taiwan, if it announced being independent, China would attack it with military force. China declared March in 2005 like that.
On the other hand, the wife of....
【Why China and Taiwan oppose?】
〔The opposition between China and Taiwan and...〕
On the other hand the wife of Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁 was indicted for taking bribe in 2006, and a clean image of the president collapsed, and the percentage of supporting the political party dropped.
A candidate for the presidential election ran from the national party which opposed against the 民進党 in 2008.
China in the continent supported for the national party which opposed to being independent, and inviting the executives in the national party to China. The country upset Taiwan. What happened to the presidential election, I'm wondering.
They have opposed in the political view of point, but Taiwan business has invested a vast sum of money on the continent, so they are closely connected in the economic point of view.
【The same race killed each other in the Korean War】
〔Both of the leader in the South and North hugged each other〕
After a meeting for three days, Kim Dae Jung 金大中 who tried to take a ...
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔Both of the leaders in the South and North hugged each other〕
After a meeting for three days, when Kim Dae Jung 金大中 tried to take a plane from the airport in Pyongyang, Kim Jong ll 金正日 came to see him off there.
They hugged tightly in front of the gangway of the plane. Almost all of the people in the world could hardly believe their eyes then.
The whole world was amazed that the both of leaders in the countries which the war wasn't always over behaved themselves so intimately that all the people expected the peaceful wind would blow all over the Korean Peninsula.
The president Kim Dae Jung 金大中 in Korea visited the North Korea and talked with Kim Jong ll 金正日 June in 2000. Both of the leaders of the South and North Korea met for the first time then.
The meeting was held for three days, and the leaders agreed with aiming at settlement for the unification of the both of the countries voluntarily, and exchanges in all fields...
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔Both of leaders in the South and North Korean hugged each other!〕
...exchanges in all fields spread, and a reliable relation between the two countries strengthened.
Though being divided into two for no less than 55 years, the meeting showed us the both of the South and North Korean who were opposed moved to unification slowly.
After returning to the South Korea, Kim Dae Jung 金大中 said like the next.
The meeting itself was important. When going to Pyongyang, it was our land. The people who lived in Pyongyang were also the same race who the same blood in the body.
I believed firmly in that there is a reconciliation, cooperation, and unification in our future in this visit. Then the history moved.
After three months. Olympic was held in Sydney September in the same year. Both of the participants in the South and North did an entrance procession as group of participants in unification in the opening ceremony.
A flag of ...
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔The leaders in the both South and North Korean hugged each other!〕
The flag of unification on which a single korean peninsula was drawing was raised in front of the procession. All the spectators in the stadium stood and applaused to the entrance procession.
All the participants in the South and North Korean wore the same uniforms, anyone can't distinguish whether they were the South Korea or North Korea at all.
When watching the scene on TV, even if it's south or north, it's their homeland, the phrase occurred to the author.
〔The 38th Parallel, the boundary dividing the North and South Korea and demilitalized zone〕
The Korean peninusula has been divided into south and north, being based on the north latitude 38th line running from the east to west.
The line which separates the two countries is called a military boundary line. There is a demilitalized zone in the both sides of the south and north of the the military....
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔The 38th parallel, the boundary dividing the south and north Korea and demilitalized zone〕
There is a demilitalized zone both sides of the south and north from the military boundary line. It was away 2 kilometers from both the south and north of the military boundary line.
Any military facility and military force aren't allowed to station there, but 板門店 alone is an area where they guard cooperatively.
There are institutions for both meeting, and 30 soldiers and 5 generals with a pistol alone from each country guard there.
After the Korean War was ceased, no one is allowed to go into the demilitalized zone for no less than 50 years. Ironically the nature where no one has gone into remains as it is, and it's a paradise for wild birds.
However barbed wire has been put around the outside the demilitalized zone, and a close guard has been done there. The place is the front line of the war.
〔Controlling the Korean peninsula by...〕
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔Controlling the Korean Peninsula by Japan〕
Why the same races in the Korean Peninsula divided into friends and foes in the south and north and fought each other? It originates from the defeat of the Japanese army in the Pacific War.
Japan countrolled the Korean Peninsula until the Pacific War was over. After Korea was annexed to Japan in 1910, Japan had controlled there.
They call the 36 years controlled by Japan a grudge for the Japanese empire for 36 years.
When controlled by Japan, the people in the Korean Peninsula was forced to use the Japanese, and was made to change their names into Japanese style. It's what is called 創氏改名.
It is said that the young Korean don't have a bad feeling for the Japanese, but we need to recognize that lots of the old Korean still have grude for the Japanese.
When travelling to the South Korean, a Japanese youth was surprised at an old korean, for the old could speak the Japanese very well.
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔Controlling the Korean Peninsula by Japan〕
The Japanese youth asked the old Korean like the next. You can speak the Japanese very well. Where have you learned?
Then the old suddenly got angry, and he said. I've learned it but wanted not to learn the Japanese, it's just that I was forced to learan it by force.
However the Japanese youth had no idea why the old got angry and the youth wasn't sure what to say. This deplorable thing often happens, and it's one of reasons criticized in the world, for the Japanese don't know what their own country have done.
〔I Sung-man 李承晩〕
After graduating a missionary school in Korea, he went abroad America, and got the doctorade in the Princeton university, and returned to the Sout Korea.
However his homeland, Korea was controlled by Japan, so he assumed the office of a president of a temporary government of 大韓民国 established Shanghai. He became a leader in the movement of independent of ...
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔I sung-man 李承晩〕
He became a leader in the movement of independent Korea. With the establishment of Korea, he became the first president in the country.
He did education for anti-Japan thoroughly, and after the Korean War was ceased, he carried out the plan of dialogue with the North Korea at all with the position of anti-communism.
He resigned as president in 1960, and moved to Hawaii, and died there.
〔The defeat of Japan and division into the south and north〕
After Japan was defeated in the Pacific War, the Soviet Army went south so as to deprive their weapon from the Japanese Army stationed in the Korean peninsula and to occupy there.
When watching the force, America was impatient, the country feared that the whole Korean Peninsula was under the control by the Soviet Union, so made the military force land from the south and the military force aimed at the north.
America proposed that each of military force divid...
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔The defeat of japan and division into the south and north〕
America proposed that each of military force divided and occupy the south and north each other. Then its boundary line was north latitude 38th line. Soviet accepted it, but it's a beginning of the tragedy.
At first the Allied Powers which defeated Japan to plan to control the korean peninsula by four countries of America, England, France, and Soviet at most 5 years until an original country was formed there.
It's an idea that the four countries became foster parents and take care of their adoped child until it became a grown-up, but when putting the plan into practice, America and Soviet opposed so violently that the plan didn't make a progress at all.
The problem was brought to the United Nations, and the United Nation decided to plan a general election in the both of the south and north, and establised the unified nation, but Soviet was opposed to it.
In short...
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔The defeat of Japan and division into the south and north〕
In short it was decided that the place where the general elcetion was able to be done the election was done, so the general election was done in the half of the Korean Peninsula. It was the South Korea.
The Diet members who was elected in the election elected I Sung-man 李承晩as president, and he announced that the South Korea was independent August in 1948 after three years of the defeat of Japan.
On the other hand, Soviet made progress of founding a nation with a way of the Soviet Union on the other half of the north Peninsula. It was the North korea
Soviet brought Kim ll Sung 金日成 who used to be a lieutenant in the Soviet Army in the middle of the Pacific War to the North Korea, and Soviet made him the leader in the North Korea.
The election of the member of the council was done November 1946, but the one who could run for the election was only one in an electoral...
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔The defeat of Japan and division into the south and north〕
...but the one who could run for the election was only one in each electoral district. Moreover eligible voters had to vote in front of others.
If the elegible voter supports the candidate, the voting was to be done in a white ballot box, and if it doesn't, it was to be done in a black one. All the eligible voters were forced to do it.
Whether supporting or objecting was quite obvious, so it was far from a free election.
The council which was elected in the election was the parent organizatin, though it is doubtful whether or not we can call it the election, the North korea was established September in 1948. It was the next month of the establishment of the South Korea.
After divided into the south and north with the north latitude 38the line, the one who hated the socialism went to the south, and the one who yearned for the socialism went to the north. The former...
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔The defeat of Japan and division into the south and north〕
The one who went to the south was called 越南, and the other who went to the north 越北 in Korea. The great racial movenment was done then in the Korean Peninsula.
〔The Korean War broke out on Sunday〕
Two of the countries were established in the both south and north, and after two years, the Korean War brought about June in 1950.
The army in the North Korea started firing at the South Korea at once all over the 38th Parallel, the boundary dividing the south and north.
After 30 minutes, the military unit on the land went over the military boundary line and attacked the army in the South Korea.
In the beginning of the war, the army of the South Korea misjudged it's a skirmish 小競り合い which happened frequently in the border took place again, and was late for making counterattacking posture against the North Korea.
Besides lots of executives in the South Korean were in...
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔The Korean War broke out on Sunday〕
In addition, lots of the executives in the South Korean were in the middle of stduying and training, studying abroad or a tour of inspection abroad, so the South korean was scantily guarded extremely then.
To make matters worse, a large scale of personnel changes in the army were done in the same month. A general who just arrived its new post couldn't control the military unit in the least.
Misfortunes seldom come singly. It was a busy season for farmers, the soldiers whose parents' house were engaged in agriculture took a day off in the weekend and went to their parents' house so as to help agricultural work.
Misfortune didn't stop. There was a club where generals gather in Seoul, and its opening ceremony was done the day before the Sunday when the Korean War broke out.
About no less than 100 executives, and the advisers who were in charge of the military affair gathered there and...
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔The Korean War broke out on Sunday〕
...and they drank until late at night.
When the war broke out, the generals were called up in emergency, and it is said there were lots of the ones who were hangover among the genereals.
On the other hand, the army in the North Korea went south. Their front was tanks of T34 which was the state of art left by the army of the Soviet.
Contrary to it, there wasn't any tank in the army in the South Korean, so it was at a loss what to do, and suffered a total defeat.
Seoul which is the capital in the South Korean was occupied by the army in the North Korea after only three days since the war started.
〔The countries which joined the Korean War〕
The military force in the United Nations which was formed in order to help the South Korea, except for America, are 15 countries.
England, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Holland, Ethiopia, France, Greece, New Zealand, Philippine, Thailand....
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔The countries which joined the Korean War〕
...Turkey, the Federal of the South Africa, and Luxembourg.
On the other hand the countries which supported the North Korea was China alone officially, but it proved out later on that the air force in Soviet joined the war in secret.
The son of late Mao Zedong 毛沢東 in China was dead in the war, and the son of the ex-president Eisenhower joined the war.
〔The American army intervened in the war all sides〕
When the Korean War broke out, the ex-president Truman set forth the plan for helping South Korea in all aspects at once and the American Army intervened in the war all sides.
Then the American Army withdrew from the South Korean, so it's just that a few advisers for military affairs of the Americans were left, so the American Army stationed in Japan ran there so as to help the South Korea.
The United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution against the North Korean to stop...
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔The American Army intervened in the war all sides〕
The United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution to demand the North Korean to stop the activity on the war at once and to withdraw from the the 38th boundary line June in the same year.
The foundation of the military force in the United Nation was decided July. Each country which joined the United Nation received recommendation to dispatch the military force under control a commander which America directed.
Finally 16 countries, including America, dispatched the military force to the Korean Peninsula.
MacArthur who was stationed in Japan was appointed the commander of the military force of the United Nation by the ex president Truman.
Then Soviet which had the vote power 拒否権 refused to attend to the United Nations Security Council. China which was led by the national party was one of permanent members of the U.N.Security Council, but the national party ran away...
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔The American Army intervened in the war all sides〕
...but the national party ran away to Taiwan, and China was controlled by the communist party then, but China led by the national party remained the permanent member of the U.N.Security Council.
Its member should be changed from the China led by the national party to the China led by the communist party, but the United Nation Security Council neglected it, so Soviet protested it and refused to attend.
As a result, there was no country which refused the decision of the resolution in the United Nation Security Council, the resolution to criticism to the North Korean and the foundation of the military force in the United Nation were decided without dissent.
A foreign Army has stationed in the South Korea just now, and it's actually American Army, but it's officially the military force in the United Nation. The American Army stationed in the South Korean raises a flag of the U.N.
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔Which side attacked first,the South or North?〕
When the Korean War brought about, the North Korean announced, the southern side attacked first, so we counterattacked.
On the other hand, America and the South Korean insisted that it's a surprise attack from the North Korea.
As both sides tried not to concede, the third party couldn't judge the situation exactly easily then.
However judging from the attack on the North Korean immediately after the war broke out,its remark, its enemy attacked, so it counterattacked, isn't persuasive with a military affairs view of point.
It didn't seemed that the South Korean army which didn't have any tank attacked the North Army which possessed 250 tanks of the state of art from the common knowledge on the military affairs.
The dispute came to an end by memories of the then president in Soviet, Khrushchev published in 1970.
Kim ll Sung 金日成 who was the then president in the North Korean...
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔Which side attacked first, the South or North?〕
Kim ll Sung 金日成 who was the then president in the North Korean visited Soviet before the war happened, and he got a support of the plan of unification by the military force from the then president Stalin in Soviet. It was disclosed by the memories of Khrushchev.
American army confiscated data on the military affairs on the North Korean army. It reached 1.6 million pages. A Japanese journalist deciphered all the data,and clarified how the army of the North Korean gathered just north side of the 38th boundary line directly before the war started.
After starting to attack, how they should occupy the South Korean, its policy was written in detail in the data on the military affairs.
In addition, thirty thousand of military unit of the North Korean of Chinese parents were sent to the North Korean from China with weapon and military equipment.
They belonged to the army of China led..
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔Which side attacked first, the South or North?〕
They belonged to the army in China led by the communist party. Mao Zedong 毛沢東 in China supplied the people who belonged to China to the North Korean.
It was one link of expansion on military force attacking the south by the north. The military unit which was trained in the civil war in China obtained big results with the start of the Korean War.
Kim ll Sung 金日成 invading the south of the half of the Korea,and aimed at military unification in the Korean peninsula, It's a mutual recognition between modern historians.
Before the Korean War happened January in 1950,the Security State in America announced like the next.
American defending line on the Far East is the Aleutians Islands,it's Japan, Ryukyu Islands, and Philippine. Then America occupied Philippine.
When looking at the defending line, Korean peninsula and Taiwan aren't included. We can judge the speech was the countries..
【The same races killed each other in Korean War】
〔Which side attacked first, the South or North?〕
We can judge the speech was the countries where the American army stationed, but there is other way of thinking.
When hearing the announcement, China, Soviet, and the North Korea misunderstood that if the war breaks out in the Korean Peninsula, America won't intervene in it.It made the Korean War bring about.
However there is an objection on the matter, and it isn't clear.
There is other possibility that Kim ll Sung 金日成 was influenced by China.
The national party was defeated by the communist party in the civil war and ran away to Taiwan. The Chinese Continent was unified by the communist party with the military force.
The way of thinking that the revolution is done by the military force was realized, so Kim ll Sung thought he could unify the Korean peninsula with the military force like China. There is a way of thinking like that.
〔The army of the North Korean which was armed..〕
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
〔The army in the North Korean was militarized with weapons from Soviet〕
In the beginning of the battle in the Korean War was one-side.
The army in Soviet stationed in North Korean and withdrew in 1948. After that the main weapon which the army in Soviet had was supplied to the North Korea as it was, especially powerful weapon was T34 tank. Its number reached 250.
On the other hand, American army advisers who were charged in the military affairs thought like the next.
There are such a lot of mountain regions in the Korean peninsula that making use of tanks isn't appropriate. American people are under the impression that the tank is used in in a great prairie like Europe or Russia.
However,receiving demand from the North Korea,there was a plan of supplying tanks,but when the war broke out,it wasn't prepared.
South Korea counterattacked to the North Korea with a bazooka or antitank gun,but those weapon couldn't pierce an armed..
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［The army in the North Korean was militarized weapons from Soviet］
...but the weapons couldn't pierce a thick armed clad of T34 tank, in short, the South Korean wasn't equal to the North Korean in the Korean War in the beginning.
［The army in the South Korean which was driven away to Pusan 釜山］
American army which was dispatched to Korea in hurry wasn't equipped well, so it wasn't match for the army in the North Korean as if it had rushed like surging waves.
As a result, the area which the army in the South Korean and the United Nations protected was a tiny semicircle of Pusan in southern west in the peninsula.
With one more attack,the army in the South Korean was forced to dive into the sea, the Korean peninsula was unified by the North Korea with the military force.
Both the army of the South Korean and United Nations fought desperately so as to protect the area of small semicircle.
If being defeated,their country vanishes!
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［The army in the South Korean which was driven away to Pusan 釜山］
It's exactly burning their bridge behind them 背水の陣.
On the other hand, the North Korean pressed the South Korean. With another effort,unification with the military force,but it found it hard to carry the attack further the semicircle of which center was Pusan.
The North Korean was north to the 38th boundary line. The supply route through which weapons,foods,and ammunition expanded from Pusan to the North Korea so much that it took lots of time to reach what the army in the North Korean needed.
In addition, as America had command of the air, the transported supplies from the north suffered from heavy damage by air raids of the American army.
The foods and weapons which reached the front of Pusan became little.
The soldiers in the North Korean were worried about their starvation and were frightened by the counterattack of the army in the United Nation,so....
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［The army in the South Korean which was driven away to Pusan 釜山］
...so lots of soldiers ran away one after another.
Kim ll Sung 金日成 ordered to shoot to death on the spot if the soldiers run away from the battlefield,even if they belong to the upper class in the army,it doesn't matter.
After that, the soldiers in the north side were forced to go ahead.
［Landing Inchon 仁川 by the army in the United Nations］
The operation of landing Inchon 仁川 by the army of the United Nation September which changed the military situation greatly.
The army in the North Korean attacked Pusan where both the army of South Korean and America protected. Landing a large scale of military unit at the back of the army of the North Korean, and surrounding the enemy by both of the army of America, South Korea and the United Nation.
Forty thousand of American soldiers landed on the west coast of the Korean peninsula,Inchon, from American fleets.
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［Landing on Inchon 仁川 by the army in the United Nations］
Directly before the operation was carried out, lots of ships gathered as decoy at the east coast of the peninsula, and made the army in the North side think the side of the United Nation landed from the east side.
［An operation of decoy by American army］
American army often uses the operation of decoy.
At the operation of landing on Normandy which started to counterattack on the European front in the World War Ⅱ, American army spread false information that the American army landed on Calais which was away from Normandy.
German army was disturbed and Normandy was scantily guarded then.
In the Gulf War,when attacking the Iraqi army which occupied Kuwait, the American army spread the false information of landing on the east coast, and the Marines pretended to land there.
However,the operation was going around the west of a desert in Iraq, and went to the back of Iraq.
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［The army in the United Nation went north］
The operation of landing on Inchon 仁川 was successful. The North side who was preoccupied with attacking Pusan was isolated by the army of the United Nation, which was at the back of the North side.
This time, the army in the North Korean ran away in all directions. The army in the United Nation which pursued the North side continued to go north, and recaptured the capital, Seoul September.
The army in the United Nation which got back Seoul went north more and more, and went over the 38th line and charged the North Korean, but in consequence, it expanded the war.
The army in the United Nation attacked the capital of the North Korean, Pyongyang, and occupied it.
The thing which the army in the United Nation saw in Pyongyang was a terrible sight that plenty of people of anti establishment 反体制 who were arrested were executed when the soldiers in the North Korean ran away.
The army in..
【The same nation killed each other in the Korean War】
［The army in the United Nation went north］
The army in the United Nation which occupied Pyongyang continued to go north, and drove away the army in the North Korea to near the border of China.
This time, the North Korean faced to the crisis of life or the death for the nation.
［Running across an unidentified enemy in the northern area］
The army in the United Nation continued to go south from Pyongyang, and came across unidentified elite unit. It was a powerful enemy which was clearly different from the army in the North Korea which devoted themselves to running away.
When interrogating a captive of the elite unit,it turned out to be the one of the communist party in China, but the army in the United Nation didn't believe China intervene in the war,and the countermeasure was too late.
Then the army in the United Nation was to put to rout because of pour in one wave of reinforcements after another 人海戦術 by China.
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［Running across an unidentified enemy in the northern area］
A commander in the South Korean testified that American commanders couldn't distinguish between the Korean and the Chinese. It was one of cause of the total defeat.
At last, full-scale war between the army in the United Nation and China broke out.
［The pour in one wave of reinforcements after another 人海戦術 by China］
To tell the truth, Mao Zedong 毛沢東 in China decided to organize a volunteer army in Chinese army,and to send it to Korean October in 1950. Its commander was Peng Dehuai 彭徳懐,
He said it was a volunteer army from political consideration officially, but it was actually Chinese army itself.
If North Korean collapsed,a nation whose company was America of capitalistic country formed in the Korean peninsula next to China. America was enemy to China,so China thought it's an important thing which was related to the safety for China.
The number of the Chinese...
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［The pour in one wave of reinforcements after another 人海戦術 by China］
The number of the Chinese which joined the volunteer army reached 3.5 million.
The volunteer army went over the Yalu River 鴨緑江 in secret September. The river was in the border between China and North Korea.
The member of the first group of the volunteer army had his food for a week,170 bullets of rifle, and three grenades.
There was no conception of supply in the Chinese army then. Each soldier had its food and bullet as much as possible,and eat it up, and used up the weapon, then its attack was over.
However a large number of army was sent one after another by the pour in one wave of reinforcements, so eventually the military unit won and advanced.
While the army in the United Nation fought back with a machine gun, the Chinese army charged head-on the army in the United Nation. The Chinese army stormed to its enemy,and there were heaps of the Chinese corpse
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［The pour in one wave of reinforcements after another 人海戦術 by China］
After the Chinese army rushed to the enemy, there were piles of the Chinese corpse behind them. This kind of attack was often done.
When breaking through a minefield,the Chinese Army grudge the time and trouble so as to go through the dangerous place safely,and made a large scale of unit of a foot soldier rush there.
Then the the members of the first group stepped on a land mine, and the he exploded himself. In this way, the land mine was got rid of.
As a result, the pour in one wave of reinforcements after another made the army in the United Nation drive away from the territory in the North Korean no more than in two month, though there was tremendous damage in the Chinese army.
The army in the United Nation decided to give up Pyongyang November, and about 3 million residents ran away to the south side. Lots of tragic refugees appeared.
［Competing for...］
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［Competing for Seoul］
The army in the United Nation retreated to the south to the 38th line by the great offensive of the Chinese Army,but the Chinese army didn't stop attacking, so the army in the United Nation continued to retreat.
Seoul, the capital in the South Korea, which the army in the United Nations got back once but gave it back again January in the next year.
Then the army in the United Nation reshaped its position and the north latitude 38th became the defense front for the United Nation this time.
However the war was expanded so much the supply from the Chinese army didn't make progress, and the speed of advance dropped, so the army in the Unite Nation recaptured Seoul again March.
An air battle between jet planes was done in this war. It was for the first time in history. It is thought the soldiers of the North Korea were in combat plane in the North Korea, but they were not.
It turned out that there were lots..
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［Competing for Seoul］
It turned out that there were lots of pilots of Soviet army in the combat planes in the North Korean. The army in Soviet participated in the war in secret.
［The war was at deadlock in the 38th line］
The war was a seesaw game, and fell into a deadlock around the 38th line. Constructing strong position each other and attacked sporadically and suffered from a heavy damage and retreated. Those things were repeated.
In the depth of winter, there were the deceased one after another owing to frostbite. MacArthur of a commander in the United Nation lost his temper and asked a permission of using an atomic bomb to China.
However Hiroshima and Nagasaki suffered from a heavy damage by the atomic bomb,so no one can use the weapon easily any longer.
The president Truman in America feared the way of thinking of MacArthur so much that the president removed MacArthur from the commander.
It was unusual situation that...
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［The war was at deadlock in the 38th line］
It was extremely unusual situation that the commander of the highest rank was dismissed in the middle of the war.
A hero, MacArthur, who defeated the Japanese army in the Pacific War left with the next phrase. An old soldier doesn't die, it's just that he leaves.
［To a cease-fire］
Soviet called for the both sides and a meeting for a cease-fire started June 1951. Without developing any more, the damage alone continued to increase. Both sides couldn't endure the situation.
A place for the meeting of the cease-fire was a town northwest to Panmunjom 板門店.
A representation of the south side were the army in the United Nation, though it was actually the American army and the army in the South Korea.The north side were the army in the North Korea and the army in China.
The conference was broke off right away due to a violent opposition, and resumed again October, then its place was moved..
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［To a cease-fire］
...after that the place of the conference for the cease-fire was moved to Panmunjom 板門店.
The consultation of the cease-fire on agreement was not getting anywhere. It was very hard. After all, the signing ceremony on the agreement of the cease-fire was done September in 1953. It took two years since the conference started.
However the South Korea who wasn't satisfied with the agreement on the cease-fire didn't sign the treaty, but the United Nation, North Korea and China did, and the agreement on the cease-fire was formed.
Roughly speaking, Korea was divided by the north latitude 38 degree as military boundary line. To be exact, the line goes south in the west in the peninsula, and goes north in the east.
The line was drawn with the form of confirming the area where each military force controlled, so it is the shape like that.
Each place of the 38th line 2 km to both the south and north is demilitarized area.
Continuation of the last response.
Both of the countries are forbidden to station the military force in the demilitarized area.
【The same race killed each other in the Korean War】
［Peng Dehuai 彭徳懐］
He was the first Secretary Defense in China led by the communist party. When Mao Zedong 毛沢東 decided to dispatch the Chinese army to the Korean peninsula,he was appointed to the supreme commander in the volunteer army.
He reflected on serious damage from the pour in one wave of reinforcements after another 人海戦術, and after the war, he tried to make progress of modernization of China.
However a criticism to Mao Zedong 毛沢東 made the leader get angry, he lost his position. He was tortured in the middle of the Cultural Revolution, and it caused him to be dead.
A hero in the Korean War was abandoned from his homeland.
