Science, math and English 12th
始まるよ😊
Whenever there is a chance of expressing myself in English, I’m worried about its content, though it’s all right as long as I do what I want to express.
I’ve expressed, being based on the book, 面白くて眠れなくなる地学, right now, but it will be end until summer was over, at least. After that which topic, should I choose?
Without having basic knowledge at all, my thought is full of curiosity, so there are lots of things to express.
Roughly speaking, I’m not good at science, especially I’m not a math person, so I’m afraid I tend to avoid to handle math here, so I’m going to deal with math positively. But when being into something else, I am apt to forget it.
In addition, I don’t know how to show an equation with nth root here. I find it inconvenient. I have to improve my skill on the pc.
- 投稿制限
- ハンドル名必須
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《Differential, we can see the future with the slow-motion》
There are varied ways of using in the differential, what is the most marvelous? We can predict the future with the differential. There were lots of things we could understand with the hunch alone or without trying in an experiment until then we couldn’t understand., but we learn to be able to predict so precisely.
Needless to say, we can’t use the differential everything. When it’s related to the psychology on a person, or the phenomenon which changes non-contagiously or suddenly, it doesn’t…
【We’ve heard the breath form the math】
《Differential, we can see the future with the slow-motion 》
The differential has been found its base by Newton in the 17th century, after that Leibniz has completed. Which did they find first, Newton or Leibniz? The conflict occurred from then, but after Leibniz expressed the differential with the sign of d, the differential spread over the world all at once, and technical skill making use of the differential developed remarkably from then, the technique solving various phenomenon with the differential was established for the first time.
There are…
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
…and let’s suppose the part on the surface of the water which swells is X.
The water on the surface changes by the minutes and when expressing the change with the equation, we use the differential.
The differential is the process of dividing a thing minutely, if using it at will, it’s very enjoyable. As it’s the most powerful weapon working well on, the author said he was going to talk on it in detail. The author said like that.
To tell the truth, I can’t understand the differential very well, so I hope I can understand as well.
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《Being able to hear the breath form the equation》
At first we imagine what kind of the surface of the water is made. When shaking, a big vibration occurs, and the surface on the water shakes up down. Waves purged from around, and round wave is also made, gathering and disappearing on after another.
And if being asked to solve it with the equation, we’ll be in difficulty, but we can solve it. What should we do? Changing the moving image into the equation.
As the wave changes and the surface on the water swells, and let’s suppose the part which swells…
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《Being able to hear the breath from the equation》
The author suggested we do a mental imagery training on the equation actually. He said he wanted to think the phenomenon on the surface that the water sways with the students , and saying the students to imagine shaking a cup in the water.
When swaying the surface of the water, if being asked to solve the surface on the water, can you do it?
The student asked, does it mean expressing the surface on the water with the equation?
The author answered yes, and continued.
At first we image what kind of…
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《Being able to hear the breath from the equation》
…scientists and physicists make much of an imagination. An equation seems to be inorganic signs, but it’s different for researchers. The author said when seeing the equation, including himself, they are aware that what the equation shows, knowing as if they heard the breath from the equation and saw the scene in the equation.
If having an image like that, the way of studying math learns to be different. The author said he hoped the students grasp its image as much as possible at the end of this lecture.
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
…and presume the prior probability from the information we got. Assuming what we don’t know and repeat doing the trial and error and find out the correct answer.
When following the cause and effect in reverse order, it’s the formula on the Bayesian estimation which playing an active role. When exposing a phenomenon in the background, the Bayesian estimation is the weapon on the math which is active more than anything.
《Being able to hear the breath from the equation》
When expressing a phenomenon with the equation, mathematicians and physicist make …
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《How much can we trust the eyewitness report?》
…there are red eight balls and two blue ones in the bag. And what probability is choosing the red ones? We think like that in the probability in the past. The number on the blue ball and the red one is called the prior probability.
In the case of the Bayesian estimation, we don’t know how many there are balls in the bag, nor what rate of the each of balls.
In short, in the situation we don’t know the prior probability, we’re not sure whether it’s blue or red, we choose actually, and presume the prior….
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《How much can we trust the eyewitness report?》
This time we’ve known already the number of taxies belonged to the two of companies driving around the town, and we can lead each of the probabilities. But actually we don’t know the condition precedent 前提条件. There are the cases a lot.
Then taking a look at the taxi several times, and presuming the condition precedent. It’s the Bayesian estimation.
For example, let’s suppose that there are blue balls and red ones in a big bag. In the way of thinking on the probability in the past, there are eight red…
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《How much can we trust the eyewitness report?》
Because the advertisement may have chosen the one who loses its weight easily. We learn to notice the assumption hidden in the background.
Following the mathematical theory and we can turn over the thing which we think it’s right like the hit-and-run case. When the intuition on a person was in the wrong, the math can correct it.
The hit-and-run case is the one which is taken in the mathematical way of thinking, the Bayesian estimation. This time we know the number of the taxies on driving around the …
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《How much can we trust the eyewitness report?》
…the culprit is the A at once with the mathematical point of view.
The student said like the next.
The eyewitness account is overturned. Surely, if knowing the mathematical way of thinking, the way of looking things seems to be careful too much.
The author said like the next
When taking a healthy food products, we can lose weight like that, there is the advertisement saying like that. We learn not to be deceived by the advertisement like that as long as being aware of the mathematical way of thinking.
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《How much can we trust the eyewitness report?》
Adding the probability of seeing the B and testifying it’s the B correctly to the one of seeing A and making a mistake it was the B, and dividing the one when seeing the B and saying it was the B correctly with the addition of the two of the probabilities like the photo.
When calculating it, it’s twelve twenty ninths, 41%, in short, the probability that the culprit is B is 41%, so the probability on the A is the culprit is 59%.
When saying the B is the culprit, the culprit becomes A at once with the…
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《How much can we trust the eyewitness report?》
The author said like the next.
The probability of seeing the A is higher than seeing the B, but we can’t lead the correct answer yet, and it is hard a little from here. Leading the two of the probability of seeing the taxi of B company alone doesn’t lead the correct answer. The one which we want to know is the probability that the B is the true culprit actually.
When seeing the B we have to lead the probability that the B is the culprit truly. It’s all right we have to do the next calculations.
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《How much can we trust the eyewitness report?》
…and the probability that the testimony is right is eighty hundredths, when multiplying each of probabilities, it’s twelve hundredths.
As to the latter thing is like the next. When seeing the taxi belonged to A, the eyewitness made a mistake in the testimony, the probability of seeming the A is eighty five hundredths, considering the number of its taxies and the probability of making a mistake is twenty hundredths. If multiplying each of the probability is seventeen hundredths.
The author said like the…
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《How much can we trust the eyewitness report?》
Even if the eyewitness said it saw the taxi belonged to the B company, the culprit is the car belong to the A company with the mathematical point of view. Please lead to the answer. Why is the A?
The student said like the next.
When watching the B and testified it was B correctly, and when watching the A and and testified it was the B by mistake. As long as calculating the probability of two of them, it’s all right, isn’t it?
As to the former one, the probability of seeing the B is fifteen hundredth…
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《How much can we trust the eyewitness report?》
When researching the number of the taxis on the two of companies, it turned out that the B company accounted for 15%, and A made up for 85%.
All the conditions are met. If you are the chief judge, which do you think the true culprit, the one belonged to A company or B company? Please think of it for three minutes.
Do you have a kind of idea which company the true culprit on the run-and-hit the case, A or B? If saying the answer alone, the probability that the true culprit belonged to the A company is high
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《How much can we trust the eyewitness report?》
How is the problem then?
If the taxi belonged to the B company was no more than one, and the rest of the them belonged to A, how is the problem? If taking all those condition into account, the meaning of watching the one in the B company is different.
Without considering it at all, judging with the information at hand alone is dangerous. Grasping the number of all the taxis belong to each of two companies running around the whole town and we have to correct the condition.
When researching the number …
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《How much can we trust the eyewitness report?》
But there is something which you don’t notice. What do you think it is? We’re apt to forget it no matter what, but it’s the precondition first of all, and it’s the most important things. What’s it?
How many cars do they run in the town with regard to both of the company of the A and the B?
Even if we can understand there is the probability of 80% of mistaking, there is the probability of seeing the taxi before it.
When saying it saw the car of the B company, all the taxies belonged to the B company. How…
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《How much can we trust the eyewitness report?》
…and the students answered the probability of mistaking the culprit for someone other, and the author continued.
In fact, the visuality was poor at the crush scene, as there is the probability of mistaking the culprit for someone other, so the probability of seeing someone in the company of B dropped to 80%. At the same time there is the probability of failing to see exactly, 20%.
But it’s accurate with the probability of 80%, so the culprit is someone in the company of B, don’t you? But there is…
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《How much can we trust the eyewitness report?》
…so the true culprit must have been someone in the B company, we usually think like that, but is it true? Can you decide someone in the B company is the culprit with the eyewitness report alone?
The author asked the students and continued.
It’s impossible, isn’t it? Even if there is the eyewitness, the question is whether or not we can trust the person who was the eyewitness. Let’s suppose it’s settled. There seem to be other things will be problematic. What are those?
The author asked and the students…
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《A mathematician isn’t deceived easily. Why?》
The talk on the trial of the hit-and-run case which is well known and interesting. The author said to think of the author as the witness and of the students as the judge.
『Question』
A case of hit-and-run happened. The eyewitness said a taxi ran over someone. There are two of taxi companies in the town, the company of A and B, and the color of the taxi on the A is blue, and the one of the taxi on the B is white. The eyewitness said he saw the white taxi at the crash site.
As the eyewitness appeared, so…
【We’ve heard the breadth from the math】
《How much can we trust the eyewitness report?》
The author said he was going to think of a few things which make us see by using the math, and he would give a quiz to the students from then, the question on the probability. There are lots of people who are poor at the probability, and the author himself said he’s researched with the probability, but he didn’t like it very much. Counting the case of the number is something troublesome.
What is the talk which the author started from then? The one on the trial of the hit-and-run case which is well…
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《A mathematician isn’t deceived easily. Why?》
…and their opinions are varied according to the researchers, but the chaos which isn’t solved by mathematics is involved in the weather. It’s tiresome for the math, if the chaos is related, no one can predict exactly.
The author said he was going to express on the chaos later.
