レッツ　エンジョイ　イングリッシュ　19th

【Election decides the form on the nation】

《Presidential government and Parliamentary system of government》

Which is better, the Presidential government and the Parliamentary system of government?

As to the Presidential government, the President and the member of assembly are chosen in other elections. If giving all the power to the President, the President could result in a dictator, so choosing the member of the assembly as one more representatives so as to prevent an autocrat from turnning up.

As a result, the President and the majority on the assembly are the other political parties.

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【Election decides the form on the nation】

《Presidential government and Parliamentary system of government》

So the assembly is opposed to the policy of the President and the politics sometimes stops.

The Republican Party which was the majority in the assembly was against the policy of the Obama President who belonged to the Democratic Party, and objected to the budget bill including the political plan by the President,so the budget didn't form, and the function on the government of American Federation stopped for a while.

As the President and the member of assembly are chosen separately...

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【Election decides the form on the nation】

《Presidential goverrnment and Parliamentary system of government》

...the opposition is caused easily.

On the other hand, in the Parliamentary system of government, the Prime Minister is chosen in the assembly. It means that the top of the political party of majority is chosen to the Prime Minister.

When the Prime Minister stars a plan for something, the majority on the assembly agrees with it, and the budget bill passes easily. As a result, the politics goes smoothly.

Though the nation can choose the President direct, there is the possibility...

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【Election decides the form on the nation】

《Presidential government and Parliamentary system of government》

...there is the possibility that the politics is confused.

On the other hand, the nation can't choose the Prime Minister direct, but the politics goes well. Each of two has its merits and demerits.

A nation which has old history and there is a king or a queen adopts the Parliamentary system of government, and other one which executing the king with revolution or Americ which founded the new nation on the new environment adopt the Presidential government.

Though some people may...

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【Election decides the form on the nation】

Some people may have thought the politics on America adoping the Presidential government goes well, but the politics on Japan adopting the Parliamentary system of government doesn't.

To tell the truth, the politics in Aeerica is always confused. It's just that it isn't reported in Japan, the author said like that.

《Why are we the Japanese cool?》

While when choosing the President in America, the Americans are zealous, when choosing the Prime Minister in Japan, we the Japanese are cool. We can understand its reason. The Prime Minister in Japan...

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【Election decides the form on the nation】

When choosing the Prime Minister in Japan,it is done in the National Assembly. Aw we can't choose direct, we end up feeling it's another person's affair, in particular, the member of the Liberal Democratic party used to make up for the majority in the National Assembly, the president of the Liberal Democratic Party frequently became the Prime Minister.

The election on the president in the Democratic Party was the process of choosing the Prime Minister in Japan, so except for the member of the Liberal Democratic Party, all of us were a wet blanket.

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【Election decides the form on the nation】

《How about the direct election of the Prime Minister by popular vote?》

There has been other opinion, how about choosing the Prime Minister in the election by the nation direct?

Mr. Nakasone and Mr.Koizumi used to insist on it, but once being the Prime Minister, both of them learned to say nothing about it

As the nation can choose the top of the nation direct, so lots of the people learn to be interested in politics, so some people agree with it.

On the other hand, the political party which the Prime Minister belongs to and the majority on the...

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【Election decideds the form on the nation】

《How about the direct election of the Prime Minister of popular vote?》

...the political party which the Prime Minister belongs to and the majority of the political party on the member in the National Assembly is different, and the Prime Minister and the National Assembly are opposed and the politics may have stopped, some people are worried about it.

Israel in the Middle East carried out the direct election on the Prime Minister of popular vote, and the politcal party which was against the Prime Minister became the majority in the National Assembly

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【Election decides the form on nation】

But the bill which the Prime Minister proposed didn't pass through the national assembly easily, and the whole nation was confused, so the direct election of the Pimre Minister of popular vote didn't go well, and it was given up in Israel.

As to Japan, if adopting it, the Prime Minister becomes the position of the head of state which is the one like the President, so the Emperor isn't the head of state, so some people are opposed to it.

《Election to choose which party by the nation》

But as the aspect has changed lately and we the nation have learned...

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【Election decides the form on nation】

《Election to choose which party by the nation》

...and we the nation have learned to choose the Prime Minister gradually, for the House of representatives become the single seat constituency and two party system.