［Douglas MacArthur］
He directed the war against Japan in the Pacific Ocean as commander in the Far East in the American Army. After Japan surrendered. he took office...
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［Douglas MacArthur］
After Japan surrendered, he took office as supreme commander in the occupation force. He achieved a big success in the operation on landing Inchon 仁川 of his own idea.
However trying to start strong measures to China, he clashed with Truman who tried a limited war on the Korean War and he was dismissed.
［A heavy damage］
The war which dragged on for three years ceased. It's just that a staggering of number of the deceased, plenty of family members who were broken up and the hatred for each country were left.
How many people were dead in the war? Announcement was done from each country, but they aren't correct, and no one can see the whole image on the deceased.
Judging from various data, adding up the soldiers and private citizens from the both sides, it is estimated there seemed to be a number of the deceased from 2.7 to 3.6 million.
The family members who broke up reached no less than 10 million.
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［A heavy damage］
Meeting again among the family members who broke up wasn't done for a long time, but the conference of the executive in the both sides June in 2000 made meetings among the family members move at last.
A hundred of the family members from each side met each capital August at the same year. A scene of a person who hugged an old family member and weeping shows us a tragedy in which the family members were separated into the south and north.
Houses were burnt up, factories were lost, and the fields disappeared. Both of the countries in the South and North had to lead a dark and long course for rebuilding the nation.
Besides, both of the countries tried to strengthen the military force each other. It became a burden for rebuilding the nation.
［After the Korean War］
Three million of residents in the north side who hated the establishment of Kim ll Sung 金日成 escaped to the south side.
In consequence, lots of...
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［After the Korean War］
In consequence, lots of people who came from the North Korea have learned to live South Korea, so the fusion of both culture in the south and north was done unexpectedly.
Korean-styled barbecued beef and cold noodle which is local specialty in Pyongyang, but two of them have learned to be eaten in Seoul frequently after the Korean War.
The war strengthened the relation between South Korea and America, and South Korean joined the Vietnam War which became a full scale one from 1961. Roughly speaking,the number of thirty seven hundred thousand people participated in the war,and four thousand and four hundred of the deceased.
America had experienced a war in which it couldn't win for the first time. After that a dread for the communism was in America.
A plan of reduction of military strength started after the World War Ⅱ, but it was withdrawn, and started a sharp reinforcement on the military strength.
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［After the Korean War］
The dread to the communism connected with intervention in Vietnam before long and led to the Vietnam War which was dragged on, and America headed straight to the one more war in which it couldn't win.
On the other hand, China aimed at overthrowing the national party which ran away to Taiwan, releasing Taiwan in the middle of the Korean War, but it intervened in the Korean War, and suffered from a heavy damage by the war, so gave up attacking Taiwan.
A structure of the Cold War on the opposition between America and China, Soviet was established in Asia after the Korean War.
The Cold War between the East and West was over because of collapse of the communism in Eastern Europe and Soviet Union, but the structure of the Cold War was still left in the Korean peninsula at present, for the same races have experienced a tragedy in which they fought each other.
［After that activity of guerrilla continues］
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［After that, activity of guerrilla continues］
The Korean War itself has taken a rest with the agreement on the cease-fire September in 1953, but a skirmish between the south and north still continues.
A military unit of guerrilla belong to North Korea raided to South Korea so as to assassinate the president Pak Chong-hui 朴正熙 January in 1968. They were in South Korean's military uniform and the number of them were 31.
They went into a city of Seoul and were caught in a inspection from policemen at the place where was 800 meters away from the presidential residence, and they fired an automatic small gun blindly and ran away.
The member of 28 were dead in the gunfight, and the other was arrested and another two escaped to their own country. The number of victims in South Korea were 68.
When the president Chon Du-hwan 全斗かん visited Burma which means Myanmar at present October in 1983, three guerrillas set up a bomb at the Aung..
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［After that, an activity of guerrilla countinues］
When ex-president Chon Du-hwan 全斗かん visited Burma which means Myanar at present, three guerrillas who tried to assassinate the Koran president set bombs at Aung San mausoleu 廟 and exploded there.
Then the arrival of the president was late, so he was safe, but 17 executives who accompanied with the president and four Burmese were dead.
One of guerrilla was shot to death by the Burmese army and the other two were arrested. It turned out that it was done by the North Korea from the confession from the two of them.
Burma which was on friendly term with North Korea broke off the relation with North Korea then.
An airplane from Baghdad to Seoul was exploded in the air November in 1987, all the passengers were dead. The ones who set up a bomb were two operatives in North Korea who impersonated the Japanese.
When being arrested, the one committed suicide by taking poison in Paren.
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［After that an activity of guerrilla continues］
However the other failed to commit suicide and was taken to South Korea as a suspect. She was Kimhyonhi 金賢姫.
She was sentenced to death but received a pardon and was released from prison, and got married to a police detective who interrogated her.
A submarine of North Korean was stranded at east coast in South Korea September 1996, and the number of crew was 26. 24 crews killed themselves or were shot to death in gunfight with the army of South Korea, and the other was arrested and another ran away.
There was a gunfight between ships of both navy in the South and North in the Yellow Sea west to the Korean penisula, and a torpedo boat of North Korea was attacked and sank June 1999.
Whenever hearing those things, the Korean War isn't over, lots of people must have thought like that.
Vietnam was divided into south and north but has been unified. The end of the Cold war has made...
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［An activity of guerrilla continues］
The end of the Cold War has made Germany which was separated into east and west and Yemen which was divided into south and north unify.
It's in the Korean peninsula alone where the same races remains divided in the world.
［Japanese economy revived owning to the Korean War］
When the Korean War broke out Japan called it the Korean upheaval, but its actual condition was more cruel and it was actually a war which was retaliated for the violence with more violence.
However the war next to the country have influenced over Japan unexpectedly. Revival economy and rearmanent in Japan.
America ordered commodities to Japan so as to accomplish the Korean War. The amount of the money reached to $2.4 billion. It's ￥8640 billion then.
As receiving the order each company started to operate at full swing. Japanese economy which couldn't recover from the ruins after the war moved to restoration at once.
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［From the Police Reserve to the Self Defence Force］
The tragedy next to the country made Japan revive its economy, and one of more influence from the Korean War was rearmanent in Japan.
American army which occupied Japan which was defeated in the Pacific War was dispatched to the Korean peninsula when the Korean War brought about. Almost all of its military power was sent then.
As Japanese defensive power disappeared, America indicated Japan to found Police Reserve. The amount of the member was 75.000.
The unit which was equipped with American weapons was in a position between the police and military force. It has developed into the Self Defence Force later on.
Then America thought it made Japan remained disarmanent so as to prevent Japan from being a menace in Asia again.
However the Korean War broke out and the Cold War became full-scale,so America changed its plan. Japan becomes a strategic foothold in Asia, and America..
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［From the reserve police to the Self Defense Force］
...and America requested Japan to militarize itself then, and moreover Japan joined the Korean War
There were lots of underwater mines by the army of the North Korean in the harbor of the Korean peninsula during the war, and an operation of landing on the peninsula didn't go well, so the American army demanded Japan to get rid of the underwater mines.
As receiving the demand, Japanese government dispatched minesweepers belonged to the Japan Coast Guard to the Korean peninsula in secret October in 1950, and the 27 underwater mines were handled.
Then two minesweepers touched the underwater mine and sank down into the sea, and a Japanese was dead, and 18 Japanese were injured either slightly or seriously then.
There was a fear it was against the peaceful constitution, so the dispatch itself remained secret for a long time.
［Hugging of of both executives in south and north..］
【The same races killed each other in the Korean War】
［Hugging of the both executives in the south and north seemed to bring peace to the Korean peninsula, but...］
Visiting the Korean peninsula by the president Kim Dae Jung 金大中 was welcomed from all over the world, for it was evaluated the visit would bring peace to the Korean peninsula.The president received a Nobel Peace Prize with the credit.
However, it turned out that the president asked a major company in Korea to send the huge sum of $ 0.5 million to North Korea in order to succeed the meeting of the both executives in the south and north.
The president used the money so as to be in successful in the meeting, and was criticized that he bought the Nobel Prize with the money.
Instead of a confrontation, the president faced to North Korea with harmony. A successor of the president, No Mu-hyon 蘆武こう succeeded to the course, and continued to help North Korea.
Its result was a nuclear test by North Korea. There has been a ....
Continuation of the last response
There has been a suspicion that the fund from South Korea was used for development on nuclear weapon, so South Korea receives international criticism.
【Israel was born and the war broke out】
［Shocking with assassination of the prime minister Rabin］
Tel Aviv is the largest city in Israel, and it means a mountain in spring in Hebrew. It faces the Mediterranean Sea, and declaration of establishing Israel was done there.
People of about one hundred thousand gathered in a square in front of the city hall in Tel Aviv, and a meeting for peace was held November in 1995.
Yitzhak Rabin attended the meeting and a chorus for peace was done with the prime minister and the Israelis. When the meeting was over, the prime minister trying to go home and went to the parking, then a tragedy happened.
Three bullets were fired from a pint-blank range 至近距離 to Rabin. He was sent to hospital at once, but was dead before long. It was the last time of the prime ...
【Israel was born and the war broke out】
［Shocking with an assassination of Rabin】
It was the last scene of the prime minister who made effort for peace between Palestine and Israel and received the Nobel Peace Prize.
The man who attacked the prime minister was arrested on the spot. He was a fanatic Jewish person at the age of 26.
He was opposed to Rabin who made progress peaceful situation with residents with the Palestine, so he committed the crime.
The Isuraeli were shocked at the mureder case that an Israeli killed its fellow. About of one million of the people in Israel ran to the coffin of the prime minister and said good-bye to the coffin where Rabin lay.
All of the people were worried about that what would happen to the peace among the world, for the peace over the Middle East had went ahead under Rabin then.
The news on assassination of Rabin reached Sunday morning in Japan. The author said he's remember the shocking of the news clearly even now.
【Israel was born and the war broke out】
［A tragedy in the Middle East often becomes a news］
History in the Middle East has been covered with bloods. Even if starting negotiations with enemies who fought against, it has often been killed from its side as betrayer.
Not only the president Rabin in Israel but the president Sadat in Egypt was killed by the peopel in Islamic fundammentalism who opposed to peace with Israel in 1981.
Arafat in PLO tried to lead a course of peaceful coexistence with Israel was sought after his life.
A tourist from other foreign countries has to reach an airport in Israel at least before three hours when going out of the country, otherwise it has fear it's late for an airplane, for its luggage is to be inspected thoroughly.
A place where the tourist travelled in Israel, or what kind of people it met. Who did its packing? Those questions were done with a people in charge by turns again and again over.
They checked whether or not there was difference...
【Israel was born and wars have broke out】
［Tragedies in the Middle East often become news］
The tourist were checked whether or not there was diffence in its story. Even its souvenir which was wraped neatly was opened and was examined.
The tourist who went through those things talked that he thought Israel don't want foreigners to travel its country.
It is said the correspondence from Israel becomes soft lately but the country has feared terrorism which a bomb is brought to a plane which flies from Israel, for Israel is a country which is surrounded by enemies.
［What is the Middle East?］
We've often heard of a word of the Middle East in news, but when looking at the place with a map, it's west to Japan. It's in the west, but it's called the Middle East. Why?
The Middle East is a phrase from England which used to make the place become its colony.
The east is India which used to be a colony for England. Japan is far from east from India is called the Far East. The word of..
【Israel was born and wars have broke out】
［What is the Middle East?］
The word of near, far, and middle is a convenient way of calling from England. Both Germany and Italy were about to occupy those places for military purposes during the World War Ⅱ, and England set up a military headquarters as military foothold at Cairo in Egypt. Then the way of calling the Middle East has been fixed.
Judging from a geological point of view, it's east Asisa, southern east Asia, and a part of it is north Africa, but the way of thinking of the Middle East is a local name formed by historically and politically.
［Establishment of Israel］
The first president David Ben Gurion declared an establishment of Israel in Tel Aviv May in 1948. Israel means a worrior of the God in Herbew. Israe is the name of a country which used to be exist in the ancient, and the president has revived it.
The people were so glad at their wish of the country of establishment of the Jewish people has come true that they..
【Israel was born and wars have broke out】
［Establishment of Israel］
The people were so glad at the country of establishment by the Jewish people that they headed to a town, sang their natioanl anthem and danced.
In the next day, the Arabian allied forces formed by Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq which didn't permit Israel to establish its country attacked Israel. In this way, the first war in the Middle East started.
Its ceased-fire was formed in the next year from February to June. Arabian each country didn't permit Israel to be an official country, but a boundary line for military purpose was set up, and Israel has learned to exist actually then.
Israel has endured the war and won its independence, but at the same time, it's started long wars and disputes.
［Massacre on the Jewish people］
Massacre on the Jewish people by Hitler in Germany which is well-known in Auschwitz asylum. Anne Frank of in the diary of Anne Frank is one of victims in the massacre.
The more...
【Israel was born and wars have broke out】
［Massacre on the Jewish people］
The more we know the massacre in detail, the more we feel chill, do the human race becomes so cruel so much?
We tend to think that the massacre was done in Germany alone from the prhase of the massacre on the Jewish people by Hitler, but it isn't exactly.
Germany led by Hitler used to occupy Europe in a wide area then, and persecution on the Jewish people was done each occupied territory.
Plenty of the Jewish people were killed then. Roughly speaking, 2.6 million in Poland, seventy five hundred thousand in both in Romania, and Soviet which was under rule of Germany.
In Germany eightenn hundred thousand were killed. About 6 million in the whole Europe.
After the World War Ⅱ was over, as we know how much the jewish people had a bitter experience, the public opinion in the international society become sympathetic to the Jewish people, and have learned to listen to their wish.
They've wanted to establish...
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［Massacre on the Jewish people］
The Jewish people had wanted to establish their own country, for there was movement of wanting to establish the country of the Jewish people alone by 2000.
［The movement of Zionism］
The first meeting for Zionist was held in Swiss in 1897. Zionist is an acitvist for the movement of returning to the hill in Zion. The hill in Zion is in Jerusalem which is a holy ground for the Jewish people.
In short, the movement is coming back to Jerusalem and establishing their own country.
The Jewish people used to build their kingdom around Jerusalem around B.C. but the kingdpom was destroyed by the Roman Empire in the first century, and the Jewish people scattered each place in Europe.
After that they had been persecuted in varied ways in the society of the Christianity. They thought they were persecuted because they didn't have their country.
So they started a movement of building their own country in the place...
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［Movement on Zionism］
The Jewish people started a movement of building their own country in the place which is used to be the Kingdom of the Jewish people, and the place is called Palestine.
A Jewish person is the one who believes in the Old Testament.
Abraham who was a founder of the Jewish people swore that he believed in Yahweh alone as only God. He came to Palestine which called Cannan.
Then Yahweh promised that he gave the land to Abraham's offspring. Then the way of thinking of the promised land was born.
Palestine could have been a holy place where our ancestor was given from the God. Let's build our country there. The idea leads to the movement of Zionism.
［Why were the Jewish people persecuted?］
The Jewish people were persecuted in the society of the Christine in Europe, for there is a discripition that the Jewish people caught Christ and crucified him on the cross in the New Testament in which the Christine believe.
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［Why were the Jewish people persecuted?］
The Jewish people are the one who the Christine hated so much, because they crucified Christ on the cross.
The finance business was thought to be a dirty business in the Europena society in the Middle Ages, so the dirty business was forced upon the Jewish people who were discriminated then.
The business made the Jewish people become wealthy, and a prejudice of the wealthy Jewish people, and the Jewish people who were quick to see the money was promoted.
A loan shark who appeared in Venice Merchant written by Shakespeare was an impression to the Jewish people then. The impression made the Jewish people receive the persecution more and more. It's a vicious spiral.
By the way it is said that the Jewish people are the one who believe in the Judaism. As long as they believe in the Judaism, they are regardes as Jewish people regardless of their race or their language.
Lots of people have applied...
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［Why were the Jewish people persecuted?］
Lots of the Jewish people have applied to Israel that they've wanted to return to Israel. There is a law whether or not they are allowed to return as the Jewish people.
The Jewish people are defined that they were born from mothers who are the Jewdish people, or the one who is converted to Judaism, the one who doesn't believe in other religion, except for Judaism.
［England which was tripled-tongue］
The problem in the Middle East has been complicated due to England.
Arabian region including Palestine used to belong to the empire of Ottoman Turkey until the first World War started.
When the first World War started, Ottoman Turkey was in the side of Germany and fought with Germany against England and France. The Middle East became a battlefield.
Then England maneuvered for the Arabian people who were under control of Ottaman Turkey, for England wanted to win the Arabian people over to...
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［England was tripled-tongue］
...England wanted to win the Arabian people over to the side of England.
Arabian influential man defended Mecca which was a holy place for Isram. England promised to the influential one to build an Arabian independent country in the eastern Arabian region after the first World War was over. It's Husain Macmahon correspondence.
The correspondence is letters. The representative in England who negotiated was Henry Macmahon stationed in Cairo. The name of the Arabian influential one was Husain, so the letters were written and sent between Macmahon and Husain then.
Husain was a decendant of Muhammad who founded Islam, and had had influenced over the society of Islam as the one who was related to the noble.
Husain who believed in the promise by England declared an independent of Arab July in 1916 and caused a rebellion of Arab against Ottoman Turkey.
Then the one who joined the rebellion and contacted with...
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［England was tripled tongue］
Then the one who joined the rebellion and contacted with England was what is called Lawrence of Arabia, Thomas Lawrence. He was an English archaaeologist and a general who was charged in information in the English army.
How he played an active part in the war becomes a movie after the war.
On the other hand England thought if a country which was on the side of England was built, English natural interest was defended, so then a Minister of Foreign Affairs in England, Arthur Balfour sent letters to the representative of Zionist group in England. It's Balfour declaration.
Then English side promised that English governmetn supported to the Jewish people build their national home in Palestine in the declaration.
However the expression was unclear. Does in Palestine mean being part of Palestine or the whole Palestine? Is the national home a nation or not?
Anyway the group of the Jewish people who thought they...
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［England was tripled tongue］
Anyway a group of the Jewish people who thought they were given a certificate from England aimed at going to Palestine one after another after the declaration. Then a collective farm by the Jewish people started to be built in Palestine. The collective farm is called a kibbutz.
England promised the Arabian people to be an independent country for them, and supported the group of the Jewish people to build the national home for them.
Moreover, England concluded an agreement with France in secret. After the World War Ⅰ was over, England and France shared the territory which was under control of Ottoman Turkey.
The agreement is called Sykes and Picot agreement, for the names of the ones who negotiatated the agreement was Sykes who was an English and Picot who was a French.
The agreement of sign was done in the middle of the World War Ⅰ, May in 1916, but concluding the agreement itself remained secret.
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［England was tripled tongue］
After the World War Ⅰ was over, both England and French separated and controlled the area of the Middle East, according to the secret agreement.
A trial of building the country of the Arabian people with the promise beween England and the Arabian people was suppressed by France.
So Churchill, then a minister who was charged in the colony permitted to form Trans Jordan east to the Jordan River as a compromise agreement, and west side of the Jordan River becomes Palestine. England continues to control the Palestine at present.
『A column, Muhammad』
The founder of Islam used to be called Mahomet, but the way of calling was an European style which was their own way. It is called Muhammad at present so as to be close to the original way of calling.
Muhammad isn't a foreteller but a prophecy. The foreteller is foretells a thing in the future, and the prophecy is the one who has kept phrases from the god.
Correction.
I've made a mistake again. I expressed that England controls Palestine at present, and it was in the wrong. England controlled there afrer the World War Ⅰ. I'm embarassed with such a blunder.
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
『Column, Muhammad』
Muhammas received revelations from the god, and got them together in the Koran as a sacred book. He was in the same time of 聖徳太子 in Japan.
『Column, a kibbutz』
Kibbutz means a collection in Hebrew, and it's an original community or collective farm in Israel. It has been established for the first time in 1909.
The people from east Europe who were full of an ideal for socialism with the next principle and have started to manage.
All the members work according to their ability, and receive their reward according to its necessity.
They are engaged in agriculture voluntarily, and their lives are secured.
Kibbutz offers the people who returned without a way of leading life chances to work and recommends development.
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
『Column, kibbutz』
At the same time, kibbutz is firmly established as the way of emigration state proceeding development.
［Palestine was divided by the United Nations］
After the World War Ⅰ was over, England was damaged so bitterly by the war that it didn't have enough power to control Palestine.
On the other hand, a sympathetic public opinion for the Jewish people who were slaughtered by Nazis Germany heightened, and there was a movement of permitting the Jewish people to emigrate to Palestine.
England left how they should handle Palestine to judgement of the United Nation, and a resolution of division of Palestine was adopted at the United Nations General Assembly November in 1947.
A nation of the Jewish people was built in Palestine which makes up for 56%, and other nation of the Arab in Palestine which accounts for the rest of 43%.
Jerusalem which is holy ground for both of the them has been left to the control by the UN.
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［The plan of division by the United Nations hasn't been observed.］
Why is Jerusalem the holy ground for both of the Jewish people and the Arab? I'm going to express it later on.
Israel was built, being based on the plan of division, but a war between the allied forces of Arab and Israel brought about, and Israel occupied area more than the United Nation appointed. It was the first war in the Middle East.
Israeli territory accounted for no less than 77% of the whole Palestine. The rest of the area was occupied by Jordan and Egypt. Actually, Palestine was divided into three.
［The war in the Middle East brought about four times］
After that, the fires of war didn't stop in the Middle East, and the war broke out four times there, if including a dispute which didn't become a large scale of war, the number of the war is countless.
The first war in the Middle East happened with the declaration of establishment of Israel, so the war was...
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［The wars in the Middle East happened four times］
...so the first war in the Middle East was accompanied with building Israel, so the Jewish people call the war the one for their independence.Then Israel won more territory than the United Nation assigned.
The second war in the Middle East broke out October in 1956.
Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, and England and France which held the greater part of the stock of the company which was charged in the canal were indignant with it.
Under pressure from the two big powers, Israel attacked Egypt, and both England and France did. This war is called the Suez War. The war repelled both America and Soviet so violently that the three countries withdrew from there.
The third war in the Middle East occurred July in 1967, and Israel won the war overwhelmingly in only six days, so the war is called the war in six days in Israel.
Egypt and Syria strengthened military pressure to Israel and Israel...
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［Wars in the Middle East broke out four times］
...and Israel repelled the military pressure and went on the offensive first to Egypt. Egypt was annihilated without flying any airplane from its air force on the first day when the war occurred.
Israel occupied the territory of Jordan which was west coast of the Jordan River, the territory of Egypt which was Gaza area, and the whole Sinai Peninsula, and the territory of Syria which was the Golan height in this war.
It means that Israel won the whole Palestine, especially the west coast in the Jordan includes the whole area of the holy ground, Jerusalem. Israel also won the holy ground for the Jewish people, Wailing Wall.
Jerusalem was appointed as an ares which was controlled by the United Nations and didn't belong to any country until the war in the Middle East brought about.
However as a result of the first war in the Middle East,Trans Jordan occupied eastern Jerusalem, Israel....
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［Wars in the Middle East brought about four times］
However as a result of the first war in the Middle East, Trans Jordan occupied eastern Jerusalem, Israel western Jerusalem, and a ceased-fire line was formed and it divided the city of Jerusalem into two. There was a wall between the east and west there like Germany.
Israel which occupied the whole Jerusalem in the third war in the Middle East removed barricades from the ceased-fire line, and declared that Jerusalem was a unified city.
In addition, the Jewish people started to build their houses on the occupied land.They took into action of disregarding the resolution by the United Nations completely.
『Column, is Jerusalem the capital for Israel?』
Israel has announced that Jerusalem is the capital of Israel, but it's resolved that the place is controlled by the United Nations, so the insistence of Israel hasn't allowed in the international society.
An embassy of each country is...
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
『Column, is Jerusalem the capital for Israel?』
An embassy of each country is to station to its capital, so each of country, including Japan, has put its embassy not to Jerusalem but to Tel Avib.
On the other hand, a pro-Jewish people in America continues a movement of moving American embassy to Jerusalem.
As to the origin of the word on Jerusalem, there are two opinions. The one is a peaceful town, and the other is a base of beautiful goddess.
Anyway, Jerusalem is a beautiful city, and it could have been a peaceful city originally...
『Wailing Wall』
The wall of the Wailing Wall is a part of a palace for the Jewish people which was constructed by the Jewish people and was destroyed by the Roman Empire about 2000 years ago.
Its west wall remains at present, and it's wet with the night dew, and it looks as if it wailed a sorrowful history of the Jewish people, so the wall was named like that.
There are religious Judaisms who read ..
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
『Column, wailing wall』
There are some religious Judaism who read the Bible in earnest to the wailing wall every day.
［The fourth war in the Middle East in which an unbeatable myth collapsed］
Israel expanded its territory from the first war to the third war in the Middle East, and an unbeatable myth of Israel was born before we know it. It was the fourth war in the Middle East in which the unbeatable myth collapsed.
The fourth war brought about on the day of expiation 贖罪 for the Jewish people of
October in 1973. They went on a fast 断食 and without going out of the house, they had to keep still for all day.
Egypt and Syria chose the day and made a surprise attack on Israel. Israel had a hard time in the beginning of the war owing to the unexpected attack, but reshaped its position and counterattacked.
Even if it's at one time, the Arab side drove Israel into a corner for the first time. The unbeatable myth of Israel collapsed then.
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［The fourth war in the Middle East in which an unbeatable myth collapsed］
The war didn't change their sphere of influence between the countries, but there was a situation which shocked all over the world.
Each country in Arab which possesses a large amount of petroleum becomes aware that they can use the petroleum as weapon in various ways.
As to the oil crisis, it had had influenced over the whole world so much that I'm going to talk about it later, the author said like that.
［Appearance of Palestinian refugees］
The Arab who used to live in Palestine originally were driven out of their homeland, or escaping from the fires of war and ran away from Palestine on account of repeated the wars in the Middle East and disputes.
Almost a million of the Arab which was equal to two-thirds of the whole Palestine became refugees because of the building Israel by the first war in the Middle East.
After that the refugee continued to increase..
