レッツ エンジョイ イングリッシュ 19th
ヤッホー
I’m going to start a new thread from now on, though it’s just that it’s the continuation from the previous one. The topic which I’ve handled will be over soon, and after that what kind of topic should deal with?
After reaching 20th, I’m going to stop when it’s convenient, and to start other thread. My English is expressed on being based on a book, but I express what I think sometimes, but please be careful when reading what I think, for it’s something poisonous, something negative, so I’m afraid after reading you are forced to be discouraged with my English.
I don’t think I want to hurt others by reading my English, but what I think is full of something poisonous, so after reading, my English makes you feel something uncomfortable. I’m sorry for it.
Here we go!
新しいレスの受付は終了しました
【Japan where problems piling up】
《The summit on G7 in Hiroshima has showed the sense of existence of Japan》
Then the one who joined in the summit from Japan was the Prime Minister Takeo Miki.
Japan was also called to the gather on developed nations, so the society in the international permitted Japan to participate in developed ones, so Japan became active then.
The summit learned to be held every year by taking turns, and Canada joined in from the next year, so it changed into G7.
Russia joined in the summit temporarily, but occupied the Crimea Peninsula in the southern area of Ukraine
【Japan where problems piling up】
《The summit on G7 in Hiroshima has shown the sense of existence of Japan》
As a result, after that, without Russia, the summit was held.
It was in 1979 when the summit was held in Japan for the first time. It was done in Tokyo and then the Prime Minister Masayoshi Ohira served as host. It was held at Tokyo in 1986, and the chairperson was then the Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone.
Then West Germany joined in the summit, but the Cold War was over and Germany on the both east and west was unified, so the unified Germany learned to participate in the summit.
【Japan where problems piling up】
《The summit on G7 in Hiroshima has shown the sense of existence of Japan》
Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, and the summit was held in Tokyo for three days the third times after two years. Then the chair person was Mr. Kiichi Miyazawa. After the summit was over, the one of G7 plus 1 was held, and then the President Yeltsin was present at it from Russia.
Nago city in Okinawa prefecture was adopted with the hope from then the Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi, wanting the war to stop in 2000, but before the summit was held, Mr. Keizo Obuchi was dead suddenly, and the…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《The summit on G7 in Hiroshima has shown the sense of existence of Japan》
…and the next Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori served as the chairperson then.
It was in 2008 when the summit was held in Japan in the next time, and the venue for the summit was Toya lake in Hokkaido prefecture. It was decided by the Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, but he resigned from the Prime Minister owing to the bad health condition before the summit was held, so the next Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda was the chair person.
Mr. Abe who became the Prime Minister again held the summit at…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《The summit on G7 in Hiroshima has shown the sense of existence of Japan》
Mr. Abe who became the Prime Minister again held the summit at Ise Shima in 2016.
The venue was in Hiroshima in 2023. Russia which invaded Ukraine continued to threaten to use the atomic weapon, the summit was held at Hiroshima which was the atomic bomb land.
Supporting Ukraine, the strong solidarity with the strong posture against Russia, and the threat by the atomic weapon was talked on the summit of G7 at Hiroshima city in Hiroshima prefecture.
The President Zelensky joined in…
【japan where problems piling up】
《Summit on G7 in Hiroshima prefecture has shown the sense of existence of Japan》
As the President Zelensky joined in the summit, so its effect was positive, on the other hand it is said that the people in Hiroshima prefecture thought it complicated when they saw the leaders talk on supporting the war in Hiroshima.
But the seven leaders including the President Biden in America which dropped the atomic weapon to Hiroshima and the Prime Minister in England and the President in France which had the nuclear weapon took the tour of the Peace Memorial Museum…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Summit on G7 in Hiroshima has shown the sense of existence of Japan》
…the Peace Memorial Museum where how disastrous to being bombed by the atomic weapon was shown and offer flowers to the cenotaph on the atomic bomb victims. It was broadcast on TV in the world, so it was very significant.
Mr. Zelensky also visited both the Peace Memorial Park and the Peace Memorial Museum before the summit was held, and offered flowers to the cenotaph.
As the summit has made the leaders in each nation realize how disastrous being bombed in Hiroshima was, so it is said…
【Japan where problems piling up】
…so it is said Japan has shown the sense of existence as the nation which hosted the summit to the world.
《Chat GPT which pretends to know everything confidentially》
Everybody talked on the topic on the generation AI which is represented with the chat GPT in the field of the technical skill on digital in 2023.
The author said we could have looked at it on the news program over and over again, though I’ve never heard of it until now, for I hardly look at the news program nor read any newspaper.
What’s the generation AI?
