レッツ　エンジョイ　イングリッシュ　19th

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《The way of winning election easily》

Its way was so open and the shape on the electoral region became very strange, as if it had been a salamander which was a creature in legend,adding the name of Gerry which is the name of the governor, and was called Gerimander.

After that, setting up the electoral district for its convenience is called Gerimander.

《Hatomander in Japan》

The Hatoyama Cabinet tried to introduce the single seat constituency system in the election on the House of Representative and submitted a .reformed bill..

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《Hatomander in Japan》

The reform bill was on the Public Office Election Law and it was submitted in the National Assembly in 1956, and there was the electoral district which was divided selfishly for the Hatoyama Cabinet, so the opposition party repelled against it, saying the gerrymander in Japan and adopting the name of Hatoyama and calling it Hatobander.

When being criticized like that, the refrom bill couldn't form. When trying to criticize someone, if using a wonderful way of saying everyone is forced to impress, it'll be...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

...it'll be successsful. If saying the Hatoyama Cabinet wasn't good, it's not effective very much, but the way of saying that the Hatoyama Cabinet tried to carry out the Hatomander was effective.

As to the division on the electoral region in Japan at present, the council in which none of statesmen can interfere with it decides objectively.

《Without being secret on voting...》

When voting, who eligible voters voted? We need to prevent anyone from knowing it.We call it the secret ballot. If adopting the system that the result on...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《Without being secret on voting...》

If adopting the system that everyone knows the result on the voting, it is caused a result which is convenient for the man of power.

For example when the President Hussein who was the dictator controlled Iraq before America attacked Iraq, the one who run in for the Presidential election in Irqq was Hussein alone, for other were afraid to run in for the Presidential election, they were afraid of HUssein, so the Presidential election in Iraq was the vote of confidence, whether or not they...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《Without being secret on voting...》

...whether or not they place confident in Hussein. Eligible voters accepted voting papers and described whether or not they support the President and voted, but there was a number on each of voting paper, so whether or not the eligible voters supported the President was known if looking at the voting paper. As a result all of them were for the President Hussein, so Hussein was elected as the President by all of supporters.

TV in Iraq said like that then.

The President in America isn't...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《Without keeping secret on voting...》

The President in America isn't always supported by nations perfectly, but the one in Iraq is supported by the nation by 100%. The President who is supported by the nation perfectly is elected is the true democracy.

But when America attacked Iraq and the Hussein Governmen collapsed almost none of nation were sad at it. It doesn't always mean that Hussein was supported by the nation. the number on the voting paper caused 100% of support on Hussein.

In 1964 immediate before the nation of...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《Without keeping secret on voting》

In 1964 immediate before the nation of North Korea was formed, the election choosing the people's commissar which is equivalent to the member on the National Assembly was done. The one who could run in for the election each of the electoral region was only one who was appointed from the Labor Party in North Korea.

It's just admitted that nations voted whether or not they supported the candidate. There were none of number on voting papers. It was different from Iraq, instead of it, the voting...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

...the voting box was divided into two, the white one and the black one. The one who supported the candidate voted in white box and the one who didn't support the black box, and they had to vote in front of people who watched them.

As a result, the Peoeple's commissaries were elected with overwhelmingly supported in each of electoral district. it is possible to insist that the representative from the nation was chosen in the election.

《Voting to single one or to several candidates?》

In general, voting to a single one is usual...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everythijng with the resuot of election】

《Voting to a single candidate or doing to several ones?》

In general, voting to a single candidate is usual in an election, but there is the way of voting to several ones.

For exampple in an electoral district of which fixed number was five, the eligible voters can vote for a few candidates or four candidates. We call it limited voting.

As a single voter votes to a single candidate usually, so it's very unique, but it's possible as principle. If adopting it, what kind of result is causedJ? An eleigible voter would vote to...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《Voting to a single candidate or doing to several ones?》

An eligible voter would vote to the one who is worth of trust than any other four in the first place, but after that it can vote more. What happens then?

There is possibility that various people are elected.

For examplke, though the eligible voter doesn't always like the political party the candidate belongs to, it likes the candidate itself, so it may have voted.