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［Appearance of Palestinian refugee］
After the first war in the Middle East, the Palestinian refugees continued to increase, and the total amount of 2.5 million of them ran away into each country around the Middle East.
Speaking of the Palestinian refugee, there seems to be misunderstanding as if there were a native race of the Palestine, but there isn't. They are the Arab, but they were driven away from Palestine, so they are called the Palestinian refugees.
However it's fact that continued to be called the Palestinian refugees, a self-awareness has begun to arise in the Arab who were driven out of the land where they lived.
［Inauguration of P.L.O.］
The land where the Arab lived was taken by Israel by force, and the Arab has formed an organization so as to take back their land. The organization is the Palestine Liberation Organization, and its abbreviation is P.L.O.
When it was built for the in 1964,it used to be a sensible group...
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［Appearance of the Palestinian refugees］
...it used to be a sensible group made up with the Arab.
After each country in Arab suffered from a painful blow at the third war in the Middle East, Arafat became a leader in the P.L.O. February in 1962 and the organization has changed into an aggressive one.
The P.L.O. was like a big allied countries. There were several groups which had several way of thinking inside the P.L.O. The several groups developed various actions or guerrilla actions.
［A leader Arafat in Palestinian of self-government］
He was born in Jerusalem in 1929. He learned an engineering at university in Cairo
and organized Palestinian alliance made up with students.
After that, FATAH which is the biggest group in the P.L.O. was formed by the main members of the P.L. O.
HATAF means death in Arab, so reversing the order the phrase and it becomes FATAH.
FATAH means victory.
FATAH did guerrilla actions and tried to involve..
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［A leader Arafat in the Palestinian self-government］
FATAH continued acitivities of guerrilla and tried to involve other countries.
FATAH caused a full-scale war between Israel and other countries, using the acitvities of guerrilla as priming 起爆剤, and trying to possess Palestinne for the the Arab who were driven away from their home and became the refugees.
After that, Arafat changed into a moderate course, and moved into a course of peaceful coexistence.
[The peace which doesn't go smoothly in the Middle East]
In the middle of desperate situation like wars occurring one after another, appearance of Palestinian refugees, and terrorism by Palestinian guerrilla, a grope of tackle on peace has been continued.
After the fourth war in the Middle East, the president Sadat in Egypt decided to admit the right to life for Israel, in short he allowed Israel to be a nation, and his decision made returning the Sinai Peninsula which was...
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［The peace which doesn't go smoothly in the Middle East］
...but the decision of Sadat made returning the Sinai Peninsula which was occupied by Israel come true. He accomplised an exchange between the peace and the land.
However he was assassinated by a serviceman who opposed to the peace between Israel and Egypt during a military parade commemorating the fourth war in the Middle East October in 1981.
Moreover the president Rabin in Israel was killed November in 1995 because he did a peace negotiations with Israel.
As doing the peace negotiations itself is at the risk of its life, the negotiations didn't go smoothly at ease.
［The people in Palestine who resisted against the military force with throwing stones］
Two automobiles in residents of Palestine and a large-sized trailer in the army in Israel collided head-on in Gaza under the control of Israel December in 1987, and all the four residents in Palestine were dead instantly.
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［Residents in Palestine who resisted against the militray force with throwning stone］
The traffic accident made a resistance movement against the army in Israel of occupation force by the residents promote in Palestine. It's called a mass uprising 大衆蜂起.
The revolution by throwing stones continued until 1973, and there were 116 deceaded and thousands of injured people in the residents in Palestine.
Without having any weapons, the residents in Palestine resisted against the militarized soldiers in Israel with throwing stones. The soldiers in Israel were confused with them.
Firing at children who didn't have any weapons in Palestine was a great worry to the soldiers in Israel.
Instead of bullet, the one made of rubber or plastic were taken advantage,but if being hit on, they were injured seriously, and if worst come to worst, they would be dead.
Every time an image that children were hit by rifle or strucken by the soldiers in Israel...
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［The residents in Palestine who resisted against the military force with throwing stones］
Every time an image of children of hitting on by rifle and strucken by soldiers was forecast, the public opinion in the international society become sympathetic to the residents in Palestine.
Criticism to occupation by Israel was strengthened.
［The P.L.O. fell into an awful predicament at the Gulf War］
The situatiton in the Middle East changed violently owing to invasion Quwait August in 1990.
President Hussein in Iraq who occupied Quwait stated withdrawal of the Isreli army from the occupied area in Palestine on condition that the withdrawal of Iraq.
Showing the problem on Israel, Hussein tried to change a thing on invasion Quwait into other thing of Arab between Israel.
The P.L.O. supported the plan of the president Hussein at once, but it was Quwait which helped P.L.O. with the money so much more than any other country until then.
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［P.L.O. fell into an awful predicament］
An exiled regiment in Quwait was so indignant that it broke off of helping P.L.O. with the money. Saudi Arabia which was exposed on the threat from Iraq also stopped helping P.L.O.
P.L.O. fell into being short of fund and it found it hard to go on its activity. No other countries around P.L.O. tried to take it seriously, so P.L.O. also suffered from political damage.
［Oslo agreement which was epoch-making］
Israel which was confused with being thrown stone by residents of Palestine. P.L.O. which fell into an awful predicament by invasion to Quwait by Iraq, and the public opinion which became aware by announcement of the president Hussein that the occupation by Israel was left alone.
Those three things were combined and a new stream was formed. Both of representatives of Israel and Palestine sat at the table for peaceful negotiation through the intermediation of America.
Howver the negotiation..
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［Oslo agreement which was epoch-making］
However the negotiation hardly achieved success, but Norway in north European took into action and the situation changed greatly.
The Foreign Minister in Norway which has observed tradition of neutrality started an mediation between Israel and Palestine in secret, and an agreement which aimed at being self-government in Palestine was formed until September in 1993.
The negotiation was done in Norway's capital, Oslo, so it's called Oslo agreement.
The military forces in Israel withdrew from Palestine one after another, and Israel allowed the resident in Palestine to be self-govenment.
The signing ceremony of the agreement was done at a countryyard of the White House in Washington of the U.S.A. Then the president Clinton attended to the ceremony.
The leader Arafat who smiled all over and the prime minister Rabin who waw with a stern look shook hands urged by Clinton.
The movement of Rabin who...
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［Oslo agreement which was epoch-making］
A movenmtn of then the president Rabin was clumsy a little, but it was impressive, the author said like that.
Both the situation in the Middle East and history have moved dramatically that day.
［The self-government started in Palestine］
The military force in Israel withdrew from occupied territory in Palestine such as Gaza and the west coast of the Jordan River one after another.
After withdrawal of the Israeli army, an election was done by the residents in Palestine January in 1996.
The one which is equal to an election for a national assembly and other one which is equivalent to a presidential election were done, and Arafat became the president.
The military organization which developed terrorism and guerrilla activities to Israel changed into policemen in the self-government of Palestine.
In spite of assassination of then the president Rabin, the peace in the Middle East seemed to make..
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［A self-government started in Palestine］
...the peace in the Middle East seemed to make progress all at once, but since Netanya who was passive to the peace in the Middle East was elected a prime minister in Israel in 1996, the situation didn't go well.
The movement of withdrawal on the militarty force in Iraq became slow, and the negotiation for peace didn't developed so much.
However, Barak who succeeded to the course of Rabin was elected a prime minister May in 1995.
Guerrillas in Lebanon which is north to Israel fired at Israel, so Israeli army invade Lebanon so as to defend the safety in Israel June 1982.
After that, the military occupation continued on the south area in Lebanon, but the Barak Government made the Israeli army withdraw from the south area in Lebanon May in 2000.
［Jerusalem, which is the problem］
The most crucial point in the Middle East in the future is Jerusalem. How should they handle Jerusalem?
After...
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［Jerusalem, which is a problem］
After the World War Ⅱ was over, Jerusalem was appointed to an area under control by the United Nations in the resolution on division of Palestine in the United Nation.
However the result of the first war in the Middle East has prevented the resolution from obeying.
Jerusalem was divided into the east and west because of agreement of cease-fire which was concluded between Israel and Trans Jordan. Then east Jerusalem which includes a former city area under control of Trans Jordan,and west Jerusalem Israel.
After the third war in the Middle East, the east Jerusalem also became under control of Israel.
Israel has insisted that Jerusalem belongs to Israel. On the other hand, Palestine has thought that it wanted to put its capital on Jerusalem. Both of them can't concede. How is its adjustment done? It's a problem from now on.
Is a compromise that Jerusalem is the capital for both of the country formed? Or...
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［Jerusalem, which is a problem］
...or dividing into Jerusalem east and west, and the west is Israel,and the east Palestine. Is the way of dividing formed? All the people in the world have paid attention to it.
The residents in Palestine and the Israeli army conflicted violently each other over the holy groung autumn in 2000, and the confliction led to each place at once, and there were lots of the deceased then.
The confliction has made us recognize how hard to make an idea which both of them can accept.
Jerusalem is a special place where is the holy ground for three religions. The wailing wall is important for the Jewish people. Next to the wailing wall, there is a dome and rock which is important for Islam.
When Muhammad who was a founder of Islam had been to see the heaven, there is a rock through which he went. The dome was built so as to defend the rock.
There is the Holy Church of Sepulchre 聖墳墓教会 west to the wailing wall.
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［Jerusalem, which is a problem］
Christ was cricified on a cross on the hill of Golgotha. The Church of Holy Sepulchre 聖墳墓教会 was the one which was built on the hill of Googotha. If being a Christian, it seems that it wants go to there at least once.
The holy ground for three religions means that it is an important place for us the human race. Where should the holy ground belong to? Wisdom of the human race has been tried.
［Where does the peace in the Middle East go?］
It is sometimes said that the problem in the Middle East is a religious problem for two thousand years, and needless to say, there is an aspect like that, but the religion alone doesn't always caused an opposition.
In fact, both the Judaism, Islam, and Christanity, believe in the same god. Allah in Islam is the god in Arab. A Jewish person believes in the Old Testament, a Christian believes in both the Old and New Testament, and a Muslim believes in Koran, especially, Koran..
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
［Israel, which is a problem］
...especially, Koran is the most valuable sacred book for Muslims.
When Islam spread over the Arabian Peninsula, Muslims protected Christians who lived there. It is said that Muslim had a friendship for Christians as the ones who they believe in the same god.
There is a Japanese phrase like the next. 同じ啓典の民. It means people who believe in the same sacred book. We can't assert that they are opposed because their religion is different.
An expectation of England which tried to left influence over the Middle East even after the World War Ⅱ was over becomes the situation complicated.
After the World War Ⅱ was over, Israel became strong by an aid from America. Soviet approached each country in Arab and increased military assistance in opposition to Israel.
Influence of the Cold War between the east and west spread over in the Middle East.
Once the situation becomes quite entangled, it's hard to be settled, but..
Continuation of the last response.
...but a religious tolerate mental has been tried as the ones who have believed in the same god just now, though it is easy to say...
【Israel was born and wars have broken out】
『Column, Islam』
Islam is an attitude in which whole of the thing on us the human leaves to the god. We call the one who believes in Islam a Muslim. The Muslim means that the one who submits to the god.
There have been plenty of religions before Islam is formed, and Islam is in a position which gathers together all those religions into one religion. In short, Islam is a final religion.
A way of thinking that all the people are equal in front of the god has spread its support, and it is said its believers are about one billion in the world.
【Israel was born and wars have broken out, and...】
Disputes continue in the Middle East just now.
Leader Arafat died November in 2004, and Mahmoud Appas who belonged to a moderate faction succeeded to Arafat, but Hamas who was...
【Israel was born and wars have broken out and...】
...but HAMAS which is an organization of Islamic fundamentalism got a majority in the one which is equivalent to an election of a national assembly, and Ismail Haniyea took office as prime minister.
Then FATAH to which Abbas belonged and HAMAS which Haniyea belonged were opposed severely. It often developed a gun fight. It's killing each other inside Palestine.
On the other hand, Sharon who belonged to hawks succeeded to Barak, and the relation between Israel and Palestine deteriorated. Sharon was ill in bed and Olmert became the prime minister.
Israel invaded Lebanon again so as to damage anti-Israel June in 2006, and after that withdrew from Lebanon, but Lebanon became in a chaotic state this time.
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［A disturbance over a boy］
An official in helmet who wore a protecting mask and readyed its gun at a boy. The boy was crying.
A shocking photograph was delivered..
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［A disturbance over a boy］
A shocking photograph was delivered from Associated Press April in 2000. The boy was a Cuban refugee. The photo was a scene when an executive officer in American Federation tried to separate him from his relatives in Florida by force.
America was in uproar over the boy. It was an incident which symbolized an opposition between America and Cuba.
When the boy was heading to America with his mother in boat November in 1999, the boat was overturned and his mother was dead. He was drifting on the sea, grabbing a tube of tire, then American fisherman saved him.
The mother and son tried to defect from Cuba to America with other Cubans. The situation became complicated because the boy was saved from the American fisherman.
Except a refegee from Cuba, the refugee is sent back to its homeland as soon as it's discovered, for there is a rule on refugee in Cuban. It's wet foot and dry foot.
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge on a nuclear war】
［A refugee from Cuba alone is a special treaty］
While a Cuban is found before smuggling itself into America, it's sent back home, it can reach there for itself and it can be accepted as a political refugee. It's the rule for a refugee from Cuba alone.
If a Cuban is found before it reaches America, in short if its foot is wet,it's forced repatriation.
If it can land on America, it means if its foot is dry, its exile is recognized.
The boy was saved before he landed on America, so he is equivalent to the wet foot. If obeying the rule, he had to be sent back to Cuba, but there were lots of his relatives in Florida, and they insisted that he should be recognized as an exile and they sheltered him.
On the other hand his father who was divorced with his mother in Cuba appealed to the authority to send him back, so the office executive in Ameircan federation separated him from his relatives, and sent him to his father.
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［A refugee from Cuba alone is a special treaty］
The boy at age of six was made sport of between America and Cuba, but why is there the rule like that? We have to go back to an occurrence in 1994.
This year Cuban economy deteriorated sharply, and there were lots of ones who were dissatisfied with the situation, and they surged to America as exiles.
Then Amrica treated all the Cuban who landed on America as political
exile. It was established as a law.
We can be Americans and be rich as long as we go to Amrica. The refugees thought like that.
As seeing the situation, a prime minister Castro in Cuba announced likt the next.
If America doesn't change a plan of treating the Cuban well, I'm going to make my people leave my country for America at will.
The Cuban government had regulated illegal departure until then, but gave it up, and just winked at it. It looked as if it had been an export of refugees.
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［A refugee from Cuba alone is a special treatment］
As a result, the Cubans in hand-made boats or rafts went over the Caribbean Sea and aimed at America one after another. About thirty five thousand hundred Cubans arrived at America in 1994 alone.
［America changed its course］
America was in difficulty then. Florida where the Cuban refugees rushed was greatly disrupted. There were plenty of criminals who caused atrocious crimes in the refugees, and peace and order in Florida went bad extremely.
Originally, illegally entrants who seek rich from Mexico haven't stopped. While American government regulates the one from Mexico, they treat the Cuban well, so a criticism for it appeared.
So, America and Cuba concluded a new agreement on refugees, and forbode an illegal entry to America. America showed a new course that if finding one who tried to enter America illegally, it's sent back its home.
On the other hand...
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［America changed its course］
On the other hand, there is still a law in which a Cuban who lands on American territory is treated as a refugee, so there is strange distinction between the wet foot and the dry foot.
Why has America treated Cuba specially? There has been American expectation of which makes Cuba have a hard time, for there is a long history between the two countries.
［A crisis which was on the verge of a nuclear war in the world］
The world was on the verge of a nuclear war over Cuba October in 1962. It's crisis in Cuba.
A terror that the nuclear war may start went around all over the world then.
The author said he was a schoolboy in an elementary school then, and he desperately thought his life would come to end though he was so young.
Other one said like the next.
He was a student in high school then, and was in the middle of a school excursion. What if I was away from my home and the nuclear...
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the verge of a nuclear war】
［The crisis which was on the verge of a nuclear war in the world］
What if I was away from my home and the nuclear war break out? We thought in terro. After arriving at an inn, we gathered in a lobby and watched TV which told us the crisis in Cuba with bathed breath, he said like that.
Let's look back at the crisis in Cuba which was about to break out unprecented calamity.
［It started from a picture taken by a spy plane］
An American spy plane flew over Cuba and took a photograph on a base of missile October in 1962.
CIA analyzed the photograph, and it turned out that a Soviet intermediate-range missile which could load nuclear weapon was carried in the base. There were 14 missiles at least.
The photo was sent to then the president Kennedy, and the president held a meeting at once and considered a countermeasure. He recorded it in secret.
Members in the suprme dicision making body talked each other how they...
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［It started from a photograph taken by a spy plane］
Members in the suprme decision making body talked each other how they handle the crisis, a vivid description of the meeting was recorded like the next.
Kennedy asked, Why can you judge this the intermediate-range missile which can load a nuclear weapon?
The analyst in CIA answered. Its length is same as the one which was taken photo in a military parade in Moscow.
Kennedy: Can they launch it?
The analyst: Not yet.
Kennedy: When is it possible?
The analyst: It depends on the situation on its preparation on the ground.
Kennedy: What about a nuclear warhead?
The analyst: We are looking for it desperately but we can't find it in this area yet, but it's possible to load the nuclear warhead to the missile in a few hours.
When hearing a conversational give-and-take, we can understand that America didn't secure any conclusive evidence that the missiles carried to..
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［It started from a photo taken by a spy plane］
...we can understand that America didn't obatain any conclusive evidence that any missiles carried to Cuba were loaded with warhead, but they leraned to think of its countermeasure on condition that the warheads were carried to Cuba.
The Secretary of Defense pointed out that half of the whole America was shooting range of the missile,and declared that if they need to bomb Cuba, they could do it in a few hours.
A staff official also advised to take some photos for scout and grasp an aim which they attack exactly and do a surprise attack at once.
High officials in the military force in America were so frightened that nuclear missiles were carried from Soviet to the country near America that they started to think of attacking Cuba serverely.
If looking at Soviet and America on a terrestrial globe, they face each other between the North Pole. Cuba is just behind America.
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［It started from a photo taken by a spy plane］
When staring an enemy in front of it, other one stole up behind before they know. America seemed to think like that.
［A plan of deployment on nuclear missiles by Soviet］
Then the president Khrushchev in Soviet planed to deploy 60 missiles and 60 warheads to Cuba in secret. Then Soviet developed a long range missile, but it didn't have ability to reach from the territory of Soviet to America.
On the other hand, America deployed a intermediate range missile to Italy and Turkey. The capital of Soviet, Moscow was its shooting range.
Khrushchev thought if deploying a nuclear missile to Cuba which is a kind of a backyard to America, it's very significant strategically.
Soviet sent missiles, warheads, and soldiers of forty three thousand to Cuba with a train. The soldiers of Soviet pretended to be experts on agriculture. American spy plane took photo the situation.
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of nuclear war】
［Five scenario of air raid on bases］
If attacking Cuba, which base should they choose? American army prepared for five scenarios. The one is missiles and warheads in warehouses in questions alone which were 52 places.
The other was all the combat planes and surface to air missile which were 194 places, and another all the military installations and so on, especially the fifth scenario was on condition that full-scale invasion to Cuba by American military force continued.
［Consideration for cost to attack on Cuba］
On the other hand, if America attacked on Cuba, Soviet would retaliate was considered. In the meeting for consideration, conversational give-and-take like the next was recorded.
The Secretary of Defense: If attacking on bases in Cuba, hundreds of people of Soviet would be killed. Then how would Khrushchev respond for it? We should think we pay high price for it.
Kennedy: If so, Soviet would occupy Berlin.
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［Consideration to attack on Cuba］
The Secretary of Defense: If Soviet army attack on Berlin, American army in Berlin would be destroyed.
A staff officer: It's a full scale war.
Kennedy: Is it a nuclear war?
If America attacks Cuba, Soviet also attacks American army stationed in Berlin as revenge, and the war escalates and it may develop into a full scale nuclear war....we can feel that kind of sense of impending crisis from the record.
［American air force insisted on attacking Cuba］
A staff officer of air force in America pressed Kennedy to tell there was no choice except for military movements.
A strategic bomb occurred to both Japan and Germany to the staff officer during the World War Ⅱ, and he put it into practice it. The strategic bomb is a large scale air raid destroying economic base. He was a hero in America.
［Kennedy announced that deployment of missile and a sea blockade］
Kennedy broke off a..
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［Kennedy announced a deployment of missiles and a sea blockade］
Kennedy broke off a usual TV programs and announced American people that nuclear missile was deployed by Soviet in Cuba October.
In spite of a strong proposal from the military, instead attacking Cuba, Kennedy chose a sea blockade so as to avoid a escalation to a full-scale nuclear war.
At the same time he told to quarantine all the weapons for attack which were transporting by Soviet on the sea.
The word of quarantine is usually used when a patient of contagious disease is isolated, but in this case it means an inspection.
It means stopping the ship by force and inspecting its load. If doing it on the public sea it's equivalent to a semi military movement.
Instead the inspection, it seemed that Kennedy used the word of quarantine so as to avoid getting on nerves on Soviet more than he needed.
He warned to Soviet if attacking to each country in..
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［Kennedy announced deployment of missiles and a sea blockade］
Kennedy warned that if Cuba attacked for each country in West side with nuclear missiles, America would regard it as attack to America itself, and it would cause a complete revenge to Cuba.
［Both Soviet and Cuba prepared the troops for action］
On the other hand, Soviet criticized that American's action was a way led to a nuclear war, and ordered Soviet's army to prepare the troops for action.
Military force of each country in Europe which joined the Warsaw Pact was also ready for attack.
At the same time, Cuba expected an attack from America and issued general mobilization orders 総動員令 and twenty five hundered thousand residents prepared for defense.
The Pentagon announced that if ships in the communist camp refused to be held up, it was ready to attack and sink them, and tension of the both sides heightened.
As crisis of the nuclear war...
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［Both Soviet and Cuba prepared the troops for action］
As crisis of the nuclear war strengthened so much that heavy buying for food in a life of a nuclear shelter started all over Ameirca.
Though the crisis which the people faced wasn't reported in Soviet a rumor of being about to start the nuclear war spread among the people.
It is said that some of the Presidential aides of Khrushchev called their wives to be away from Moscow.
All the people were frightend by terror of the nuclear war all over the world, and the author who was a schoolboy in an elementary school was one of them.
An American spy plane which scouted over the sky of Cuba was shot down by a surface-to-air missile of Soviet army, and the tension heightened more and more.
About hundred of American warships were watching around the blocking line, and plenty of Soviet freighters moved toward the blocking line.
If the Soviet freighters tried to...
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［Both Soviet and Cuba prepared the troops for action］
If the Soviet freighters tried to break through the blocking line, the American warships would try stop them, and what happened then?
Soviet submarines gathered around the blocking line, and American destroyers ran after them, and bomber planes which loaded nuclear bomb continued to circle over the Atlantic Ocean so as to attack Soviet with nuclear weaopn as it likeed.
American Marines finished preparing for attack to Cuba and started to go on board. Fourteen thousand of ex-soldiers in air force were summoned and were going for their meeting places.
It is said that then the Secretary of Defense prepared for the war and thought it was the last Saturday for him. All the high officers in Ameirca spent the night without sleeping.
It is said Kennedy spent the night, watching his favorite movie, Roman Holiday.
The world faced the last moment then.
［A broadcast..］
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［A broadcast in Moscow announced the crisis was over］
A broadcast in Moscow announced Soviet army withdrew weapons from Cuba, and the word of missile wasn't used then. Soviet accepted a request from America without permitting it deployed missiles officially until then.
It took two weeks from discovery of deployment of missilse and the crisis in Cuba was over.
Then a newscaster in America had a coment like the next.
It is no doubt today the world can escape from the most dangerous crisis of a massacre by nuclear weapon since the World War Ⅱ.
The crisis in Cuba was settled in the form that if America didn't attack Cuba, Soviet would withdrew missiles from Cuba officially.
To tell the truth, Kennedy negotiated with khruschev in secret, and America promised to withdraw nuclear missile from Turkey.
The worst dangerous crisis in the 20th century was over then, but as facing the danger of crisis on the nuclear...
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［Broadcast in Moscow announced that the crisis was over］
...but as facing the crisis of the nuclear war for the first time, the leaders of both America and Soviet recognized how terrible the nuclear weapon was.
After that the nuclear weapon is the one which they can't use, on the other hand, a competition of expanding ordinary weapons strengthens.
［Cuba which used to be a colony of Spain］
Why did Cuba permit Soviet to deploy missiles in its country? Let's look back on the history in Cuba this time.
Cuba which is opposed to America violently, but there is a base of American navy in Cuba. It's Guantanamo in the main land of Cuba. The base shows us Cuba used to be close to America before the revolution in Cuba.
Islands around Cuba are called the West Indies. Why does the name of Inida appear there?
Columbus who departed from Spain aimed at India discovered a new continent in 1492, by the way, the discovery is..
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear crisis】
［Spain which used to be a colony of Spain］
...by the way the discovery is one-side view in Europe, for there were originally residents there, so instead discovery, other word of arrival has been used at present.
Columbus misunderstood the continent where he reached was India, and called its residents the India, and named islands around the continent the West Indies. After that Cuba also became the colony of Spain.
Spanish language has been used in Cuba and its area is half as big as Japan.
Cuba aimed at being independent from Spain at the end of the 19th century, made war on Spain for independence.
Then in the middle of the war for independence, American ship anchoring in Havana exploded mysteriously, and America thought Spain caused it, and started to make war on Spain.
America won the war, and Philippine and Guam belonged to America then, and America negotiated Spain without Cuba being consulted, and...
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［Spain which used to be a colony of Spain］
...and America permitted Cuba to be independent, but something happened in Cuba,America would interfere in it. Cuba was independent on the condition interference in domestic affairs by America.
Then Cuba offered a base for America and it was one of condition that America requested. The base of Guantanamo for American navy has existed since then.