In short, it’s the artificial…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Chat GPT pretends to know everything confidentially》
…it’s the artificial intelligence which generates various contents on text, image, voice, music, and videos. Not only generating something simply but having the ability of learning the pattern and the relation. What makes the AI generation different from others.
AI generation was studied from before, but the amount of learning by the AI generation has increased exponentially and the accuracy on the answer has improved dramatically nowadays, and the speed of handling is faster.
For example, if asking…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Chat GPT pretends to know everything》
…if asking a question to the Chat GPT, we can acquire the answer or image against the condition which we input at once as if we talked with a person. The accuracy on the content which is output by the generation AI has been improved so much that we can make use of it for our business.
But It has been pointed out that the sentence and image made by the chat GPT has fear of infringing private information or copyright, and false information spreads.
After Chat GPT appeared, the author said he asked a question to it.
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Chat GPT pretends to know everything confidentially》
The question was what is Akira Ikegami?
When writing the book which I expressed in English just now, the answer asked it newly again, and Chat GPT showed its answer in a few seconds.
The author asked the Chat GPT to interpret on the person whose name was Akira Ikegami, and the Chat GPT replied like the next.
He is a journalist, writer, and personality on TV and is good at interpreting politics and history and the one who has plentiful knowledge.
The part of his main career and activity is like the next
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Chat GPT pretends to know everything confidentially》
1：his career. He was born in 1956 and is from Tokyo prefecture. He graduated from the department of politics and economics of Waseda university. When being in university he performed as a reporter on newspaper.
2：his activity in journalism. He is famous as journalist on TV and has broad-based knowledge on politics and history. His interpretation is easy to understand, and his way of offering information from broad field vision is characteristic.
3：appearance on TV. He appears on TV program frequently.
【Japan where problem piling up】
《Generation AI pretends to know everything confidentially》
3：He interprets politics and history on TV program, especially he used to interpret broad based theme in NHK, and he is well known for it.
4：His activity on writing books. He has written lots of books, in particular he did the book on history and politics mainly, and his works have been evaluated from ordinary readers, and lots of people read his books.
5：His activity on education. He is also engaged in the activity of lecture and gives a lecture at university, especially for students who are…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Generation AI pretends to know everything confidentially》
5：…especially it seems for students who are interested in politics and history his lecture is useful.
6：His media exposure. Except for TV, he plays active part in various media like radio and internet. His interpretation maintains neutrality in politics but he’s done with words to understand easily, and his way of interpreting has been evaluated.
In general, Akira Ikegami has the broad based knowledge on history and politics in Japan, and has the ability of sending his interpretation to others….
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Generation AI pretends to know everything confidentially》
…and has the ability of sending his interpretation to others with words to understand easily and his way of interpreting has been evaluated.
The Generation AI said on Akira Ikegami like that.
Those sentences are the ones as if they had been written by a person, but the author said the sentences are in the wrong in many places, for he was born in 1950 and is from Nagano prefecture. University from which he graduated is the department on economics of Keio Gijuku. He wasn’t engaged in the activity as…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Generation AI pretends to know everything confidentially》
He didn’t used to be engaged in the reporter on newspaper company when being in university. After graduating from university, he joined NHK as journalist.
Thus there are lots of false information in the answer output from the generation AI at present. It is as if it was someone who pretended to know confidentially in every life, but as the generation AI is the artificial intelligence, it replies at once any kind of question without looked irritated.
But as long as reading the answer, its level of…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Generation AI pretends to know everything confidentially》
…the level of completeness isn’t so high, but the speed of evolution of technical skill on the broadcasting communication is said to the dog year, the single year on the speed of the dog which grows up quickly is equivalent to seven years for a person, it will be developed to a practical level in a few years.
Japan which was the chair country in the summit suggested a new outline on the generation AI, the process on AI in Hiroshima, fixed the goal of arranging rule so as to handle the generation AI …
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Generation AI pretends to know everything confidentially》
…fixed the goal of arranging the rule so as to handle the generation AI in the international society within 2023.
As to the AI, there has been the area where applying existing rule is unclear, so updating the international rule is indispensable. America which the developer on the generation AI and EU which is careful of making use of the generation AI because it considering the copyright. How should Japan which is the chair country unify them?
It has been measured whether or not Japan can lead…
【Japan where problems piling up】
It has been measured whether or not Japan can take the lead the worldwide discussion on the generation Ai at present.