What the author wants to say is without taking the assumption into account, and accepting the conclusion is dangerous, for it may have been deceived or the condition changes on the way and the conclusion frequent changes altogether.
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《A mathematician isn’t deceived easily. Why?》
Taking it into account the prediction on the change of the temperature in the earth is done, but in fact there are lots of things which we can’t understand. For example, the earth is covered with clouds. How much the clouds reflect the heat or light from the sun, how much they convey the heat or light to the earth. The ration between two has never been clear.
Forming the equation and predicting in the uncertain situation, so researchers have to assume in varied ways, and their opinions are varied…
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《A mathematician isn’t deceived easily. Why?》
As a result, if it’s x… or if it’s y…, the excuse of the if continues, though it ratifies like if it’s y, in addition it’s z is, 2 is formed. Or it’s y and furthermore it’s w, 3 is formed.
For example, let’s suppose we see the average temperature on the earth would rise by four degrees in 2100 on TV or on news. Needless to say, the assumption is included in the prediction.
The change on the climate on the earth is done various interactions like atmosphere, the sea, and the surface on the land. Taking it…
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《A mathematician isn’t deceived easily. Why?》
…they understand the thing behind it, so they see the thing which someone tries to deceive.
When expecting something in the future, needless to say, we can’t see its goal, but as expecting the invisible goal, we have to consider various possibilities. Though being able to understand the first situation, what is the next? It’s different, according to the assumption.
The author said the expectation was the most important in math, but no one can expect the next thing nor it’s absolutely without being the God.
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《A mathematician isn’t deceived easily. Why?》
The author said the mathematician isn’t deceived easily before, not being deceived easily is one of merits in math.
For example, when watching TV, a specialist said the export would expand by the end of this year, when looking at it say something in the future, what do you think? When getting the information whether or not accepting as it was.
Mathematicians are cautious, so lots of them say it’s something shady, there is something sketchy behind it, for it has something to do with math, they understand….
【We’ve heard the breath form the math】
…and the goal is 10, as to the idea of the step from one to three when calculating, it’s not so complicated. Modifying an equation of which level is junior high school or high school at best, and I guess it’s rough concept.
The thing which I think is very simple, to put it the other way around, if going well with a simple thing, we can understand even if a complicated thing in which various elements are mixed, for going well with the simple things is helpful for us. Trying to understand something complicated, we can do nothing, so turning it into simple
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《…and turning it into something simple》
What is in the brain of the one who thinks like that? All of you may have thought the author who is the researcher of Tokyo university always thinks something complicated extremely, but I don’t. When starting to think, its image is something red, something fluffy.
Even if being a splendid scholar, even if being engaged in a hard equation when having an idea, the basic thing in its brain is something so simple that even a student in junior school can express itself.
Let’s suppose starting from one and the goal …
【We’ve heard the breath from the math】
《The ability on turning it into something abstract and…》
There are two of things which have in common. Without being confused with the part which we can see, whether or not we can look for the thing which have in common behind the two of them.
The one who is able to do is good at math as well. You may have not click with it, but I’m going to show you various examples, so please bear it in mind.
The author said like that, and to my surprise, he is the professor of Tokyo university.
When thinking, turning something into something abstract, what is …
【We’ve heard a breath from the math】
《…and turning it into something simple》
…making sure whether it’s all right or not when doing something, at the same time, they are bold. When doing something, it’s always very careful, but coming up with an eccentric idea once in a while, and leaping far away in a flash. They have the image like that, the author said like that.
Furthermore, as to its ability, the abstract thinking is important. The game of connecting two of different sentences which seem to have nothing to do with each other is proposed by the author. There are two of things which are…
【We’ve heard a breath from the equation】
《The ability on turning it into something abstract and…》
…especially a false hidden behind things, something in the future, a trouble in the relationships, and mineral resources buried deep underground, if seeking it for, there is the math which we can use then. The author said he is going to introduce this time.
He said as to the ones who can do the math have similarity. They can run after the logic and are very cautious, looking at everything carefully before leaping, they are suspicious when moving step by step, making sure whether it’s all...
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
…and may have solved various problems. Let’s experience it together actually, the author said like that.
【We’ve heard a breath from the equation】
《The ability of turning it into something abstract and changing it into something simple》
The author said he talked on the ability which is indispensable and the whole sketch on the math before, he said he was going to introduce the students on the math which makes them understand well, the things around them and the society, the math as weapon this time, especially something invisible for us…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Even if the number is different, it’s equal?》
…and proposed we should think why it is without using either of the formula or signs. Thinking over the part on its frame developing the ability on the logic and intuition and it must have been useful so as to grasp a big image on the question.
The author said he was going to extend a hand to the essence on the math which we study in university and to use it as weapon. There are various mathematical law behind phenomena in the society, If taking advantage of the math, we’ll see varied things and…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Even if the number is different, it’s equal?》
…when learning actually, signs appear and it is indispensable to solve a hard question sometimes, but the author said he was going to omit the details like that in his class in this time, so he suggested if being interested in it, we should find a book expressing the detailed group theory and study for ourselves and continued like the next.
Calculation and signs are important in the math, but without burying ourselves on the signs , learning the way of thinking is more important, and proposed we…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Even if the number is different, it’s equal?》
If taking the cards one by one from the top in order and lining up on the desk, it’s Q,K,A,J and 10 and the sixth one is Q again, and is put above the first Q.
As long as putting the cards on the desk like that, each number of the group becomes the same finally. As the nature on the order isn’t broken, the same one appears absolutely, and there is the group theory behind it. We can grasp the essence on the group theory with the magic trick of the playing cards.
Needless to say, when studying…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Even if the number is different, it’s equal?》
…it causes to discover a material which has new nature.
As long as being able to understand the cyclic permutation, we can see the secret of the conjuring trick by the playing cards.
Before shuffling the playing cards, they are put in a circular way like the upper part on the photo. How shuffling them, as it’s the cyclic permutation, so the order on the numbers doesn’t change.
After shuffling, it’s the one like the lower part on the photo. If taking the cards one by one from the top in the…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Even if the number is different, it’s equal?》
…the nature on the matter is decided with the crystal structure, in short, it’s decided with how the molecules and atoms are connected with each other.
Even if the same carbon, it changes into a lead of the pencil or into diamond as long as it’s the combination by the carbon. If it’s the same crystal construction, as it has the same physical nature, the way of connecting is divided into the group and is classified.
Moreover discovering how many ways of connecting there are thoroughly, it causes…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Even if the number is different, it’s equal?》
…and if 10 is included in my favorite group, 2=3=10, but 4 isn’t equal with them, but if being worried about too much, it’s all right if using other sign, and it makes us confuse sometimes, so we use other sign like A〜B.
Its meaning changes according to its definition. Dividing into the same ones and into the different ones, without deciding the criteria on judging, the equal isn’t connected. The way of thinking has been applied in various situations.
For example, the nature on the matter is….
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Even if the number is different, it’s equal?》
We seem to use the meaning of the number is the same altogether until now, but there is deeper meaning in the equal. In this case, its equal is on its order, so even if the number is different, it’s all right.
When A = B, what does mean the equal? The author said we should interpret broadly. For example, my favorite number were 2 and 3, and 4 weren’t. Then the 2 and 3 belong to the my favorite group and 4 is the one which I hate.
In the meaning whether I hate or not, 2 and 3 is equal, and 10 is….
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Even if the number is different, it’s equal?》
In short, it means going around and putting them again without changing its order.
If putting them at random like the one comes after the five, it’s not the same, so we can’t connect two of them with the equal.
Thus dividing whether it belongs to the same group or not belong to the same one. We call each of those mass of numbers which we divide the group. It’s like a family. Thus using the group and classifying various things is the group theory.
We seem to use the meaning of the equal the…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Even if the number is different, it’s equal?》
…and putting each of them above one by one. What’s happens? For example, let’s suppose the order on the cards was 4,5,6,1,2,3. Everywhere is ok and shuffling as you like, the next order was 2,3,4,5,6,1. It’s just that the process was repeated alone. There is the thing which doesn’t change at all. It’s the order on the whole number.
The author said he wanted the students to have the image of the order on the numbers, 1,2,3,4,5,6, they just go around. The 1, and the next is 2, and the next 3, the…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
…the number of the five groups are the same ones….
Is it true? Do I make a mistake something again? I hope I didn’t, but the author said like that, and I’m going to continue.
《Even if the number is different, it’s equal?》
If showing all the cards, it’s complicated, so the author said he showed it with six kinds of cards alone.
Let’s suppose there were six kinds of cards from 1 to 6. Their order is 1,2,3,4, 5and 6. Shuffling them means putting each number from the one which is smallest and dividing them as you like and putting each of them…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Can do we the magic tricks with the math?》
What happened to the order on the cards after shuffling?
Turning cards one by one and putting them from the left to the right in order in a single row.
After putting five cards, doing the sixth card above the first one and doing the seventh above the second, and repeating the process, and dividing all the cards into five groups.
Oh, I’ve made a mistake. I’m sorry, the number is from A to 10, it’s five kinds alone, it’s not from A to 2.
Though it has been shuffled, the number of the five groups…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Can we do the magic tricks with the math?》
…but the meaning of shuffling the cards in this case is dividing the cards as you like and overlapping them again like the photo. Wherever dividing cards, of how often doing them, it’s all right, so the order on the cards must have been at random.
I’m afraid I failed to say, the cards of the each number on the heart, diamond, clover, and spade is starting from A, K, Q, J, 10 and ending at 2, and piling up like the photo of the right page, and they are shuffled. After shuffling what happened to the…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Can we do a magic tricks?》
It’s the group theory is that the students study in university at first, and the author said he was going to do the magic tricks with the playing cards, making use of the group theory from non on.
There are five cards of 10, J, Q, K, and A here, and preparing for four kinds of cards like heart, spade, diamond, and clover and lining them up in order like the photo.
Collecting each of them and piling up and turning them over and shuffle them from now on, but the meaning of the shuffling the cards in this case is…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Getting the map on the math in mind》
…and the geometry has been made use of in indication of the computer graphics, and it’s useful on the video game which all of you enjoy.
There is other field, statistical data, but the author seemed to say to the student three of algebra, analysis and geometric shape alone here.
The learning in which those students study in high school belongs to either of the three, and learns to be high level more and more. It’s the image on the math in which the students learn in university, the author said like that.
