レッツ　エンジョイ　イングリッシュ　19th

【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《Avoiding the battle on the candidate individual 》

Several candidates from three to five used to be elected at the single electoral district in the multiple seat constituency before, and the great political party put up several candidates in the single electoral district.

But if they are the candidates from the same political party, each of their policy is the same, so appealing the policy alone can't make difference on its policy between others.

So a candidate put up a campaign pledge like if being elected, it'd build a road, building a bridge...

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《Avoiding the battle on a candidate individual》

...or receiving subsidy, wanting to make difference with other candidates, and the election tends to be pork-barrelling.

As the fight is between the candidate individual, it requires lots of money. If being elected as Diet member, it could have committed a corruption so as to get the fund.

If being in the single seat and constituencies, it's the only one who stands for election, As each of candidates appeals the policy on the political party and the election makes progress, the election doesn't...

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There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《Avoiding the battle on a candidate individual》

...the election doesn't become the pork-barrelling easily

As being the battle between political parties, each of political party pours the fund for itself, it isn't the burden on an individual fund easily.

But the successful candidate is only one in the single seated constituencies, it's advantageous for a big political party and disadvantageous for a small one.

So the election of the proportional representation is done together, making candidates from a small and middle size of the candidate be...

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

...making the candidate from a small and middle size of political party be elected and making the voice from the nation reach the National Assembly.

In short, being the two party system in the single seat constituency, and making the change in government happens easily, and carrying out the proportional representation be elected the political party except for the big political party, it has been thought like that.

《The system on making the one stand for election in the single seat constituencies》

The single seat constituencies is the system...

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《System of making a candidate stand for election in the single seat constituency》

The single seat constituencies is the system of election driven by the political party, but It's an only candidate who is elected, so if an influential person stands for the election from other political party, the possibility of being elected becomes small.

If the possibility of being elected is small, all of them flinch and no one learns to stand for the election.

If a political party can't make any candidate stand for election, supporters on the political party...

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《System of making candidates stand for election in the single seat constituencies》

…supporters learned not to go to a polling place, the number of votes on the name of the political party of supporters decrease in the proportional representation.

So the way that even if lost in the single seat constituencies, there is the possibility of revival as long as fighting enough is introduced so as to avoid the situation of decreasing the number of votes on the political party, and increasing the people who feel like standing for election in the single…

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

…and increasing the people who feel like standing for election in the single seat constituencies. We call the system dual candidacy, and the ration of margin of an electoral candidate in a single constituent district.

《What is the dual candidacy and…》

There is the one who is worried about it may have failed in the single seat constituencies, and making them stand for election in the proportional representation. We call it the dual candidacy.

If making the rank on the candidate of be elected the top, It tends to think even if not do its best….

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《What is the dual candidacy and…》

…it tends to think even if not doing its best in the single seat constituency, it can be elected, it may have slacked off the election campaign, so it is possible that all the ranks of being elected is the same.

For example, let’s suppose three candidates stood for the single seat constituency, A candidate was in first ward from Tokyo, B in second ward, and C in third.

If the A candidate was elected in the first Ward from Tokyo, he disappeared from the rank of the proportionally represented constituency.

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《What is the dual candidacy and…?》

Both of the B and C candidacy failed in the single seat constituency, and they were forced to hope to be elected in the proportional area, but the order of being elected is the same.

By the way, I adopted the word of rank, but I’m sure the order is more appropriate, so I use it.

What should they do? Then the word of the ratio of margin of loss of the electoral area of the single seat constituency appears, what we call 惜敗率. A candidate who suffered a narrow defeat is elected. For example, the B candidate.

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《What is the dual candidacy and…?》

Let’s suppose his rival candidate got two hundred thousand votes, and the B did one hundred eighty thousand.

One hundred eighty thousand which is the number of votes by B divided by two hundred thousand votes which is the one of his rival candidate is 90%, so the B’s ration of margin of loss of the electoral area of the single seat constituency is 90%.

On the other hand, the C candidate. His rival candidate got a hundred thousand of votes, C did ninety and five thousand. When ninety five thousand divided by…

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《What is the dual candidacy and…》

When ninety five thousand divided by a hundred thousand is 95%.