［A course revolution in Cuba］
Though being independent from Spain, the situation in which Cuba was under American rule this time. American enterprizes possessed tremendous land of Cuba, and Cuba became ideal resort area for the American.
As the Batista government which came in to power by a coup continuded a dictatorship supporting by America, an opposition movement against a corruption in politics started then.
A central figure in the movement was Castro. He and his comrades of which numbers were about hundred attacked...
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［A course to the revolution in Cuba］
Castro and his comrade of which number was about hundred attacked barracks which led by army of Batista June in 1953. Then he was just at the age of 26. Then there were more than thousand soldiers in the base, but they attacked with few weapons, but they failed.
Castro was arrested, he was also a lawyer, and said in the court, the history would announce him he was innocent, but his judgement was fifteen years' imprisonment.
However after two years he received pardon and was released, and he defected to Mexico, learned tactics there. He got acquainted with Che Guevara, and they become best friends in all their life.
『Column, Che Guevara』
Che Guevara who made the revolution in Cuba be successful with Castro was born June in 1928. He used to be a doctor in Argentina, but continued a guerrilla war each place in South America,and met with Castro in Mexico. They acted on together.
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
『Che Guevara』
After the revolution in Cuba, Guevara was naturalized in Cuba, and took office as president of its national bank, but abandoned the peaceful life in Cuba, and threw himself into guerrilla activity in South America.
He was caught by an army of government in Bolivia in the middle of gurrilla activity and was executed there on the spot October in 1967.
His ashes were dug out of a burial ground in Bolivia and were sent to Cuba and a state funeral was done for him after 30 years.
Guevara who was full of hope of revolution in all his life is the one who has been admired by the Cuban.
［Landing on Cuba again］
Castro departed from Tuxpan port in Mexico with his comrades whose number was 81 and landed on Cuba again December 1956.
A boat for them wasn't very good and only eight passengers one, for Castro barely had enough money to buy second-hand boats.
He announced he would return to Cuba before..
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［Landing on Cuba again］
Castro announced that he'd return to Cuba before departing from the port, for he told his enemy his return on purpose so as to tell the people in Cuba who were dissatisified with the Cuban government his return and made the movement for revolution success.
Needless to say, the Batista's military force which heard his announcement awaited him at the place where he was likely to land.
82 people who landed on Cuba were surrounded by lots of soldiers overwhelmingly, the number of them became no more than 12.
12 people ran away to Mt. Maestra which was easternsouth in Cuba and started a movement for guerrilla there. It started almost from scratch.
However as going on the movement for guerrilla, their companions increased gradually. As the people knew how the movement for guerrilla was done, the movement for anti-Batista government spread.
Even if being in difficulty like that, Castro never..
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［Landing on Cuba again］
...Castro never tried to give up. It looked as if he had been Don Quixote, but it was exactly a charisma whose fortitude spirit and ability caused the revolution.
After his landing two years passed, Castro forced the president Batista into exile in Dominica January in 1959, and won the revolution. Then he was at the age of 32.
［Opposition between America and Cuba］
America accepted the revolutional government in Cuba January in the same year. Instead of the corrupted dictator, Batista, America expected that Castro who were supported by the Cuban would bring democracy in Cuba and continued a good relation between America and Cuba.
However the revolutional government led by Castro did public execution to executives in the Batista government. They were no less than 500, moreover nationalized agricultural land which American company owned. It was sixty five hundred thousand hectare.
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［Opposition between America and Cuba］
In addition, Castro never listened to the people in Cuba a bit. In consequence, America strengthened criticism to Cuba.
Cuba imported crude oil from Soviet and asked an American oil company in Cuba to refine it, but the oil company refused it, and Cuba nationalized the American oil company at once.
Then the president Eisenhower in America decided to reduce an import of sugar from Cuba extremely as revenge.
Importing sugar was a lifeline for Cuba, but America tried to cut off, and Castro responded to America by nationalizing 26 American company. America was so indignant with it that it broke off the trade with Cuba.
On the other hand, Soviet offered to buy all amount of sugar which was refused by America. After that, Cuba started to strengthen economic connection between Cuba and Soviet.
［A secret operation by CIA in America］
America had a sense of inpending crisis to...
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［A secret operation of CIA in America］
As America had a sense of impending crisis to Cuba which was close to Soviet more and more, it planed to push aside Castro by using CIA.
There were the Cuban who hated the Catro government and defected to America. America tried to make them do military training and invade Cuba. It's originally Eisenhower's plan, but Kennedy who had just took office as president succeeded to the plan, and accepted it.
However Kennedy announced like the next so as to keep the plan secret three days before the invade.
American military force never would intervene in Cuba under any situation. I assure you America would have nothing to do with Cuba at all. He lied openly.
American six bomber planes which pretend to be Cuban airplanes took off Cuba from Nicaragua and attacked an airport in Cuba April in 1961. Three Cuban airplanes were destroyed and seven private citizens were involved and died.
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［A secret operation of CIA in America］
Castro announced for the first time the Cuban revolution was the revolution in socialism in the memorial service for the victims.
Whether or not Castro was originally a socialist was debatable, but we can't deny that America's action made Castro change into the socialist close to Soviet.
After two days of the attack on the airport,one thousand and five hundred Cuban who doported America departed from Nicaragua and Guatemala, and invaded Cuba.
American airplanes in the military force planed to help the attack,but but America was criticized for the bombing from the world, and Kennedy wavered so much that he ordered to stop help the attack Cuba from over the sky.
The operation of invading Cuba failed easily.
After the failure of operation of invading Cuba, CIA tried to assassinate Castro over and over again. It laid in poison to a cigar which Castro smoked or sprinkled gas ...
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［A secret operation of CIA in America］
CIA planed to lay in poison to a cigar which Castro smoked or to sprinkle gas which mentally deranged spirit on a studio of TV station where Castro made a speech, and to make Castro look like he became insane, but all of them failed.
After that those plans themselves were brought to light. They were very poor plans.
［The revolution of which color was olive］
As Castro received the attack from CIA in America, he strengthened his attitude close to Soviet more and more, so he accepted a deployment missils from Soviet.
Castro started policies in socialism like the next. Education, medical treatment, gas, and electricity were free of charge one after another.
A big gap between the poor and rich before the revolution almost vanished, and the rate of baby mortality dropped like developed countries.
Cuba was different from Soviet which broadcast what Soviet wanted to say as it..
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a neculear war】
［The revolution of which color was olive］
Cuba was different from Soviet which broadcast what Soviet wanted to say as it was and couldn't criticize its politics at all. Controlling on freedom of speech wasn't at all strict in Cuba.
Castro who was always in combat uniform of olive color used to go to Cuba everywhere easily and had a conversation with the people in Cuba.
Instead red revolution of Soviet style, Latin light socialism was called the socialism of olive color. Japanese youth who longed for the revolution in Cuba went to Cuba in large numbers so as to help harvest sugarcane which was the mainstay in the economy in Cuba.
［Collapse of Soviet made Cube be in a crisis］
It was Soviet which supported the socialism in Cuba. While Soviet offered crude oil with low price, it purchased sugar with high price.
Though America put pressure on its friendly nations to prohibit trade with Cuba, trading with Soviet...
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a neclear war】
［Collapse of Soviet made Cuba be in crisis］
...trading with Soviet alone supported the economy in Cuba, but Soviet collapsed in 1991, so financial help from Soviet disappeared completely, but economic blockade by America still continued.
The Cuban got out of Cuba, being exile in America occurred one after another in the middle of the crisis.
［Cuba changed its course］
Cuba which suffered from economic dullness changed its economic plan in 1993. It allowed the people to possess a foreign currency. The foreign currency means American dollar in this case.
Cuba also permitted 117 kind of stores under private management, and allowed foreign companies to advance into Cuba positively in 1995. As a result the gap between the rich and poor has expanded again.
The gap between the rich and poor which almost vanished in the time of socialism has started to expand.
Lots of foreigh tourists have visited in Cuba which put a...
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of a nuclear war】
［Cuba has changed its plan］
Plenty of foreing tourists visited Cuba which put a great deal of effort into sightseeing. The Cuban employees were forbidden to receive any tips in dollar, but it was allowed.
The ones who are engaged in sightseeing increase a chance to get dollars. As Cuban currency, peso was a sudden fall with deterioration of Cuban economy, even if a few tip, if it's a dollar, it's severla times as much as a monthly income of the Cuban.
In consequence, the one who has a chance to contact with foreign people and the other who doesn't have at all expand the gap between the rich and poor gradually.
A female who turned to prostitution to get money has been apt to noticeable on the street. Castro's ideal has been shaken.
［After what is called crisis in Cuba, what's happened there?］
After Castro who led Cuba received an immidiate operation because of an instestinal hemorrage June in 2006, he...
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of nuclear war】
［After what is called crisis in Cuba, what's happened there?］
...Castro disappeared from public places, and his young brother succeeded to him, but the young brother doesn't have a charismatic character like Castro, so lots of people have paid attention to Cuba.
Cuban economy has went on depression on account of American economy blockade, but anti-America of Castro's thought has expanded in Latin America.
President Chavez in Venezuela and president Morales in Bolivia have called themselves a good axis as socialism government with Cuba.
Cuba which has high level on medical treatment dispaches its medical team to Bolivia, Venezuela which is a oil major bears its cost, and Bolivia supplys agricultural products for Venezuela in return.
Other countries which have washed their hands 愛想をつかす of America become anti-America, and a network of anti-America is forming in Latin America. Castro's authority doesn't become weak.
【Crisis in Cuba, then the world stood on the edge of nuclear war】
『Column,Fidel Castro』
Fidel means someone who believes in something. His fathere was an emigrant from Spain, and was a rich farmer. Castro was born August in 1928, and was the fifth of seven children.
He'd started acitivity of antiestablishment from a student, after being a lawyet, he threw himself into an armed struggle for anti-Batista.
Evaluation for Castro depends on. Some people regared him as a hero, and others a scoundrel ならず者.
He wears beard, mustache, whiskers as trademark, and always wears a combat uniform of olive color.
He is well-known as eloquent speaker, right after the revolution, he made a speech in front of the large number of crowd in the square for no less than straight 9 hours.
【A grand struggle for power, what is called the Great Proletarian Culture Revolution】
［A portrait of Mao Zedong 毛沢東 which looks at China］
The square at Tiananmen 天安門 in Beijing 北京 which often appears on a picture in..
【A grand struggle for power, what is called the Great Proletarian Culture Revolution】
［A portrait of Mao Zendong 毛沢東 looks at China］
The square in Tiananmen 天安門 which often appears on a picture in Chinese news. A tremendous portrait of Mao Zendong 毛沢東 has been put up there as if he looked down on the square.
A father of building China was a leader in the Chinese communist party. Lots of taxi drivers have hung his photo of portrait in the car as lucky charm in China.
He has been so popular among the Chinese, and he seemed to play an important part in Chinese history, but there are lots of things in which we are forced to lean our heads to one side with regard to what he did.
The worst crime is causing the Great Proletarian Culture Revolution which still left a traumatic scar in China.
The Chinese communist party led by Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 adopted a historical resolution on evaluation on Mao Zendong like the next in 1981.
His achievement is the first, and his mistake was the second.
【A grand struggle for power, what is called the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution】
［A portrait of Mao Zendong 毛沢東 looks at China］
While Mao Zendong 毛沢東 succeeded in the revolution in China, and his achievenment on a father of building country as communism of China is the first, on the other hand, he also made a mistake.
However his mistake is the second thing, and it doesn't always mean that we deny all what he had done.
As to the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, it's prescribed that the leader caused it by mistake, and it was made use of by anti-group for revolution, and the revolution was a civil war which brought the political party, nation and each people big disasters.
What kind of revolution or civil war was the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution?
［It was started from a criticism on a historical drama.］
It started from a curious criticism. There was a criticism for a historica drama, Hai Rui Bagan, 海瑞罷官 in a newspaper in Shanghai 上海. A coment of criticism ..
【A grand struggle for power, what is called the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution】
［It started from a criticism on a historical drama］
A coment of criticism on the historical drama was the start of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.
Hai Rui Bagan 海瑞罷官 was the historical drama of which a main character is Hai Rui 海瑞. He was a high officer but he lost his position because he told a critical opinion to the emperor.
Mao Zendong who then the led the Chinese communist party knew the historical drama, and thought it's a snide あてこすり for him.
An executive in the communist party, Peng Dehuai 彭徳懐, was lost his place because he criticized the Great breakthrough policy which started in 1958 because it failed.
Mao Zendong thought the drama indicated him Hai Rui 海瑞 was peng Dehuai 彭徳懐.
Mao Zendong 毛沢東 had a sense of impending crisis that his power was losing gradually after the failure of the Great breakthrough policy.
He thought he tried to get rid of an encircle net for him..
【A grand struggle for power, what is called the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution】
［It started from a criticism on a historical drama］
Mao Zendong 毛沢東 thought he tried to get rid of a encircling net to catch him when he was supported by the people enthusiastically.
By the way, to tell the truth, it's not clear whether or not there was the encircling net to catch Mao Zendong 毛沢東 actually.
He made an activist in Shanghai 上海 criticize the historica drama through his confident, and started to to clear away an anti-influence against him.
Though the author of the historical drama praised Mao Zendong 毛沢東 and didn't think he tried to criticize him, but he was arrested, tortured and committed suicide. His wife and family members chose to kill themselves.
Choosing a breakthrough of his counterattack by Mao Zendong 毛沢東, the author of the historical drama met wit a tragedy.
［Put into a motion to the Great proletarian Cultural Revolution］
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution..
【A grand struggle for power, what is called the Grand Proletarian Cultural Revolution】
［Putting into motion to the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution］
The revolution continued about for ten years since 1965 when the author killed himself. What was the Grand Proletarian Cultural Revolution?
It has been debatable even just now, but in general, it was a struggle for power by Mao Zendong 毛沢東 who was going to be idolated inside the communist party took advantage of the young power.
However there are parts that we can't assert it's just the struggle for power, for it is related his revolutionary theory, his revolutionary ideal.
A revolutionary theory in Soviet which succeeded the revolution in socialism before China, being based on Marxism-Leninism, said like the next.
Capitalists were overthrown by the revolution in the socialism, so a class struggle between capitalists and labors disappeared basically.
On the other hand, Mao Zendong 毛沢東 had a different theory on the revolution.
【A grand struggle for power, what is called the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution】
［Putting into motion to the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution］
It's a continuous revolutionary theory.
Even if the revolution in the socialism was successful, it takes a long time until the communism comes true. Then the class struggle between the capitalists and labors continues to exist.
The class struggle reflects on inside the communist party, and an there is an influence which aims at the socialism and other influence which trys to return to capitalism.
We have to continue the class struggle both inside and outside the communist party in order to do away with the situation until an ideal society of communism is born in this world. Mao Zendong 毛沢東 thought like that.
He recognized that the class struggle continued in the socialism and the capitalism can revive, so they must be always alert, and discover a group which leads to the capitalism and wipe out them.
Purging the thought of...
【A grand struggle for power, what is called the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution】
［Putting into motion to the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution］
Purging the thought of capitalism by the thought of socialism, in short causing the revolution for our culture is necessary, Mao Zendong 毛沢東 thought like that, though I'm not sure of his way of thinking.
Anyway, he decided to make use of young people in this revolution. It's a start for the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.
『Socialism and communism』
Even if wiping away the capitalism and socialism comes true, when an ability of producing is low, an ideal society, in short, the communism can't come true, according to Marxism and Leninism.
If distinguishing between the communism and socialism by matters in our life, we receive it according to our labor in the socialism, and we do it according to our necessity in the communism.
We can receive what we need according to our labor in the socialism, if the communism of which...
【A grand struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
『Column,socialism and communism』
...if coming true the communism of which productive ability is high, everyone can receive the matters in its life what they need. If the socialism advanced highly, it's the communism.
If being the communism of the ideal society, the class struggle would vanish, and the nation which is the tool for the struggle would disappear as well. Marxim-Leninism thinks like that.
『Column, Mao Zendong 毛沢東』
There seems to be no one more than Mao Zengdon 毛沢東 who is evaluated varied.
He isn't only a father of new birth China, but a philosopher, and a poet. His character is versatile. He was born at a farming village in Hunan 湖南省 in 1893.
He started to read the Analects of Confucius 論語 at age of 8. After graduating teachers college, he joined the Chinese communist party, and succeed in the revolution in China.
However after that he repeated foolish attempts which the people criticize in...
【A struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
『Column, Mao Zendong 毛沢東』
However he repeated foolish attempts in which the people criticized in history like the great breakthrough policy and the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution.
His relations with womnen were scandalous. It is said he was controlled by one of four people, his wife, Jiang Qing 江青. His corpse was laid out in the square in Tiananmen 天安門 after preserving measure.
［Red Guards 紅衛兵 appeared］
Students in a school which was famous for its education for elites posted a wall newspaper June 1966. A phrase of cheers to spirit of revolutionary rebellion was written in the newspaper.
The students in the school yearned for the ideal in the Chinese revolution which released peasants suffered under a feudal society.
They doubted that education which they received wasn't revolutionary really, and criticized the educational plan in the school. Then they used a word from Mao Zengdon 毛沢東 as slogan.
【A struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Red Guards appeared］
The slogan was like the next.
In short, a revolution is a rebellion. A spirit of thought on Mao Zedong 毛沢東 is the rebellion.
Then students used red guards as its author's name. A name of red guards which is left in history appeared. Red is a symbol for the revolution and the communism.
The guards defense the red, so it means the guards who defend the spirit for the revolution.
Mao Zedong 毛沢東 directed his attention to the movement and wrote to the students. He said in the letters like the next.
The newspaper expressed anger and resist for a landed class, the bourgeoisie, imperialism, revisionism, and their tools exploit and oppress labors, peasants, revolutionary intellectual elements and revolutionary party.
He still continued.
The newspaper called the rebellion was advantageous to antiestablishment. I'm going to express I support you fervently.
In short he said he'd support them.
【A struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Red Guards appeared］
By the way, in fact the content of the letter was too difficult to understand for me. Without using the difficult words I wish he could express more easily. To return to my main topic, I'm going to express.
A established structure, powerful organization, and privileged classes. The young who had a feeling of scrupulous 潔癖 hated those thing, and were so pure that they yearned for the revolution. Those feeling of the young became a driving force on the movement on the wall newspaper.
The movement spread at once, and the newspaper which criticized the school authorities posted on the wall in Beijing 北京 university. The movement of the red guards started each school. It reached climax August in the same year.
About a million of the youth who wore an armband written in red guard gathered from the whole China at the square of Tiananmen 天安門 and met with Mao Zedong 毛沢東.
Mao Zedong himself wore the...
【A grand struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Red Guards appeared］
Mao Zedong 毛沢東 himself wore the armband as well. He showed himself he became the supreme commander in the red guards.
Lin Bian 林彪 who was then the Secretary of Defence and pledged his allegiance to Mao Zedong called to the students there like the next.
Do away with all the old thought, old culture, old manners and customs in the exploiting class!
The red guards had a little red book which was published in 1996 in their hands, and put up a portrait of Mao Zedong 毛沢東. They acted, singing a song which admired for Mao Zedong. The red little book was a Mao dictionary 毛沢東語録
A thing like a personality cult for Stalin in Soviet was done in larger scale than Stalin was carried on extensively.
Mao Zedong 毛沢東 who was driven into a corner in the communist party made use of the revolutionary spirit of the youth and the personality cult for himself. Taking advantage of the influential power..
【A grand struggle, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Red Guards appeared］
As taking advantage influential power outside the communist party, and trying to abolish the encircling net for Mao Zedong 毛沢東, though except for him no one may have thought of the encircling net. I'm not sure of it.
［Destruction for everything started］
The movement on the red guard ran wild. No one could stop the students who received a certificate that the rebellion was advantageous.
Executives in the communist party were put on a label on them one after another. The label means the ones who led a course of capitalism.
They were dragged in front of the public and made them hang a signboard written X around their necks. Moreover their arms were twisted at their back.
If parents happened to be landowners, or to be a public servant long ago, both the parents and their family members were put on label of anti-revolution.
Formal charge against real parents by children were encouraged.
【A grand struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultual Revolution】
［Destruction for everything started］
Children read a crime on their parents in front of the public and punched them on the face. It was done daily. Even a relation between parents and children was destroyed.
The ones who committed suicide out of despair increased one after another. If killing itself, it was judged it rejected the both people and the communist party, and it was criticized, for its thought was in the wrong.
The police was directed to take side with the red guards. Even if the police looked at the red guarads employ violence, the police was sought for to pretend not to look at it.
The ones who the red guards thought enemy were killed one after another. There was some data that no less than about five thousand of people were killed by the red guards alone August when Mao Zedong 毛沢東 encouraged. It's a exactly a collective hysteria, a massacre.
The youth who were born after the revolution killed..
【A grand struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Destruction for everythins started］
The youth who were born after the revolution killed heroes who accomplished the Chinese revolution at the risk of their lives.
Struggles between organization of the red guards were done everyday.
Some people say no less than 1772 people were killed from August to January alone when Mao Zedong 毛沢東 encouraged.
The red guards who were encouraged to do away with the old thought, old culture, old manners and custom destroyed all the temples and churches. Valuable cultural assets were destroyed and set on fire one after another.
Except for books written by Mao Zedong, all the books were burned out each place. The red guards went to houses one by one, and searched for whether or not there was anti-revolution book, and burned the books.
Heel of a high heel for a female was cut out because its height of the heel was bourgeois.
A female who wore her hair long was labelled of..
【A grand struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Destruction for everything started］
Females who wore her hair long was labeled of burgeois, and their hair was cut. Those scene were seen all over the town.
Without being criticized, the females wore a frugal Mao suit 人民服 and trousers, and they didn't makeup, and their hair was short and got together.
A red in the traffic signal means stop, but some red guards said it was in the wrong, for the red was a symbol for the revolution, so instead stop, it should mean go ahead, though it wasn't adopted.
A film director who used to join the movements on the red guards looked back like the next.
Lots of them were arrogant and were the ones like monomaniac somehow. They were so frank that they sometimes drove others into a corner thoroughly like a child.
Without knowing on the society much, they idealized the reality so much that they were immersed in a dream of the revolution from the morning to the night, but...
【A grand struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Destruction for everything started］
...but they didn't know on what the revolution was in the least. While they had enthusiasm which sought for the truth, they actually stirred up an ignorance.
［The number of victims became huge］
There were enormous victims in the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution. Though its exact numbers were unclear, some data show about 3 million people were imprisoned and half million were excuted for ten years.
The revolution in which bonds between parents and children were cut out, and conviction by by a tip-off 密告 injured hearts of lots of people. There are plenty of the Chinese who don't try to speak of things in those days.
However instead of iron curtain, China was covered with bamboo curtain, except for the Chinese, no one knew those disatrous things happened in China.
Mass media in the west side couldn't gather material inside China at will, and reporters stationed in...
【A grand struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Number of victims became enormous］
...reporters stationed each company in Beijing 北京 were expelled from China one after another.
It's just that lots of corpse which seemed to be slaughtered in the continent sometimes drifted to a port in Hongkong, so it turned out something disatrous happened in China, but no one could anything then.
［Great breakthrough policy which was an awful blunder］
Mao Zedong 毛沢東 fell into an awful predicament owing to his own failure until he took legal action to the Great proletariart Cultural Revolution. His own failure was the great breakthrough policy.
China which was built October in 1949 took a economic course of socialism in Soviet. Mao Zedong dreamed of building nation of socialism hastily in 1958.
He ordered to catch up with and got ahead of great powers in the West. At first England, in the next America.
What is necessary to build the socialism? He thought China needed..
【A grand struggle for power, the Great proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Great breakthrough policy which was an awful blunder］
Mao Zedong 毛沢東 thought China need iron in order to heavy industries, and there wasn't any big steel manufacturing factory in China then.
Even if each blast furnace could manufacture iron a little, if it was done on a nationwide scale, output of iron in China would reach a level of England right away, he thought like that.
As a result, an unpractical slogan, 60 million people construct one million blast furnace, was born. Iron works of handmade was build everywhere in China. Steel manufacturing started in any farming village.
However even if the blast furnace was construct, there was any iron ore to melt, so they threw into all metal into the blast furnace close at hand, like a hoe, spate, kettle, and bucket, and they did even farming instrument.
They need iron, so they built the blast furnace, but they melt all the iron what they had so as to build...
【A grand struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Great breakthrough policy which was an awful blunder］
...but they melt all the iron what they had so as to use the blast furnace, it was confusing order of things 本末転倒. Ironware disappear from everywhere in China. Unbelievable act of folly was done at once nationwide.
Iron was produced like that, but its quality was bad, and the iron was useless. To make matters worse, they cut down trees on mountain in order to be fuel for furnace.
Mountains in the whole China became bald mountains in an instant. After that they suffered from a deluge and a landslide. A disaster occurred each place, and any farm products weren't harvested.
The ones who were engaged in agriculture worked at a blast furnace eight hours a day, and they had no time to do farming. Even if wheats and rice plants bear, no one could harvest them.
On the other hand, the ones who were engaged in farming were to live in group, being based on theory..
【A grand struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Great breakthrough policy which was an awful blunder］
On the other hand, the ones who were engaged in farming were to live in group, being based on the theory in communism of Mao Zedong 毛沢東. People's commune 人民公社 was born.
When a plan of life in group reached the lowest leves,as the communism didn't allow to have any private property, so both the peasants and farmers must not have their any belongs at all.
However in the theory of communism, the private property is a capital of capitalists, in short, facilities, or institutions in factory, but no one could understand it in a simple farming land.
A life in group in which no one had any belongs started. This way was done under the Pol Pot government in Cambodia thoroughly in large scale.
A life of family unit in a farming village was given up, and they had a meal sharing a same dining room together in a local farming village.
All the things were done in...
【A grand struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Great breakthrough policy which was an awful blunder］
All the things were done in group, and being equal thoroughly is a society in socialism and communism, they thought like that.
Whether or not they work, their income was the same. Even if they worked hard, anybody didn't have anything private, so their eager to work dropped extremely.