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Getting the map on the math in mind》
The geometry is studying the nature on the geometric shape or the space. It has developed from the most ancient time. It’s the learning developing from land surveying. For example, the surface on the ground of the plain is gently sloping, but its incline changes suddenly in the mountain range. The situation on the change is expressed with a formula or numerical value well.
In addition, the perspective drawing is the headwaters of the modern geometry, and the geometry has been made use of in the…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Getting the map on the math in mind》
…slicing each of the grains and studying them more minutely. When researching a railway, instead of sleepers 枕木 at intervals, paying attention to gravels as well. The author said he has the image on algebra like that.
The process of dividing into small components is differential, and collecting them again and grasping the whole one is integral. When looking at the 微分 and 積分 in Japanese, I can understand its meanings somehow, though to my sorrow, I can’t understand its equation at all.
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Getting the map on the math in mind》
…how many is the game done then? Counting it belongs to the algebra, the formula on the quadratic so as to solve the algebra as well.
Analysis is the one which develops from the calculus, and considering for putting into practice in the real world, the analysis is the most important, the author said like that.
The algebra has an image of numbers, but the analysis studies the numbers more minutely than the algebra. If the subject on the algebra is the world made up with grains, slicing each of the grains…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Getting the map on the math in mind》
…the geometric shape geometry, the equation algebra, and the calculus analysis, the math which you’ve learned at present belongs to either of them.
The algebra is the one in which instead of numbers using various characters and handling the equation, and classifying things, or organizing symmetric property or regularity. All the natural numbers belong to either the odd numbers or even numbers. It’s also the algebra.
When playing a baseball game in tournament with class competition, how many the game is…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Getting the map on the math in mind》
You learn calculus, vector, geometric shape, trigonometric function, an equation, a liner equation, and a quadratic equation etc…you learn lots of things, but those things are classified into three in university, being put together into algebra, geometry, and analysis.
As not having learned the classification like this in high school, so it seems to be a lot, but for example, the vector belongs to geometry or to analysis, the trigonometric function does to analysis mainly. The equation algebra…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
When learning scientific field, they use their brain like that, and it isn’t limited to the one who learns the math, the author said like that. To be honest, I’ve never learned science, so I’m not sure of it, though I’m interested in science.
《Getting the map on the math in mind》
The author spoke to the students in high school, and said to them, do they learn what kind of math from then? What is the math in university? The author classified the math which the students learned until then, for if being aware of it, organizing knowledge is easy.
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Back and forth between something serious and not serious》
This achievement of his has been applied in varied fields like biology and sociology until at present. Receiving the Nobel Prize of his took forty five years from his announcement of the idea.
This strange life of Nash’s has been depicted in the movie of the beautiful life, so if you are interested in it, please watch it.
As coming up with the idea in the middle of trying to pick up girls, thinking of something as serious sometime, and doing flexibly not seriously in other time.
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Back and forth between something serious and not serious》
…and it made him construct a revolutionary theory in the math analyzing the human relations, what is called the game theory.
One of the students asked, when trying to pick up girls its compromise connects with the theory on the math? And the author answered like the next
Yes, Nash expressed well the dilemma when thinking not only his own benefit but the whole others’ benefit with the math.
The author said he was going to talk on Nash later.
This achievement of his has been applied….
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Back and forth between something serious and not serious》
Three girls came to the bar then and Nash and his friends tried to pick up three of them. Then one of them was by far more beautiful than other two.
Needless to say, the competition rate on the beauty was hard that if everyone aimed at the beauty, there was the possibility no one goes well. On the other hand, everyone gives her up and aimed at other girls, each of three men may have been successful.
Everyone may have thought once, and as Nash was aware of the compromise resolution…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Back and forth between something serious and not serious》
…their thoughts were back and forth between the logic and intuition. John Nash who is a mathematician in America used two of the things depending on the situation with the flash of genius, the author said like that.
He studied the dilemma on the activity of people with the math and received the Nobel Prize in economic science. He announced the idea originated from the Nobel Prize at the age of twenty one. It is said he thought of it when going for a drink to bar with his friends.
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Back and forth between something serious and not serious》
As long as being able to see the goal, everyone can reach there.
There was the one who happened to understand the form of the shortest route on the four points here before, and the other who was next one may have calculated the angle of the poly line and have been aware that it was one hundred twenty degrees, and the problem reached to the right answer at last.
And the one who can use the math are lots of people who have a sense of humor. When enjoying something, their thoughts….
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Back and forth between something serious and not serious》
Various people did trial and error from thousands of years ago, and when trying it, it happened to go well. The math has been formed like that. It doesn’t mean someone who is smart solved all the problems smoothly.
Great mathematicians like Gauss or Euler made a mistake in their math proof if looking back at the from modern point of view. When being worried about, leaping to other point, and other people connected with other things afterward, Gauss thought like that. As long as being…
【Putting a problem in a breast pocket always】
《Back and forth between something serious and something not serious》
Then the intuition is indispensable. Not only the logic but the intuition is indispensable so as to master the math.
As someone reached the right answer before, without being able to understand very well, but trying it, and without knowing, happening to reach the right answer, the leap is the intuition. Once being able to leap, it changes into a logic in the next time.
It is from a long ago. It doesn’t mean there was the logic from the first time. Various people did tried and…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
How should we make the length of the wiring short and how should we restrain the cost? It is related with the actual problem, and is used in various things actually.
《Back and forth between the serious and not serious》
As to the math, we know the starting point and goal in lots of cases. We sometimes call the goal the hypothesis or conjecture. Though we can prove halfway, the other halfway hasn’t proved yet, and this is unsettled issue.
When losing the trace which we should follow, whether or not we can jump other way linking to the problem.
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Whether or not being able to step forward in the next?》
Without thinking ambiguously in your head alone, letting out as much as possible. Moving your hands or moving your body. The author said when researching something, he walked around the room. If moving the feet, it makes your brain stimulate. Anyway, moving your body and letting out your thought and changing into something visible and something that has a shape.
The problem is related to the print circuit board using for the electronic part, the board on the conducting wire was printed.
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Whether or not being able to step forward in the next time?》
…without occurring any other shape which is far distant from the original diagonal lines, he looked for a similar forms somehow.
The author admired his way, for everyone thinks the x was right, so the right answer must have been close to the x. Then shifting the line a little and thinking out from the place which is near the right answer. It’s the first step to a breakthrough.
When reaching the right answer, your hands moved somehow. It’s also important. Without thinking…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Whether or not being able to step forward in the next?》
When solving the equation properly and calculating the shortest distance, the angle of 120 degrees appears. The calculation is done exactly with the differential and integral calculus in which you would learn in the third grade of high school.
The author said he was going to express on the differential and integral calculus in the next time. He praised the student who reached to the right conclusion and asked the student reason why he concluded the shape.
The student answered, without…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Whether or not being able to step forward in the next?》
…the diagonal lines made up with dotted line is by far bigger than the one made up with the solid line. Even if adding the central part, the one made up with the solid line is shorter than the one made up with the dotted line.
Everyone thinks somehow the diagonal lines is the shortest. Thinking somehow is right to some extent, but it(s sometimes in the wrong. It’s all right as long as using the math for the part which is in the wrong.
The student asked why is it the 120 degrees?
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Whether or not being able to step forward in the next?》
…but the length connecting four points in total is shorter than the diagonal lines in total. Why?
As the part of the center line is used in two roads going for the diagonal direction mutually, if the line is connected with two points alone, without being the straight line, it’s longer like the photo, but as to the four points, as there is the part which is used mutually, the broken line is shorter than in total.
If looking at the shape of the v both of the up and the down…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Whether or not being able to step forward in the next?》
The answer is the one on the photo. The length on the line is 27.3cm. Its point is the angle crossing between the vertical line and other two lines is 120 degrees. If connecting with the degree of 120, it’s shorter than the diagonal lines.
You may have thought the shortest distance is the one connecting straight lines each other, but to tell the truth, as to the total distance, it’s the shortest. Two of the oblique lines alone are longer than the right answer, but the length….
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Whether or not being able to step forward?》
If calculating it actually, it’s rather complicated, so answer it with your intuition alone.
The student said he was wondering if he can use a shape of which curve.
The author said if it’s longer because it’s the curve, but the author said as it’s the curve, so it becomes longer. The one which we can use is the straight line alone, and said after taking a quick look at all of the students, there is only one whose answer is right extremely.
It’s not the x but there is a single line in the center.
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Whether or not being able to step forward in the next》
…everyone must have thought like that, but denying everyone thinks like that is powerful in the math. If using the math, we can break the common knowledge in which we thought it’s right without special ground. How long is the diagonal line?
The student answered its 28.3 cm. If the answer is shorter than the diagonal line, it’s right. As it’s so hard that if you can’t solve it, it’s all right, but please try it after the trial and error, the author said like that.
If calculating it…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Whether or not being able to step forward in the next?》
…please think of four points as the houses of yours and your friends’. When going to each of four houses, the road is necessary, and wanting to find the shortest road leading all the houses as early as possible. It’s the problem.
The student answered the road of which shape is x.
The author said everyone thinks like that, for the shortest way, it’s the shape of x, but it’s not right. There is other one which is shorter than it.
It seems the shape of x is the shortest way, everyone….
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Whether or not being able to step forward in the next?》
Please put two points on the notebook and connect them with a ruler. The line means the shortest distance between the two points. Stretching straight is absolutely shorter than bending it. Using the theory and solving the next problem.
Writing four points so as to form a square of which each side is 10 cm, wanting to connect all the four points with lines, and please come up with the way of the length on the line is the shortest, and measure it with the ruler.
For example, please…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
…and varied way of jumping to other steps with the weapon in the hand. The author said he wanted them to have the image like that in each of heads.
《Whether or not being able to step forward in the next?》
The author said it’s a device which he wanted the student to do after the theory. When coming to a dead end, whether or not being able to step forward in the next? If being able to come up with every possible thing, we learn to be able to climb the step of logic with varied ways. Let’s go through this process actually.
Please put two points…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《The direction is limitless, and the answer isn’t single alone》
They learn the way of accumulating the theory one by one, and modifying an equation is one of them. Learning the exact modifying equation and under way of getting the weapon of climbing the step of logic.
The author is the professor in university, so he has various kinds of weapon, so if he doesn’t go well with the single weapon, he can choose other one, he can do varied things.