The Democratic Party of Japan became the majority in the election of the House of Representatives in 2009, and Yukio Hatoyama who was the top of it became the Prime Minister then.

But the Liberal Democratic Party was the majority in the election of 2012 and the president of Shinzo Abe became the Prime Minister then, and the Liberal...

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【Election decides the form on nation】

《Election to choose party by the nation》

...and the Liberal Democratic Party was the majority in the election of 2014 again and the Abe Cabinet continued.

In short, the election of the House of Representatives has been the direct one of the Prime Minister by popular vote, so the top of the political party which we the nation choose is the Prime Minister actually.

Therefore even if the nation isn't enthusiastic about the process of choosing the President in the National Assembly, at the time of the election of the House of Representatives, we the...

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【Election decides the form on nation】

...we the nation could have got excited more than before.

《The desparity in the vote value makes the voice of the local area big》

The desparity in the vote value among the eligible voters decides the form on the nation, for the bigger it is, the more powerful the voice in the local area is than the one in the urban area.

The desparity in the vote value is there is difference on the number of the eligible voters which is dispensable for making a single member of the National assembly be elected.

For example, the election of House of Council in 2013...

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【Election decides the form on the nation】

《The desparity on the vote value makes the voice of local area big》

...the electoral district of Hokkaido prefecture elected a single member of the National Assembly with the million hundred fifty thousand of eligibel voters.

On the other hand, Tottori prefecture did with two hundred forty thousand of eligible voters. The difference between two of prefectures is 4.77 times.

Even if the number of the eligibel voters aren't many in the local area, its area is so big that it can elect the member of the National Assembly with the small number of...

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【Election decides the form on nation】

《The desparity on the vate value makes the voice of local area big》

...that it can elect the member of National Assembly with the small number of eligible voters,, but the area of city doesn't like that, as a result, the voice of eligible voters in the local area has tendency to reach the National Assembly easily, and the politics which turning their attention to the local area is done easily.

There has been the criticsm that the Liberal Democratic Party paid attention to the politics in the local area, and neglected in the city area. It is possible...

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【Election decides the form on nation】

《The desparity on the vote value makes the voice in the local area big》

It is possible to say the existence on the desparity on the vote value has caused the situation.

As there was severe criticsm on the situation, the Supreme Court judged the election on the House of Council in 2013 was the violation of the constitution. As a result, the National Assembly combined Shimmane and Tottori prefecture and turned them into a single electoral district.We call it an integration of constituency.

Moreover Tokushima and Kochi prefecture changed into a single...

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【Election decides the form on nation】

Moreover Tokushima and Kochi prefecture turned into a single electral distict. The fixed number on the both of integration of consituency is two. Decreasing the fixed number in Miyagi and Niigata prefecture, on the other hand, increasing two in Tokyo and Hokkaido, as a result, it's what is called　10増１０減, and the biggest desparity reduced to 2.97, being based on the population of the national census, but there is criticism it's not enough.

《Can we buy the politics with the money?》

The money is indispensable for political activity and electiona campaign.

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【Election decides the form on nation】

《Can we buy politics with the money？》

ＭＡＫＩＮＧ the poster for election and spreading around all over the electoral district, holding an individual politcal speech, making the eligible voters know how the candidate act as statesman, It requires money eacg if them.

Some statesmen give in to the temptation. If someone visits with the wad of cahs and saying, if you work for my company, I won't do anything that would be disadvantageous fro you, some statesmen may have received the money.

If being elected the member of National Aseembly, it makes law which is

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【Election decides the form on nation】

《Can we buy politics with the money?》

...it makes a law which is advantageous for the company or asks a question in the National Assembly which is advantageous in the comapny.

It means buying the politics with the money, so there is a law which regulates so as to prevent it from occuring, but00000 a corruption case happened in Japan. An incomprehensible flow over the election,

Whne asking the statesmen, the money is the common sense is in some nation may not have been in Japan but around the world.

Then making the money move the politics. Election...

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【Election decides the form on nation】

Election decides the form on the nation, but the money ends up making the form on the nation decides then.

Sp there has been the law of Political Funds Control Fucts. It's not regulating the politcal funds but controling so as to use correctly.

《The party over the political funds becomes many》

None of company or group can donate funds to statesman individual due to the law. The donation from an individual is limited a million and a half for a single statesman a year.