No one was worried about food as long as they went to a sharing dining room, they could eat something, so a stock of food vanished before long, moreover a product of food dropped.
It is said that about 20 million people starved to death for three years before and after 1960, but other data show 40 million, so it's unclear. Even in its capital, Beijin 北京 the people staved off their hunger with wild grass.
A hell where a person ate other one on account of a hunger appeared each place in this world, but it wasn't informed in any foreign countries.
A propaganda that China...
【A grand struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Great breakthrough policy was an awful blunder］
A propaganda alone that China had developed with the Great Breakthrough Policy under a guide by Mao Zedong 毛沢東 was done.
『Column, Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平』
He was born in Sichuan 四川省 in 1904, and went abroad to study in France at age of 16. He knew the theory in communism in Paris, and joined the communist party.
He did practical business as assistance of Mao Zedong 毛沢東, but he was such an able person that he was envied, and lost his position twice in the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution.
Howver after death of Mao Zedong, he returned, and it was said as if he had been the phoenix.
Chinese economy was confused bitterly in the era of Mao Zedong 毛沢東, but introducing a line of reform and release into the Chinese economy, and he contributed to the development in Chinese economy.
［Mao Zedong was blamed for his reponsiblity］
Mao Zedong 毛沢東 was ousted from the...
【A grand struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Mao Zedong was blamed for his responsibility］
Mao Zedong 毛沢東 was ousted from his position as president due to a failure of the Great Breakthrough Policy April in 1959.
Though he remainded the leader of the communist party, Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇 took office as president.
Instead Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇 and Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 took charge of rebuilding the economy.
Raising a price of buying on farming product, dividing farmland for peasants, and rest of the farmland which was sold to the nation was handled by others at will.
The new leaders raised the eager of the ones who were engaged in agriculture. In consequence, the economy started to revive around 1962.
Mao Zedong 毛沢東 who took responsibility and retired once, but didn't forgive others who criticism him.
Peng De0-huai 彭徳懐 who was then the Secretary of Defense and criticized the Great Breakthrough policy reservedly, and he received a violent counterattack...
【A grand struggle for power, the Grand Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Mao Zedong was blamed for his responsiblity］
...Peng De-huai 彭徳懐 received a violent counterattack from Mao Zedong and lost his position. The ones who were intimate with Peng De-huai 彭徳懐 were imprisoned or transferred to a remote region.
I'm afraid my expressions from now on may be repetition a little, I'm sorry for it, so please pardon me.
Peng De-huai 彭徳懐 was a hero who was a commander of a volunteer army which was dispatched from China in the Korean War, but he was purged because he criticized Mao Zedong.
Mao Zedong 毛沢東 thought he was criticized in the historical drama owing to Peng-De huai 彭徳懐.
The economy revived due to Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇 and Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平, but Mao Zedong was unsatisfied, for the agriculture was done in group was stopped, for he thought it was ideal, the best one.
He thought it was a deviation from the socialism, and Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇 and Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 continued to get results...
【A grand struggle for power, Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Mao Zedong was blamed for his responsibility］
Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇 and Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 continued to get results so much that Mao Zedong 毛沢東 was worried that his position disadvantageous.
Those things were in succession and Mao Zedong took leagl action to the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution, in general, lots of people think so.
He made use of the pure young for struggling power inside the communist party.
『Column, Even if a white cat and black cat.. 』
Famous phrase of Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 is even if it's a white cat or black cat, the one which catches rats is a good cat.
It's the phrase for rebuild the confused agriculture caused by the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution. If leading to increase farming product, any kind of way will be all right.
It originally originates from a proverb in Sichuan 四川省, and instead the white cat, a yellow cat was in the proverb, but without our noticing it, it changed into...
【A great struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
『Column,Even if a white cat or a black cat..』
...but without our noticing it, it changed into the white cat.
However his remarks were criticized before long like the next.
The problem is what kind of way we should adopt, and it's not what kind of way is all righ isn't revolutionary.
His remarks were took advantage of losing the position of Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平.
［Even Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 was under house arrest］
Executives who criticized the Great breakthrough policy and made effort to settle down its confusion were criticized one after another in the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution.
Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇 was ousted from the communist party in 1968 and was dead of illness in prison in the next year.
Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 was severely criticized and was transfered to a remote region, but he was different from Liu Shaoqi, he endured his labor in the remote region, and came back dramatically after Mao Zedong was dead.
【A grand struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Red guards went to a farming village in the province］
Thus Mao Zedong won the struggle for power. Taking advantage of the red guards in the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution, no one threatened the position of Mao Zedong 毛沢東.
Then Mao Zedong found the red guards as a nuisance. As they repeated destruction and struggle forever, Mao Zedong who strenghtened the base for his power found the red guard as nuisance.
Moreover lots of the young who were tired because of their overdoing wandered around the town. Mao Zedong 毛沢東 had to handle the young who had no more use for him.
He said the intellecual young need to go to farming village and to be educated again in poor class or middle class of peasants, but it was virtually a banishment.
Mao Zedong didn't trust the educated class. China is a nation of the ones who are engaged in agriculture, and he succeeded in the Chinese revolution by spread revolutional...
【A grand struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［The red guards went to farming village in the province］
Mao Zedong 毛沢東 succeeded in the Chinese revolution by developing revolutionary struggle in farming village as foothold, so the farming village was his support.
He wanted to train the young who were excessively theoretical in the farming village, but at the same time it means getting rid of the young and made them go to the farming village.
He made use of the young in the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution, but they were useless, so the young who were over 20 million went to a remote region and were engaged to agriculture clumsily.
The young who were full of hope for the revolution faced a poor desperate situation there. Female students were often raped. About 10 million of the youth who couldn't stand the difficulty ran away to cities after Mao Zedong 毛沢東 was dead.
［Influence over the world］
The Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution which...
【A grand struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Influence over the world］
The Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution which was the struggle for power by Mao Zedong 毛沢東, but it was highly regarded in foreigh countries then.
As they didn't know what happened in Chinese because it was covered with bamboo curtain, the young who were disappointed at the line of socialism of Soviet style were attracted by a slogan in the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution, a revolution which lasts for a long time.
The young were deeply impressed by some phrase, for example, do revolution always, or a rebellion is reasonable.
Revolts by students occurred each place in the world then. A student movement in Paris, what is called revolution of May, anti-Vietnam War toward America, and so on.
Then what is called 全共闘の東大解体 was caused in Japan, but I had little knowldege on it, so I'm going to omit it. Though I can translate it literally, but it doesn't make sense at all.
【A grand struggle for power, the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution】
［Influence over the world］
Thoughts of Mao Zedong had had influenced over those movements greatly. Japanese student movement in Tokyo University, the slogan of a revolt is reasonable was put at the gate which was blockade by barricade.
The Pol Pot Government in Cambodia practiced the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution and the Great Breakthrough Policy in extreme way, and slaughtered its millions of poeple.
Organization of guerrilla which adopted line of revolution in Mao Zedong appeared one after another.
Mao Zedong 毛沢東 was dead September in 1976, and his wife in his latr years, Jiang Qing 江青, and others who recommended the Great Proletariart Cultural Revolution were arrested, and the struggle for power was over.
After Soviet in Stalin, tragedies were born by a dictator in China. Why did no one can defend it?
The communist party decieded what is right culture or right thought, a situation like that...
【A grand struggle for power, the Grand Proletariat Cultural Revolution】
［Influence over the world］
The communist party decided what the right culture was, and the right thought was,a situation like that was established then, and all of the individuals couldn't think of their ways of being, of their own ideal society, we can criticize like that.
The Revolution has made us feel keenly think of something for ourselves is important. It seems as if history asked us a question severely.
Why could grownups prevent the children of red guards from murdering, beating people by lynch, and destroying?
【What I've thought】
I found the response was short,for to my surprise, the number of letters in a response is limited within 600. It's about half as long as before.
Has a rule in this bulletin board changed anything? or has an instrument which I handled been out of order?
It cannot be. It used to be within 1400, and became within 1000, then within 600.
It has been shorter and shorter. I hate it. I'm sure the longer, the better,though there is a limit to it,but I'm not satisfied with it in the least.
Pulling myself together, I'm going to express myself in English from now on.
Continuation of the response no.280.
【A great struggle for power, the Great Proletariat Revolution】
［Lost generation］
The people who enjoyed student life before and after in the 1970th has been called the lost generation in China at present.
All the lessons stopped during the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution. It's just that the students destroyed an established situation,and old custom, and didn't create anything new a bit.
Without having any chance of studying in the least, the lots of the youth were forced to go to farming village. They continued to work with illiterate peasants..
【A great struggle for power, the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution】
［Lost generation］
The students continued to work with illiterate peasants in remote regions where there were few books. Lots of them can't read and write enough because they haven't receive basic education,so they can't keep up with the latest technical skill like a computer at all.
The ones who can survive in the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution are also victims. It seems that as if we could hear their cries, return the youth to them.
Too short to express what I want to do. I've begun to feel stress here!
《The present situation》
40 years have passed since the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution May in 2006, but no one took up it in mass media in China, for the Chinese communist party directed the mass media not to take up the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution beforehand.
China has been a one party of the communist party of dictatorship actually, though
there have been 8 political parties formally. Each mass media had to be directed from the communist party, so they couldn't take it up.
It turned out that there has been no freedom of speech in China,and the Great Proletariat Cultural..
《Present situation》
...and we're forced to recognize that the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution has been taboo with them in China. Moreover, a failure in the Great Breakthrough Policy hasn't been taken up at present in China as well.
As a result, the young who don't know their history have increased. While Chinese government asks Japan to look squarely at history,it can't do their negative history.
【Asia was bogged down,which was the Vietnamese War】
［A memory on a photo］
America wouldn't win the Vietnamese War, the author thought for the first time when being a student in high school.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［Memory on a photo］
The author continued.
When looking at the photo running on newspaper, my expectation started, it was one day when the Vietnamese War intensified.
An Amrican tank was driving in the middle of a rice field where ears of rice 稲穂 bore well in the photo. The ears of rice fell down mercilessly, and there was a clear trace which the tank passed through.
These Americans couldn't understand how the Asian felt for rice at all, the author thought like that.
Were ears of rice which spread over the rice field just..
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［Memory on a photo］
Was the ears of rice 稲穂 which spread over the rice field just weeds for the American? Everyone would have a pleasant feeling if they laid flat weeds with the tank in a grassy plain as far as they could see, but it wasn't the weeds but rice plants which we the Asian handled very carefully.
Without knowing the expectation of the Asians, even if they sent lots of the military force, they wouldn't be supported by the local people.
After all America would lose in the war, the author thought like that.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［Anti the Vietnamese War which arose among the Japanese as well］
It was in 1967 when the author looked at the photo.
Without having any prospect when the war in south Vietnam was over, the war escalated gradually.
Americans who were injured in Vietnam were carried to hospitals in Tokyo.
Bomber planes of B52 took off from Okinawa which was ruled by America then day after day so as to raid Vietnam.
The Japanese went abroad ships which transported supplies from Japan to the U.S. army in Vietnam.
Then the Japanese prime...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnam War】
［Anti Vietnamese War which arose among the Japanese as well］
Then the Japanese prime minister Eisaku Sato visited the South Vietnam and promised to assist economically Vietnam autumn in 1967. Japan was also related with the Vietnamese War deeply.
The Vietnamese War wasn't the one which was far away from Japan.
Movements which was opposed to the Vietnamese War arose each place in the world. Various groups unfurled the movement for anti-war in Japan too.
Demostration parades or gathering were held in the center of Tokyo every day.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［Anti Vietnmamese War which arose in Japan as well］
An author Makoto Oda developed a unique movement through which participants carried out non violence and they did everything what they could. Everyone who was opposed to the war could join the movement.
The participants made American soldiers who stayed in Japan escape from the American army.
Then lots of the Japanese including the authors thought the National Liberation Front in south Vietnam was a group which belonged to the south Vietnma alone, and the military force in...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［Anti Vietnamese War which arose in Japan as well］
...and the military force in America oppressed wishes of the people who belonged to the National Liberation Front in the south Vietnam aimed at being independent by force, the participants thought like that, and the National Liberation Front in the south Vietnam also asserted like that.
However immediate after the capital of the south Vietnam, Saigon, fell to the enemy, it turned out that lots of people who named themselves the National Liberation Front in the south Vietnam...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［Anti-Vietnam War which arose in Japan as well］
...it turned out that the National Liberation Front in the sout Vietnam named themselves didn't belong to the south Vietnam. What happened in Vietnam then?
［The memorial cenotaph 慰霊碑 for the Vietnamese War at Washington in America］
Washington D.C. is the capital in America, and there is a vast park which is well-known its a beautiful a row of cherry near the White House.
There is a gigantic statue of Lincoln, which is the Lincoln memorial in the park, and there is the...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［Memorial cenotaph 慰霊碑 for the Vietnamese War at Washington in America］
...and the Memorial cenotaph for the war dead in the Vietnamese War stood near the Lincoln Memorial.
When looking from above the Memorial cenotaph which was made up with gratine 御影石, its shape was V, and its total length is no less than 151 meters. Its face shines as if it were a mirror.
Names of the American who were dead in the Vietnamese War was inscribed in chronological order. Its numbers are 58.214.
Lots of people visited there so as to see the..
【America was bogged down in America, which was the Vietnamese War】
［The Memorial cenotaph 慰霊碑 for the Vietnamese War at Washington in America］
Lots of people visited there so as to look at the names of their family members or relatives, and some of them offered a bonquet and photos of the family members or relatives during their lifetime.
The Vietnamese War has never been a thing in the past for the Americans. Close sixty thousand of the young were dead in the Vietnamese War, and what did America get from the Vietnamese War?
［A nation of Vietnam］
Direct flights take off from Narita...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［A nation of Vietnam］
Direct flights take off from the Narita airport and the Kansai international airport to Vietnam at present.
Vietnam which has been a popular spot of sightseeing for young females in Japan is long and narrow from south to north and is smaller than Japanese a little.
Mountain area which is large and steep. Plain which is narrow, slim, and long and is along with a coast. Fertile land which spreads over near the Mekong River.
Beautiful roadside trees line up in Ho Chi Minh which used to be called Saigon.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［A nation of Vietnam］
Existence of delicious French bread reminded me of a rule by France, said the author like that.
Lots of the Japanese visit Vitenam for sightseeing, but how many of the Japanese do they know that the military force in Japan used to controll there?
［Colony of France to control by Japan］
Vietnam used to be a colony of France for a long time with Cambodia and Laos which are next to Vietnam.
France was defeated by Germany in the World War Ⅱ in 1940, and Japan which formed a military alliance with ...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［The country chaged from a colony of France to a rule by Japan］
...and Japan who formed military alliance with Germany occupied Vietnam September in 1940. It was the previous year before the Pacific War started.
The military force in Japan went into Vietman which was controlled by France, and prevented the military force in France from resisting and the military force in Japan controlled Vietnam actually.
Then Japan was at war with China. It's the Chinese-Japanese war. Then America assisted France, and sent supplies to China..
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［The country changed from a colony of France to a rule by Japan］
...and America sent supplies to China for france via Vietnam, so Japan occupied Vietnam and tried to stop America from helping France.
The military force in Japan forced lots of farmers to stop growing rice and to change into a cultivation for hemp 麻 so as to make them make military bags of hemp.
Japan bought rice from the farmers by force and there was a drought in 1944. Then it had little rain and the farmers could hardly harvest the rice but Japan bought...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［France changed into a colony of France to a rule by Japan］
...and Japan bought the rest of little rice from the farmers. Thus a terrilbe famine happened. Vietnamese government announced that no less than two million of people were dead due to the famine.
［Ho Chi Minh］
Ho Chi Minh is a father of building Vietnam. The name is a Chinese name which means a foreigner whose will is clear.
He was apprenticed to a cook in a French ship and went around each place of the world, and lived in France. He knew the Marxism and joined...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietanamese War】
［Ho Chi Minh］
...he learned the Marxism and joined the communist party in France in 1917, after that returned to Vietnam and formed Viet Minh, and started a movement of independent from France. The Viet Minh is a Front of racial unification.
Ho Chi Minh hated something flamboyant and led usually a simple life and was called Ho uncle.
He was loved and respected by the people not only in the North Vietnam but in the South Vitenam during the war.
He left his will that he wanted to be cremated and to be divided to his ashes...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［Ho Chi Minh］
Ho Chi Minh left his will that he wanted to be cremated and to send his ashes to north, center, and south in Vietnam and to be buried there, but his corpse was well preserved and was put in his gigantic mausoleum 廟.
［A struggle of independence from the colony of France］
Viet Minh was formed under a direction of Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam where Japan occupied May in 1945.
After the Pacific War was over, Japan withdrew from Vietnam, and Vietnam declared as a nation September in 1945.
Ho Chi Minh who evaluated the...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［A struggle for independence from the colony of France］
Ho Chi Minh who evaluated the declaration of indepence of America well made a declaration which included a content of declaration of independence.
Moreover he expected America which was opposed to colonialism in the World War Ⅱ, and wrote to America to ask to support Vietnam for its independence, but America ignored it.
While America didn't show any reaction, France tried to rule France where Japan withdrew.
Viet Minh which sougt for independence clashed with France...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［A struggle of independence from the colony of France］
Viet minh which sought for independence clashed with France December in 1946. It's the Indochina War, for we call the place where there is Vietnam Indochina. Vietnam lies between India and China, so it's called like that.
［Soviet and America supported each other in the Cold War］
The Indochina war continued for seven and a half year until a cease fire was concluded June in in 1954.
Communist party in Indochina directed the Viet minh and Soviet and China supported the...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［America and Soviet supported each other in the Cold War］
A communist party in Indochina directed the Viet minh and Soviet and China supported the Viet minh.
On the other hand America helped France which didn't admit the independence of Vietnam,
Then the Cold War started in Europe, so a proxy war of the Cold War was done in Vietnam. It was the same as the shape in the Vietnam War later.
Chinese continent was ruled by the communist party, and Chinese intervened in the Korean War. Then the President Eisenhower looked at it...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［America and Soviet supported each other in the Cold War］
Then the President Eisenhower looked at it and feared that Asia learned to belong to communist party one after another. He used a word of domino toppling in 1954,and said like the next.
If the Indochina peninsula belonged to the communist party, each country in the southern east Asia did completely as if dominoes had toppled. Its loss gave damage to the liberal society would be unfathomable.
『Column,Vien minh and Viet Cong』
Two names of Viet minh and Viet appeared...
『Column, Viet minh and Viet Cong』
Two words of Viet minh and Viet Cong appeared in the Vietnamese War.
The organization of independence in Vietnam which struggled against France in the Indochina War was Viet minh in the Vietnamese. It was a shortened word, and the Vietnamese called themselves the Viet minh.
On the other hand, America which intervened in Vietnam used the word of Viet Cong, and the word was a disparaging word 蔑称. It's the disparaging word that the military force in America called the military force in Japan a Jap in the Pacific War.
Needless to say, the organization of...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
『Column, Viet minh and Viet Cong』
Needless to say, the organization of independence in Vietnam didn't use the Viet Cong for themselves.
Both sides used the Viet minh but America alone used Viet Cong.
［War at Dien Bien Phu］
The Viet minh's insistence of wanting to be independent from France was supported by the Vietnamese in various areas.
In the beginning, the military power of the Viet minh was so poor that it couldn't match the military force in France at all, so the way of fighting was mainly guerrilla.
However China...
『America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War』
［War at Dien Bien Phu］
However China sent lots of weapons to the Vien-minh and the Vien-minh increased its military power gradually. The weapon which China gave to the Vien-minh was the one seized from the national party in the civil war. The weapon was made in America.
Vietnam was grouped into a southern area where the military force in France controlled and a northern one where the Viet minh controlled little by little.
Vietnam increased its military power gradually and the military force in France was stood at bay, so it...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［War at Dien Bien Phu］
...so the military force in France planed a strategy which would regain its power all at once. It constructed a tremendous base in Dien Bien Phu in west in Hanoi which was near a border of Laos.
The Viet minh received the helping supplies from China via Laos,so France tried to cut off the enemy's supply route,and to drive back the military force in Viet minh by using a large scale of military unit.
The gigantic base had a runway, and sixteen thousand of soldiers were sent from France then.
【America was bogged down in Asia,which was the Vietnamese War】
［War at Dien Bien Phu］
On the other hand, the Vien minh counterattacked.
Military units of no less than forty thousand of military units surrounded the runway, digging tunnels little by little,and fired the runway repeatedly, so the runway became useless, and airplanes for supply couldn't arrive there.
After a defensive and offensive battle which continued for about two months, the military force in France surrendered to the enemy. No less than about ten thousand of soldiers became prisoners.
It's the war at Dien Bien Phu...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［War at Dien Bien Phu］
It's the war at Dien Bien Phu which has been handed down in history. Thus the control by France over Vietnam was over.
［Dividing into two countries of both south and north］
The Indochina war was a cease-fire at a peace conference in Geneva of Swiss September in 1954. It's the Geneva accords.
One nation of Vietnam was divided into south and north with border of the north latitude 17 degree by the accords.
A demilitarized zone of which width was 10 km was built between the border south and the north.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［Dividing into two countries both south and north］
Vietnam was divided into south and north with the north latitude 17 degrees like that Korea was divided into two with the north latitude 38 degrees.
A new country which declared its independence was built in the north, and it proceeded for the socialism under Ho Chi Minh.
Other country was established in the south side October in 1955, and a new government which America supported was formed.
The demilitarized area wasn't the border between the two countries,according to the..
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［Dividing into two countries both of south and north］
The demilitarized area wasn't a border between the two countries originally, according to the Geneva accords.
An election for unification was to put into effect in the whole Vietnam of both the south and north after two years of the Geneva accords,and an united nation was to build, but both America and south Vietnam refused it.
Even if the unified election was done, America thought a free election wasn't done in the north where the communist party controlled, and if being..
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［Divided into two nation both south and north］
...and if the unified election was put into effect, the communist party would win overwhelmingly, America feared it. In this way, divided Vietnam into south and north was fixed.
[A logic in America]
After the Geneva accords was concluded, France withdrew from Vietnam at once,exactly it seemed France ran away from Vietnam, for it didn't have enough power and will to maintain the little country far away in Asia.
Instead, America helped the south Vietnam. In the middle of ...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［A logic in America］
In the middle of an intensification of the Cold War, America hoped that a nation of pro-America was formed in Asia, and American influence over Asia maintained. It was one of struggle for power between America and Soviet.
So America didn't spare any support of military and economy to the South Vietnam.
Then the Secretary of the Defense in America told like the next, expressing a sense of impending crisis of being surrounded by communism.
It seemed the communism continued to proceed then. Mao Zedong 毛沢東..
【America was bogged down in Asia,which was the Vietnamese War】
[Logic in America]
Mao Zedong and his subordinates have controlled China since 1949, and fought against the west side in cooperation with north Korea.
Khrushchev expected the communism would win by a victory of a war for relieved races in the third world, and said the west side that he would defeat the capitalism.
Soviet launched an artificial satellite, and showed its predominance over the space, so a reliability for the threat from Khrushchev increased. Next year he put pressure on western area in Berlin.
Castro changed...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Logic in America]
Castro changed Cuba into the forefront for the communism in the west sphere before long.
We felt being surrounded and exposed by the threat. There was a terror like this undercurrent of being intervening by America in Vietnam.
[A corrupt political government in the south Vietnam]
A government in the south Vietnam which America supported was far from democratic. Ngo Dinh Diem who became the president arrested the ones who were against him relentlessly as dictator.
In addition, his clans possessed a ...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A corrupt political government in the south Vietnam]
Moreover clans of the president alone possessed a huge assistance from America. The corrupt political government robbed the people of their assistance, so the American assistance didn't reach them.
In consequence a gap between the poor and rich expanded, and dissatisfaction among the people heightened.
There was none of electricity nor water supply in farming villages which accounted for a large part of Vietnam. While a death rate on newly born infants was over...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A corrupt government in the south Vietnam]
While a death rate on newly born infants was over 30%, wives of a part of high officials went to Hong Kong with military planes so as to have their cosmetic surgery. Thus an extreme society was born.
Helping the south Vietnam in order to protect a liberal world,it was American logic, but helping the political power which oppressed the people means suppressing the people in the country, America assistance repelled the whole people in Vietnam.
The ones who were opposed to the..
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A corrupt political power in the south Vietnam]
The ones who were opposed to the corrupt political power wasn't residents and students alone.
Vietnam is a country of Buddhism, so plenty of the people were Buddhists and temples of Buddhism had great influential power, but the president who was a Catholic oppressed the temples of Buddhism severely.
Suppressing the temples of Buddhism means antagonizing the most part of the people.
Buddhists are forbidden to kill, so they couldn't resist with weapons, as a result some of ...
【America was bogged down in Asia,which was the Vietnamese War】
[A corrupt political power in the south Vietnamese]
...as a result some of them went on a hunger strike, and other even burnt himself to death.Those priests showed their resistance to the government in the south Vietnam.
An image that the priest burned himself to death was broadcast in the world, and the people were surprised at the image in the world.
When being asked for a comment, a wife of the president's brother said, it's just a barbecue of a priest, so she repelled the people more and more.
Why did America support the..
【American was bogged down in Asia,which was the Vietnamese War】
[A corrupt political power in the south Vietnam]
Why did America support the one like Ngo Dint Diem as president? Then the Secretary of Defense said like the next.
He learned in a theological seminary of Catholic in New Jersey in the beginning of the 1950th, and I believed in it's proof that we and he shared a value in the Western World.
However as we knew the situation gradually, I was sure I made a mistake on him. American recognition on the president was like that.
We couldn't manage Vietnam with him, America thought,...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A corrupt political power in the south Vietnam]
...he thought America couldn't manage Vietnam with the president, so America talked an executive in army into a coup.
Once the coup was succeeded by the executive in army,other executives trying to come to in power appeared one after another, and the political power was changed with dizzying speed.
Even if coming to in power,if the coup was caused and the political power was changed, so the one who became the president couldn't commit the best of the military unit to the site .
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A corrupt political power in the south Vietnam]
...so the one who became a president after coups couldn't commit the best of the military unit to the site of the hard fought battle.