He said he was going to teach various theories and varied way of jumping to other steps with even …
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《The direction is limitless, and the answer isn’t single》
The theory on each of them is single alone, but many of conditioned ramifications or the ones by a hypothesis are so many. But it’s all right if the more the ramifications there are, the more there are each of answer, and it’s the math in which we arrange the condition leading to the answer.
The students who took the class were the first grade in high school, it has never taken much time since starting to study the math. What do they learn then? They learn the way of accumulating….
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《The direction is limitless, and the answer isn’t single》
Where does each of us reach? It depends on, it’s different for each of us.
Accumulating the fact one by one has to be done exactly in the math, but its direction is limitless. The way of thinking A is right, and other way of thinking B is also right may have been. If each of steps is right, it’s all right if we fly to different ways.
Someone said the answer is single in the math, but to tell the truth, when reaching to some extent, the answer isn’t always single. The theory on one …
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《The direction is limitless, and the answer isn’t single》
If being able to foresee those things, it’s the God. Though when foreseeing something, we use the name of the God more than anything other.
When foreseeing, we don’t know what comes to an end. In the word play like that, we thought the way of connecting because there was the answer for it, but when there is no answer, we have to follow the answers one by one.
For example, what happens on the earth or in Japan after ten years? With the use of the logic, we’re forced to follow one by one
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
In this way, connecting something absurd seemingly more and more is important in the math. How much can we connect two different idea logically and precisely? It’s most efficient so as to improve our ability on the math, the author said like that.
《The direction is limitless, and its answer isn’t single》
It‘s a prediction which is one of the most important parts on the math in the society.
How is the weather from now on? What happens on the economy in the next year? Where does a great earthquake break out?
If being able to predict various….
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Linking something absurd more and more》
The author said its idea was interesting. Occurring the surface of the juice was trembling to it was very physical as logic connecting two sentences. If its image appears in your heads, the story is successful. As there was the movement, so we can imagine. The feeling is like that.
When an image occurs to us, almost of all of us are convinced, and in fact the image is included in the logic of the math as well. The author said he was going to talk about it in the next lecture.
Connecting something….
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Connecting something absurd more and more》
Without making it finish with that being the cat was playful around me and played it together and being absent from the company, expanding the story, adding to a few steps are good. As steps are many, it turned out the student thought logically.
The last ones. I drank a juice. The ceiling fell.
When drinking a juice I put the can and found the can trembled, at the same time I was aware that the earthquake broke out, and when looking up at, something approached me, and the ceiling fell on me.
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《How high can we climb the steps of logic?》
…showing its concrete way is good, and making the story increase the persuasiveness.
Two other sentences. The one is 休んだ, and the other is there was a cat. The story is like the next.
There was a cat on the path, and it’s so pretty that I went back my home with it, after that the cat was playful around me and I had much fun I forgot about the time, though I had to go for the work in the next day, I was absent from the company.
The author said the sentences connects very naturally. Without making…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
As the author always connected something absurd alone, he wasn’t astonished easily.
The students started to announce each of stories. After reading two sentences, showing its story.
There are the two sentences.
I went for a walk. I listened to a story which I couldn’t understand very well.
When going for a walk, I met a homeless, listening to the homeless, it said the way of distinguishing a food which we can eat and the other which we can’t eat.
The author admired it’s good, as to the story which being unable to understand, showing its…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
The author said it’s all right, though he said he wanted them to go ahead with the theory alone, but it’s just a play, and it’s all right if there was a jump. Even if happening to choose two easy sentences connecting easily, and it’s over by a single step, please add other step to the story. It’s like that, and in the next it’s like this, so it’s like this.
He said he used to do the play always, and learned to solve an applied problem automatically, learned to be able to occur various imaginations to him, and he wasn’t astonished easily, for….
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Continuing something which doesn’t make any sense more and more》
Gathering all of them and making the students choose two papers, and connecting them forcibly and making a story. Connecting two sentences which aren’t on the same wavelength at all, it’s all right we can use how many steps, but when connecting, we must do something which make everyone be convinced, it’s absolutely right
The author said please make everyone here be convinced, and consider how much make others have fun.
The student asked it’s all right if considering the emotion
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
How much can we continue? How much can we train with them? It’s by far more important than a minor detail on the math, and it’s the shortcut for the math, the author said like that.
《Connecting something which doesn’t make any sense more and more》
The author recommended that we should try a word play connecting the training. He handed out some small paper to the students and told them to write a short sentence which doesn’t connect each other as much as possible. Everything is ok. For example, I feel hungry or I saw a pretty dog.
Gathering…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《How high can we climb the step of logic? 》
…the more the process increases, the more it’s complicated and we can’t understand it. How many process can we endure it?
The author said the one who can do the math can endure the process no less than ten thousand. Some of them can hundred thousand, and they can climb the step of the logic exactly and lightly one by one.
We can foresee some expectation in our life. If we do this way, the other must have thought like that, whether or not it’s right is other story, but we can foresee to some extent.
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《How high can we climb on the steps of logic?》
I’m afraid the preface is long and boring, so I’m going to skip it, and the author start to talk on the content of the math. What is the math?
The word of the formula often appears in the math, like fitting the formula in with the equation. In short, the formula is a logic.
For example, It’s A, so is B, and C, D…it’s also the logic.
As being hungry, I have a meal, or as I don’t sleep very well, so I feel sleepy.
They are also the kind of the logic. A is B, the more the process increases the….
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Even if forgetting a formula, we never forget the way of thinking》
…we learn to forget more and more when being a grownup. Your parents can’t solve a quadratic equation which you learn at the second grade in junior high school, for we are apt to forget the formula, but we never forget the way of thinking, so the thing which I’m going to talk isn’t the formula and sign alone, I’ll do the mathematical way of thinking mainly.
The author asked another who hated the math, and he answered like the next.
I’m wondering if I’m not suitable for the...
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Even if forgetting a formula, we don’t forget the way of thinking》
The comment from the student continued.
It’s like a puzzle, so as long as I remember the formula, after fitting the formula in with an equation, we can solve it for myself, so I have fun. I think learning by heart is important in the math. Its image is mechanical and cool.
The author asked the student whether he liked or not learning by heart, and he answered it can’t be helped, and the author said like the next.
I’m poor at learning by heart. Even if we remember it, we …
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Even if forgetting a formula, we never forget the way of thinking》
…so I like the place where we think logically, in addition, I’ve heard the math is both logical illogical before, so I’m interested in the math which is complicated and mysterious.
The author asked where the student heard it, and the student answered.
On TV, Dr. John Nash said.
The author said.
You watched a good program. The logic is important in the math, but there are various things which we can’t simply distinguish between things. I’ll talk about Dr. Nash next time…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Even if forgetting a formula, we don’t forget the way of thinking》
…but the answer is the single one, so it is easy to understand and when solving the problem, I feel refreshed.
The author said it is sure we feel refreshed. Whether or not the answer is the single one is an important point, so he said he was going to say it later.
There is other comment from other student.
The sense of accomplishment, and the feeling exhilarated when solving the problem is greater than other subject. I’m kind of argumentative a little, so I like the place…
【Putting a problem in the breast pocket always】
《Even if forgetting a formula, we don’t forget the way of thinking》
The author started to speak in front of his students in his math class as teacher, and the students who like math was half and the others who hate math is other half. The author asked his students the reason why they like math or hate math, and from the reason why they love. Each of them spoke the reason one after another.
My feeling on the math swayed between the likeness and hate in the past, but I like it pretty at present, for there are various ways of solving, but its…
【Preface】
When reading the book and finding it hard to read, then the author itself doesn’t understand enough, there seem to be lots of the situation like that, though he made effort so much, but it may have been something insufficient, so if there is the place which you can’t understand enough, putting the blame on the author and you should continue to read more and more, the author said like that.
This part of his expression fits me as well, but excusing myself for my English, I’m just an amateur on all of the topics which I’ve showed you here, to my sorrow my knowledge is insufficient
【Preface】
…and wanting his students to have experience how interesting, how amusing the math was, and to expand the possibility on the math together if possible.
The thing which the author wanted his students to feel is true meaning of thinking by using the math. He said he wanted us the readers of this book to acquire the mathematical weapons more and more. The way of using them will be helpful to our life, he said like that.
The math which was introduced in this book isn’t always hard to understand, and its original idea is very simple and easy to understand, he said like that.
【Preface】
The author said he didn’t want to lead his life like that and to make use of the powerful weapon and useful knowledge on the math so as to make the society become better even a little, so he’s decided to learn both the math and the reality in the society and to make the two of them mix up enough inside himself and stirring them enough. It took no less than ten years to carry out one of his trial, he said it’s 渋滞学. What’s it?
Not only the traffic congestion, but trying to challenge in various fields by using math from now one, he said, and wanting his students to have experience…
【Preface】
…and something strict and something negligible are mixed up.
Mastering exactness has made the mass acquire the original view of the world until now, and the author said he didn’t think he wanted to deny it, and say the math itself must not lose exactness in the future.
But when taking advantage of math in the real society, if using the math as it was, he found it hard, so it needs to deform the shape a little, so something negligible is intervened there, and mathematicians who couldn’t bear it confined to their ideal world and devoted themselves to the math in their lifetime.
【Preface】
…but the identity behind the background is as necessary as likewise the signs, so the author said he focused on the cultural background as well. He thought the mathematical idea is able to be used in other field too.
He’s written the book for children whose age from fifteen to sixteen, and the thing which he wanted to send the message to those children wasn’t the math which they learn at the textbook of math in high school.
The math advancing into the society and playing an active role at various scenes, and the math which have humanity and something strict and something….
【Preface】
…there is the possibility that those people learn to like math enough, and there is room for the people who hate the math join in a mathematical discussion pleasantly.
It is certain it takes time to master mathematical signs, but it’s same for studying languages.
Remembering English words alone doesn’t lead anyone to learn to be able to speak English. We have to understand a different cultural background so as to communicate with foreign people really.
The sign on the math is equal to the words in the English, so it’s necessary to learn the math, but the identity behind the…
【Preface】
I’m going to start a book of which title is とんでもなく役に立つ数学 from now on, it’s preface.
What made the author write the book? It was written in the preface like the next.