As to the total number of votes, the B candidate is more than the C, but as to the ratio of margin of loss in the electoral area of the single seat constituency, C is better than B, so C is elected over B.

Even if being unable to win in the single seat constituency, if putting up a good fight in the electoral area, it has the possibility of being elected owing to the ration of margin of loss of electoral area of the single seat constituency.

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

The system teases candidates with a reward to get them to do their best.

But when going to the National Assembly, others say it wasn’t elected in the single seat constituency squarely, but it’s just winning the seat in the proportional constituency, as if it was a waitlisted applicant.

《Two vote is done in the House of Council》

Two votes is done in the election of the House of Council. The one is the electoral area for every prefecture, and the other is the proportional representatives which is the whole Japan as a single electoral area.

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《Two votes is done in the House of Council》

The fixed number on the House of Council is two hundred forty two. One hundred and forty six are chosen at the electoral district of each of prefecture, and ninety six are at the proportional area, but as half of the member is reelected, one hundred and twenty one alone are elected in the single election.

As to the electoral area in each of prefecture, the number of being elected is different, according to the electoral district.

On the other hand, In the electoral district of prefecture, when voting…

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《Two votes are done in the House of Council》

…when voting, writing the name of the candidate on the ballot paper, but as to the proportional representation constituency, both of writing the name of the candidate and the name of the political party are all right, for the candidate always belongs to some political party, if being an independent member, it can’t run for the election in the proportional area.

If there is the candidate who an eligible voter wants to elected, it writes the name of the candidate on the ballot paper and the vote is done.

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

Even if there is none of specific candidate who the eligible voter wants to elect, if there is a political party which the eligible voter hope to increase the number of Diet member, it can write the name of the political party on the ballot paper.

《Voting to the candidate is regarded as the vote to the political party》

How is the ballot paper in which the name of the candidate and the political party is mixed counted?

At the vote counting, the ballot paper on which the name of the candidate was written is regarded as the vote to the political…

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《Voting the candidate is regarded as…》

…the ballot paper on which the name of the candidate was written is regarded as the one to the political party to which the candidate belongs, and the number of votes is counted by every political party.

In the next, the number of being elected is decided in the political party, according to the number of counting votes. It’s the way of deciding in the proportional representation constituency,

After the number of being elected of each of political party is decided, lining up the vote which was done at the…

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《Voting the canddiate is regarded as...》

...lining up the vote which was done at the name of the candidate, from the candidate which has more votes than any other member of the politcal party to the other which is the least than any other one. The political party decides the number of candidate who is elected, so the same number who is decided to be elected are chosen from...

To my sorrow, I can't express very well as I expect, but to be cocreted, if the number of being elected three in a political party, counting the vote who ran for the...

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《Voting the candidate is regarded as...》

...counting the vote on the number of the ballot paper on which the name of the canddate was written, running for the election from a political party of A.

Let'suppose that the order on the number of votes of candidates who ran for the eletion from the political party of A was Mr.a, Mr.b, Mr.c, Mr,d and Mr.e.

Then three from the top, Mr.a, Mr, b and Mr.c were elected, so vote counting is two step. As the order of being elected isn't decided, It's called 非拘束 in Japanese. Instead of the political party...

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

...making elegible voters decide the order of being elected.

On the other hand, as to the proportional representation in the House of representatives, the order of being elected has already been decided by the politial party beforehandk so it's called 拘束式 in Japanee.

《From the national constituency to the proportional representaton》

Why does the the proportional representation in the House of council adopt like that??

The House of Council used to be separated into the electoral area from prefectures and national constituenccy until in 1982.

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《From the national constituency to the propotional representation》

The system on the House of Council was revised in 1982.

The national constituency means that the whole Japan is a big electoral district. Eligible voters wrote the name of the candidate on the ballot paper and voted in the national constituency, and succeful candidates were decided from the one who had more number vote than any other ones.

Regardless of the political party, even an independent candidate could run for election then. As being the nationa constituency, the one who...

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《From the national constituency to the proportional representation》

...the one who is well known is advantageous, and a TV personality who was famous on TV was elected at the top, and it was criticized as if it had been the election for the TV persoanlity.