If some comapny donates a large amount offunds to the statesman, the statesman...

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【Election decides the form on nation】

《The party over political funds becomes so many》

...the statesman filled with gratitude and tends to think of doing something benefitial on the company, so we think so as to avoid it by the law, thinking of collecting the political funds widely thinnly from lots of people.

But the funds can't gather easily, so statesmen often hold the party over the politcal funds. In the name of encouraging of somee statesman, it is held at the banquet hall in a famous hotel. The price on the membership ticket on the party is twenty thousand yen usually.

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【Election decides the form on nation】

《Party over the politica funds becomes so many》

After buying the membership ticket on the party and being late for the party a little, mothing to eat was left. It causes frequently, for its aim is collecting the politcal funds.

If maiking the membership ticket on the party two thousand of people buy with the price of twenty thousand yen, its income is twenty million yen.

If reducing the quality and quantity on the meal of the party to five million yen, fifteen million yen is the politcal fund for the statesman.

So, if being late for the party a...

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【Election decides the form on nation】

So if being late for the party a little, nothing to eat left. If making a law on the politcal fund, the party increases, there has been the relationship.

《As requiring lots of money, second generation Diet Member increases》

Both of the former Prime Minister Abe and Fukuda are the second generation Diet member, the former Prime Minister Koizumi is the third generation, and his son is the fourth generation.

The second generation Doet Member is its parent was also the Diet member. There has been lots of second generation Diet member in the political world

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【Election decides the form on nation】

《As requiring lots of money, second generation of Diet member increases》

Some people grieve over as if the job on statesman were hereditary. Requiring money is one of reason why the second generation of Diet member increases.

Election requirs lots of money, for example, if a salaryman or a secretary stand for election, making their names known to ohter people is hard.

On the other hand, if its parent is the Diet memberm, all the people in the electoral district know its family name. If the son or daughter of the Diet member stand for election, lots...

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【Election decides the form on election】

《As requiring lots of money, second generation of Diet member increases》

...lots of people know their names from the beginning,so it's advantageous. In addition, there has been the supports' group their parents founded, and the people belong to the supports' group work for the second generation without salary, so without any funds, the second generation can do the election campaing, so they are by far advantageous than the others who have nothing to with statesman stand for election.

Thus the seond generation of Diet member has increased, but...

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【Election decides the form on nation】

...but it doesn't alwyas mean that the second generation of Diet member is bad, for they don't have to struggle for election campaing nor gathering politcal funds, instead of them, they have lots of time to study politics.

On the other hand, as they become the statesmaen without having any hard time, they are feeble. Some people criticize like that.

【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

There are two ways of choosing the Diet member in Japann, House of representatives, and the House of Council, and the way of election is different between two.

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

They are different so as to reflect various opinions from the nation.

《Japan has adopted the bicameral legislative system》

As to the National Assembly in Japan, there is the House of representatives, and the House of Council. We call it the bicameral legislative system.

There is a photograph on the House of Parliament looking from the front on the book. The building on the left side is the House of Representatives, and the right is the House of Council.

America also adopts the bicamerial legislative system, the Upper House and the lower House.

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【Thgere are two kinds of election in Japan】

《Japan has adopted the bicameral legislative system》

On the other hand, a nation which adopts the unicameral lesiglative system of having the single National Assembly like South Korea.

After the World War Ⅱ, when America showed the draft on the new constitution in Japan, it was the unicameral legislative system, but Japan insisted that Japan should adopt the bicameral legislative system, for they check each other and they become better, so the bicameral legislative system was adopted. There has been the history like that.

Japan used to adopt...

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《Japan has adopted the bicameral legislative system》

Japan used to be other bicameral legislative system like the House of Representatives and the House of Peers before the war, but the peerage system was abolished after the war and being the society of democracy, so the House of Peers was changed into the House of Council.

The National Assembly which the constitution in Japan assumes is the relation that the House of Representatives is main and the House of Council is sub.

《House of Representatives participates in the National Assembly》

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《House of representatives participates in the National Assembly》

The relation shows each of names.

House of representatives is the place where the representatives from ordinary people discuss, on the other hand, House of Council is the place where participating in the discussion by the House of Representatives.

As to the House of Representatives, the relation shows its name in English, but as to the House of Council in English, I'm not sure of it.