When writing other book, the author said he had confidence of relieving any kind of feeling of not being good at math in the book, and he was offered to have math class blasting off the feeling of being poor at math. It was a challenge for the author whether or not he could carry it out.
He said he was afraid It is fact that there have been lots of people who hate the math, but if changing the way of seeing way…
【Without being able to live on the Earth, where should we move?】
When the air on the Mars becomes warm and the water of liquid learns to maintain, and if sending the alga then, the oxygen may have existed at the air in the Mars.
The research of making the alga of which high efficiency on the photosynthesis by bio genetics so as to go ahead of the plan. When the terraforming of the super gigantic project starts to move, the earthman who will be born in the Mars may not have been a dream after a few centuries.
The book of which title, 面白くて眠れなくなる地学, was over, so I’m going to start a new book.
【Without being able to live on the Earth, where should we move?】
《Only planet in which we the human being can live?》
The other one crushing the pitch black carbonaceous matter covering up the whole Mars and making them scatter on the surface of the Mars, and improving the efficiency of absorbing the solar light.
We have to carry out one more thing. We have to change the composition of the air so as that creatures can live there. It has been considered making use of a simple animate form like alga 藻類. The alga absorbs the carbon dioxide and does the photosynthesis, and releases oxygen.
【Without being able to live on the earth, where should we move?】
《Only planet in which the human being can live?》
For example, setting up a tremendous and thin mirror in the outer space near the Mars and collecting the light from the sun and irradiating the light into the place which is equivalent to the polar place in the Earth, and melting the ice there.
When the ice melts there, the water vapor and carbon dioxide increase in the air, and the greenhouse gas effect works on, then the temperature learns to maintain its warmth.
The other one is crushing the pitch black colored…
【Without being able to live on the Earth, where should we move?】
《Only planet in which the human being can live》
The distance between the Mars and the sun is 1.5 times of the one between the Earth and the sun, so there is little solar radiation on the surface of the ground in the Mars from the sun, so at first we have to make the surface on the ground of the Mars warm so as to carry out the plan. Two of concrete ideas have been considered at present.
The one is increasing the amount of light of being absorbed into the ground of the Mars from the sun, and raising the temperature on the Mars.
【Without being able to live on the Earth, where should we move?】
The water is indispensable existence so as to be born and to raise creatures. Some researchers predict there may be the creatures like bacteria in the Mars, but negative way of seeing has the majority.
《Only planet in which the human being can survive》
Have you ever heard of the word of terraforming? It’s a magnificent plan of changing a planet where none of the human being can live into the green one where the human being can live, and the most influential candidate is the Mars.
The distance between the Mars and sun is 1.5…
【Without being able to live on the Earth, where should we move?】
《Is the Mars the planet of the water?》
The water of liquid gushed out from the inside of the Mars, and flowed sediments. There is the trace of it, so the new evidence has been discovered one after another.
We can foresee the large amount of the water used to exist in the Mars before and there was the time of warm and wet climate from those evidence. It has been presumed the water continues to exist underground as the form of ice at present.
In short, there is high possibility that the Mars is the planet of the water as well.
【Without being able to live on the Earth, where should we move?】
《is the Mars the planet of water?》
…the whole Mars was covered with the water of which depth was eleven meter with the mass of the ice.
NASA sent two unmanned probes into the Mars in 2004, and found the evidence that the large amount of the water used to exist in the Mars then. There was the mine of sulfate 硫酸塩 which wasn’t formed without being the large amount of the water, and was the rock and stone of which shape on the layer was like wavelike, showing there was the flow of the water there.
The water of liquid gushed out…
【Without being able to live on the Earth, where should we move?】
《Is the Mars the planet of water?》
That way of thinking has been regarded as very likely from 1970s, for the geographical feature on the trace of the large amount of water flowing was discovered on the surface of the Mars by research of a probe.
It has been made sure that the mass of ice exists on the places which are equivalent to the polar region in the earth. The amount of the water which is stored as the ice in the place which is equivalent to the single polar region on the earth alone, the whole Mars was covered with…
【Without being able to live on the earth, where should we move?】
What makes the situation of both of the Earth and the Mars change? It has been thought its biggest cause is the different size on the two of them.
The mass on the Mars is no more than one-tenth as light as the Earth, so the gravity preventing the air from leaving from the earth is some 40% of the earth, so the water vapor escapes into the outer space easily. The pressure on the atmosphere is one-two hundredth in the Mars. It’s very thin.
《Is the Mars the planet of the water?》
Did abundant water used to be in the Mars before?
【Without being able to live in the earth, where should we move?】
《The red planet taking after the Earth》
…and planetesimal of which center is the dense part highly was born. Its diameter is some several kilometers. After that the planetesimal repeated colliding each other and grew bigger gradually, and the planets were born like the Earth and the Mars.
Both of the Earth and the Mars were born in the same timing, the Earth has plentiful of water on the surface of the ground, on the other hand, the surface on the ground of the Mars is covered with desolate ground as if it were the desert.
【Without being able to live in the earth, where should we move?】
《The red planet taking after the Earth》
The Mars rotates on its axis in twenty four hours and thirty minutes which is almost as same as the Earth and moves around the sun in six hundred eighty seven days. Its axis of its own rotation is tilted by twenty five degrees against the vertical direction, so it has four season like the earth.
When the solar system was born four some billion six hundred million years ago, gas and dust of the shape of disk surrounding and revolving around the sun, and highly dense part was completed…
【Does the sun continue to burn forever?】
The super Kamiokande of which number on the detector is seventieth times as more as the Kamiokande has operated from 1996, and it turned out that the neutrino has the mass.
【Without being able to live in the earth, where should we move?】
《A red planet taking after the Earth》
The Mars is the planet moving around outside the earth. It looks red, for the surface on the ground is covered with the rock including lots of iron oxide. Its diameter is half of the earth, and the mass is one-tenth of the earth.
The Mars rotates on its axis in twenty four….
【Does the sun continue to burn forever?】
《Catching the neutrino from the supernova》
…for his achievement on the research of the neutrino has been appreciated. He caught the neutrino from supernova in the big Magellanic Cloud for the first time in the world.
An enormous water tank and an observation equipment detecting the Cherenkov light emitting from the neutrino, what is called the Kamiokande, were used underground of which depth thousand meter below in Gifu prefecture so as to avoid the influence over the other cosmic rays.
The super Kamiokande of which number on the detector is…
【Does the sun continue to burn forever?】
《Catching the neutrino from the supernova》
A star of which mass is big causes the supernova given off an elementary particle, It’s the neutrino. The neutrino moves with the speed of light, and its mass is one-ten thousandth as small as the electron or less. Its biggest feature is without reacting with anything, the elementary particle reacts with almost all of nothing reacts, it passes through everything, a human body and the earth as well.
It’s the Dr. Masatoshi Koshiba who received the Nobel Prize in Physics, for his achievement on the research on…
【Does the sun continue to burn forever】
…the supernova explosion breaks out once from hundred to two hundred years in the galaxy where we live.
Teika Fujiwara who was in the beginning at the Kamakura era in Japan. He is a poet and is well known as selector on the 新古今和歌集, and he wrote he saw a star which shone as bright as the Jupiter in the midnight from the 11th to 20th day May in 1054, at the end of the Heian era, in the lunar calendar.
It turned out the bright star was the supernova explosion in the Crab Nebula, according to the research later.
《Catching the neutrino from the supernova》
【Does the sun continue to burn forever?】
《Supernova explosion》
…the iron on the central part continues to absorb energy, and is solved into helium and neutron. As a result, the pressure on the central core decreases drastically, and is crushed. Then external layer flys off and the explosion is caused. We call it the supernova explosion.
When looking at it from the earth, it seems a new star appears all of sudden, so we call it the supernova, but it’s not the new star but it’s the last flash emitted from the star.
Roughly speaking, the supernova explosion breakers out once from hundred to…
【Does the sun continue to burn forever?】
《Supernova explosion》
…its temperature on the central part reaches one hundred million, and the nuclear fusion by helium is caused,
Then if its mass is the eight times as heavy as the sun or less, the carbon comes from the helium and accumulates in the central part, the force of repulsion by the electron can’t support the gravity, so the sun starts to shrink. Then the nuclear fusion by the carbon causes the big explosion.
Or when the mass on the sun is eight times as heavy as the sun or more, the iron on the central part continues to absorb the…
【Does the sun continue to burn forever?】
…and it causes the earth to go out from the orbit on the revolution around the sun, so it is said the earth won’t be swallowed by the sun.
After that the stage of the red giant, the sun releases the gas and moves to the last stage of the white dwarf being covered with the gas as if the it were the funeral suit, changing into the cold star which doesn’t give off any light and soon its life comes to an end.
《Supernova explosion》
As to the star of which mass is from three to dozens times as big as the sun, its temperature on the central part reaches…
【Does the sun continue to burn forever?】
《What is the source of energy from the sun?》
It has been expected the brightness on the sun becomes twice at the last stage of the main sequence star, and after that reaching the stage of the red giant of swelling abruptly, and approaching the orbit on the revolution of the earth or swallowing up the earth.
But at the first stage of the red giant, the sun releases the dust and gas so much that its mass becomes small, so the universal gravitation between the sun and the earth weakens, and it causes the earth to go out from the orbit of revolution…
【Does the sun continue to burn forever?】
《What is the source of the energy from the sun?》
As the structure on the star is made up of the balance between the gravity and the radiation, so when the reaction on the atomic fusion happens outside, the radiation becomes stranger than the gravity.
As a result, the star swells and becomes brighter and brighter, though the temperature on its surface drops.
As to the sun, after it was born some four billion six hundred million years ago and belongs to the main sequence star and has increased its brightness by 30% until at present.
It has been…
【Does the sun continue to burn forever?】
《What is the source of energy from the sun?》
Lots of the fixed stars goes through the stage of the main sequence star and move to the next stages like the red giant, the red super giant, and the white dwarf.
The fixed stars spends each of its large amount of time as the main sequence star, and soon it swells and becomes bigger and changes into the red giant. The reaction of the nuclear fusion makes progress inside it, and its central part becomes the mass of helium, and then the reaction on the nuclear fusion by the hydrogen atom moves its outside.
【Does the sun continue to burn forever?】
《The lifetime on the sun》
One of the things which the astronomy has made clear in the 20th century is the next thing. The essential element which determines the lifetime on the fixed star is the mass.
