Let's enjoy Englis Ⅵ

【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[Being influenced over the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution by Mao Zedong]

The Pol Pot Government showed us it in an extreme way, but its sacrifice was too big.

[The Cambodian hate the Vietnamese]

Pol Pot was supported by the North Vietnam when being engaged in activity of guerrilla against the Lon Nor Government, but after coming to power he showed anti-Vietnam clearly.

Cambodia used to be invaded by Vietnam often after Khmer dynasty which constructed Angkor Vat declined.

Or when France controlled the Indochina peninsula, it avoided controlling Cambodia...

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[The Cambodian hate the Vietnamese]

...France avoided controlling Cambodia and Laos direct, and controlling them indirect, made use of Vietmam, so dissatisfaction against the colonial policy was turned to the Vietnamese.

This way used to be adopted by European countries in controlling colony, and it becomes complicated racial problems.

The Vietmamese communits party was conscious strongly that it was a leader in Indochina, and treated other communist party in Cambodia and Laos as if its sworn brother 弟分, and it hurt the Cambodian's pride.

Pol Pot took advantage...

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[The Cambodian hate the Vietnamese]

Pol Pot took advantage of the consciousness of anti-Vietnam and created an enemy of Vietnam. He created an imaginary story that their plan didn't go well, for the enemy's pawns were active behind the scenes in Cambodia.

He tried to rally an unified awareness in the Cambodian by attacking Vietnam.

[Vietnam invaded Cambodia]

So Vietnam counterattacked Cambodia. Lots of military officesers who Pol Pot kept his eye on and were about to be killed ran away to Vitenam.

They formed Kampuchean united front of saving race and asked...

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[The Cambodian hate the Vietnamese]

The officers who ran away into Vietnam formed Kampuchean united front of rescuing race and asked Vietnam to help formerly, and a hundred of thousand of Vietnamese soldiers invaded Cambodia December in 1978.

Kampchean leader used to be an executive in the military force of Pol pot, but real situation of the Kampuchean was just hundreds of Cambodian soldiers.

The military force in Pol Pot was at a lost to what to do when a full scale attack by Vietnam started.

Purging by Pol Pot, the middle-management executives became weak and...

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[The Cambodian hate the Vietnamese]

As to the military force, the middle management executives became weak by purging Pol Pot and the people suffered from hunger, no one could resist against Vietnam.

Far from it, lots of people thought they had a narrow escape and tried not to protect their political power.

The Pol Pot Government collapsed after two weeks from the Vietnam's invasion, and the Pol Pot Governmetn which has controlled Cambodia for three years and eight months was over.

The invasion by Vietnam made the people all over the world know what happened in...

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[The Cambodian hate the Vietnamese]

Invasion by Vietnam made the people all over the world know what happened in Cambodia.

The situation was so miserable that there was voice that it must be a fabrication by Vietnam in the beginning, but it turned out that it was true.

Even if digging up on the ground anywhere Cambodia, a skeleton was discovered one after another.

Rebuilding Cambodia started by support from Vietnam,but Administrative organ was destroyed, and there was any currency, so its economy was paralysed. Everything started from scratch.

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[Is the invasion by Vietnam forgiven?]

Both of the communist parties in Vietnam and Cambodia fought in cooperation during the Vietnamese War and civil war in Cambodia, but after only three years, the military force in Vietnam attacked Cambodia, so all over the world was surprised at it.

Invasion other country must not be forgiven, the world was angry at the invasion, but as the real situation in Cambodia became clear, other reaction appeared.

It is fact that invasion by Vietnam stopped slaughtering the Cambodian. If Vietnam didn't invade Cambodia, lots of other...

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[Is invasion by Vietnam forgiven?]

If Vietnam didn't invade Cambodia, lots of other innocent the Cambodians must be massacred.In a way Vietnam prevented lots of people from being killed.

However the invasion other country must not be forgiven. The author was lost in thought for a long time. How should he judge the invasion by Vietnam?