When talking something whose center was the House of Representatives, the House of Council joins in.

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《House of Council participates in》

As to the House of Council, the post of advisor for the House of Representatives is given, and the age of standing for the House of Council is higher than the age of the House of Representatives.

As to the age of standing for the election, the House of Representatives is 25, but the House of Council is 30, so the House of Council is more mature than the House of Representatives, so the House of Council is sometimes referred as the House of Common Sense.

Needless to say, it doesn't always mean that the House.,.

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

...it doesn't always mean that the House of Representatives don't have the common sense, though some of them may not have.

As there are lots of people accumulating experience in the House of Council, so they can check the judgement by the House of Representative. The way of thinking is like that.

《The term of office is also different》

Moreover the term of office is different on the two of them. The House of Representatives is four years, and there is a dissolution in it. The dissolution means not being the member of the House of Representatives.

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【There are two kinds of elction in Japan】

The House of Representatives often dissolved before the expiration of the term of office is over and a general election is done.

On the other hand, the House of Council's term of office is six years, and it has no dissolution.

Without being worried about there may have been the dissolution, they can tackle the problem on the politics slowly and carefully.

Though its term of office is six years, half of them is elected every three years. Without being replaced all of them, continuity is made much of.

《If the opinion is divided, what should...》 i

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【There are two kinds of elction in Japan】

《If an opinion is divided, what should they do？》

But　as　adopting　the　bicameral　system,　when　the　opinion　is　different　between　the　House　of　Representatives and the House of Council, they are in trouble. There is a fear like that.

Then a talk between delegates from both of the House of Representatives and of the House of Council is done, and the committee of both of Houses is held and the talk is done there and is decided, but it wouldn't decide easily.

If not being decided, and when being approved by more than two thirds of the members who were....

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《If opinion divides, what should they do？》

...and when being approved by more than two thirds of the members who are present at the counci and the vote is passed the bill is formed.

Without reaching to two thirds, the bill is discarded.

The House of Representatives has stronger power, so it can approve with more than two thirds.

As to an ordinary bill, it's all right even if it starts to discuss from either of the House of Representatives or the House of Council, but as to the budget bill, it is decided starting from the House of Representatives.

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《If opininon divides, what should they do？》

We call it the right to prior to deliberation on the House of Representatives, besides, as to the resolution, ratifying a pact, and choosing the Prime Minister,if beinng approved in the House of Representatives, even if it's refused in the House of Council, the judgement in the House of Representatives is prioritized.We call it's the sueriority in the House of Presidency.

If the opinion on the budget is different between the House of Representatives and isn't formed, it is a serious problem.

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

So as giving the stronger power to the House of Representatives and the device is done so as to avoid the confusion.

A treaty is the same, and the treaty is a promise whihc is done between Japan and other nation, and if the promise isn't deccided easily owing to the oppoisition in Jpan, it is a serious problem, so the House of Representatives is priotized so as to avoid the confusion.

《Why　is　the　House　of　Representatives　priotized？》

Ｗｈｙ is the House of Representatives priotized？ Because it has the disbabd. Its seldom force. Its mineral

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《Why is the House of Representatives priotized?》

I'm sorry to make a mistake at the last of response of the last part. What is the seldom force? It's meaningless.

The term of office on the House of Representatives is four years. It's shorter than the House of Council, and no one knows when it's disbanded and the genearl electioin is done.

The general election on the House of Representatives is done more than the one on the House of Council, so there is high possibility it reflects the most recent public opinion on the nationj.

Though both of..

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《Why is the House of Representative priotized?》

Though bpth of them are the representatives from the nation, it means making much of the latest opinion from the nation as much as possible.

As the House of Representative is priotized more than the House of Counncil, the theory that the House of Council was unnecessary used to be developed in the past, for the majority on the both of them used to be the members of the Liberal Democratic party. and the conclusion from both of them was always the same.

But the conclusion was different so often from...

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《Why is the House of Representative periodized？》

But both of the conclusion is so often different from July in 2007.

There are lots of members in the ruling party in the House of Representative, on the other hand, there are plenty of members in the opposition party in the House of Council, and we call the situation the divided Diet.

The situation has made the value on the existence of the House of Council rise.

After that, the ruling party increased in the House of Council and the situation of divided was cancelled.

By the way, the ruling...