To put it in extreme term, as long as we know the mass of the star when it’s born, we’ve learned to understand how long its lifespan and how it ends.
The sun is the stage of the main sequence star at present. 90% on the whole fixed stars belong to the stage. Each of nature resembles, and its size from the one tenth to the ten times as big as the sun.
【Does the sun continue to burn for ever?】
Four atomic cores of hydrogen changes into a single atomic core of helium happens in the sun. It’s the atomic reaction. Its mass is different according to its reaction, but the mass causes the energy from the sun.
The energy generated by the atomic fusion changes into the large amount of the heat, light and maintains the temperature of the sun and causes the next nuclear fusion.
In conclusion, the lifespan on the sun has been thought some ten billion years, so the sun will continue to shine five billion years from now on.
【The lifetime on the sun】
＞＞57
【Does the sun continue to burn forever?】
《What is the energy from the sun?》
…but the sun continues to shine no less than some four billion six hundred million years until now. Why? It used to be mysterious for a long time.
But with the development on the research of the atom in the twentieth century, the mystery has learned to be elucidated at last, turning out that the sun generates its energy by the nuclear fusion.
The nuclear fusion is the nuclear reaction by sticking light atoms together and changing into a heavy atom. Its mechanism is the same as the hydrogen bomb.
Four atomic…
【An accident】
To my sorrow, I can’t express myself in English any more today because my glasses are broken. Without wearing my.glasses, I’ve tried to express, but my eyesight is so wrong that I have to bend my head to the screen of my iPad when expressing, so I find it impossible to do for a long time.
Needless to say, I have a spare one, and I’ve worn it until now, but It’s also broken. I’m sorry for it. There is one more spare, but it’s the one when riding my scooter, so It’s not suitable for expressing something with the iPad. I’m farsighted.
Everyone, please have a nice day.
【Does the sun continue to burn forever?】
《What is the source of energy from the sun?》
In the place in which is the vertical to the sun, the energy receiving from the sun on 1 square centimeter a minute is some two cal, and we call it the solar constant, and the energy which the whole earth receives reaches the large amount, but it’s just one-two
billionth on the energy which the sun releases in the outer space.
If the sun is made up with the fuel like the coal and releases the energy like that, it‘ll burn down in no more than hundreds of thousand years, but the sun continues to shine for…
【The secret of distinguishing the shooting star from…】
Those days fall on the long day off in summertime, so we can enjoy watching the shooting star when being homecoming or a trip. Moreover it’s comfortable at night in summertime, the meteor shower of the Perseus is different from the Quanrantids and the Gemini in the middle of winter, so we can enjoy observing the shooting star outdoor comfortably then.
【Does the sun continue to burn forever?】
《What is the source of energy on the sun?》
How does the sun continue to burn? In the place which is vertical to the sun in the outside the…
【The secret of distinguished the shooting star from…】
《Three conditions so as to be able to the shooting star》
…especially, the author recommended us the meteor shower of Perseus, for in the peak of the Perseus, the shooting star appears from thirty to sixty an hour, its appearance rate is stable and the shooting stars appears a lot every year, and its shooting star is bright. The day when it appears most is from the twelfth day to the thirtieth day August, and a few days before and after from the two days, the shooting stars appears actively.
Those days fall on the long day off in summer….
【The secret of distinguishing the shooting star from…】
《Three conditions so as to see the shooting star》
There are the next three conditions so as to be able to see the shooting star.
1 looking for a dark place as much as possible.
2 the target is the meteor shower.
3 the time is from the twelve o’clock in the midnight until the time when the sun rises.
The meteor shower which frequently appear more than any others are the threes like the next. The one of the Quadrantids しぶんぎ座, the Perseus, and the Gemini. We call them the Big Three meteor shower, especially the author recommended us…
【The secret of distinguishing the shooting star from…】
《Three conditions so as to see the shooting star》
…so it looks as if the large amount of the shooting stars rushed into the around the orbit of the earth then. When can we see the shooting star from the earth? It’s from twelve o’clock in the midnight to the twelve o’clock in the daytime, but when the sun rises up in the sky, we can’t see any stars, so it’s actually from the twelve o’clock in the midnight to the time when the sun rises , then the shooting stars flow the most.
There are the next three secrets so as to be able to see...
【The secret of distinguished the shooting star from…】
…so it’s named after the constellation near the radiant point. As the earth throws itself into the dust caused by the comet, so the radiant point is made.
《Three conditions so as to see the shooting star》
As the dust doesn’t come to the earth, but the earth rushes into the dust, so almost all of the shooting starts are caused. The course in which the earth moves is the direction of the orbit of the earth’s revolution. When looking at the earth from the earth, it’s the right angle and left side from the sun, so it looks as if the large…
【The secret of distinguished the shooting star from 】
《The target is the meteor shower》
…so it becomes the meteor shower. The recent example is the Leonid meteor shower, after the mother comet passed in 1999, we could see the meteor shower of the Leonid in Japan as well after two years.
The meteor shower is named after the constellation, and it‘s meaningful. When being able to see the meteor shower, if extending the orbits of each of meteor showers, they gather the single point which is the radiant point, and as the meteor shower flows from the radiant point, so it’s named after the…
【The secret of the distinguishing star from…】
《The target is the meteor shower》
…so there are lots of the dust on the orbits around the comets of which revolution. Some of the revolutions’ orbit of the comets and the revolution of the earth cross, and when the earth passes the place where those things cross, the large amount of the dust which is more than as usual dive right into around the earth and become the meteor shower.
We call the comet causing the meteor shower the mother comet. Immediate after the mother comet passed, there are the large amount of the dust especially, so it….
【The secret of distinguishing the shooting start from…】
《The target is the meteor shower》
When the earth passes there, as lots of dust shower down on the earth, so we can see lots of the shooting star which we can’t see as usual.
The place where the dust is dense in the outer space is made up with a comet. When approaching the sun, a celestial body tails long. It’s the comet. The internal material is blown up from the comet with the light and the heat from the sun.
The material blown up from the inside of the comet is the dust in the outer space, so there are lots of the dust on the…
【The secret of distinguishing the shooting star from】
《The target is the meteor shower》
But ordinary people can hardly continue to watch the same direction in the night sky for an hour, in addition it’s limited to the dark night sky of which condition is good, so if being in the night sky in a city, its probability drops so much.
It’s the meteor shower in which we have a chance of watching the shooting star. There are some places on the orbit of the revolution of the earth where there are dense of dust in the outer space which is the source of the shooting star. When the earth passes….
【The secret of distinguishing the shooting star…】
《The target is the meteor shower》
…and it depends on its condition whether or not being able to see or not. The darker the night sky is, the more number we can see the shooting stars. It is said we can see from five to ten of shooting stars a hour in a good condition.
But as to the field of vision on a person, the limit is from a quarter to the one fifth in the whole night sky, so as long as watching one direction alone for an hour, we can succeed in watching a few of shooting stars, according to its probability. But ordinary people hardly…
【The secret of distinguishing the shooting star….】
In a narrow definition, the molecule composing the air is ionized and is separated into the plus and minus ion and moved. It’s the plasma.
《The target is the meteor shower》
How frequently does the shooting star appear? Unexpectedly, it always appears, 24 hours, 365 days, and if including the ones of which light are dark, it turned out that its number reaches a lot considerably, but the probability of watching the shooting star actually isn’t so high. Why?
Lots of the shooting stars are dark, and it depends on its condition whether or not…
【The secret of the distinguished star from…】
Then the air of the front part of the shooting star was compressed and its temperature rose, and compressed air changed into the plasma, and emitted light.
Finally, the shooting star was still more heated up with the air which was compressed and heated up and burned out without reaching the ground. When the shooting star emitted the light and flowed in the air is an instant, but those phenomena broke out then.
What is the plasma? Ion or electrons exist with quite rate of percentage. In a narrow definition, the molecule composing the air is….
【The secret of distinguished the shooting star from…】
《The reason why the shooting star shines》
The molecule of the shooting star of which situation being in high energy and was heated up were torn of from the electrons and changed into the plasma and emitted the light.
In short, in the height above the ground of a hundred kilometers where the air is thin, the molecules of the air which were driven away by the shooting star emitted the light.
But when reaching the height above the ground of eighty kilometers, the air becomes too dense and too crowded with them to drive away.
【The secret of distinguishing star from…】
《The reason why the shooting star shines》
…and it’s the phenomenon occurred in the atmosphere near the earth.
Thus the fixed stars are different from the shooting star altogether.
The shooting star is the dust in the outer space. Why does it emit light?
The shooting star rushes in the atmosphere with the furious speed of dozens of kilometers per second, and collided with the molecules of the air in the atmosphere, and drove them away, changing into the situation of which energy on the fixed star is high and heats up.
The molecule on the air…
【The secret of distinguishing a shooting star from…】
《The reason why the shooting star shines》
…the sun looks it shines there like other fixed stars.
On the other hand, if carrying away other fixed start to the place where there is the sun, they become the celestial body which are large and warm and shines like the sun. The fixed stars are like the sun far away from the earth.
On the other hand, the shooting star is the dust floating among the planets rushed in the atmosphere on the earth and emits light.
In short, as to the size of the shooting star, it’s one millimeter at best, and ….
【The secret of distinguishing a shooting star from…】
《The reason why the shooting star shines》
…but the fixed star and the shooting star are similar but different.
The fixed star is the one which shines by its own light like the sun. The sun which is large, warm and shines and the twinkling stars coldly in the night sky. They seem to be different from each of appearance, but both of them are called the fixed stars and belong to the same celestial body.
Whey do they look different? Because the distance from the earth is different.
If carrying away the sun far away to a few light years…
【The secret of distinguishing the shooting star from the stars which didn’t shoot definitely】
《The reason why the shooting star shines》
At first, what is the shooting star?
If observing actually, we can see it, though the author said like that, to tell the truth, I’ve never observed the shooting star, the shooting star is a phenomenon like the next.
The light material which is as light as the star in the night sky appears suddenly and moves quickly in a straight line and disappears.
We think as if the star flowed seemingly, but the fixed star and the shooting star are similar but…
【The way of distinguishing a shooting star from others which doesn’t shoot definitely】
《The reason why the shooting star shines》
If reciting our wish at the time from being able to see the shooting star and disappeared, our wish comes true. It has been said like that from long, long ago, but without coming the meteor shower, we don’t have any chance of seeing the shooting star.