So there is the possibility that the one who is loved by everybody as person is elected, or the one who...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《Voting to a single candidate or doing several ones?》

...or the one who appeals a solution to a specific problem and runs in for the election may have had the high possibility of being elected.

For example, let's suppose under the system of election of being able to vote only one candidate,a victim on pharmaceutical injury appealed the eradication on the pharmaceutical injury and ran for in the election.

If lots of the people in the electoral region think though the problem on the pharmaceutical injury is serious, we'll...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《Voting to a single candidate or doing to several ones?》

...we'll choose the one who seems to tackle a problem in the place where we live, the people in the electoral region take into action like that,the candidate is eleccted is hard.

But if being able to vote some candidates,the voters who choose the candidate appaling the problem on the pharmaceutical injury as second candidate will appear.

As a result, the candidate may have been elected because of lots of votes.

A candidate who doesn't tackle the problem in the district...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《Votint to a single candidate or doing to several ones?》

A candidate who doesn't work on the problem in the electoral district hard but does on the problem of the whole nation or on the peace in the world enthusiastically has the possibility of being elected under the block voting, for eligible voters choose the candidate who thinks of the problem in the place where they live first, and the one who thinkd of the peace in the world second, the eligible voters can think like that easily.

On the other hand, the candidate of TV...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

...the candidate of TV talent may have been elected easily, for elibible voters may have thought if the candidate of TV talent alone is electeced, we hate it, but if we can vote once more time, I'm going to vote other who seems to be interesting. Eligible voters may have learned to vote easily.

《The way of minus voting》

Speaking of election, we vote the candidate who is worth of being trusted, but opposite system exists as possibility. Decreasing the votes on candidate who eligible vothers think of the one who they don't think...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《The way of minus voting》

Decreasing on the votes who eligible voters don't think of the one who they want to be elected. A single vote is given to a single eligible voter, and the eligible voter can use it for its supporting candidate or can use other candidate who it wanted not to be elected as minus single vote.

In this situation if a candidate wins hundred thousand of votes, it has minus eighty thousand votes, so its number of votes is twenty thousand and the candidate failed in the election. It's possile in the way of...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with an election】

《The way of minus voting》

It's possible in the way of minus voting

When a statesman was arrested with a corruption and was guilty in the trial, but he had enthusastic supporters in his electoral district,and he was elected. It's happened often.

But there are some other people who think if being elected like the one, it's shameful in the electoral distirct of theirs, so they want it not to be elected at any cost. If adopting the voting of minus, the candidate like that may have failed.

Ostracism was done at Athens in ancient Greece,and...

• 共感4

【Being abel to change everything with the result of election】

《The way of minus voting》

It's the ostracism in the modern version.

The ancient Greek wrote the name of the one who they wanted to banish overseas on the pottery piece so as to prevent an autocrat from showing up, and voted it. If the number of voting was over six thousand, it was banished overseas for a decade.

But it was caused an unexpected result, for the ones who accomplished a splendid achivement and had high raputation learned to be banished due to jealousy from other people. As a result, ancient Athens was declining...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election 】

...and it is said the ancient Greece declined after that. The one in rich personality who is admired or dispraised may be hard to be the Assembly Member if minus voting is introduced.

《How many people should we choose in the electoral district?》

Changing the number of people who are elected in a single electoral district changes the politics greatly. There are phrases of large, multiple, and single seat constiency system. Each phrase shows the number of people who are elected in the electoral district.

For example...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

For example, changing the whole Japan into a single electoral district and choosing all the members of the National Aseembly there. It's the large constiency system. In consequence, the area of the electoral djstrict is also big.

Choosing from three to five from the electoral district is the multiple one.

The single candidate alone is elected in the single electoral district is the single seat constiency system. The number of people we should choose changes the form on politics

《Number of political party is many in the large...》

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《The number of political party is many in the large constiency system》

Changing the whole nation into the large constiency system and choosing all the members of the National Assembly. It's simple and clear, but it's hard to research the ones who run for the election enough and to choose the one in the thought of eligible voters.

As various candidates run for the election,successful candidates appear from several political parties.the electoral district is apt to be the multiple political party, and is crowded with the...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

...and is crowded with the political parties, so there is none of the political party which occupies the majority, and there is fear none of important things can be decided in the National Assembly.