It was the candidate who was recommended from a group which has the organization in the whole Japan is advantageous, following the candidate of TV personality, so candidates who were being financed entirely by the post office,medical association,m and construction industry were elected at the top

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《From the national constituency to the proportional representation》

As a result, even if the one who is rich in knowledge, without being famous nor has anything to do with any industry seems to be hard to be elected, in addition, the candidate must travel around the whole Japan, so enough fund and physical strength are indispensable. No sooner had it been elected than some candidate was dead due to overwork, so it was teased it wasn’t 全国区 but 銭酷区 in Japanese.

It means the electoral district which costs too much and physical strength is necessary…

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

….and cruel.

The national constituency has changed into the proportional representation from its reflection, and voting is done by the name of the political party.

The one who can run for the election is the one alone who is approved officially by the political party. The order of being elected is decided beforehand, and each of political parties have learned to line up the ones who are rich in knowledge at the top of the list of names.

《拘束式名簿から非拘束式名簿へ》

As to the subtitle, I should express in English, but it’s so long that I’m afraid it makes…

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《拘束式名簿から非拘束式名簿へ》

…it make up for the large part of the response, so I express it in Japanese. I find it regrettable. I‘m afraid it’s straying, so I’m going to make it get back to the topic.

But if adopting the way, no sooner the order of the list of names is decided than whether it fail or success becomes clear.

For example, if the political party which some twenty people are elected every time is, being able to reach 15th out of twenty, it is projected to be elected.

When the election started actually, its supporting organization doesn’t feel…

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《非拘束式名簿から拘束式名簿へ》

…its supporting organization doesn’t feel like doing anything on the election campaign.

On the other hand, the one who is at the low rank on the list of name is the same. If being in the 25th, it is certain absolutely it fails in the election, and gives up doing the election campaign.

The ones who try their best to the election campaign are the ones on the border whether succeeds or fails and their supporting organization alone. In this situation, the political party is in trouble, and thought of system making the candidate and…

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《拘束式名簿から非拘束式名簿へ》

…and thought of system making the candidate and its supporting organization do the election campaign enough and the present way has been carried out since 2001.

The more the vote of number each of candidates get, the more there is much possibility of being elected, so both of the candidate and supporting organization do the election campaign desperately, and the number of vote on the political party would rise, the political party has thought like that.

But after introducing the way, lots of candidate of TV personality learned...

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

….lots of candidates of TV personality have learned to run for election. If the candidate of TV personality gets the large amount of votes, it is regarded as the one which the candidate belongs to the political party, and the one who is elected belongs to the political party increases significantly. Some people have criticized it, but a perfect election system doesn’t exist, so it’s troublesome.

《The House of Representative changes into the election of choosing political power》

As the single seat constituency is introduced into the election on …

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《The House of Representatives has changed into the election choosing the political power》

As the single seat constituency has been introduced into the election of the House of Representatives, two main political parties of the Liberal Democratic Party versus the Democratic Party of Japan has been formed.

On the other hand, the Communist Party of Japan and the Social Democratic Party decrease their seats significantly, for eligible voters who have voted to the Communist Party and the Social Democratic Party thought like the next.

Even if voting …

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《The House of Representatives has changed into the election of choosing the political power》

Even if voting for the candidates on the Communist Party or the Social Democratic Party, both of them wouldn’t be elected in the single seat constituency, so I’m going to vote for the Democratic Party as the second best way so as not to prevent the candidate on the Liberal Democratic Party from being elected.

Eligible voters who took into action like that appear.

If the Liberal Democratic Party occupies majority in the election of the House of…

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《The House of Representatives has changed into election of choosing political power》

If the Liberal Democratic Party occupies the majority on the election of the House of Representatives, the top of the Liberal Democratic Party becomes the Prime Minister in Japan.

If the Democratic Party occupies the majority, the top of the Democratic Party becomes the Prime Minister.

The Prime Minister depends on which of two political party wins.

It is said the nation can’t choose the Prime Minister in Japan, but voting for the Democratic Party or doing for…

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【There two kinds of election in Japan】

… or doing for the Liberal Democratic Party means choosing the Prime Minister actually, in short, the election of the House of Representatives is the election of choosing the Prime Minister.

《A campaign pledge and manifesto is different》

The manifesto is the information for making a decision in the election of choosing the political power.