The best part of the military unit continued to be stationed in the capital so as to protect the president.
[Liberation Front was formed]
Though democratic movements which was opposed to the corrupt political power were suppressed one after another, then Liberation Front was formed.
The Liberation Front has sought for withdrawal of foreign...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Liberation Front was formed]
The Liberation Front has sought for a withdrawal of foreign military force from Vietnam, it means the U.S.army, and establishment of independent, peaceful, and neutral government in the South Vietnam.
Then influence over the Liberation Front from the North Vietnam wasn't so large,so the Liberation Front was a mixture made up with students, labors, intellectuals, democrats,and communists who lived in the South Vietnam.
However as the Vietnam War intensified, it changed into other one which ...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Liberation Front was formed]
As the Vietnamese War intensified, the Liberation Front changed into other one which received orders from the South Vietnam.
『Column, Hitler was the one who a prime minister respected』
Coups caused one after another in Vietnam. A prime minister appointed by a new President was asked by a journalist. Who is your favorite statesman?
The prime minister answered, he loved Hitler very much, and said Vietnam needed four of five Hitlers.
『Column, a word of front』
There are phrases of Liberation ...
【America was bogged down in Asia,which was the Vietnamese War】
『Column, a word of front』
There are phrases of Liberation Front or people's front, and the word of front has never been familiar with us the Japanese.
In a movements of communist party in the international society, it was a theory on organization that getting supporters not only from communist party but from various areas so as to arose a political movement.
In the case of Vietnam, the organization sought for racialists,and democrats who were in search of democratic political power with thought like the next.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
『Column, a word of front』
Their thought was wanting America to go away,or the same race of both the south and north Vietnam should get together.
[The U.S.army joined the war direct]
The Liberation front expanded its organization, being based on an action on guerrilla in a farming village.
It killed village mayors who belonged to the lowest level of the South Vietnam one after another,and paralyzed an administrative organization in the farming village.
Both farmers and peasants who hated oppression and corrupt of the Ngo...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[The U.S.Army joined the war direct]
Both farmers and peasants who hated corruption and suppression in the Ngo Dinh Diem Government started to support the Liberation Front.
On the other hand, America couldn't recognize the fact that residents in the south side took action from a repulsion to a misgovernment in the government of the South Vietnam.
America thought the Liberation Front was a pawn sent from homelands of communism like Soviet or China.
As the Cold War intensified, they were forced to think with a point of view...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[The U.S.Army joined the war direct]
America was forced to think everything with a point of view on the Cold War for anti-communism.
America sent military advisers of which number were no less than sixteen thousand to the South Vietnam in the Kennedy Government in 1962.
America did training and support in which the South Vietnam could fight against a guerrilla which was the pawn from the communism.
However America saw the military force couldn't only drive away the Liberation Front,but was defeated one after another. Then...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[The U.S.Army joined the war direct]
...then America's anxiety became so stronger that it sent American soldiers who were over twenty thousand hundred to Vietnam in 1965.
America was in a position where it helped the military force in the South Vietnam until then, but instead the military force in the South Vietnam, America confronted with the Liberation Front at the front direct.
The war by the Vietnamese changed into the one by the American then.
[How did America should distinguish between guerrillas and peasants?]
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[How should America distinguish between guerrillas and peasants?]
However the U.S.Army who was sent to a area of farming village was confused. Jungle in the tropical zone and the area of rice growing was beyond its understanding.
Lacking of understanding on the ones who were engaged in agriculture connected with the photo in which the tank drove around the rice field.
There were members of the Liberation Front who were engaged in agricultural work in the rice field. They usually do farming, but they suddenly attacked a ...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[How should they distinguish between peasants and guerrillas?]
...they suddenly attacked a gun in its hand and shot the American soldiers, so the American soldiers always had to be alert.
All the ones who were engaged in the farming looked like the members of the Liberation Front for the U.S.Army before long. They couldn't extinguish peasants with the guerrillas of their enemy at all.
American soldiers happened to shoot to a jungle indiscriminately repeatedly because of terror that they weren't sure who was their enemy.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[How should they extinguish between the ones who were engaged in farming and enemy?]
The U.S.Army thought the peasant was the guerrilla and shot often it by mistake. A senior officer told his men they should think the dead Vietnamese were the guerrillas.
Being hostile to peasants caused to drive peasants who weren't related to the guerrilla to the side of the Liberation Front.
[Korea and Australia joined the war]
The one who joined the war wasn't America alone. Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, and Philippine sent..
【America was bogged down in Asia,which was the Vietnamese War】
[Korea and Australia joined the war]
Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand and Philippine sent their military force to Vietnam, but except for America, it was Korea alone which participated in a genuine war.
Number of the military force in Korea reached about fifty hundred thousand in its heyday, and its total number was about thirty three hundred thousand, and the war dead was over four thousand and four hundred.
Korea was supported by America in the Korean War, and joined the Vietnamese War was a repayment of kindness ...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Koreaa and Australia joined the war]
At the same time, Korea learned how terrible the influence of the communism was in the Korean War, so it wanted to stop an extension of the influence of the communism in Asia desperately.
The military force in Korea renowned for its bravery. While an American fired at jungle which was unlikely to hide no one indiscriminately, a Korean carried out a general rule it didn't fire as long as an enemy didn't.
The Korean learned without getting support from the people, the military force was...
【Ameirca was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Korea and Australia joined the war]
The Korean learned without getting supported from the people, the military force was weak at the Korean War,so considering always feeling of residents, they took into action.
As a result, when comparing it with the American, the Korean obtained better results.
While the young in Korean shed its blood in Vietnam, the Japanese sold war material and made money. The Korean expressed the situation like the next.
America prepared for ammunition, Japan sold materials, and Korea sold blood...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Korea and Australia joined the war]
...but Korea was also requested to made various things for the war from America, they benefited greatly. It is fact that Korea which was damaged by the Korean War developed by the Vietnamese War.
[From Kennedy to Jhonson]
Then the President Kennedy was assassinaged at Dallas in Texas November in 1963.
Eisenhower who was Kennedy's predecessor decided to send the military force in America to Vietnam, but Kennedy who increased the military force.
However Kennedy continued to refuse to...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[From Kennedy to Jhonson]
However Kennedy continued to refuse to send the military force which joined the battle direct in Vietnam. He said in his interview on TV like the next then.
I don't think the South Vietnam win the war as long as the government didn't make effort so as to get supported from the people there.
In short it's their war. It depends on whether or not they win. We'll help them, offfer equipments, and send Americans as military advisers, and they have to win the war.
However as Kennedy was assassinated...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[From Kennedy to Jhonson]
After Kennedy was assassinated, Jhonson who was the vice President took office as President.
Under the Jhonson Government, America sent the military force of which number was no less than about a half million to Vietnam, and lost its balance on the muddy road of the Vietnamese War.
Therefore, some people say if Kennedy was alive, he'd withdraw from Vietnam in an early stage, and America wasn't dragged into the war. Then the Secretary of Defense is one of them.
However there isn't an if in history...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[From Kennedy to Jhonson]
...as the Cold War intensified we can't expect whether or not America which didn't know Asia at all went well in Vietnam under the Kennedy Government.
[The U.S.Army increased]
The military force in the South Vietnamese struggled in the war desperately, a news like that was often conveyed from Vietnam when Jhonson became the President.
A request of more the military force was conveyed from the U.S.Army which stationed in the actual place.
The Jhonson Government increased the U.S.Army in resopnse...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnam War】
[The U.S.Army increased]
The Jhonson Government increased the U.S.Army in response the request, insead of the military force in the South Vietnam, he confronted to the Liberation Front.
Jhonson thought the Liberation Front which took action in the South Vietnam was the military force in the North Vietnam.
The democracy which we the American declare should be the one which everyone hopes. If someone is opposed to it, it must be communists who are manipulated by Soviet or the South Vietnam.
Jhonson and members in his government...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[The U.S.Army increased]
Jhonson and his members in the government thought like that on the situation in the Liberation Front.
America which declared a lofty idea on the democracy helped the government in the South Vietnam, but the government in the South Vietnam was far from the democracy, and its people hated their government so much.
America didn't recognized it at all, then Gulf of Tonkin incident happened.
[Gulf of Tonkin incident broke out]
A ship belonged to the military force in the South Vietnamese attacked two...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Gulf of Tonkin incident broke out]
A ship belonged to the government in the South Vietnam attacked two islands in the gulf of Tonkin in the North Vietnam September in 1964.
An American destroyer went into the gulf of Tonkin in order to help its attack, then it was attacked from a terpedo boat which belonged to the North Vietnam August.
America thought territorial waters belonged to the North Vietnam was about 5.5 km, so it didn't approach until it, but the territorial waters which the North Vietnam insisted was about 22 km.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Gulf of Tonkin incident broke out]
The North Vietnam thought there was a ship which belonged to the South Vietnam and the ship attacked the territory of the North Vietnam, then American ship went into the territorial waters which the North Vietnam thought its own territory, so attacking the ship was natural for the North Vietnam.
However America didn't have such imagination to the North Vietnam.
America became indignant with an attack from the North Vietnam, so the President Jhonson made a strong protest to the North Vietnam.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Gulf of Tonkin incident broke out]
After two days, other American destroyer reported it was attacked from the torpedo boat belonged to the North Vietnam again.
American war plane took off at once so as to make sure, but it couldn't recognize an existence of the torpedo boat.
Some people inside the military force in America said it may be a mistake of the destroyer, but American government couldn't judge calmly.
American assembly went mad at about a report that an American ship was attacked again. The President was...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Gulf of Tonkin incident broke out]
Then the President was authorized to war from the American Congress. It's a decision on the Gulf of Tonkin incident. It's an expression like the next.
As those attacks are a part of aggressive, intentional and systematic invade against neighboring countires, America is ready to take all the measures including to use armed force so as to support a nation which asked for help in order to defend its own country, according to the resolution of the President.
As to its decision, an approval was..
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Gulf of Tonkin incident broke out]
As to desolution, its approval was 88, and objection was 2 in the Senate, and approval was 416, by a unanimous vote in the House of Representatives.
Whether or not there was the second attack in the Gulf of Tonkin actually, it developed into a big dispute.
The North Vietnam recognized the first attack, but the second was just a fabrication of America.
It's just jumping to a wrong conclusion by America which didn't consider a possibility of mistake in the one who took charge in the destroyer
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Gulf of Tonkin incident broke out]
The comment on jumping on the wrong conclusion was done by then the Secretary of Defense.
Anyway, as America had wanted a reason for starting to attack the North Vietnam, it was a perfect excuse.
[Bombing north started. We are going to return you to the Stone Age!]
The military force in America started to attack the North Vietnam, being based of the resolution of the Gulf of Tonkin.
In the beginning the attack was limited to the two ports which America concluded it was attacking by the ..
【Ameirca was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Bombng North started. We are going to return you to the Stone Age]
In the beginnging, the attack was limited to the two ports that America concluded it was attacking for the toepedo, but it escalated.
Actions in the Liberation Front in the South Vietnam became active, for the North Vietnam helped the it, so America attacked the North Vietnam. It was an excust that America attacked the North Vietnam.
When starting to attack, a chief of staff in the air force in America said, he is going to return the North Vietnam to the..
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[North Bombing started. We are going to return you to the Stone Age]
When starting to attack the North Vietnam, a chief staff in the air force said he was going to return the North Vietnam to the Stone Age.
I'm wondering it means that the time of Stone Age when there is nothing useful and convenient around us the human being.
His remark was arrogant, but it's condition that the North Vietnam was a industrial country like America, but it's an agricultural one, and there was almost nothing industrial facility there.
Even if..
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[North Bombing started. I'm going to return you to the Stone Age]
Even if trying to return the North Vietnam to the Stone Age, there was almost nothing to destroy facilities in the first.
[The North Vietnam which endured the attack from air raid]
A bomber plane of B 52 was used for the attack.It's a huge bomber plane which has eight jet engines and can carry 108 bombs of which weight is 225 kg at once.
The bomber planes flied in information to the North Vietnam over the sky every day. America aimed at munitions factory...
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[North Vietnam endured an attack from the air raid]
America aimed at munitions factories and accumulation facilities, so the North Vietnam counterattacked with a dispersion.
If accumulating a fuel in one place somewhere,and being bombarded there by the enemy,it will be damaged heavily, so they lined up drums in fuel everywhere like a street,or a vacant land.
If being received an attack partially, it'll almost be unwounded. Then they don't need any institutions. It's just that they had to line up on the vacant land outside.
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[North Vietnam endured the attack from the air raid]
I've used a phrase of munitions factory, but a tank,antiaircraft gun like canon, and antiaircraft missile were sent from China and Soviet, so it doesn't mean they produced those weapons in their country.
However,constructing a factory underground and they continued to produce small parts there.
While residents suffered from a damage heavily, their industrial ability wasn't so much. America had little knowledge on the North Vietnam, so such a miscalculation was caused.
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[North Vietnam endured the air raid]
Contrary to it, the more they were attacked, the more they were ready and eager to take on their adversary.
Our fellows in the south side have received those attack everyday,when thinking of it, their will to strengthen to help for the south side was heightened.
North bombing made assistance for the Liberation Front in the south side strengthen. There was little influence over the south side from the north side, and the south side continued to fight independently until then.
However...
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[North Vietnam endured the air raid]
However the South Vietnamese Racial Liberation Front strengthened its military power, receiving a tremendous help from the north side.
In addition, the regular military force in the north side went down to south and joined the Sout Vietnamese Racial Liberation Front.
An initiative on the war was moving to the North Vietnam gradually.
America used to insist that actual situation of the liberation front was the North Vietnam, but it wasn't always right to the point then, but it....
【America was boggind down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[North Vietnam endured the air raid]
but what America insisted approached the fact actually little by little ironically.
[Ho Chi Minh route]
A route where military supplies was carried from the north side to the south was called Ho Chi Minh route, originating from a name of a leader in North Vietnam then.
A demilitarized zone around border between the north and south was watched so severely that the military unit of transporting military supplies went into Laos once, went down to south along with steep ridge of mountains.
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Ho Chi Minh route]
There was other route. They continued to go down to south and passed through Cambodia, and sent the military supplies to the south area in the South Vietnam. Soldiers in the North Vietnam used the route as well.
The route was about 1400 km, if it be able to go straight, and it was the long route for supplies of which the whole distance was over 4000 km.
The military unit in the North Vietnam went through Laos and Cambodia at will, and both of the countries didn't have enough influential power to resist....
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Ho Chi Minh route]
Both Laos and Cambodia didn't have influential force to resist the North vietnam, so they were forced to permit tacitly.
In the beginning, they used narrow lanes along with ridges of mountains, or through jungles, the soldiers carried the supplies for themselves but after that they learned to use bycicles, and finally they used trucks boldly.
It is said ten thousand of trucks and twenty thousand of bycicles were used in its heyday.
America repeaded raids every day by lots of bomber planes in order to...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Ho Chi Minh route]
America repeated air raids every day by bomber planes so as to destroy the routes, but they couldn't stop a transportation by sheer force of numbers fully.
Roads which were destroyed by bombed of the military force were repaired immediately.
No less than about two hundred thousand of the North Vietnamese were pressed into service for maintenace or repair on the roads.
The military force in America attacked both Laos and Cambodia in secret because the routes were through both of the countries, but it was...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Ho Chi Minh route]
...but what America attacked Laos and Cambodia was kept secret during the war.
Besides air raids were repeated to the both countries so as to attack guerrillas in the communist party of anti-government in both countries.
Traces of the air raids have been left here and there at the north eastern in Laos even now.
There have been lots of unexploded shells, and accidents in which peasants who were engaged in agricultural work or children who were playing in rice fields died or injured due to explosions...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Ho Chi Minh route]
...and accidents in which peasants who were engaged in agricultural work and children who were playing in rice fields were dead or injured due to explosions happened one after another in Laos. The Vietnamese War hasn't been over there.
[Defoliation 枯葉剤 tactics]
A jungle in the tropical zone stood by the Liberation Front in the South Vietnam during the war.
Even if the military unit in the air force of America tried to look for guerrillas in the Liberation Front from overhead, they couldn't look at the...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Defoliation 枯葉剤 tactics]
...they couldn't look out grounds covered with jungle.
Furthermore, if dropping bombs from the sky, the jungle was so dense that a destructive power of the bombs became small. The jungle was natural obstacle, a green protective wall.
On the other hand America adopted an operation, defoliation tactics. They sprinkled the chemical drug from the air.
It was an operation of destructive environment of causing blight in plant by sprinkling plenty of weed-killer and defoliation from the sky.
Dioxin was...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Defoliation 枯葉剤 tactics]
Dioxin was included in the week-killer.
It was said that the weed-killer didn't have any harmful influence over a human body then, but it turned out that the dioxin was extremely poisonous to us later.
Dioxin is dangerous, for it has high possibility of causing cancer, or abnormal birth.
Not only the Vietnamese who were under weed-killer but American soldiers who handled lots of weed-killer or were sprinkled over plenty of weed-killer were suffered from aftereffect after going back to America.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Defoliation 枯葉剤 tactics]
After the Vietnamese War, babies whose bodies were connected were born one after another. The war was a crime for the environment and descendants.
[We destroy so as to save the town]
Though adopting the operation accompanying destructive environment, the U.S.Army had a hard time in the war.
The jungle and the mountain area were where the people in the Liberal Front were born and raised. When being in the war, they could make best use of the geological feature.
The guerrillas on the Liberation ...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[We destroy it in order to save a village]
The guerrillas on the Liberation Front could struggle in the war with their own footings.
On the other hand, American soldiers who were taken to Asia far away from their homeland found that they were just strangers there. The place was different from what they used to, so they were impatient.
When getting information that there was the Liberation Front somewhere, they took action in a combat plane, or a helicopter and bombed there. After that, a military unit ran to the place where..
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
［We destroy it in order to save a village］
After that military units on the ground rushed to a place where it seemed that the Liberation Front appeared, captured peasants and their family members and interrogated them.
If feeling the peasants and their family members were dubious, they were shot to death on the spot.
Whenever the U.S.Army saw a village where a member of Liberation Front came from, it set the the fire on the house and burned it down.
The struggle by the U.S.Army became the one in which destroying farming...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[We destroy it in order to save a village]
The struggle by the U.S.Army became the one in which destroying Vietnamese farming villages.
An American officer said on the situation they attacked it so as to save it.
The destruction drove peasants who account for a large part of population in the South Vietnam into a side of the South Vietnam.
Lands became devastate,the south Vietnam which produced rice cops fell down to a country in which a country which producing spieoyannl
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[We destroy it in order to save a village]
As to the last part of the last response, I was so sleepy that I couldn't understand what I expressed, even the one who described. I'm going to correct it from now on. I'm sorry for it.
The lands were devastated and the South Vietnamese which cultivated rice became the one which imported rice since 1965.
[Son My Massacre]
Destroying farming village by the U.S.Army sometimes led to a slaughter to the ones who were engaged in agriculture, especially the American were surprised at..
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Son My massacre]
...especially the American was surprised at a carnage at Son My village.
A part of the U.S.Army which looked for the Liberation Front and went into the Son My area slaughtered no less than 160 nonresistant peasants who were the old, women, and children alone March in 1968.
When the case was reported and photos of the peasants who were slaughtered were open to the public, a greater shock attacked the American.
What did our U.S.Army in Vietnam? Voices like that arose all over America.
A Lieutenant who ..
【American was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Son My Massacre]
A lieutenant who was responsible for the case was arrested after the case was discovered, and sentenced to imprisonment for life at a court-martial, but it was reduced to imprisonment of twenty years with a special pardon,and he was released on parole in 1975.
The American thought the U.S.Army fought a holy war against influential power of the communist party far away in Asia, but in fact it killed nonresistant peasants there.
Suspicion against the Vietnamese War spread over among the American then.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Offensive at Tet]
After the massacre at Son My village, a decisive accident which planted distrust against the Vietnamese War among the American occurred. It's offensive at Tet. The Tet was the lunar New Year. The Vietnamese celebrate the lunar New Year.
However the Liberation Front and the military force in the North Vietnamese took the offensive all together in the whole Vietnam this year. No less than about sixty thousand soldiers were mobilized then.
There were 44 places which were equal to Japanese prefectures in the...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Offensive at Tet]
There was 44 places which were equivalent to Japanese prefectures in the South Vietnam then, and 36 places which included its capital were attacked simultaneously.
An ancient city,Hue,which was in the north of the South Vietnam was occupied by the military force of the North Vietnam and Liberation Front in just a day.
A special attack corps in the Liberation Front rushed into the American embassy and a TV station in Saigon which was the capital then and occupied them at one time.
The U.S.Army attacked....
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Offensive at Tet]
The U.S.Army attacked the occupied American embassy so as to get back it, and its scene was broadcast on TV in America, and the American were shocked at it so much.
The U.S.Army said that the war made progress satisfactorily and it would win in the near future until then. The American didn't learn to believe in the U.S.Army and their government at all.
Besides, a shocking image went around all over the world.
There was a suspect who was arrested at the offensive at Tet. He belonged to the Liberation Front.
【America was bogging in down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Offensive at Tet]
A chief of the national police in the South Vietnam shot him to death on the street in front of the press.
Without doing a trial, a high officer in the government who was the chief in the police gathered the press and shot the suspect to death in front of the press.
When looking at the image on TV, the American knew the actual situation on their government which their sons tried to defend with bloodshed.
On the other hand, there was slaughter on residents by the military force in the North Vietnam...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Offensive at Tet]
On the other hand there was a slaughter on residents at the ancient city, Hue,by the Liberation Front and the military force in the North Vietnam at the offensive at Tet, but it wasn't reported in a large-scale.
Hue was controlled by the Liberation Front and the military force in the North Vietnam for about a month then.
Then hundreds of undercover agents who belonged to the Liberation Front who were residents in Hue. Their true selves were uncovered to other lots of the residents.
The military force in...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Offensive at Tet]
After that the military force in the North Vietnam had to withdraw from the city because of a counterattack by the U.S.Army.
The undercover agents had to pretend to be ordinary residents again, so they killed the ordinary residents who knew their true selves in order to forbid to talk.
Its number has never been clear, but it is said from a thousand to five hundred.
[It was a failure as tactics, but a success as strategy]
The offensive at Tet gave a heavy damage to the military force in America and the ...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[It was a failure as tactics, but a success as strategy]
The Tet offensive gave a serious damage to the military force in the America and the South Vietnam by surprise attack in the beginning, but the U.S.Army rearranged its position, and counterattacked.
The Liberation Front was good at the struggle of guerrilla in jungle, but it didn't match the U.S.Army which was superior to the north side on military equipment in city.
The deceased were 1536 in the U.S.Army and 2788 in the military force in the South Vietnam at the...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[It was a failure as tactics, but a success as a strategy]
While the deceased were 1536 in the U.S.Army and 2788 in the military force in the South Vietnam, the victims were over thirty thousand in the Liberation Front and the North Vietnam, and a number of captives reached to about six thousand.
The Liberation Front made a awful blunder in the war as tactics, but it was a great success with a strategic point of view. What does it mean?
The American thought the U.S.Army and the government in the South Vietnam won smoothly...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[It was a failure as tactics, but a success as a strategy]
...but actually two of them didn't win. The American looked at the actual situation that safety wasn't kept on the American embassy,and it caused them to distrust the U.S.Army and their government.
It led to a movement of anti-Vietnamese War to arise in America. Voices that the U.S.Army should withdraw from Vietnam heightened even harder.
The offensive at Tet crushed fighting spirit of the U.S.Army, so it approached victory of the North Vietnam and Liberation Front.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A suspicion over the offensive at Tet]
As a result,the offensive at Tet was a great success as strategy, but the Liberation Front in the South Vietnam received a heavy damage then.
Though it was done in cooperation with the North Vietnam, the Liberation Front took charge in main struggles.
As a result, lots of main members since the Liberation Front was built, and plenty of other experienced members were dead then.
Not only communists but nationalists,and intellectuals were in the Liberation Front. Various people gathered.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A suspicion over the offensive at Tet]
After central members were lost in the offensive at Tet, a regular military force in the North Vietnam took the leadership.
America continued to insist that the actual situation of the Liberation Front was the military force in the North Vietnam since the Vietnamese War broke out, and the situation came true after the offensive Tet as America insisted.
Judging from the situation, a suspicion follows over the offensive at Tet. Did the offensive at Tet have a two aims? The one was...
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A suspicion over the offensive at Tet]
Needless to say, the one was causing damage to the U.S.Army, and the other was getting rid of main force from the Liberation Front.
While the Liberation Front received a whole assistance from the North Vietnam, it maintained southern original position.
Even if a large part of the Liberation Front sought for democratic South Vietnam,or independent South Vietnam, some of them were opposed to unified with the North Vietnam of socialism or others were cautious to it.
When a release of...
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A suspicion over the offensive at Tet]
When a release of the South Vietnam approached, it was convenient for the North Vietnam to decrease a tiresome main force. It was better for ruling by unification both south and north and the communist party in the North Vietnam.
However needless to say, there is no evidence to reinforce the suspicion.
There were lots of the deceased in the offensive at Tet. Where was its responsibility? It was argued with the people inside the North Vietnam.
However after the offensive at Tet...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A suspicion over the offensive at Tet]
However after the offensive at Tet, it is fact the regular military force in the North Vietnam appeared and an existence of the Liberation Front grew dim.
Actually, the Liberation Front disappeared after the release of the South Vietnam by the north side.
[Killing a baby. A movement on anti-war in America]
A movement on anti-war was heightened in America due to shocking accidents which occurred one after another in the South Vietnam.
When then the Secretary of Defense had a meal...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A movement of anti-war in America]
When the then Secretary of Defense had a meal with his wife in a restaurant of a ski slope in his vacation of Christmas,a female abused him like the next.
"You've killed a baby! There is blood on your hand!"
When having finished having miserable experience at war, and returning to their homeland, booing was just waiting for the soldiers. It dropped soldiers' morale so much.
As a result, lots of soldiers who couldn't return to normal life were caused, and American society was divided into...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A movement of anti-war in America]
American society was divided into approval and opposition over the Vietnamese War.