It led to a theory later that when an inhumane deeds were done wiht a large scale in a country, an international society is forgiven to intervene in it in humane way.

It became a reason why the military force of NATO intervened in..

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[Is invasion by Vietnam forgiven?]

It became a reason why the military force in NATO intervened in civil war in ex-Yugoslavia.

[The civil war again]

The Pol Pot Government collapsed because of invasion by Vietnam, and Pol Pot ran away into a jungle. He started activity of guerrilla against a new political power in Cambodia along with a border between Thailand and Cambodia.

He made Prince Sihanouk who was confined to the palace flee to China, and formed united front, and the Prince became the head of the united front in name only, and Thai and China supported it.

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[The civil war again]

Then China and Soviet Union were on bad terms owing to confrontation between China and Soviet, so China felt unplesant to Vietnam which was on good terms with Soviet.So China supported Pol Pot in opposition to Soviet.

On the other hand, Thailand was worried about that Vietnam increased its influence over the Indochina peninsula, so it was convenient for Thai to support Pol Pot.

Both China and Thai didn't mind that Cambodia slaughered lots of its people at all.

Pol Pot organized the refugee of the Cambodian who escaped to Thai and became...

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[The civil war again]

...and the Cambodian refugees were reorganized as the military force. If being chased by Vietnam and new political power in Cambodia, it's just that escaped to THai and it's all right. China supplied weapons and barrages for the Cambodian refugees.

The civil war in Cambodia became the one in which the same race retaliated for the violence with more violence.

[The military force in Vietnam withdrew from Cambodia]

After eleven years Vietnam invaded Cambodia, it withdrew from Cambodia September in 1989.

It supported the new political power...

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[The military force in Vietnam withdrew from Cambodia]

The military force in Vietnam supported the new political power in Cambodia, and the new political power had enough potential power to fight, so Vietnam withdrew. It was a main reason of its withdrawal, but there was other reason.

Soviet which supported Vietnam for a long time couldn't maintain to help on account of economic crisis.

Without receiving support from Soviet, Vietnam had to aim at being ecomonic development, so intervention in Cambodia was too much burden economically for Vietnam.

Some countries..

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[The military force in Vietnam withdrew from Cambodia]

Some countries broke off supporting Vietnam economically due to invading Cambodia, so Vietnam thougut withdrawal from Cambodia led to economic development.

However invading Cambodia damaged Vietnam heavily. No less than fifty thousand of soldiers were dead in the war against the military force in Pol Pot.

Strange to say, it was equal to the number of the dead that the U.S.Army joined the Vietnamese War.

[Peace by U.N. and rebuilding the nation]

The withdrawal of Vietnam from Cacmbodia started to rouse of...

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[Peace by the U.N. and rebuilding the nation]

Withdrawal of Vietnam from Cambodia started to rouse a desire for peace in Cambodia.

Then the Secretary of State in the U.S.A. thought if the Cambodian who were directly involved in the war didn't have enough power to come true theri peace, the UN took away their sovereignty at a time and was forced to control Cambodia.

The UN organized the United Nations Transinternatioanl Authority in Cambodia for itself, and a free election put into practice in Cambodia under the organization, and electing a new leader there, and...

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[Peace by the UN and rebuilding the nation]

...and helping arrange administrative organ.

In short, it's a bold plan that without leaving it to the Cambodian, the UN create a new Cambodia direct.

The ones who were involved in the civil war resisted againt the bold plan in varied ways, but Peace Agreement was concluded in Paris October in 1991, and Cambodia advanced toward its peace.

Special reperesentative of the United Nations Transinternational Authority in Cambodia, its abbreviation is UNTCA, was a Japanese, Yasusi Akasi. He used to be a vice-chief of....

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[Peace by the UN and rebuilding the nation]

He used to be a vice-chief of a secretary-general in the UN. No less than 44 countries join the UNTAC and about twenty thosand of people joined the movement.