A candidate said the wonderful campaign pledge at the election, but after the election was over, it pretended to know nothing about it, and it continued for a long time, so the campaign pledge on the election has…

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《A campaign pledge is different from the manifesto》

…so the campaign pledge on election has ended up being the synonym of being unable to count on.

It shouldn’t have been done!

So manifesto has learned to be used. The manifesto is translated into the political statement, 政権公約 in Japanese. It originally means a declaration, or statement in Italian.

The campaign pledge used to be a mere statement of of the contentment of being lacking in concretely like achieving something, so after that we found it hard to verify whether or not it was achieved.

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《A campaign pledge is different from the manifesto》

On the other hand, the manifesto is like the next.

”We are going to achieve something as of ◯◯ year, so it cost ◯◯yen,〝 and its source of revenue is expressed concretely, and the part of ◯◯ is showed with concrete numeral value, so the goal is shown clearly.

As the numeral value is shown concretely, we can verify easily how much it was achieved after the election, so both of the candidate and the political party are forced to be serious.

The Labor Party in England showed the concrete numeral…

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

The Labor Party announced the manifesto shown by the numeral value concretely at the election in 1997, and won the election and came to power, so learns to be paid attention.After that it announced how much it could achieve the manifesto and its progress as well.

So it means that it’s all right as long as the election is over.

《Let’s judge it with the manifesto》

As looking at the Labor Party in England, there has been the movement of making the manifesto and delivering to the eligible voters in Japan, but as there was suspicion being against the …

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《Let’s judge it with manifesto》

…but as there has been a suspicion being against the Public Officers Election Act, it was stopped for a while, and the Public Officers Election Act was revised at 2003, and delivery on the manifesto has been possible.

We need pay attention to from now on whether or not political parties make the manifesto enough, and its content is all right.

Though saying it’s the manifesto, if its content is too abstract, both of the candidate and the political party could have pretended not to know after the election was over.

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

We have to watch whether or not the numeral value and as of the year are shown enough so as to verify after the election.

At the same time, even if the election was over, we should keep the manifesto, and at the next election, we have to take out it and to verify whether or not how much the previous manifesto was achieved enough.

As the Democratic Party in Japan emphasized the word of the manifesto so much that the Liberal Democratic Party has learned not to use the word, but the way of thinking is the same.

【Diet members have been treated …】

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【Diet members have been received the special treatment】

Diet members have been received various special treatment, for we want them to carry out enough politics as our representatives, but carrying out too much isn't good, so we have to watch it.

《Our tax is used for political parties as well》

It costs lots of money for political activities, so there is the system of helping it with the money of the tax by the nation. It's public funding for political parties.

The money of 250yen a single nation is used for political parties a year. Its total amount is thirty two billion in 2015.

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【Diet members have been received special treatment】

《Our tax is used for political parties as well》

The money of 250 multiplied by the population in Japan is paid for political parties as public funding for each of political parties.

It has been from the judgement if leaving the situation that it costs lots of money in politics alone, monetary scandal by Diet members won't disappear.

Why does it cost so much for political activities?

For example, Diet members want to inform their supporters how they take into action. Let's suppose making date on the report of the National Assembly, and .

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【Diet members have been received special treatment】

《Our tax is used for political parties》

and mailed it to eligible voters in the electoral district. It costs millions of money once printing, and if mailing to a hundred thousand of eligible voters, it costs no less than eight hundred thousand yen.

By the way, the book was written in 2008, so the price on the stamp may have risen.

If issuing it several times a year, the large amount of money will disappear.

It is said if being engaged in the political activities seriously, it costs a hundred million yen a year, so the salary on the...

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【Diet members have been received special treatment】

...so the salary on the Diet member isn't enough, and they tend to rely on the political contribution. Some of people or companies which contribute politically are intended to receive rewarding because they contribute. If accepting the request and putting a word in the government office, it's a corruption.

《Subsidy of a cup of coffee》

So without relying on the subsidy as less and less, we've learned to subsidize with the tax of the nation so as to carry out the political activity.

The ground on 250yen a single nation is the price on a ...

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【Diet members have been received special treatment】

《Subsiding a cup of coffee》

The ground on 250yen a single nation was the price on the cup of coffee in 1994 when the law on subsiding the political party was formed, the price on the cup of coffee was used as a guide.