There is the best way to watch the shooting star, and as long as we get the best way, our wish may have come true easily.
The author said like that as if it were a pick up line from a dubious business. Is it true?
【The earth and the moon used to be the ones like brothers?】
Not only the movement on the seawater but changing the shape on the rock and stone by stretching and shrinking to some extent, so the loss on the energy has influence over the brake a little.
The delay on the rotation of the earth is slight, no more than a second thousands of years, but if billions of years passed, it is over an hour, so the rotation on the earth becomes late slowly, definitely.
【The way of distinguishing a shooting star from other ones definitely】
《The reason why the shooting star shines》
If reciting our …
【The Earth and the moon used to be the ones like brothers?】
《The close relation between the earth and the moon》
It is said that the rotational axis on the earth leaned then.
It has been thought the period on the rotation immediately after the giant impact was some 5 hours, so it turned out the period on the rotation of the earth becomes so long. Its cause the tidal force by the moon.
The tidal force causes the high and the low water. And it causes the friction between the bottom of the sea and seawater, and the influence over the friction applies the brake on the rotation of the earth
【The Earth and the moon used to be the ones like brothers?】
《The close relation between the Earth and the moon》
…and the mass of rock and stone of which center was the sun gathered a lot. It’s the planetesimal 微惑星, and the planetesimal repeated colliding and uniting and changed into the planets, and one of them is the Earth.
The earth used to be in the movement on the rotation and revolution originally, being influenced over the movement on the revolution and rotation from the planetesimal, but after the giant impact broke down, other movement on the rotation started then.
It is said that…
【The earth and the moon used to be the ones like brothers?】
In short, the rotation on its own axis and around the earth by the moon, and the rotation on its own axis and around the sun by the earth is synchronized.
Thus, if speculating by following from the theory of the giant impact, we can express some mysteries showing at first.
《The close relation between the Earth and the moon》
The large amount of the gas and dust spreading in the outer space gathered, and the sun was born some four billion six hundred million years ago, and the mass of rock and stone of which center were the sun…
【The earth and the moon used to be the ones like brothers?】
…so the crust on the surface of the moon facing the earth becomes thin, and the other part doesn’t face the earth becomes thick. It has been thought like that.
If a meteorite collided with the thin surface on the craft, the magma made up with basalt under the crust leaked out and after being cold and hardened, the sea of basalt caused on the place facing the earth alone.
If the center of gravity on the moon is partially on the one side facing the earth alone, the center of the gravity alone always learns to face the Earth.
【The earth and the moon used to be the ones like brothers?】
《The scenario on the giant impact》
If the tidal difference is one meter on the earth at present, it’s a thousand meter then in a simple calculation, so the tremendous tidal wave must have rushed over the beach on the moon everyday then.
If the primitive moon was near the earth, the gravitation must have influenced over the moon as well.
For example, the heavy core and mantle inside the earth was pulled powerfully by the gravitation from the earth, so the core and mantle are impartial to the side of the moon, so the crust on the…
【The Earth and the moon used to be the ones like brothers?】
《The scenario on the giant impact》
…but it’s no more than ten hours then, so the moon moved on the celestial sphere dizzyingly.
In addition, the one which we should pay attention is the strength on the tidal force. The tidal force is the strength over the influence by other celestial body.
When the sea appeared on the earth, the distance between the Earth and the moon went away to some forty thousand kilometers, but the tidal force was no less than thousandth times as strong as the present one.
If the tidal difference is one…
【The earth and the moon used to be the ones like brothers?】
《The scenario on the giant impact》
It’s the twentieth one to the present distance between the earth and the moon.
How was the moon then when looking at it from the earth?
As to the apparent size on the moon, the diameter on the moon was twentieth times as big as the present moon, and the surface area was four hundredth times as big as the present moon, so the brightness is also four hundredth times, so it must have been so bright then.
The period on revolving on its axis and around the earth is twenty nine days at present, but …
【The earth and the moon used to be the ones like brothers?】
《The scenario on the giant impact》
A small celestial body which was half as large as the primitive earth collapsed obliquely. Then the part of the mantle was stripped from the earth by the impact and scattered into the outer space, and they were gathered each other with each of their gravitation, then the primitive moon was born.
The place where the scattered mantle gathered has been thought to be the place which was some twenty thousand kilometers away from the earth. It’s the twentieth one to the present distance between the….
【The earth and the moon used to be the ones like brothers?】
…but was there so strong centrifugal force that separating into two stars? It was doubtful. After that the hypothesis on the giant impact has been advocated in 1975. The driving force on the separation between the earth and moon was not the centrifugal force but the impact with the celestial body. It was thought like that.
《The scenario on the giant impact》
Not only creature but the sea didn’t exist on the earth some forty billion five hundred fifty million years ago when the earth was born. A celestial body collapsed into the…
【The earth and the moon used to be the ones like brothers?】
《The story on the moon…》
The last one is the one on other persons. The moon was born in different place altogether, and the gravity on the earth caught the moon and dragged.
If adopting the last opinion, the chemical composition between the Earth and the moon resemble too much, and it’s unnatural.
As to the theory on twins, the average density between two of them are too different so much, so it’s also unnatural.
As a result, the theory on the parents was regarded as the most likely hypothesis, but was there so strong …
【The earth and the moon used to be the one as if they were brothers?】
《…which is close and far》
How has the earth been accompanied by the planet which is imbalance with it?
There used to be three opinions on the scenario of the birth with the moon.
The first is the one on twins, the earth and the moon happened to be born almost in the same place in the same time.
The second is the one parents. When the primitive earth was soft and its speed on the rotation was fast, the moon separated from the earth with the centrifugal force. It was advocated by George Darwin who is the son of the Darwin
【The earth and the moon used to be the one like a brother?】
《The story on the moon…》
There is the low ground made up with basalt 玄武岩 what is called 海 on the front of the surface alone in the moon. It means the place facing on the earth. Why?
How was the moon born? What is called the scenario on the birth of the moon? It’s also the big mystery as well. The relation between other planets and their satellites is different from the one between the Earth and the moon, the moon is too big to the earth which is the home planet.
How has the earth been accompanied with the planet which…
【The earth and the moon used to be the ones like brothers?】
《…which is far and close to us》
The author pointed out several things which have never been clear on the moon at present.
How is the inside the moon?
When comparing with other satellites, its size is bigger against the earth which is the home planet for the moon. Why?
When looking at the moon from the earth, it faces the same place to the earth. It means the period on revolution and the rotation are the same as the Earth. Why?
The crust on the moon facing to the earth is thicker than the one which doesn’t face to the earth. Why?
【The earth and the moon used to be the ones like brothers?】
《The story on the moon…》
…they have satellites which revolve around them as if they clung to them. It’s the moon which the Earth has the planet. The moon is one of the celestial bodies which is familiar with us. It used to be recited in the poems, to be helpful for us to make the calendar, and the existence to be indispensable for our life.
On the other hand, there have been lots of things which we can’t understand very well scientifically as the celestial body, so its existence is mysterious
The author pointed out several things…
【The thing which affected the fate both on the Earth and the Venus】
…and was resolved into the hydrogen and oxygen by the strong ultraviolet rays from the sun. Then the light hydrogen flew away into the outer space.
What is the biggest fate affecting between the Earth and the Venus? It’s the distance from the sun. The Venus is closer to the sun than the Earth by some forty million kilometers.
【The earth and the moon used to be the ones like brothers?】
《The story on the moon which is far but near to the earth》
The planets except for the Mercury and the Venus, they have satellites clinging…
【The thing which affected the fate both on the Earth and the Venus】
《The crossroad on the fate》
…it has been thought the sea in which the carbon dioxide was melted was created in the Venus as well, but as the brightness on the sun increased, the temperature on the seawater rose, and the carbon dioxide was released into the air.
The greenhouse effect gas caused by the carbon dioxide rose the temperature on the surface of the ground, and caused the carbon dioxide. The circulation was repeated.
The seawater evaporated and changed into the water vapor because of the high temperature, and was…
【The thing which affects the fate both on the Earth and the Venus】
《The crossroad on the fate》
Then the rain made the large amount of the carbon dioxide melt on the seawater. A variety of creatures were born from the primitive sea including the carbon dioxide, and there were the ones which did the photosynthesis among the creatures, and releasing the oxygen in the air.
Thus the main component in the air has been the oxygen, nitrogen, and water vapor.
On the other hand, the water vapor also existed in the Venus after being born, for the sun was darker than the present time, it has been…
【The thing which affects on the fate both on the Earth and the Venus】
《The crossroads on the fate》
The air gushed out from the inside the earth, and it becomes the main components in the air. It’s the carbon dioxide, nitrogen and vapor.
As the distance from the sun to the earth is moderate, shining from the sun to the unit area and the ultraviolet rays are weaker than the Venus comparatively, so the vapor wasn’t discomposed.
When the volcanic activity subsided, the vapor changed into the rain, and the rain caused the sea, and the Earth learned to be called the planet of the water.
【The thing which affects the fate both on the Earth and the Venus】
Why is so high temperature in the Venus? The large amount of the carbon dioxide causes the greenhouse gas effect.
《The crossroads on the fate》
The earth was born some four billion six hundred million years ago, then the atmosphere was helium and hydrogen mainly on the earth, but two of them were blown away with the solar wind and disappeared from the earth.
The solar wind is the grain emitted from the sun. It’s high temperature and ionized.
In the next, the earth’s crust was made and the volcanic activity became active.
【The thing which affects on the fate both on the Earth and the Venus】
《The planet of the Venus》
The atmospheric pressure on the Venus is equal to the water pressure at the bottom of the sea of which depth is some no less than nine hundred meters, so the atmospheric pressure reaches ninety, so the density on the atmosphere in the Venus is some hundredth times as dense as the one in the earth.
The boiling point in the atmospheric of ninety is three hundred degrees, but the temperature near the surface of the ground is much higher than the boiling point, it’s over four hundred degrees.
【The thing which affects on the fate both on the Earth and the Venus】
《The planet of the Venus》
…being from the surface on the earth to fifty or seventy kilometers.
The grain on the cloud is made up with water in the Earth, on the other hand, the one in the Venus is made up with the concentric sulfuric acid 濃硫酸, so the color of the cloud is yellowish, including the grain of sulfur 硫黄, and it is presumed the field of vision is no more than some three kilometers. The component on the air is almost the carbon dioxide.