Its activity started in Cambodia March in 1992, and a general election was done by the Cambodian May in the next year.

Its voting percentage reached about 90% and a new constitution was formed, and Prince Sihanouk became a king.

A new political situation of constitutional monarchy. It's there was an assembly which was a representation of the people and a prime...

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[Peace by the UN and rebuilding the nation]

It's there was an assebly which was a representation from the people and a prime minister who was elected in the assembly under the king. It's the constitutinal monarchy.

Second general election was done by the Cambodian alone in 1998.

Japan also joined the KPO movement for the first general election for the first time in 1993. About 1300 Japanese people participated in the election in various ways like watching the election, direction the local police, and arrangement for the road by Japanese Self-Defense Forces.

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[Peace by the UN and rebuilding the nation]

Unfortunately, two Japanese people were killed then.

How should the Japanese join the internatioanl cooporation? We the Japanese were forced to think of it carefully.

[Amd land mines remained]

General elections were done under the UN and peace returned to Cambodia.

Pol Pot faction pretended to cooperate in the general election once, but boycotted it and continued activity on guerrilla, but supporting from China and Thai stopped, and they were divided among themselves.

Pol Pot himself died of illness in a jungle.

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[And land mines remained]

An end of Pol Pot was lonely, when being dead there were few people around him.

Why was a slaugter of lots of people to cause in the movement which should release the people in China, Soviet, and Cambodia?

Plenty of land mines have been left in Cambodia just now. There have been victims by the land mines one after another there, so the war in Indochina has never been over yet.

When trying to seek for something ideal, why did it cause a tragedy? We can't get its answer yet.

[After that, what's happened to Cambodia?]

Sihanouk who...

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[What's happened to Cambodia after that?]

Sihanouk who returned to a king retired October in 2004, and his son became a new king, and a prime minister is Hun Sen who was a faction of the new political power.

Cambodia joined ASEAN April in 1999, and returned to one of member in Asia.

On the other hand a special court was set up so as to judge a crime of slaughter by executives in the Pol Pot Government September in 2006.

A Cambodian judicial official and a secretary-general in the UN made a list candidates for the executives. A judicial official appointed by the...

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【A nightmare of Pol Pot】

[After that, what's happened to Cambodia?]

An international judicial official appointed by the UN would be to advance a trial. Japan was going to burden a half of its cost and a judge was to send in Cambodia from Japan.

There were the ones who were related to the Pol Pot Government in the present political power, so the present political power wasn't positive toward the trial.

The trial advanced toward and would finish within three years. It was slow pace.

【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[This is a news we've just received]

The author took charged in a news...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[This is a news we've just received]

The author took charged in a news caster for a metropolitan area at night in NHK August in 1991.

When speaking a news at night, a first report of a manuscript that a coup d' etat which broke out in Soviet failed, and its ringleaders ran away for an airport in Moscow reached to the author.

A news in the metropolitan area alone was usually reported in the TV program, but the author judged the news was the one whcih he should tell audiences as early as possible, and changed a plan of the program, so began to speak the news.

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[This is a news we've just received]

After saying, this is a news we've just received, he started to speak on the manuscript. It was a first report, and was short, so he remembering reading once again.

Unexpectedly a coup d' etat happened in Soviet before two days, and no one could hear from then the President, Gorbachev, after that.

Conflict between the one who support the coup d' etat and anti coup d' etat occurred on the street in Soviet, but the coup d' etat failed and its ringleaders which caused the coup d' etat fled then.

The aouthor thought...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[This is a news we've just received]

The author thought history was moving just now!, restraing trembling, he remembering speaking the first report.

It was a start of collapse on Soviet which had a hisoty of 74 years.

[There used to be a nation which we called Soviet]

There used to be a nation called Soviet. A large part of the Soviet becomes present Russia.

Russian empire was overthrown by the communist party led by Lenin in Russian Revolution in 1917, and Sovit was born then.

Soviet means a conference or a council in the Russian, it's an organization..