There was a demonstration at an university in Ohio, and soldiers in the state fired students who joined the demonstration, and four students were dead May in 1970.
This accident made consciousness to anti-war in American society heighten still more.
[From Johnson to Nixon]
After two months from the offensive at Tet,then the President Johnson stopped the North Bombing for a while, and announced that...
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[From Johnson to Nixon]
...and then the President Johnson announced starting peaceful negotiation between the Liberation Front and America,withdrawal of the U.S.Army from Vietnam one after another.
Moreover he declared that he wouldn't run for president next time. It was a public concession of defeat from Johnson who escalated the Vietnamese War.
American President changed from Johnson who belonged to the Democratic Party to Nixon who belonged to the Republican Party.
[The Vietnamese War was left to Vietnam]
Then the...
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[The Vietnamese War was left to Vietnam]
Then the President Nixon started to leave the Vietnamese War to Vietnam in order to withdraw the U.S.Army from Vietnam September in 1969.
It means that the military force in the South Vietnam took over a leading part in the Vietnamese War, and the U.S.Army took charge in transportation and supplies, and the U.S.Army withdrew gradually.
Then the military force in the South Vietnam was about a million, including militias and soldiers in a remote area, and the U.S.Army of which number..
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[The Vietnamese War was left to Vietnam]
...and the U.S.Army of which number were about a half million supported the military force of which number a million in the South Vietnam.
At first, the military force in the south side couldn't protect itself, so the U.S.Army intervened in the war, but without changing the situation in the least, the U.S.Army withdrew.
Collapse of the government in the South Vietnam was a matter of time.
[Collapse on the military force in the South Vietnam]
A military unit on the ground in the...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Collapse of the military force in the South Vietnam]
A military unit on the ground in the last U.S.Army withdraw from Vietnam September in 1968. Air-force and garrison which left until the last withdrew March in the next year. The military force in America left all the things to the South Vietnam.
After withdrawal of the military force in America, the military force in the south side alone fought very well for a while.
However a full-scale attack started by the North Vietnam March in 1975, the South Vietnam took to flight.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A collapse on the military force in the South Vietnam]
No one could use an international airport in Saigon because of a bombard March.
Then people heard a music of White Christmas which was out of season from radio broadcasting in the U.S.Army in Saigon. It was a signal to escape.
Some people who were related to the American embassy and American government stayed in Saigon then, and they started to escape from Saigon by helicopter which the U.S.Army dispatched in a hurry.
A helicopter landed on the roof of the official...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A collapse on the military force in the South Vietnam]
A helicopter landed on the roof of the official residence of the American embassy, and there was a long line of people who tried to escape by helicopter there.
Losing in the war, and a nation disappear,and people all over the world witnessed it through the TV.
When the military force in the North Vietnam stormed Saigon, soldiers in the south side pulled their military uniforms and military shoes off and threw them away, and escaped into a crowd.
Without being supported..
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A collapse on the military force in the South Vietnam]
Without being supported from the people,and without observing any rules, the military force came to an end, and it was miserable. Military shoes which were scattered showed the last of the military force in which there was no rule.
However there were officials who didn't accept their defeat in the military force in the South Vietnam. Some of them fought until last and were dead in battle, and others committed suicide.
A Japanese newspaper reporter who witnessed the...
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A collapse on the military unit in the South Vietnam]
A Japanese newspaper reporter who witnessed the last day in Saigon said like the next.
Which general ran away overseas, which general stayed and fought until last, which high official in the government escaped or stayed?
It was interesting objection for observation when thinking of people who faced extreme situation took action.
A fighter for anti-communism who appealed patriotism and democracy fled to a foreign country in early stage actually.
There was a high...
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A collapse on the military force in the South Vietnam]
There was a high officer who supported America and France through and through. He could have escaped without fail, but he stayed.
I was forced to feel an ordinary fact actually that we can't decide its content immediately with a surface what one says and does alone. He said like that.
[A tank in the North Vietnam stormed the official residence of the President]
A tank which put up a flag of the Liberation Front rushed headlong into the official residence of the...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A tank in the North Vietnam stormed the official residence of the President]
A tank which put up a flag of the Liberation Front rushed headlong into the official residence of the President which was in the central place in Saigon April.
Few high officers who stayed there in the South Vietnam surrendered and a nation of the South Vietnam disappeared.
It was the military force in the North Vietnam which captured Saigon, but the North Vietnam pretended that the Liberation Front in the south side fought against the government...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[A tank in the South Vietnam stormed the official residence of the President]
Actually the North Vietnam pretended that the Liberation Front in the South Vietnam fought against the government in the South Vietnam.
As a result, the tank put up a flag of the Liberation Front, and the North Vietnam announced that the Liberation Front in the South Vietnam released the South Vietnam.
The tank has been shown in a garden of the former official residence of the President, adding up with an indication of belonging to the North Vietnam.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[TV moved the public opinion]
The Vietnamese War was the one which an image in the battlefield was brought into a living room direct through TV.
American military force which regarded freedom of the press as the most important thing permitted the press to accompany with an offensive operation.
The press was on board a helicopter with soldiers, and the military force facilitated for its report.
On the other hand, cruel act by the military force in America,and corpse of the youth in the American military force were all on TV.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[TV moved the public opinion]
The Americans' suspicion were stirred up with the images over the Vietnamese War. Have we supported a wrong war?
There was a newscaster who had influenced over American news on TV more than any others. He was one of the most reliable one in America then.
After collecting data in Vietnam, he made a special program for TV,a special report from Vietnam.
He said America should withdraw from Vietnam in his program on TV. A newscaster hardly spoke its personal opinion in a news on the TV program then.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[TV moved the public opinion]
Therefore his drastic remark moved the public opinion in America.
It is said that when watching the broadcast, then the President Johnson grieved,and thought, for the newscaster abandoned him. he was hopeless.
The Vietnamese War was the one which TV decided whether or not they won the war.
After that the military force in America learned to be careful to prevent the press from reporting an actual situation in the battlefield.
When the Gulf War broke out, a news censorship has been completed.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Why couldn't America win the war?]
Roughly speaking, two million were dead and four million and a half were injured in the Vietnamese War. They were the military force in America, the South Vietnam, the Liberation Front, the North Vietnam, and the general people.
It was a defeat which the America went through for the first time.
In spite that no less than a half million of soldiers, modern equipment,and a large amount of military power in the air-force were mobilized at one time, America couldn't beat a small country in Asia.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Why can't America win the war?]
The America couldn't understand a racial hope of driving away the military force in foreign countries and building their own county.
It's just that the one who took charge in the political power in America could everything in a frame of the Cold War alone, so he couldn't understand simple racial hope of being independent.
Looking back those days,the one who used to be a specialist on Vietnam said like the next frankly.
I've known thoroughly on Europe, and our interest was always on Europe.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Why can't America win the war?]
He continued like the next.
Almost all of the Secretary of the State in America were from the east coast like Boston, New York, or Philadelphia.
I'm also from Boston, so I've been familiar with Europe, but I had little knowledge on Asia.
In spite that I could hardly understand on China, without knowing,I was regarded as an expert on China, for I used to be in China during the World War Ⅱ.
I'd never been the expert on Asia, but the American had so less knowledge on Asia that on one could...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Why can't America win the war?]
...but the American in those days had such the less knowledge on Asia that no one could recognize I wasn't the expert. It was a reality in America then, he said like that.
It was an unbelievable confession. In that situation, America couldn't have beat.
After that how much has America learned the lesson from the Vietnamese War?
Whenever watching the U.S.Army's behavior in Okinawa, I don't think it has learned enough, the author said like that.
[After the war, America...]
The Vietnamese War..
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[After the war, America...]
The Vietnamese War has changed an American society greatly.
Returned soldiers from Vietnam were handled coldly.
As being returned from Vietnam alone, others doubt if they did something cruel in Vietnam, so lots of the young couldn't get a job again easily.
Lots of the other young were involved in drug from terror in the battlefield, and the habit of inhaling a narcotic was brought in America, and drug contamination in America became serious then.
The Vietnamese War made the drug expand in...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[After the Vietnamese War, America..]
The Vietnamese War made the drug contamination expand in America.
There were the youth who became mental illness from terror in the battlefield, or soldiers who suffered from aftereffect which they were under dioxin of a defoliant 枯れ葉剤. They are serious problems.
[After the Vietnamese War,Vietnam...]
The Liberation Front which could have released the South Vietnam vanished after south and north were unified.
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[After the Vietnamese War, Vietnam...]
Instead executives in labor party of the North Vietnam came to the fore.
The North Vietnam spread propaganda that the Liberation Front in the South Vietnam was a gathering of various people who sought for democracy, but it admitted its lie readily.
The North Vietnam admitted the Vietnamese War was a revolution of communism which sought for unification on Vietnam by the North Vietnam.
After the south and north were unified, Saigon which used to be a capital in the south side was named...
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[After the Vietnamese War, Vietnam..]
Saigon was named Ho Chi Minh after a founder of the labor party.
After the south and north were unified, it became a nation of socialism, but a sharp policy of socializing caused lots of refugees, what is called boat people.
Thousands of the Vietnamese escaped from their homeland in a poor fishing boat every year. Some of them were washed ashore Japan.
When escaping by fishing boat, countless people were attacked by pirates and were dead. It was a result of the release of the South..
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[After the Vietnamese War, Vietnam...]
It was a result of the release of the South Vietnam. In addition, after that Vietnam invaded its neighboring country, Cambodia, and caused lots of the deceased like that the U.S.Army had a hard time in Vietnam.
The U.S.Army had the deceased which were over fifty thousand in the Vietnamese War, and strangely enough,the military force in Vietnam had the deceased of about fifty thousand in the war against Cambodia.
China which supported Cambodia got angry against the invasion of Vietnam...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[After the Vietnamese War, Vietnam...]
...and China invaded Vietnam, but the military force in China had a hard time in the war,for Vietnam used modern weapons which America left.
After that China declared its aim of modernizing its military force.
Though the Vietnamese War was over, it would take time to return peace in Indochina still more.
[Aiming at catching up with America by liberalizing economy]
American consul was built in a place where American embassy used to be in Saigon.
Both south and north were unified and...
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
[Aiming at catching up with America by liberalizing economy]
After unifying both north and south of Vietnam,and as its capital became Hanoi,the American embassy was a vacant house for a long time.
However the Vietnamese War was over and 24 years passed and building of the former American embassy was destroyed, the one which is equal to a branch of a consul was built in Saigon.
There is a long line of residents who seek for visa so as to go to America in a place where guerrilla of the Liberation Front stormed.
Lot of the...
【America was bogged down in Asia,which was the Vietnamese War】
[Aiming at catching up with America by liberalizing economy]
Lots of the Vietnamese who long for free and rich America rushed there.
Vietnam which made progress radical socialism continued confusion for a long time and its economy remained stagnant, so liberalization for economy has been made progress.
In short it's capitalizing a part of their economy.
While Vietnam won America in the war with regard to the military force, following American ways concerned economy, Vietnam has sought for the rich.
『After that what's...』
【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
『After that, what's happpened in the world?』
Vietnam which made progress the liberalization on economy has developed so much. Securities markets are opened in Vietnam, and lots of fund are flowed from Japan. The country enlives. Advance from Japanese companies have been remarkable. A plan of liberalization seems to be successful for the present.
A relation between China and Vietnam became worsen at one time owing to invasion to Vietnam by China, but the relation is restored at present, investigation from China has expanded.
【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】
『After that, what's happened in the world?』
On the other hand, when attacking Iraq, there was voice that America would commit the same error like Vietnam, but the Bush Government forced the attack. As a result, the military force in America has lost its balance in the situation of Iraq.
Withdrawal from Iraq of the U.S.Army has been considered, but if seeing what happened to America after it withdrew from Vietnam, it tends to hesitate.
Even if being in the 21the century, America has been captured by nightmare of the Vietnamese.
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Cambodia where intellecuals have disappear]
A newspaper reporter who stationed at Phnon Penh in Cambodia showed the Cambodians who work in branch office a world map and asked them where there was Cambodia in the map.
To my surprise, no one couldn't show its exact place.
Working at a newspaper company in a foreign country means that they are, so so speak, intellectuals, but a plan of massacre of the intellectuals which was done systematically in the Pol Pot Government is still having a lingering effect.
Speaking of Cambodia, Angkor Vat is well-known. The Khmer...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Cambodid where intellectuals have disapper]
Angkor Vat is a magnificent structure which the Khmer dynasty built for 30 years so as to devote it for gods in Hindi in the 12th century. It's one of world heritage with Angkor Tom.
It's a peaceful place where there are statue of Buddha of which faces are mysterious and calm, but bloddy accidents have been unfolded there.
[Being a killing field]
The North Vietnam won the Vietnamese War December in 1978, and after three years, the military force in Vietnam suddenly stormed Cambodia, for Vietnam counterattacked against..
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Being a killing field]
...for Vietnam counterattacked against Cambodia's frequent attacks. After two weeks from the invasion, the Pol Pot Government in Cambodia fell.
Things which the military force of Vietam invaded Cambodia was a hell in this world. They saw the Cambodian who were struck dumb and did nothing in there where the putrid smell of a dead body wafted through the whole Cambodia.
Everyplace became a burial ground in the nation. If digging out the ground, corpses appeared one after another. A movie of Killing Field is a reprodction of the scene.
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Being Killing Field]
The military force in the North Vietnam rushed headlong into Saigon in the South Vietnam in 1975, almost at the same time, a military force in communist party led by Pol Pot rushed the capital Phnon Phen, and established a political power of communism then.
However, after three years, Cambodia became the killing field.
It hasn't been clear how many people became victims, but roughly speaking, an internatioal organization has estimated about a million.
Some people say a few million. Cambodia government has said three million at present
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Being a killing field]
It is said that Cambodia used to have about six million population then. It means at least one to six were dead, or half of the people became victims. Why did the picture of hell unfolded?
[His Imperial Highness Sihanouk walked a tightrope in national affairs]
Vietnam which fought the Vietnamese War is a small country in Asia for America, but it's a big one in the Indochina peninsula.
Cambodia which is a neighboring country to Vietnam was often controlled by Vietnam, so Cambodia has been influenced by Vietnam greatly, especially...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Prince Sihanouk walk in a tightrope of national affairs]
...especially the North Vietnam passed through the Ho Chi Minh route and carried away various supplies so as to support the Liberation Front in the South Vietnam during the war.
The head of a nation, Prince Sihanouk adopted a neutral position of belonging to neither of them then in the Cold War between the East and West.
However, he was actually both side of the Liberation Front and the North Vietnam in order not to antagonize a big country,Vietnam, during the Vietnamese War.
He admitted the Liberation...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Prince Sihanouk walked in a tightrope of a national affair]
He admitted the Liberation Front which was pursued from both America and the North Vietnam to run away Cambodia, and the Liberation Front to pass through the Ho Chi Minh route tacitly.
Moreover he permitted supplies which landed from ships to ports in Cambodia to pass through Cambodia and to reach the Liberation Front in the South Vietnam.
Though Prince Sihanouk hated democracy, he compromised to continue to exist Cambodia. Other countries called it's walking in a tightrope of a national affair.
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
『Column, Prince Sihanouk』
France which controlled Cambodia as colony made Sihanouk a king of Cambodia, leaving a grandson of the king as he was, for Sihanouk was famous as playboy, it seemed that France found it easy to control him.
When Cambodia was independent, he handed over a position of the king to his father, and became a head of Cambodia in 1960. He was started to be called Prince since then.
After a coup d' eat happened in Cambodia, he became dependent on China and North Korea. Both countries offer him vacation houses, moreover North Korea offered him a...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
『Prince Sihanouk』
North Korea offered him a personal jet plane and some bodyguards. He has been guarded by them at present.
He was something capricious, and changed his plan so frequently that others called him changing prince. A press conference for him often became a one-man show which was over two hours.
He was confined in a palace and his four children and eleven grandchildren were killed during the Pol Pot Government.
He returned to the king under a new constitution in 1993.
[Coup d'eat by America]
America which joined the Vietnamese War hated the way of...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[A coup d'eat by America]
America hated the way of Sihanouk, for even if they drove the Liberation Front into a corner in Vietnam, if it ran away into Cambodia which was a third country, they couldn't do anything for the Liberation Front. Cambodia became a place like a holy ground.
So, CIA in America talked executives in the military force in Cambodia into happening a coup d'eat,CIA adopted the way in South Vietnam, and it repeated it again.
When Sihanouk visited Moscow in 1970, the President Lon Nol caused the coup d'eat. The Lon Nol government attacked the...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[A coup d' etat by America]
The Lon Nol Government attacked the military force in the North Vietnam and Liberation Front in Cambodia in cooperation with America.
Prince Sihanouk who was drove away of his homeland ran away into Beiging by being supported from Chinese government wholly, and directed anti Lon Nol.
He joined the communist party which he oppressed until then, and organized united front anti Lon Nol, Kampuchea racial united front.
[Civil war strengthened in Cambodia]
Prince Sihanouk was popular among the region of farming land in Cambodia, and...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Civil war strengthened in Cambodia]
... and activity on guerrilla against Lon Nol expanded its influence by getting support from farmers in Cambodia.
Then center of activity was the communist party led by Pol Pot and the military force in the North Vietnam which support Pol Pot.
America judged that attacking base belonged to the North Vietnam in Cambodia so as that the military force in America withdraw from Vietnam, and repeated air raid at eastern area in Cambodia.
Lots of people became victims in the air raid, and the youth in the farming village were so...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Civil war strenghthened in Cambodia]
... and the youth in the farming village were so indignant that they threw themselves into an organization of guerrilla. As a reslut, America brought up guerrilla in communist party in Cambodia. Cambodia was involved in the Vietnamese War.
Half a million of people were dead at the civil war in Cambodia, and refugees of which number were million were born. The refugees ran away into its capital, Phonm Penh, and population of the capital swelled to two million then.
After the military force in America withdrew from Vietnam, the..
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Civil war strenghtened in Cambodia]
After the military force in America withdrew from Vietnam, the military force in North Vietnam made progress the war to its advantage against the Sout Vietnam.
The North Vietnam had enough latitude and could support a military unit of guerrilla which continued to go into battle with anti Lon Nol in Cambodia.
[Phnom Penh fell]
Military force in racial united front in Kampuchea rushed Phnom Penh April in 1975, and the Lon Nol Government collapsed then. The unite front is the military force of communist party led by Pol Pot.
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Phnom Penh fell]
Phnom Penh fell before two weeks Saigon did in South Vitenam. Cambodia and South Vietnam became under rule by the communist party almost the same time.
As to Vietnam, after Saigon fell life of residents didn't changed very much and soldiers in ex-government weren't arrested, though they were sent into a concentration camp for education later.
Then Cambodia was different from Vietnam.
Soldiers and high officer in the Lon Nol Government who didn't run away and stayed in Cambodia were killed at once.
Residents were glad, for they thought the war...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Phnom Phen fell]
...for residents thought the war was over at last and welcomed the army of Pol Pot, but their destination changed from the next day.
About two million residents were driven away from Phnom Phen in the next day.
Even if a sick person in hospital, the old and an infant, an any exception wasn't permitted. The residents were driven away from their homes with nothing but the clothes on their back. If resisting, it was killed on the spot.
Roads from Phnom Phen to each place were filled with lines of residents who devoted themselves to walking. It is...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Phnom Phen fell]
It is said dead bodies who collapsed were left on the shoulder of roads.
Residents in cities were enemy for Pol Pot and his companies. While they fought in farming villages, residents ran away from a battlefield and ran to cities, so they couldn't forgive the residents.
If driving away the residents from the cities, no one would threaten their positions, besides driving away two million of residents to the farming village means getting new labors. Pol Pot and his companies thought like that.
『Column, Pol Pot』
His family connected royal family...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
『Column, Pol Pot』
...so he hid his real name in order to pretend being from a poor peasant, so it is said he leraned to use a common name in Cambodia.
When being young he got a scholoarship from the government and studied abroad for France, then he knew the Marxism and joined the communist party in France. He got acquainted with companies who he took action later then.
After returnig to Cambodia he became a teacher in private junior high school, but he joined the commnunist party in Cambodia and threw himself into the activity of guerrilla.
He stayed in China...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
『Column, Pol Pot』
Pol Pot stayed in China when the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution broke out. Then it is said he was influenced over simple primitive commnunism which the Greate Proletarian Cultural Revolution aimed at.
[Old residents and new residents]
Residents in Cambodia were divided into two classes from the day when they were driven away from the cities. Old resident and new resident.
The ones who were engaged in farming village when the military force of Pol Pot controlled there were the old residents. They were treated as nation.
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Old residents and new residents]
On the other hand residents who in cities were classified into new residents, and their right as human being weren't given to them. They were regarded as the one who had old consciousness and should be oppressed.
If making you alive, nothing beneficial to us. If making you be bead, we'd lose nothing.
This is what an executive of Pol Pot faction said to the new residents. A policy of killing the new residents started all over the country from then.
On the other hand, Prince Sihanouk who was a symbol of unified front against Lon...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Old residents and new residents]
On the other hand Prince Sihanouk who was a symbol of unified front against anti Lon Nol finished its role for Pol Pot faction who came to power.
Prince Sihanouk who returned from China was confined in the palace.
[Primitive communism which Pol Pot aimed at]
Pol Pot who came to power put into effect policies of primitive communism one after aniother.
Currency was abolished, and almost all of the nations were Buddhists but religion was forbidden and temples were destroyed. Both schools and hospitals were also discontinued.
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Primitive communism at which Pol Pot aimed]
All the nations belonged to a communal farmland. Harvest and fortune in the farmland belonged to the country.
All the nations were dressed in black cotton for peasants. A group of family was dismantled, and they were required to have a meal at a dining room in the communal farmland together.
Children were forced to be separated from parents when being its age of five or six and were educated as children of the country.
Love between a man and a woman wasn't forgiven. They were to get marry to others who the communist...
【A nighmare of Pol Pot】
[Primitive communism at which Pol Pot aimed]
All the nations had to get marry to the ones who the communist party decieded, and were forced to have babies.
If resisting against being separating from family members or grieving for death of family members, they were excuted as anti-revolution.
Nations learned not to show their feelings on the face.
[All the intellectuals were killed]
The most unusual charcteristic on the Pol Pot Government was hostile to intellectuals.
Graduating from junior high school alone became an objection of being killed as intellecuals.
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[All intellectuals were killed]
The one who could write letters or the one who could read a book were intellectuals. Putting on a pair of glasses alone was killed as intellectuals.
A trick was used in order to discover intellectuals.
Residents who were sent to farming village were called like that. School is going to open for children, so if there is someone who used to be a teacher, please come forward.
The ones who came forward were taken and somewhere didn't return again.
Intellectuals in foreign coutries became an objection for killing. After Pol Pot came...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[All the intellectuals were killed]
After coming to power, Pol Pot called students studying abroad in foreing countires to help them for their homeland.
Students studying abroad returned their homeland so as to support Cambodia were taken to a police station from an airport, and all of them were execute right away. Two of them were returned from Japan.
Though Pol Pot and his companies were intellectuals who used to study abroad in France, almost all of nations who could read and write disappeared because of policy of killing intellectuals.
They thought the...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[All intellectuals were killed]
Pol Pot and his companies thought the ones who knew things and think for themselves were obstacles for their controlling.
At the same time, there is simple thought of primitive communism that labor is base on everything at the root of them minds.
『Column, primitive communism』
It's a society which is assumed theoretically that there could have been the society of communism in the primitive age.
It's the society that all producing ways were possessed in common and the ones which were produced were divided equally.
Whether or not...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
『Column, a primitive society』
Leaving aside whether or not that kind of society existed hsitorically, a productivity was so low that all of them had to work in the society, so the society where almost all of them were equal extremely must have been.
The communism is originally assumed the society which is supported by high productivity, but the primitive way was adopted, so the name was used.
All of them were engaged in the labor work owing to self-sufficiency.
[The ones who were ignorant of farming made progress of group of farming]
Starvation spread due to...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[The ones who were ignorant of agriculture made progress group farming]
Starvation spread over the farming villages due to unreasonable agricultural plans. Constructions of facilitations of water of irrigation, or dike were done at full speed of pouring in one wave of reinforcements after another 人海戦術.
The people were forced to work from the morning to the midnight. Their meal was little porridge. Even if being sick, they were forced to work and were dead one after another.
And the dam and dike was an idea by the ones who didn't have special knowledge, so it...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[The ones who were ignorant of agricultural work made progress group farming]
... so it wasn't only useless for agriculture but destroyed nature, so lots of the plans had bad influence over agriculture.
An aim of amount of harvesting rice was 3 ton per ha was declared. Average of harvesting rice was 1 ton in Cambodia until then. The amount of harvesting rice was set up three times as more as it was.
Without using new technical skills, new fertilizers, and agricultural chemicals, they could achieve their aim as long as they had revolutioanl passion.
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[The ones who were ignorant of agricultural work made progress group of farming]
It's like unreasonable movement which used to be unfurled in China, Pol Pot and his party tried to imitate the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution as it was.
At first there were no one who had experienced in being engaged in agricultural work in Pol Pot and his party, so its plan was forced to be unreasonable.
However direction from the communist party was absolute, so no one could resist against it, and all the Camodian headed straight to the impossible plan, especially the new...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[The ones who were ignorant of agricultural work made progress of group work]
...especially the new residents were forced to work hard as enemy. Even if being sick, they were left alone, and it's just that they were dead.
Intellectuals, the new residents became manure in the field, except for it, they were useless. Pol Pot and his party said like that, and it was put into practice literally.
Unreasonable agricultural plan caused extreme decrease on harvesting rice. Rice for the one who were engaged in farming work was confiscated , and it was imported to China.
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[The ones who were ignorant of agricultural work maded progress of group farming]
A large scale of starvation spread over Cambodia which used to be rich agricultural one.
[Being influenced over the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution by Mao Zedong 毛沢東]
Pol Pot used to stay in China when the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was about to start. It had influenced over Pol Pot.
The line of Mao Zedong was pushed forward extremely in Cambodia, and caused destruction on agriculture.