The atmospheric pressure on the Venus is equal to the water pressure at…
【The thing which affects the fate both on the Earth and the Venus】
《The planet of the Venus》
…so it has been thought the structure inside on the Venus and the material made up with the Venus are almost the same as the Earth.
But when looking at the surface on the Venus well, it is by far different from the Earth.
Let’s suppose that we launched an explorer rocket to the Venus. Then even if trying to observe the Venus from the outside, we won’t be able to see the surface on the ground of the Venus at all, for the surface on the ground of the Venus is covered with thick cloud, being from…
【The thing which affects the fate both on the earth and the Venus】
《The planet of the Venus》
We call the Venus the morning star of the evening star. It turned out that both of the Earth and the Venus were born in the almost same the process.
The Mercury, the Earth, and the Venus are near the sun, and they are different from other planets like Jupiter and the Saturn. They have similar features and the ones like brothers, especially, the size and the mass on the Venus is almost same as the Earth, so it has been thought the structure inside on the Venus and the material made up with Venus…
【The birth on the universe and…】
There are lots of chemical elements from hydrogen to uranium on the earth, for the earth, or the solar system including the earth have been made with the supernova explosion caused by fixed stars which were by far bigger than the sun, and the interstellar gas and the interstellar dust gather and the earth was made. The resource on the gold and uranium are remnant from the supernova explosion.
【The thing which affects the fate both on the earth and the Venus】
《The planet of the Venus》
The Venus is the planet with which we have been familiar from long ago.
【…and synthesis on the chemical element】
《Gold and uranium were made》
Then the chemical elements of uranium and radium were made all together with the large amount of energy and heat.
The atoms included in the fixed star and the large amount of the chemical element which were made at the time of the supernova explosion were scattered into the outer space. The scattered chemical elements became interstellar gas or interstellar dust, and floated around the outer space, and were the material for a new fixed star or a new planet.
There are lots of chemical elements from hydrogen to uranium….
【The birth on the universe and…】
…the helium started the nuclear fusion response this time. In the star which is heavier than the earth, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen also started the nuclear fusion one after another, and even the chemical element of the iron was made.
As the atomic nucleus of the iron is so stable that other bigger chemical elements weren’t made inside the fixed star.
《Gold and uranium were made.》
When was the chemical element which is bigger than iron made?
When a tremendous star ends its life, supernova explosion breakers out. Then the chemical elements of radium and…
【…and the synthesis on the chemical elements】
《Synthesizing from the small chemical elements one after another》
Those of the three chemical elements are more than any other chemical elements in the universe. Others are the small amount in the universe and they were made after those three chemical elements.
Moreover after the fixed star was born, nuclear fusion reaction on the hydrogen occurred inside of the fixed star, changing four atomic nucleus on the hydrogen into the atomic nucleus on the helium.
When the helium was accumulated to some extent, the helium started the nuclear fusion…
【The birth on the earth and…】
《Synthesizing from small chemical elements one after another》
…we can date back to the big explosion and it is said the universe has started some thirteen billion seven hundred million years ago.
After the universe was born, the first chemical elements which was made is hydrogen. After three minutes from the Big Bang, protons and neutrons which were scattered around the universe were connected, and the atomic nucleus on tritiated 三重 hydrogen, deuterium 重水素, and helium were made. It’s the synthesis on the chemical elements by the Big Bang.
Those of the threel…
【…and synthesis on the chemical elements】
Spectrum is analyzing light and waves of signal and changing into each of components and arranging them in the way which we can look easily.
《Synthesizing from a small chemical elements one after another》
Immediately after from the Big Bang, the temperature on the universe became trillions, and the size on the universe expanded to the one on the solar system.
After that the temperature on the universe became ten billion and its size extended to the hundred times as big as the solar system.
As to the history on the universe, we can date back to …
【The birth on the universe and…】
…he expected the temperature on the universe is around minus two hundred seventy degrees, and it has been discovered as the cosmic background radiation, so the theory on the Big Bang is superior to the steady state cosmology by Hoyle at present.
The cosmic background radiation is electromagnetic wave from all the direction in the universe uniformly. The electromagnetic wave is the strongest In the area of microwave on 1 millimeter, and what the temperature was minus 270 degrees has been proved from the spectrum.
Spectrum is analyzing the light and waves…
【…and the synthesis on the chemical elements】
《The universe has started from the Big Bang》
…as a result, the universe is unchanged forever.
As Hoyle couldn’t accept the theory by Gamow and made fun of it and called the theory by Gamow the Big Bang, and the expression was easy to understand, the phrase of the Big Bang has been firmly fixed. The way of saying used to ridicule the theory by Gamow originally.
Gamow thought like the next.
If the universe was born from the fire ball and expands, it becomes cool from the super high temperature in the Big Bang, he expected the temperature on…
【The birth on the universe and…】
《The universe has started from the Big Bang》
He advocated the universe started from a fire ball of which density was high extremely and of which temperature was high extremely.
On the other hand, lots of scientists used to support other beginning on the universe, steady state cosmology by Fred Hoyle who was the astronomer in English in the world of the astronomy then.
Though the theory accepted the one by Hubble in which the universe expands, the galaxy was born one after another, so the density on the universe is maintained after all, so the universe…
【…and the synthesis on the chemical element】
《The start on the universe begins from the Big Bang》
When dating back in the past, if the universe expands at present, it’s thought that the universe was born from the single point which was dense so much extremely. Furthermore, as to the chemical element existing in the universe at present, as there are lots of light chemical element like hydrogen and helium, the temperature on the dense universe highly is super high temperature.
The person who thought like that appeared. It’s George Gamow who was a theoretical physicist. He advocated the …
【The birth on the universe and…】
《The start on the universe has started from the Big Bang》
It was at the beginning in the 21st century. He had a unique career, changing his job from a lawyer to an astronomer. He used a huge astronomical telescope and observed the large groups of stars faraway, it means the galaxy, and found the color on the galaxy was reddish.
The phenomenon is called the Doppler one on the light. The one which goes away from the observer looks reddish, and the one which approaches the observer bluish. It’s made us know the universe inflate. It was in 1929.
If dating…
【The outer space which Galileo watched with the telescope】
…strange to say, Newton was born in the same year when Galileo was dead.
The Copernican theory was thought of by Copernicus and was succeeded to Galileo, Kepler and Newton, and at last it has been accomplished the mechanical proof by the laws of motion, and the universal gravitation, including the inertial laws by Newton.
【The birth on the universe and the synthesis on the chemical element 】
《The start on the universe is the Big Bang》
There was a person called Edwin Hubble at the astronomical observatory in America. It was in …
【The outer space which Galileo watched with the telescope】
《The baton on the Copernican theory》
…but there have been two opinions on his mutter. The one is he didn’t mutter. The opinion was supported so as to liven up the Ptolemaic theory, and the other is he muttered in Greek so as not to showing his thought to others.
Though being in confinement, he wrote a book, and revealed the movement on the earth like the laws on the inertial 慣性 and falling force. When losing sights on both of his eyes in his later life and was dead miserably.
After Galileo was dead, strange to say, Newton was…
【The outer space which Galileo watched with the telescope】
The continuation at No. 499 in the last thread of 11th
…the Venus wouldn’t change its shape like the new moon, and the distance from the earth is fixed, so the size on the Venus must not have changed.
《The baton on the Copernican theory》
Galileo wrote two books and supported the Copernican theory in them, so he was brought to court for religious trial in 1633, and was ordered to give up the Copernican theory as heresy and was confined, but he muttered to himself, the earth still moved.
There has been the episode like that, but ….
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ハグは世界を救う0レス 4HIT 初心者さん (20代 ♀)
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できないからじゃなくて迷惑だからよって指摘5レス 93HIT おしゃべり好きさん
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ずっと友達いないんだけど1レス 72HIT 匿名さん
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私のこと見えるよね…?
ハムスケっていう子が好きです!(^^)! 一緒に移住した子なんで…(相談したいさん0)
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山尾志桜里氏の公認取消しについて
だから、有権者がズレていると言っている。 「みんなが右を向いているか…(寡黙な人さん0)
10レス 128HIT 寡黙な人さん -
できないからじゃなくて迷惑だからよって指摘
ちょっと話が見えないので確認ですが… 会社の先輩から注意された。…(通りすがりさん3)
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深田萌絵を守る会
日本のお米は無農薬で品質の高い品です。 これを諸外国へ売りさばき日本…(職場の小言さん0)
2レス 51HIT 職場の小言さん (♂)
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持病がある方、市販薬を買う時薬剤師に相談しますか？8レス 120HIT OLさん (30代 ♀)
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主は40代ですが
悪いけど…。 それはマウントではなく、主さんが40代にもなって幼…(匿名さん10)
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今の若い世代が羨ましい。人生やり直したい。
>歌手になりたいと曲作ったり劇団に入ったりなんかしてましたが、今…(匿名さん5)
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aikoにそっくりすぎる人の悪口、暴言
https://mikle.jp/viewthread/4146664…(匿名さん1)
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バリウムと胃カメラ
でも呼吸が浅くなるからちゃんと見てくれる医者じゃないと低酸素とかなんと…(社会人さん0)
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好きで好きでどうしょうもないと思っていたのに…
そうなんですね。いいですね😊(恋愛好きさん0)
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フリーだと思ってる彼の家に泊まりに来ようとしてる女子
彼のラインをみてしまいました 過去3回元カノと思われる人から連絡があり終電逃したから泊めてくれと …
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老人にイライラする
高齢者にどうしてもイライラしてしまいます... 仕事柄、高齢者の方とよく関わるのですが、何度説明し…
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付き合ってると言えないでしょうか？
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9レス 162HIT 恋愛好きさん (20代 女性 ) -
もう生きるのが辛い
なんかどうしてもﾀﾋにたいです。 マスク外したくないって何回も言ってるのに中学言ったらマスク買…
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彼氏の過去、結婚しない方がいいのか。
交際1年半、スマホも触ったまま寝落ちする年下彼氏への出来心で、やってしまいました。 ついつい、…
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一部の同僚から嫌われる
仕事もとても頑張っていて、ハキハキと元気でいつも笑顔を心掛けているのに一部の同僚から嫌われていて辛い…
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