《Politics and religion, the problem on the Former Unification Church, the judgement is done in court with dissolution order》
The government made an application to the Tokyo district court to disband the religious community on the problem over the Former Unification Church October in 2023, for the government said the activity on the religious community is against the laws and regulations or is deviated so much from the goal on the religion…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Politics and religion, the problem on the Former Unification Church…》
The activity on the religious community is against the religious corporation law, so the government said like that.
Then the Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was shot do death July in 2022, and researching over the accident, the government said having sufficient evidence providing objective nature on organization, wrongfulness and continuity, which is requirement requesting order of disbanding.,
Tetsuya Yamagami was arrested as a suspect on the case of shooting Mr. Abe, for the suspect…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Politics and religion, the problem over the Former Unification Church…》
…for the prosecuted suspect built animosity against the Former Unification Church to which his mother contributed lots of money, so he aimed at the Prime Minister who was close relation with the religious community, he gave testimony like that.
If order of disbanding was issued to the Former Unification Church as religious corporation, it will be the third one after the religious group of Aum, and Myokakuji.
Corporation of the religious corporation means handling it like a person in…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Politics and religion, the problem over the Former Unification Church….》
…means handling it like a person in the law. For example, a private school is called to be an educational corporation. If the individual who owns school is dead or gives up managing school, there is possibility that the school disappears, so dealing with school like a person and makes the situation of school manages the building so as to prevent school from disappearing.
So if the one who manages school is dead or giving up managing, school can continue to exist as long as there is..
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Politics and religion, the problem over the Former Unification Church…》
…as long as there is the successor on school, and the religious corporation is formed with the same situation as well.
All the people used to be forced to believe in State Shinto since before the World War Ⅱ in Japan and no one could make any of religious group at will then. Far from it, other believers like Christians and Buddhists who refused to believe in the State Shinto were arrested and some of them were dead in prison.
If turning in wanting to organize the religious group…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Politics and religion, the problem over the Former Unification Church…》
…it has learned to be permitted in Japan from the reflection in the past. If meeting some requirements, it can receive verification from jurisdiction administrative agency which is governor or the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and technology as religious corporation.
Fund is indispensable so as to operate as religious corporation, so in general, lots of religion gather donation from believers, and as to the donation and offering by religious activity, they don’t have…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Politics and religion, the problem over the Former Unification Church…》
…they don’t have to pay tax to the nation.
The Former Unification Church has other face. It’s political group, 国際勝共連合, It’s insisting that they have to triumph over the Communist Party, and approaching assembly members in the Liberal Democratic Party who had the same thought and tried to spread out their thought over the Liberal Democratic Party.
The Former Unification Church caused various problems in Japan since 1960s. The famous one is psychic scam, visiting ordinary home and ….
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Politics and religion, the problem over the Former Unification Church…》
…and inciting unrest, saying the people in the home were possessed by evil spirits because they didn’t respect their forefather, and selling them high price jar or seal.
The religious community forced its believers to contribute lots of money and backed their family into a corner, making believers get marry, what’s called mass wedding and adoption for its doctrine.
The defense counsel has acted so as to rescue lots of victims at present.
The religious activity should be permitted…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Politics and religion, the problem over the Former Unification Church…》
The religious activity should be permitted at will, but deceiving others or forcing believers to contribute lots of donation and making them unhappy is problematic.
As receiving the order of disbanding from the government, the religious community held the press conference November in 2023, and showed its thought entrusting deposit money to the nation up to ten billion yen so as to rescue victims.
As the Prime Minister was shot to death, the order of disbanding was issued to the…
【Japan where problems piling up】
…the order of disbanding was issued to the Former Unification Church which caused social problems for a long time at last.
But how much should the activity on religious group be permitted? Involvement between politics and religion. We need to discuss with various moot points.
『Column, the problem on second generation has been closed up』
After the former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was shot to death July in 2022, we’ve often heard of the word of the second generation in religion.
They were born from parents or to the house which believed in the specific ….
【Japan where problems piling up】
『Column, the problem on the second generation has been closed up』
They were born from parents or to the house which believed in the specific religion and were forced to come to believe in it from being very young.
It is said that there are lots of the next generation in religion whose parents contributed the large amount of donation to the religious community, so they became distressed economically, being neglected, or being forced to believe in the cult doctrine which is lacking common sense, so they suffer through the tough situation.
Tetsuya Yamagami…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Column, the problem on the second generation has been closed up》
The defendant of Tetsuya Yamagami who was prosecuted by the crime of murder on the former Prime Minister was reported his mother who was the believer of the Former Unification Church contributed the large amount of money to the religious community, so their home collapsed.
Even if what kind of reason he had, resorting to violence is never permitted, but reporting the case has made the society know the existence of the second generation in religion who suffered in the same situation.