Adopting Great Leap forward in China by Mao Zedong 毛沢東 was a blunder mercilessly
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Being influenced over the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution by Mao Zedong 毛沢東]
After the Great Leap Forward, a great starvation attacked China.
Stalin collected peasants at the place of group farming of grain-belt in Soviet Union in the beginning of the revolution, and forced to work there, and caused starvation in farming villages which used to be rich.
Pol Pot pushed forward their trial in extreme way and failed in extreme way.
He created enemy in the communist party and in Cambodia and purged of them, it means killing them, one after another like Stalin
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Being influenced over the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution by Mao Zedong 毛沢東]
The enemy distrubs my plan because it doesn't go well, suspicion produced fear, Stalin created his enemy one after another.
Or arresting suspicious one as enemy and interrogating severely, and took a false deposition, to tell the truth, he was a spy from the enemy, and thought the enemy sneaked into his territory, and was madly seeking for his enemy.
The same thing was repeated in Cambodia.
When Pol pot came to power, 15 people were selected as Cabinet member, and five were...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Being influenced over the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution by Mao Zedong 毛沢東]
When Pol Pot came to power 15 people were selected as Cabinet member and 5 were killed after that.
In both of the group farming by Stalin and the Great Leap Forward by Mao Zedong, their outcome was emphasized and they had spread a lot of propaganda on its outcome, but their failure was top secret.
Without using a lesson in history in common of the human being, the failure remained as it was.
Without learning in history, what's happened? The Pol Pot Government showed us it in...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Being influenced over the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution by Mao Zedong]
The Pol Pot Government showed us it in an extreme way, but its sacrifice was too big.
[The Cambodian hate the Vietnamese]
Pol Pot was supported by the North Vietnam when being engaged in activity of guerrilla against the Lon Nor Government, but after coming to power he showed anti-Vietnam clearly.
Cambodia used to be invaded by Vietnam often after Khmer dynasty which constructed Angkor Vat declined.
Or when France controlled the Indochina peninsula, it avoided controlling Cambodia...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[The Cambodian hate the Vietnamese]
...France avoided controlling Cambodia and Laos direct, and controlling them indirect, made use of Vietmam, so dissatisfaction against the colonial policy was turned to the Vietnamese.
This way used to be adopted by European countries in controlling colony, and it becomes complicated racial problems.
The Vietmamese communits party was conscious strongly that it was a leader in Indochina, and treated other communist party in Cambodia and Laos as if its sworn brother 弟分, and it hurt the Cambodian's pride.
Pol Pot took advantage...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[The Cambodian hate the Vietnamese]
Pol Pot took advantage of the consciousness of anti-Vietnam and created an enemy of Vietnam. He created an imaginary story that their plan didn't go well, for the enemy's pawns were active behind the scenes in Cambodia.
He tried to rally an unified awareness in the Cambodian by attacking Vietnam.
[Vietnam invaded Cambodia]
So Vietnam counterattacked Cambodia. Lots of military officesers who Pol Pot kept his eye on and were about to be killed ran away to Vitenam.
They formed Kampuchean united front of saving race and asked...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[The Cambodian hate the Vietnamese]
The officers who ran away into Vietnam formed Kampuchean united front of rescuing race and asked Vietnam to help formerly, and a hundred of thousand of Vietnamese soldiers invaded Cambodia December in 1978.
Kampchean leader used to be an executive in the military force of Pol pot, but real situation of the Kampuchean was just hundreds of Cambodian soldiers.
The military force in Pol Pot was at a lost to what to do when a full scale attack by Vietnam started.
Purging by Pol Pot, the middle-management executives became weak and...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[The Cambodian hate the Vietnamese]
As to the military force, the middle management executives became weak by purging Pol Pot and the people suffered from hunger, no one could resist against Vietnam.
Far from it, lots of people thought they had a narrow escape and tried not to protect their political power.
The Pol Pot Government collapsed after two weeks from the Vietnam's invasion, and the Pol Pot Governmetn which has controlled Cambodia for three years and eight months was over.
The invasion by Vietnam made the people all over the world know what happened in...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[The Cambodian hate the Vietnamese]
Invasion by Vietnam made the people all over the world know what happened in Cambodia.
The situation was so miserable that there was voice that it must be a fabrication by Vietnam in the beginning, but it turned out that it was true.
Even if digging up on the ground anywhere Cambodia, a skeleton was discovered one after another.
Rebuilding Cambodia started by support from Vietnam,but Administrative organ was destroyed, and there was any currency, so its economy was paralysed. Everything started from scratch.
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Is the invasion by Vietnam forgiven?]
Both of the communist parties in Vietnam and Cambodia fought in cooperation during the Vietnamese War and civil war in Cambodia, but after only three years, the military force in Vietnam attacked Cambodia, so all over the world was surprised at it.
Invasion other country must not be forgiven, the world was angry at the invasion, but as the real situation in Cambodia became clear, other reaction appeared.
It is fact that invasion by Vietnam stopped slaughtering the Cambodian. If Vietnam didn't invade Cambodia, lots of other...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Is invasion by Vietnam forgiven?]
If Vietnam didn't invade Cambodia, lots of other innocent the Cambodians must be massacred.In a way Vietnam prevented lots of people from being killed.
However the invasion other country must not be forgiven. The author was lost in thought for a long time. How should he judge the invasion by Vietnam?
It led to a theory later that when an inhumane deeds were done wiht a large scale in a country, an international society is forgiven to intervene in it in humane way.
It became a reason why the military force of NATO intervened in..
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Is invasion by Vietnam forgiven?]
It became a reason why the military force in NATO intervened in civil war in ex-Yugoslavia.
[The civil war again]
The Pol Pot Government collapsed because of invasion by Vietnam, and Pol Pot ran away into a jungle. He started activity of guerrilla against a new political power in Cambodia along with a border between Thailand and Cambodia.
He made Prince Sihanouk who was confined to the palace flee to China, and formed united front, and the Prince became the head of the united front in name only, and Thai and China supported it.
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[The civil war again]
Then China and Soviet Union were on bad terms owing to confrontation between China and Soviet, so China felt unplesant to Vietnam which was on good terms with Soviet.So China supported Pol Pot in opposition to Soviet.
On the other hand, Thailand was worried about that Vietnam increased its influence over the Indochina peninsula, so it was convenient for Thai to support Pol Pot.
Both China and Thai didn't mind that Cambodia slaughered lots of its people at all.
Pol Pot organized the refugee of the Cambodian who escaped to Thai and became...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[The civil war again]
...and the Cambodian refugees were reorganized as the military force. If being chased by Vietnam and new political power in Cambodia, it's just that escaped to THai and it's all right. China supplied weapons and barrages for the Cambodian refugees.
The civil war in Cambodia became the one in which the same race retaliated for the violence with more violence.
[The military force in Vietnam withdrew from Cambodia]
After eleven years Vietnam invaded Cambodia, it withdrew from Cambodia September in 1989.
It supported the new political power...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[The military force in Vietnam withdrew from Cambodia]
The military force in Vietnam supported the new political power in Cambodia, and the new political power had enough potential power to fight, so Vietnam withdrew. It was a main reason of its withdrawal, but there was other reason.
Soviet which supported Vietnam for a long time couldn't maintain to help on account of economic crisis.
Without receiving support from Soviet, Vietnam had to aim at being ecomonic development, so intervention in Cambodia was too much burden economically for Vietnam.
Some countries..
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[The military force in Vietnam withdrew from Cambodia]
Some countries broke off supporting Vietnam economically due to invading Cambodia, so Vietnam thougut withdrawal from Cambodia led to economic development.
However invading Cambodia damaged Vietnam heavily. No less than fifty thousand of soldiers were dead in the war against the military force in Pol Pot.
Strange to say, it was equal to the number of the dead that the U.S.Army joined the Vietnamese War.
[Peace by U.N. and rebuilding the nation]
The withdrawal of Vietnam from Cacmbodia started to rouse of...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Peace by the U.N. and rebuilding the nation]
Withdrawal of Vietnam from Cambodia started to rouse a desire for peace in Cambodia.
Then the Secretary of State in the U.S.A. thought if the Cambodian who were directly involved in the war didn't have enough power to come true theri peace, the UN took away their sovereignty at a time and was forced to control Cambodia.
The UN organized the United Nations Transinternatioanl Authority in Cambodia for itself, and a free election put into practice in Cambodia under the organization, and electing a new leader there, and...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Peace by the UN and rebuilding the nation]
...and helping arrange administrative organ.
In short, it's a bold plan that without leaving it to the Cambodian, the UN create a new Cambodia direct.
The ones who were involved in the civil war resisted againt the bold plan in varied ways, but Peace Agreement was concluded in Paris October in 1991, and Cambodia advanced toward its peace.
Special reperesentative of the United Nations Transinternational Authority in Cambodia, its abbreviation is UNTCA, was a Japanese, Yasusi Akasi. He used to be a vice-chief of....
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Peace by the UN and rebuilding the nation]
He used to be a vice-chief of a secretary-general in the UN. No less than 44 countries join the UNTAC and about twenty thosand of people joined the movement.
Its activity started in Cambodia March in 1992, and a general election was done by the Cambodian May in the next year.
Its voting percentage reached about 90% and a new constitution was formed, and Prince Sihanouk became a king.
A new political situation of constitutional monarchy. It's there was an assembly which was a representation of the people and a prime...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Peace by the UN and rebuilding the nation]
It's there was an assebly which was a representation from the people and a prime minister who was elected in the assembly under the king. It's the constitutinal monarchy.
Second general election was done by the Cambodian alone in 1998.
Japan also joined the KPO movement for the first general election for the first time in 1993. About 1300 Japanese people participated in the election in various ways like watching the election, direction the local police, and arrangement for the road by Japanese Self-Defense Forces.
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[Peace by the UN and rebuilding the nation]
Unfortunately, two Japanese people were killed then.
How should the Japanese join the internatioanl cooporation? We the Japanese were forced to think of it carefully.
[Amd land mines remained]
General elections were done under the UN and peace returned to Cambodia.
Pol Pot faction pretended to cooperate in the general election once, but boycotted it and continued activity on guerrilla, but supporting from China and Thai stopped, and they were divided among themselves.
Pol Pot himself died of illness in a jungle.
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[And land mines remained]
An end of Pol Pot was lonely, when being dead there were few people around him.
Why was a slaugter of lots of people to cause in the movement which should release the people in China, Soviet, and Cambodia?
Plenty of land mines have been left in Cambodia just now. There have been victims by the land mines one after another there, so the war in Indochina has never been over yet.
When trying to seek for something ideal, why did it cause a tragedy? We can't get its answer yet.
[After that, what's happened to Cambodia?]
Sihanouk who...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[What's happened to Cambodia after that?]
Sihanouk who returned to a king retired October in 2004, and his son became a new king, and a prime minister is Hun Sen who was a faction of the new political power.
Cambodia joined ASEAN April in 1999, and returned to one of member in Asia.
On the other hand a special court was set up so as to judge a crime of slaughter by executives in the Pol Pot Government September in 2006.
A Cambodian judicial official and a secretary-general in the UN made a list candidates for the executives. A judicial official appointed by the...
【A nightmare of Pol Pot】
[After that, what's happened to Cambodia?]
An international judicial official appointed by the UN would be to advance a trial. Japan was going to burden a half of its cost and a judge was to send in Cambodia from Japan.
There were the ones who were related to the Pol Pot Government in the present political power, so the present political power wasn't positive toward the trial.
The trial advanced toward and would finish within three years. It was slow pace.
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[This is a news we've just received]
The author took charged in a news...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[This is a news we've just received]
The author took charged in a news caster for a metropolitan area at night in NHK August in 1991.
When speaking a news at night, a first report of a manuscript that a coup d' etat which broke out in Soviet failed, and its ringleaders ran away for an airport in Moscow reached to the author.
A news in the metropolitan area alone was usually reported in the TV program, but the author judged the news was the one whcih he should tell audiences as early as possible, and changed a plan of the program, so began to speak the news.
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[This is a news we've just received]
After saying, this is a news we've just received, he started to speak on the manuscript. It was a first report, and was short, so he remembering reading once again.
Unexpectedly a coup d' etat happened in Soviet before two days, and no one could hear from then the President, Gorbachev, after that.
Conflict between the one who support the coup d' etat and anti coup d' etat occurred on the street in Soviet, but the coup d' etat failed and its ringleaders which caused the coup d' etat fled then.
The aouthor thought...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[This is a news we've just received]
The author thought history was moving just now!, restraing trembling, he remembering speaking the first report.
It was a start of collapse on Soviet which had a hisoty of 74 years.
[There used to be a nation which we called Soviet]
There used to be a nation called Soviet. A large part of the Soviet becomes present Russia.
Russian empire was overthrown by the communist party led by Lenin in Russian Revolution in 1917, and Sovit was born then.
Soviet means a conference or a council in the Russian, it's an organization..
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[There used to be a nation which we called Soviet]
...it's an organization in which reperesentatives from labors, and it took on a big role in the Russian Revolution.
As a result, the name of the nation became a federation in which republics of socialism gathered by a way of council.
As to countries in the world like America, England, or France, each name is originated from names of continent, island or area, but Soviet was different from them.
Instead of the name of Russia, a genral idea on socialism became the name of the nation. It was an artificial...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[There used to be a nation which we called Soviet]
It was an artificial nation made of general idea on ideology.
Concept of federation is hard to understand for us the Japanese.
As for Soviet, 15 republics gathered in equal position and became a nation which we call a federation as principle.
In the nation, each republic is equal as if they were different countries, but they gather as one nation toward external objection, but actually Russia controlled Soviet.
Republic means that there is no king nor queen, and representatives elected from the people..
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[There used to be a nation which we called Soviet]
Republic is a nation in which there is neither king nor queen and representatives which were elected by the people take part in the affaris of state.
[An ideal at which Soviet aimed]
Soviet used to be a nation which adopted socialism. There are various socialism, and there are three economic ideal in the socialims which Soviet aimed at.
A company isn't a personal possession, but belongs to a nation, so exploit from labor by a capitalist disappears.
Economy became a planned economy. Experts planned...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[An ideal at which Soviet aimed]
Experts plan everything on economy, and goods are produced and sold being under the plan, so producing too much, things left unsold, or being short of goods would never happen.
Recession or panic would never occur like capitalism. The unemployed would never appear.
Production which seeks for profits is never done. Instead of seeking for profit, companies in socialism produce in order to benefit the society, so secrets between companies disappear, and new knowledge and new technical skill are possessed among the companies..
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[An ideal at which Soviet aimed]
...and new knowledge and new thchnical skill are possessed among companies in common, so the economy develops remarkably.
[Ways of realizing the ideal]
Soviet took action on the next ways so as to realize its ideal.
Wealth is born from labor in the world, so the ones who work must become the most main character in the society. Let's cause a revolution of socialism and gain power by labor.
However capitalists would fear that they couldn't own the society so they try to overthrow the socialism, so let's be despotic by...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[Ways of realizing the ideal]
...so let's be despotic by labors so as to prevent the capitalists from overthrowing the socialism. It's a dictatorship by Proletariat. The Proletariat means a working class.
Representation of labor which is the communist party gets the all the power, and oppresses the capitalists, so prevents the capitalism from reviving.
As a result, mass media which criticizes the socialism and the situation in Soviet isn't permited, for it's just that the capitalists alone are pleased with it.
The press which report for the people...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[Ways of realizing the ideal]
The press which reports for the people alone is permitted to exist.
In this way, the socialism is developed, productive ability rises in the society and the poor disappeared, so everybody becomes rich.
The productive ability rises more, everyone can get what they want. It's a communism. Then everyone is satisfied with each life, so no one feel like reviving the capitalism.
It's a transition at present. We are surrounded by hostility of the capitalism, so it is sometimes inconvenient for us as a nation of socialism, but...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[Ways of realizing the iedal]
...but let's endure it and make effort for our ideal. They were Soviet's way which aimed at their ideal.
[Reality in Soviet]
On the other hand, how was the reality against the ideal in Soviet?
All the companies belong to the nation, so all the people become employee in a state-run company. Peasants are also the employees in a group farming.
Whether or not working hard, its salary is the same, so I don't work harder than any other. Even if neglecting to work, I can get salary, so I'm going to neglect like others.
If being...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[Reality in Soviet]
If being an employee in the group farming, all I have to is to work from morning to evening. Even if there is a frost or a storm in the midnight, it has nothing to do with my salary.
Our economy is planned. How should we harmony productive goal on millions of companies with demands on consumers?
It is planned in upper levels, and the upper levels ordered to the lower leves to put into practice. The ones in the lower levels think like the next.
After all directions come from the upper levels, so both the middle class and the lowest...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[Reality in Soviet]
After all directions come from the upper level, so the ones in both the middle class and the lowest leves don't have to think with their own heads. All it has to wait for directions from the upper levels.
As a result the ones who just wait for directions alone appears a lot. No one tries to challenge something new.
Thus lots of pairs of boots which on one wants are shown in stores, but fashionable boots which everyone wants isn't produced, so stores are filled with boots which no one wants, and there is a long line of people for a...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[Reality in Soviet]
...and there is a long line of people for the fashionable boots which appeared rarely.
Standing in a line is hard, so handing over a sales clerk with who I struck up an acquaintance a bribe, and ask him to hand over the boots later in secret.
In consequence the bribe learna to be rampant in the society.
Production isn't done for companies to which everyone belongs but was done for the society, so there wasn't any competition among companies, so no one doesn't worried about a bankruptcy of the companies.
Whether or not anyone works...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[Reality in Soviet]
Whether or not anyone works hard, its salary is the same, why do I need to go through many hardships so as to develop a new technical skill?
There is no competition, so we don't have to be worried about going bankrupt. Thinking of going through many hardships, we should use old technical skill in the past as it is.
If saying it simply, it's like the next.
Companies belong to the nation, so we wouldn't work.
Planned economy, so no one thinks of consumers.
Production is done for the society, it's not done for us, so we don't need a...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[Reality in Soviet]
...so we don't need a new technical skill.
It is said an ideal is different from a reality, and it's so much different in Soviet.
We the human tend to change easily, and to lose will to work. How egoistic we are!
Needless to say, there are the ones who had a lofty ideals and didn't hate any pain so as to accomplish its ideal, but they didn't become a majority in the society.
Even if in a life of an individual, maintaining a way of thinking of giving its life for the ideal for a long time was hard.
[Members in the communist party...]
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[Members who belonged to the communist party who didn't have any communism]
The communist party which controlled Soviet was the same.
All the organization with regard to economy, society, and judiciary in Soviet was moved by an order from the communist party.
The communist party in Soviet was representation of the people, so it was always right, so all the people had only to obey the communist party. If doubting something, there was a fear of being arrested.
As the communist party in Soviet moved everything, anyone could stand on the side of rulers as ...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[Members belonged to the communist party who didn't had any communism]
As the communist party moved everything in the society, if being able to belong to the communist party, anyone could stand on the side of rulers in the society.
As a result, the ones who made much of success in life, and others who valued making money became the members in the communist party. They had nothing to do with ideology.
If being the member in the communist party, anyone could succeed in life, and being successful in life, then being able to lead a luxury life.
While they...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[Members belonged to the communist party who didn't have any communism]
While they belonged to the communist party, they didn't have any communism. Those people appeared a lot.
『Column, propaganda for anti-capitalism』
In the time of the Cold War, a news of anti-capitalism was frequently broadcast in Soviet TV. How large the gap between the poor and the rich in America.
An image of the one who had a low income at an apartment house in New York was televised so as to emphasize the gap between the poor and the rich.
There was a comment that the American ...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
『Column, a propaganda of anti-capitalism』
There was a comment that an American labor was forced to lead such a poor life, but the people in Soviet were overwhelmed by lots of underwear which were hung at the window.
There weren't enough consumer goods in Soviet then, so they could rarely get any underwear. They saw 「the poor American」had plenty of underwear in TV, so they thought the American were rich actually, weren't they?
[A nation as jail]
Representation of the people which is the communist party was always right, and any criticism wasn't permitted.
【A nation of Soviet disappered】
[The nation as jail]
If criticizing, there must be a hidden reason. There must be an aim at reviving the capitalism, but we can't permit such a freedom of speech.
The people in Soviet should aim at a better socialism, so they didn't need any criticism.
As a result, the freedom of speech wasn't permitted, in addition, no one could criticize the government in Soviet and the communist party.
Mass media was an organization which reported a plan from the government and the communist party to the people, so there was hardly any report which pointed out a ...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[The nation as jail]
...so there was hardly any report which pointed out a problem at the society in Soviet. As no one pointed out, no one could any problem. Various problems and contradiction remained as they were, so they weren't settled. Both the society and economy remained stagnant.
Even if companies flowed filthy water in the river, or dispersed smoke containing lots of polluted materials in the air, any opposite movements didn't occur.
Companies belonged to the nation. Being opposed to a way of the company means being a traitor to the nation, and..
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[The nation as jail]
...and then being oppressed and being arrested, so environmental disruption made progress, and the people's dissatisfaction would heighten.
Even if a dangerous nuclear power plant like the one in Chernobyl was constructed each place, there was no opposite movements, so there was no movement to check whether or not it was safe, so lots of dangerous things were constructed.
Photocopiers were managed so as to prevent bills of anti-government from being copied, for the movement of anti-socialism spread over, we'd be in trouble, and we ...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[The nation as jail]
...and we tried to manage the photocopier in order to prevent ordinary people from using it.
As to a telephone,if adopting an automatic telephone switch board, wiretapping became hard, so we were going to stop adopting it. Making all the people telephone through a telephone switch board, then I'd wiretap easily.
As to a computer, we couldn't manage what its user did, so it was dangerous. Ordinary people weren't permitted to use it.
The ones in upper level seemed to think like that. In this situation, being unable to compete with....
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[The nation as jail]
In this situation, being unable to compete with any country in capitalism.
The ones who were opposed to the establishment in Soviet were executed at once in the time when Stalin controlled, though even if they weren't opposed, lots of people were killed.
As Khrushchev who criticized Stalin lost his position, Brezhnev controlled Soviet then. Execution wasn't done but being forced in a mental hospital. Its logic was like the next.
Socialism is so wonderful that criticizing it should be mad. The ones who criticizing were drugged too...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[The nation as jail]
The ones who criticized were drugged too much to resist in the mental hospital,so the communist party could insist that no one was imprisonment owing to criticizing the government in Soviet.
『Column,anecdote』
An anecdote is a satire on politics in the time of Lenin, Stalin, and Brezhnev like the next.
A train called socialism was running, but stopped suddenly. When Lenin looked at outside, there weren't any rail, so he called the passengers so he and passengers laid rails.
A train in Stalin stopped,and as it turned out that there...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
『Column, anecdote』
...and as it turned out that there weren't any rails, then Stalin purged all the passengers and the ones who were related to the railway company.
When Brezhnev recognized there were no rails, he made all the curtains shut and shook the train. He tried to pretend that the train was moving.
[Gorbachev appeared]
As Khrushchev who criticized Stalin lost his position, Brezhnev became a leader in Soviet,but economy became stagnant for a long time in Soviet under Brezhnev. The anecdote made a cynical remark on it.
After Brezhnev died,two..
【A nation of Soviet disappered】
[Gorbachev appeared]
After Brezhnev died, two other old men became leaders, and they passed away before long.Two of them were apt to be sick and they didn't have enough power to tackle of rebuilding the stagnant economy.
As to the situation, anxiety spread over the society in Soviet. Executives who felt uneasy increased, and they thought that Soviet may move toward decline if the situation continued.
Then young Gorbachev who cut a brilliant figure in the communist party was adopted a new leader. He was welcomed warmly by the people. It was March in 1985.
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[Gorbachev appeared]
He was age of fifty four then. Unprecedentedly a young leader was born.
He was full of ideal and tried to abolish the stagnation in both economy and society in Soviet.
He believed in the ideal in Soviet, and if making progress of democratic reform, Soviet would be a better society, he thought like that.
He made three plans, They were perestroika, glasnost, and a diplomacy of new thought.
[Perestroika was a password]
Gorbachev needed glasnost so as to make progress perestroika. Glasnost meaning opening information in the Russian.
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テーマ別雑談掲示板のスレ一覧
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25歳 行ったことある都道府県 多いですか？
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地球が壊れている！！２
続きます。自分で作れる物は、なるべく自分で作り、なおかつそれで商売する…(通りすがりさん0)
81レス 909HIT 通りすがりさん -
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作りたくない時はこれ
ありがとうございました😊(匿名さん0)
10レス 260HIT 匿名さん -
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あなたにはいますか？
親戚の伯母に言われた言葉ですね。 「あんたにも友達ていたの？」これで…(匿名)
9レス 348HIT 匿名さん
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サブ掲示板
注目の話題
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🍀語りあかそうの里🍀1️⃣0️⃣
アザーズ🫡 ここは楽しくな〜んでも話せる「憩いの場所🍀」となっており〜ま〜す🤗 日頃の事…
353レス 3138HIT 理沙 (50代 女性 ) 名必 年性必 -
母親の誕生日プレゼント何が良い？
来週の金曜日は私の母親の誕生日です、誕生日なので母親の好きな物や欲しい物をプレゼントしよう、と思った…
29レス 387HIT 張俊 (10代 男性 ) -
親が会社に挨拶、、
私はシングルマザーなのですが、子供2人が同時にインフルとコロナになり、会社に迷惑かけました。 社長…
13レス 370HIT おしゃべり好きさん ( 女性 ) -
高熱だと知り長時間放置
先日、私が高熱が出た時の話です。 彼は、彼と一緒に過ごした日が風邪の原因だと、何回も謝って…
13レス 418HIT 社会人さん (20代 女性 ) -
彼氏と分かり合えない。納得できない
親を大事にしない人嫌いって言われました。 私はただ連絡を取りたくないから疎遠になっただけ。 …
85レス 2327HIT おしゃべり好きさん (30代 女性 ) -
がんばっても何も言ってもらえない会社
仕事でがんばっても、成果をだしても、結果をだしても何も言ってもらえない。 がんばってるね、ありがと…
11レス 278HIT 気になるさん - もっと見る