Why was it the price on the cup of coffee?

Needless to say some people may have thought like that. It seemed to be the idea of putting up with the cup of coffee and using its money for purifying the politics.

Half amount on the public funding for political parties are distributed to the Diet members on the political party.

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【Diet members have been received special treatment】

《Subsiding a cup of coffee》

The distribution is done according to the number of each of political parties.

The rest of half is done according to the latest percentage of voting on the national election.

If losing in election, and both of the number of Diet members and the percentage of voting drop, the public funding for political parties is decreased, this is adding insult to injury.

The definition on the political party which can receive the public funding for political party is the next ones.

There are Diet members who are more...

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【Diet members have been received special treatment】

《Subsiding with the amount of a cup of coffee》

The percentage of voting is more than 2% in the latest national election. Either of condition is satisfied, the political party can receive the subsidy, so some of the Diet members who don't belong to any political party formed a political party together and try to receive the public funding for political party.

As to the public funding for political parties, the Communist Party in Japan refuses to receive, for it's thought if the political activity is managed by tax, it will be the ...

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【Diet members have been received special treatment】

...it will end up being the national political party. As to the money which the Communist Party in Japan refuses, it is delivered to the rest of the political parties.

《The annual income on the Diet member is nineteen million yen》

The salary which is paid for the Diet member is called annual expense. It is paid one million two hundred nineteen thousand yen a month.

A terminal allowance which is equal to a bonus is paid twice a year. Its addition is six million three hundred fifty thousand yen, so the Diet member can received twenty....

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【Diet members have been received special treatment】

《The annual income on the Diet member is some nineteen million yen》

...though two million seven hundred yen decreased for two years twice from 2021 so as to deal with the revival on the Great East Japan earthquake.

But there is more allowance to the Diet members. A million yen is paid every month as transport expense, or as the cost of document is done. Its twelve million yen a year in total and tax isn't laid on them, so the Diet member can receive the whole of money.

Instead of the Diet member itself, the political party to which...

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【Diet members have received special treatment】

Instead of the Diet member itself, the political party to which the Diet member belongs can accept the legislative research expense every month, It's sixty hundred fifty thousand yen a year.

It means that as it costs so much so as to make a bill and to research as the political party, so its expense is paid.

Moreover the salary of three of government paid secretaries is paid to the statesman, but as to the Diet member who doesn't have the policy secretary, two of the government paid secretary is paid.

The policy secretary is a veteran one....

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【Diet members have been received special treatment】

The policy secretary is the veteran one who could pass the exam on the policy, but the Diet member doesn't always have to employ it.

Roughly speaking, sixty million yen is paid from the tax until then.

《The payment except for the salary》

Except for those things, it costs the large amount of money so as to maintain and to manage Diet Member's Building and the Diet Member's residence. No less than a hundred million yen is used for a single Diet member.

Our tax is used for the place where we don't know. There is no charge bus connecting...

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【Diet members have been received special treatment】

《The payment except for the salary》

There is a no charge bus only for Diet Member connecting National Assembly and the Diet Member's Residence.

Two hundred of black private cars are prepared for both of the House of Representatives and of Councils in total.

Either an one day ticket for Green Car of the bullet train in which the Diet member can ride as it likes or air tickets of round trip four. times a month is delivered so as that the Diet Member can go and come between Tokyo and the local place.

Even if the bullet train doesn't run...

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【Diet members have been received special treatment】

《The payment except for the salary》

　...the Diet member can return to its local place by airplane every week.

There is still privilege for the Diet members.

The public expense is offered for overseas inspection by Diet members, so it doesn't impose any burden on the Diet Members until two million yen and being able to use the first class as to airplane.

There is still more privileges to the Diet members. It's a legislative pension.

After served the Diet member more than ten years, and retreating from the Diet Member, it can receive..

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【Diet members have been received special treatment】

《The pay7ment except for salary》

...it can receive four million two hundred twenty thousand yen a year as legislator's pension. There used to be the system like that in the past, but there was voice that while ordinary nation couldn't get such a lot of money as pension, the Diet members could get too much, and it has been abolished in 2006.

But as to the Diet members who have already received the pension, decreasing by 10%, the ones who were qualified of being received the pension then decreasing by 15%.

In short, both of them can receive

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