Though the large constituency system can choose the representative on various opinions from the nation, there is the possibility that the function of the National Assembly is paralized.

《A faction is born from the multiple constituency system》

The multiple constituency system is adopted for the former House of Representatives...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《A faction is born from the multiple constituency system》

The multiple contituency system is adopted for both of former ekecttion of House of Representatjives and the present House of council. A few successful cnaidates appear from the single electoral district. it has been pointed out the way of multiple constituency system causes faction easily in the political party.

The National Party of Japan gained the power from 2009 to 2012,the Liberal Democratic party used to assume the reins of government for a long time before it.

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《A faction is born from the multiple constituency system》

The Liberal Democratic Party occupied the majority in the National Assembly, so it was possible, and a few canidate have to be put up so as to maintain the majority if adopting the multiple constituency system. If the electoral district of which fixed number was five,three of candidates have to be put up.

Then even if they are the candidates from the same political party, they are forced to fight against severely each other as enemy during the election. Even if they are...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

Even if they are the members from the same political party, they aren't close, and each of them learned to belong to different groups each other.

When being elected as the member of the Liberal Democratic Party newly, it can't joined in a group in which other members joined in the same electoral district, so it joined in other group, and the group is the faction.

Lots of factions were born in the single political party and the faction learned to fight against.

《What is the faction?》

What is the faction? The faction in the...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of faction】

《What is the faction？》

The faction in the Liberal Democratic Party is an intimate group, educational organization, the organization supplying political fund, the one supporting election, and supporters trying to make their leader the Prime Minister.

The faction is made up with close members, and when the one who was elected as the member of the National Assembly newly joined in the faction, seniors in the faction teach it what the member of the National Assembly should know, and the way of work. It's a educational organization...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《What is the faction》

It's an educational organization raising rookie as full fledged.

The top of the faction gathers political fund from various companies so as that its members can work easily in the faction.

When starting the election, the top comes to so as to support from a famous faction, and the members of faction love and respect the top and are supporters who try to make the top the Prime Minister.

If the top becomes the Prime Minister, various information reach them,and government officials in the Central...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

The Government officials in the Central Government Ministries and Agencies respond to them politely, and gathering the political fund becomes easily. Being the Minister is easily　as well, so making the top the Prime Minister is very advantageous to the members of the faction.

But carrying matter to excess by the politics of faction happened, the members of the faction are to give priority to their faction rather than the nation, the politics in the nation, or their own political party. They were criticized like that.

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《Two of great political parties are born in the single seat constituency system》

The multiple constituency system was given up in the election on the House of Representatives so as to solve the problems and the sijngle seat constituency system was introduced.

The successful candiddate is one in the single seat constituency, and the candidate from the political party is imited to the single one. Each of candidates explained the policy on the political party which it belonged to the eligible voters and askded the support from them.

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《Two of great political parties are born in the single seat constituency system》

Argument over the policy between the political parties is caused, and the level of the election will rise,it was thought like that.

If the successful candidate is limited only one, the Liberal Democratic party of the ruling party and the one which is popular among the nation is advantageous.

Without functioning well, other political parties fight in the election, none of them can defeat the Liberal Democratic Party, so each of political parties...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the reault of election】

《Two of great political parties are born....》

...so each of politcal parties cohered as anti the Liberal Democratic Party and as a result,being the two of great political parties.

In short, it was thought being the two of political parties on purpose, so the single seat constituency was adopted.

For example, the election on the House of Representatives in 2009, the National Party of Japan won overwhelmingly, instead of the Liberal Democratic Party, the National Party of Japan rose to power, but criticism against the National...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《Two of the great political parties are born...》

...but the criticism against the handling government by the Democratic Party of Japan heightened, the Liberal Democratic party returned to the political power again in the election of 2012.

If one of the political party lost the support from the nation, other one gains the power automatically in the two of great politcal parties. Change in government occurs easily

If failing in the politics, we may have been defeated in the next election, the ruling party thinks like that, and...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

...and the tense atmosphere is born and the rulijng party will conduct better politics, so even if the change of government happens often, it isn't so bad in the long run. Changing the system on election so as to change the form of politics, so changing the single seat constituency from the mulitiple one.