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[There used to be a nation which we called Soviet]

...it's an organization in which reperesentatives from labors, and it took on a big role in the Russian Revolution.

As a result, the name of the nation became a federation in which republics of socialism gathered by a way of council.

As to countries in the world like America, England, or France, each name is originated from names of continent, island or area, but Soviet was different from them.

Instead of the name of Russia, a genral idea on socialism became the name of the nation. It was an artificial...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[There used to be a nation which we called Soviet]

It was an artificial nation made of general idea on ideology.

Concept of federation is hard to understand for us the Japanese.

As for Soviet, 15 republics gathered in equal position and became a nation which we call a federation as principle.

In the nation, each republic is equal as if they were different countries, but they gather as one nation toward external objection, but actually Russia controlled Soviet.

Republic means that there is no king nor queen, and representatives elected from the people..

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[There used to be a nation which we called Soviet]

Republic is a nation in which there is neither king nor queen and representatives which were elected by the people take part in the affaris of state.

[An ideal at which Soviet aimed]

Soviet used to be a nation which adopted socialism. There are various socialism, and there are three economic ideal in the socialims which Soviet aimed at.

A company isn't a personal possession, but belongs to a nation, so exploit from labor by a capitalist disappears.

Economy became a planned economy. Experts planned...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[An ideal at which Soviet aimed]

Experts plan everything on economy, and goods are produced and sold being under the plan, so producing too much, things left unsold, or being short of goods would never happen.

Recession or panic would never occur like capitalism. The unemployed would never appear.

Production which seeks for profits is never done. Instead of seeking for profit, companies in socialism produce in order to benefit the society, so secrets between companies disappear, and new knowledge and new technical skill are possessed among the companies..

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[An ideal at which Soviet aimed]

...and new knowledge and new thchnical skill are possessed among companies in common, so the economy develops remarkably.

[Ways of realizing the ideal]

Soviet took action on the next ways so as to realize its ideal.

Wealth is born from labor in the world, so the ones who work must become the most main character in the society. Let's cause a revolution of socialism and gain power by labor.

However capitalists would fear that they couldn't own the society so they try to overthrow the socialism, so let's be despotic by...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[Ways of realizing the ideal]

...so let's be despotic by labors so as to prevent the capitalists from overthrowing the socialism. It's a dictatorship by Proletariat. The Proletariat means a working class.

Representation of labor which is the communist party gets the all the power, and oppresses the capitalists, so prevents the capitalism from reviving.

As a result, mass media which criticizes the socialism and the situation in Soviet isn't permited, for it's just that the capitalists alone are pleased with it.

The press which report for the people...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[Ways of realizing the ideal]

The press which reports for the people alone is permitted to exist.

In this way, the socialism is developed, productive ability rises in the society and the poor disappeared, so everybody becomes rich.

The productive ability rises more, everyone can get what they want. It's a communism. Then everyone is satisfied with each life, so no one feel like reviving the capitalism.

It's a transition at present. We are surrounded by hostility of the capitalism, so it is sometimes inconvenient for us as a nation of socialism, but...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[Ways of realizing the iedal]

...but let's endure it and make effort for our ideal. They were Soviet's way which aimed at their ideal.

[Reality in Soviet]

On the other hand, how was the reality against the ideal in Soviet?

All the companies belong to the nation, so all the people become employee in a state-run company. Peasants are also the employees in a group farming.

Whether or not working hard, its salary is the same, so I don't work harder than any other. Even if neglecting to work, I can get salary, so I'm going to neglect like others.

If being...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[Reality in Soviet]

If being an employee in the group farming, all I have to is to work from morning to evening. Even if there is a frost or a storm in the midnight, it has nothing to do with my salary.

Our economy is planned. How should we harmony productive goal on millions of companies with demands on consumers?

It is planned in upper levels, and the upper levels ordered to the lower leves to put into practice. The ones in the lower levels think like the next.