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

...the ruling party is expressed with 与党 in Japanese, and the word of 与 is a friend, and the one of the side of the Cabinet is the ruling party.

On the other hand, the opposition party is 野党, and the 野 means a field, and the opposition party means the one who can't come in the house of the Cabinet and is in the field, it's the political party which basically doesn't approve of the policy on the Cabinet.

《Election system is changed on purpose》

The House of Representative and the House of Council have the relation of checking each other, so if...

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《Election system is changed on purpose》

...so if both of them are the same election system, same kind of people alone will be elected, and the function of checking doesn't work on enough, so the election system is different between the House of Representative and the House of Council intentionally, so there are different majority political party in the House of Representative and the House of Council of the divided diet is natural.

The House of Representative is the combination of single-seat constituencies and proportional representation, and...

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

...and the House of council is the proportional representation system of the combination of the election of the unit of prefecture and the one in the whole nation.

《What is the combination of the single seat constituencies and proportional representation?》

It means the election of single seat constituency and the proportional representation is done at the same time.

The fixed number on the House of Representative is four hundred fifty five, and two hundred and ninety five is done in the single seat and one hundred and eighty is in the....

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《What is the combination the single seat constituencies and proposal representation？》

...and one hundred and ninety is in the proposal representation.

The proposal representation is divided into eleven blocks in the whole nation, and the diet member is elected from each block, and its minimum number is six from Shikoku to the maximum one is twenty nine in Kinki.

When voting, writing the full name on the candidate itself on the ballot paper in the single seat constituencies, but doing the name of the political party in the proposal representation.

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《What is the combination of the single seat constituency and proposal representation? 》

A single eligible voter can vote two times then, to the single seat constituencies and the proposal representation.

The single seat constituencies is dividing the whole nation into two hundred and ninety five electoral districts, and only one who is the number one on the number of votes is elected from each of electoral district.

For example, at twenty three wards in Tokyo prefecture, some wards are combined and changed into the single electoral district,and...

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《What is the combination of the single seat constituencies and the proposal representation? 》

...and the single electoral ward is divided into two like Setagaya or Nerima ward.

On the other hand, as to the proposal representation, the whole nation is divided into eleven blocks and writing the name on the political party on the voting paper and the voting is done each of electoral district.

Each of political party puts the order of being elected on the name of candidates and is brought to the central election board beforehand.

For example...

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《What is the combination of the single seated constituencies and proposal representation?》

For example, let's suppose there were a block on the proposal representation on the fixed number was nine, and three of political parties, A,B, and C put up the candidates there. Then A gained the one million and twenty thousand votes, B ninety thousand, and C sixty thousand.

Elected seat of each of political party is decided, according to be the proportional to the number of votes, A is four elected seats, B is three and C is two.

The number of votes...

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【There are two kinds of election in Japafnf】

The number of votes divided by the number of 1,2,3,4...and the number of elected seat is done from the order of more number. If the political party of A puts up five candidates, it means four candidates from the top are elected.

To my sorrow, I can't understand the combination of the single seat and constituencies and proposal representation very good.

《The election driven by the political party is the goal》

Why has been the way adopted?

The electoral system used to be the multipole seat constituency on the House of Representatives before.

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《The election driven by the political party is the goal》

But changed it into the single seat constituencies, for thought of the system changing into the election driven by the political party and change of government happens easily.

As to the single seat constituencies, a single candidate alone can be elected in an electoral district. If there are many political parties and they put up candidate each other, they wouldn't beat a great political party.

So other political parties got together and tried to make other great political party, and...

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

《The election driven by the political party is the goal》

If being the two party system, the government of change happens easily.

Even if a slight difference, the one who won is elected in the single seat constituency.

If the ruling party which takes power fails in the political way or in the handling economy, the part of eligible voters change the political party which they vote, the ruling party until then would decrease the vote each place and fail in the election. If an o which takes power fails in the political way or in the handling economy,

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【There are two kinds of election in Japan】

If the part of eligible voters changed their attitude, a great change on the result of election happens easily in the single seat constituency. Thus the government of change happens easily, the political party which takes power can't relieved, so there is a tension in the politics.

《Avoiding the fight on candidate individual》

Changing into the single seat constituency and changing into the battle driven by the political party, if adopting the next example, it is easy to understand.

Several candidates from three to five used to be elected in the..

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