《Propositional representation decreases wasted vote》

But there is a problem on the sijngle seat constituency as well. A one person alone is elected in the single seat constiency, so other vote gathered by other candidate.

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《Proposal representation decreases wasted vote》

...so other votes gathered by other candidate is of no use, and we call it wasted vote.

Since the eligible voters voted, we shouldn't have wasted, but as to the single seat constituency, without having majority of vote, the candidate can be elected.

For example, let's suppose there were three candidates, and the one obtained 40% of vote, and other two by 30%, then the one was elected, so the one was the member of the National Assembly with the 40% of support alone from the...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

《Proposal representation decreases the wasted vote》

...so the one was the member of the National Assembly with the 40% support alone from the electoral region. If it is developed at the other electoral district in the whole nation, it means being able to be the member of the National Assembly with the 40% of support from the eligible voters, and the will of 60% from the supporter isn't reflected.

The proposal representation complements the fault on the single seat constituency. It decides the successful candidate, according to...

• 共感4

【Being able to change everything with the result of election】

...according to the number of getting vote on each of political parties, so the candidate from a small political party is elected easily, and the voice of minority reaches to the National Assembly.

At the election of the House of Representatives, putting together the proposal representation and the single seat constituency.

Changing the system on the elction, and we can change its result. Can you understand its meaning? The author asked like that.

【The election decides the form on the nation】

The way of election changes even...

• 共感4

【The election decides the form on the nation】

The way of election changes the form on the nation.

《Why do they get excited on the Presidential Election in America?》

The Presidential Election in America is done once four year, at the year when the Olympic is held. The American get excited by far wilder on the Presidential Election more than Olympic.

Electing the President in America heats up more than choosing the Prime Minister in Japan. Why?

Because the nation can choose the President direct in America which is different from Japan. If thinking the President may be decided with its...

• 共感4

【The election decides the form on the nation】

《Why do they get excited on the Presidential Election in America?》

If thinking the President is decided with its own vote, they get tensed up. Whne looking at other nations in the world, the nation of which system of choosing the President direct with the election, the people get excited wildly at the Presidential election like America,South Korea, France and Argentina.

On the other hand, other nation of which system the Prime Minister is chosen at the National Assembly, the Prime Minister is hardly chosen enthusiastically. It seems to be ...

• 共感4

【The election decides the form on the nation】

It seems to be done indifferently.

《President and Prime Minister》

When coming across two positions like the President and the Prime Minister, we feel like wanting to know simply. What's difference between the President and the Prime Minister? Which is greater, the President or the Prime Minister?

In simple words, the President is the head of state, and the Prime Minister is the chief on the administration.

The President plays a role on the symbol of unification of the nation.

On the other hand, the Prime Minister is the position...

• 共感4

【The election decides the form on the nation】

《President and Prime Minister》

...the Prime Minister is the position organizing other ministers. As the system on the nation, the Prime Minister is under the head of state,and if the head of state is the President, it means that the President is greater than the Prime Minister.

But the actual power on the President is various in the nations around the world. The one has immeasurable power, and the other is just a symbol. The difference between them is the way of choosing the President.

The President who is chosen by the nation direct has the...

• 共感4

【The election decides the form on the nation】

《President and Prime Minister》

The President who is chosen by nations direct has a strong power, it has the most influential power in the nation, but as undertaking all the jobs for itself is so hard, the President appointed someone to be the Prime Minister and leaves the domestic administration to the Prime Minister like France, South Korea and Russia.

If being dissatisfied with the work of the Prime Minister, the President can make him resign from his post.

On the other hand, there is other nation which the President isn't chosen in the...

• 共感4

【Election decides the form on the nation】

《President and Prime Minister》

...there is other nation in which the President isn't chosen by the nation but is done in the election by the member of the National Assembly like Germany, India and Israel, and then the President is the symbol on the unification of the nation.

The Presidents in those nations visit other nations as representative its nation, but it hardly has any political power in its nation. It's the Prime Minister who has the actual political power.

When electing the President, the nations are hardly enthusiastic very much in...