After all directions come from the upper levels, so both the middle class and the lowest...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[Reality in Soviet]

After all directions come from the upper level, so the ones in both the middle class and the lowest leves don't have to think with their own heads. All it has to wait for directions from the upper levels.

As a result the ones who just wait for directions alone appears a lot. No one tries to challenge something new.

Thus lots of pairs of boots which on one wants are shown in stores, but fashionable boots which everyone wants isn't produced, so stores are filled with boots which no one wants, and there is a long line of people for a...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[Reality in Soviet]

...and there is a long line of people for the fashionable boots which appeared rarely.

Standing in a line is hard, so handing over a sales clerk with who I struck up an acquaintance a bribe, and ask him to hand over the boots later in secret.

In consequence the bribe learna to be rampant in the society.

Production isn't done for companies to which everyone belongs but was done for the society, so there wasn't any competition among companies, so no one doesn't worried about a bankruptcy of the companies.

Whether or not anyone works...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[Reality in Soviet]

Whether or not anyone works hard, its salary is the same, why do I need to go through many hardships so as to develop a new technical skill?

There is no competition, so we don't have to be worried about going bankrupt. Thinking of going through many hardships, we should use old technical skill in the past as it is.

If saying it simply, it's like the next.

Companies belong to the nation, so we wouldn't work.

Planned economy, so no one thinks of consumers.

Production is done for the society, it's not done for us, so we don't need a...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[Reality in Soviet]

...so we don't need a new technical skill.

It is said an ideal is different from a reality, and it's so much different in Soviet.

We the human tend to change easily, and to lose will to work. How egoistic we are!

Needless to say, there are the ones who had a lofty ideals and didn't hate any pain so as to accomplish its ideal, but they didn't become a majority in the society.

Even if in a life of an individual, maintaining a way of thinking of giving its life for the ideal for a long time was hard.

[Members in the communist party...]

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[Members who belonged to the communist party who didn't have any communism]

The communist party which controlled Soviet was the same.

All the organization with regard to economy, society, and judiciary in Soviet was moved by an order from the communist party.

The communist party in Soviet was representation of the people, so it was always right, so all the people had only to obey the communist party. If doubting something, there was a fear of being arrested.

As the communist party in Soviet moved everything, anyone could stand on the side of rulers as ...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[Members belonged to the communist party who didn't had any communism]

As the communist party moved everything in the society, if being able to belong to the communist party, anyone could stand on the side of rulers in the society.

As a result, the ones who made much of success in life, and others who valued making money became the members in the communist party. They had nothing to do with ideology.

If being the member in the communist party, anyone could succeed in life, and being successful in life, then being able to lead a luxury life.

While they...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[Members belonged to the communist party who didn't have any communism]

While they belonged to the communist party, they didn't have any communism. Those people appeared a lot.

『Column, propaganda for anti-capitalism』

In the time of the Cold War, a news of anti-capitalism was frequently broadcast in Soviet TV. How large the gap between the poor and the rich in America.

An image of the one who had a low income at an apartment house in New York was televised so as to emphasize the gap between the poor and the rich.

There was a comment that the American ...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

『Column, a propaganda of anti-capitalism』

There was a comment that an American labor was forced to lead such a poor life, but the people in Soviet were overwhelmed by lots of underwear which were hung at the window.

There weren't enough consumer goods in Soviet then, so they could rarely get any underwear. They saw 「the poor American」had plenty of underwear in TV, so they thought the American were rich actually, weren't they?

[A nation as jail]

Representation of the people which is the communist party was always right, and any criticism wasn't permitted.

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【A nation of Soviet disappered】

[The nation as jail]

If criticizing, there must be a hidden reason. There must be an aim at reviving the capitalism, but we can't permit such a freedom of speech.

The people in Soviet should aim at a better socialism, so they didn't need any criticism.

As a result, the freedom of speech wasn't permitted, in addition, no one could criticize the government in Soviet and the communist party.

Mass media was an organization which reported a plan from the government and the communist party to the people, so there was hardly any report which pointed out a ...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[The nation as jail]

...so there was hardly any report which pointed out a problem at the society in Soviet. As no one pointed out, no one could any problem. Various problems and contradiction remained as they were, so they weren't settled. Both the society and economy remained stagnant.

Even if companies flowed filthy water in the river, or dispersed smoke containing lots of polluted materials in the air, any opposite movements didn't occur.

Companies belonged to the nation. Being opposed to a way of the company means being a traitor to the nation, and..

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[The nation as jail]

...and then being oppressed and being arrested, so environmental disruption made progress, and the people's dissatisfaction would heighten.

Even if a dangerous nuclear power plant like the one in Chernobyl was constructed each place, there was no opposite movements, so there was no movement to check whether or not it was safe, so lots of dangerous things were constructed.

Photocopiers were managed so as to prevent bills of anti-government from being copied, for the movement of anti-socialism spread over, we'd be in trouble, and we ...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[The nation as jail]

...and we tried to manage the photocopier in order to prevent ordinary people from using it.

As to a telephone,if adopting an automatic telephone switch board, wiretapping became hard, so we were going to stop adopting it. Making all the people telephone through a telephone switch board, then I'd wiretap easily.

As to a computer, we couldn't manage what its user did, so it was dangerous. Ordinary people weren't permitted to use it.

The ones in upper level seemed to think like that. In this situation, being unable to compete with....

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[The nation as jail]

In this situation, being unable to compete with any country in capitalism.

The ones who were opposed to the establishment in Soviet were executed at once in the time when Stalin controlled, though even if they weren't opposed, lots of people were killed.

As Khrushchev who criticized Stalin lost his position, Brezhnev controlled Soviet then. Execution wasn't done but being forced in a mental hospital. Its logic was like the next.

Socialism is so wonderful that criticizing it should be mad. The ones who criticizing were drugged too...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[The nation as jail]

The ones who criticized were drugged too much to resist in the mental hospital,so the communist party could insist that no one was imprisonment owing to criticizing the government in Soviet.

『Column,anecdote』

An anecdote is a satire on politics in the time of Lenin, Stalin, and Brezhnev like the next.

A train called socialism was running, but stopped suddenly. When Lenin looked at outside, there weren't any rail, so he called the passengers so he and passengers laid rails.

A train in Stalin stopped,and as it turned out that there...

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

『Column, anecdote』

...and as it turned out that there weren't any rails, then Stalin purged all the passengers and the ones who were related to the railway company.

When Brezhnev recognized there were no rails, he made all the curtains shut and shook the train. He tried to pretend that the train was moving.

[Gorbachev appeared]

As Khrushchev who criticized Stalin lost his position, Brezhnev became a leader in Soviet,but economy became stagnant for a long time in Soviet under Brezhnev. The anecdote made a cynical remark on it.

After Brezhnev died,two..

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【A nation of Soviet disappered】

[Gorbachev appeared]

After Brezhnev died, two other old men became leaders, and they passed away before long.Two of them were apt to be sick and they didn't have enough power to tackle of rebuilding the stagnant economy.

As to the situation, anxiety spread over the society in Soviet. Executives who felt uneasy increased, and they thought that Soviet may move toward decline if the situation continued.

Then young Gorbachev who cut a brilliant figure in the communist party was adopted a new leader. He was welcomed warmly by the people. It was March in 1985.

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【A nation of Soviet disappeared】

[Gorbachev appeared]

He was age of fifty four then. Unprecedentedly a young leader was born.

He was full of ideal and tried to abolish the stagnation in both economy and society in Soviet.

He believed in the ideal in Soviet, and if making progress of democratic reform, Soviet would be a better society, he thought like that.

He made three plans, They were perestroika, glasnost, and a diplomacy of new thought.

[Perestroika was a password]

Gorbachev needed glasnost so as to make progress perestroika. Glasnost meaning opening information in the Russian.

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