• 共感4

【Election decides the form on the nation】

...the people are hardly zealous in those nations, and it seems that being made much of its experience, personality, and dignity and the President is chosen as the face of the nation.

There are few nations in which there is no the Prime Minister but the President alone, it's typical one is America. The President in America isn't only the head of state but the chief of administration, gathering the Secretary State and Defense Minister and holds a Cabinet meeting. The President in America serves the two of position which is separated in other nations.

• 共感4

【Election decides the form on the nation】

We can understand how great the President is in America is.

《If the head of state isn't the President...》

There is a nation in which there isn't the President but the Prime Minister. What kind of nation is it? When looking at England, Holland, Belgium, and Sweden, there is a King or Queen in those nations.

Both of the King and Queen are the head of state which is the symbol of unification of the nation, so they don't have to choose the President, and choose the Prime Minister in the assembly. We call it a Parliamentary system of government.

• 共感4

【Election decides the form on the nation】

《If the head of state isn't the President...》

The parliament which is the National Assembly chooses the Prime Minister, and the Prime Minister organizes the cabinet in the Parliamentary system of government.

The Prime Minister which is the representative is chosen in the National Assembly, and the King or Queen who are the head of state appoint the Prime Minister as ceremony, adopting the form that the head of state appoints the Prime Minister officially, so we can understand why there isn't the President in Japan, for there is the Emperor in Japan

• 共感4

【Election decides the form on the nation】

《If the head of state isn't the President...》

Being based on the appointment in the National Assembly, the Emperor appoints the Prime Minister in the Cabinet, the constitution of Japan expresses like that.

There is an expression that Emperor in Japan is the symbol in the unification of Japan, but there is none of expression it's the head of state, so there has been a dispute, that the Emperor is the head of state, that as there is none of regulation anywhere in the constitution, so it isn't the head of state.

But as it has been expressed that...

• 共感4

【Election decides the form on the nation】

《If the head of state isn't the President...》

But as it has been expressed the Emperor appoints the Prime Minister in the constitution, we can understand the constitution regards the Emperor as the head of state implicitly.

Regardless of the argument in Japan, when the Emperor goes to other nation, he is treated as the head of state.

Speaking of the nation in which there is the Prime Minister alone, both of Canada and Australia are the same, some people may have thought like that. There is the Prime Minister alone both of two nations, but they...

• 共感4

【Election decides the form on the nation】

But two of the nations are the member of British Commonwealth, so the chief of state of both of Canada and Australia is the Queen Elizabeth in England.

The admiral who serves as the representative of the Queen Elizabeth has been sent to both Canada and Australia from England. The admiral is at the ceremony in which the head of state should be present.

Without being sent from both of the two nations, the representative is chosen from their nation lately.

《Which is greater in Russia?》

Which is greater, the President or the Prime Minister? Russia...

• 共感4

【Election decides the form on the nation】

《Which is greater in Russia？》

Russia has been unique lately, with regard to the issue, which is greater, the President or the Prime Minister?

The President is chosen in the election by the nation directly, so the President has the absolute power and appoints the Prime Minister and leaves the domestic administration to the Prime Minister in Russia.

Medvedev who used to be the first Deputy Prime Minister under the President Putin was inaugurated as the President May in 2008, and Putin was appointed as the Prime Minister under the President.

• 共感4

【Election decides the form on the nation】

《Which is greater in Russia？》

Their position exchange.

Putin has been supported from the nation so much because he made the economy in Russia the strong one, but the term of office on the President is four years, and being unable to be the three term office on the President consecutively, but it's all right without being consecutively.

So Putin made Medvedev who is obedient to him the President for a while and made himself appoint the Prime Minister then, and he was elected the President again in 2010.

Which is greater, the President or the ...

• 共感4

【Election decides the form on the nation】

《Which is greater, the President or the Prime Minister？》

The President has stronger power than the Prime Minister, according to the regulation in the constitution, but everyone knew Putin was greater than Medvedev in Russia.

Though the position as President was respected, the President went to the Prime Minister asking for advice with regard to important issue, so the regulation on the constitution is just formally, and it's in the wrong as the rule in democracy.

《Presidential government and Parliamentary system of government》

Which is better...

• 共感4