【Japan where problems piling up】
『Column, the problem on the second generation in religion has been closed up』
After five months from the murder case on the former Prime Minister, the new law has been formed so as to help victims. It usually takes a few years at least to form the law, but as receiving how serious the problem was, both of the ruling and opposition party joined force and the law was formed quickly.
Ms. Sayuri Ogawa who used to be believer of the second generation of the Former Unification Church has asked to form the new law earlier and responded to the interview from both…
【Japan where problems piling up】
…and responded to the interview from both of the ruling and opposition party. Without hiding her face, she has appealed the damage to the society earlier before the politics took into action, so it is said she suffered from lots of harassments and attacks.
Lots of people were moved when looking at her pleased in tears with the form on the new law at the interview.
《Why was the problem on the sexual assault in the former office of Jonny’s?》
It’s the problem on sexual assault by the late Mr. Jonny Kitagawa which the media and journalism disregarded.
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Why was the sexual assault in the former office of Jonny Kitagawa?》
It was disregarded for a long time like the problem on the Former Unification Church.
The office of Jonny was a talent agency founded by the late Mr. Jonny Kitagawa.
Jonny Kitagawa repeated the sexual assault to boys who didn’t make their debut in the world of entertainment or talents belonged to the office of Jonny for no less than forty years from the first half of 1970s to the middle of 2010s. It is said there have been hundreds of victims at least. The author said like the next.
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Why is the sexual assault in the former office of Jonny disregarded?》
To be honest, as to himself, he knew it seemed to be in the report by a weekly magazine, but accepting it as the scandal in the world of entertainment reported by the weekly magazine, and didn’t think deeply men received the sexual assault. He’s reflected on it deeply as the one who put up the signboard of journalist.
The large amount of the sexual assault to boys by clergymen in Catholic Church each nation in the world was revealed, and it was reported frequently from long ago.
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Why is the sexual assault in the former office of Jonny disregarded?》
In spite of it, the author couldn’t think out of the box, in general, the one who suffer from sexual assault are women or little girls. Though he had knowledge that regardless of gender, the sexual assault happened, he received the news overseas as a thing far away from him.
After the matters getting worse, the office held the interview twice and explained it changed the name of office and would compensate victims enough, but the full picture on the problem has never been elucidated yet.
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Japan which is low price. Why is yen weak?》
The government in Japan used to restrict travelers from foreign nations to come into Japan for the measure against infection on the corona virus, but released the restriction, so the plenty of travelers visit the tourist spot each place in Japan.
It’s the weak yen which contributes to increase to the travelers from overseas. As to the word of weak yen, and strong yen, let’s review them, the author said like that.
For example, when 1 dollar becomes 150yen from 100yen in Japan, it’s weak yen. On the other hand…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Japan which is low price. Why is the weak yen?》
…if the one dollar is 100yen from !50yen in Japan, it’s strong yen.
When 1 dollar is 100yen, if buying a chocolate of which price is 1 dollar, it’s all right if paying 100yen. But if 1 dollar is 150yen, without paying 150yen, we can’t buy the chocolate.
In short, the value on the yen drops, so we call it the weak yen and its opposition is the strong yen, but there has never been a clear rule on weak yen nor the strong yen exactly. If dropping the value on the yen from a certain point, we call it the weak yen.
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Japan which is low price. Why is the weak yen?》
The weak yen is a benefit for the travelers from overseas, for when 1 dollar is 100yen, exchanging 100 dollars into yen, it’s 10.000 yen, but if 1 dollar is 150yen, it will be 15.000yen, so when going shopping, they can spend more extra stuff.
When doing the merchandise trade with foreign countries, nations mainly pay with dollar. When a Japanese company buys a product from the one in America, the payment is done with dollar, and when buying the petroleum from nations in the Middle East, Japanese company pays…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Japan which is low price. Why is the weak yen?》
…Japanese company pays with dollar, for American economy is strong and everyone knows the existence of dollar and trusts the value on the currency, the payment is done with dollar on the trade, so the dollar is called the key currency in the world.
The money in the world is expressed like the next.
How much is it when converting into 1 dollar? The value changes with the relation between demand and supply.
The economy in Japan is often said the lost thirty years, it’s been stagnant for a long time…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Japan which is the low price. Why is the weak yen?》
Japan of Bank which is the central bank has adopted easy economy policy guiding the interest rate to zero limitlessly, if the interest rate is almost zero, companies can borrow money from the bank easily, and if the company makes an investment in equipment or employing new staff with the money it borrowed, the economy is doing well. The Bank of Japan has thought like that.
On the other hand, the economy in America was strong constantly and the product of which price was high was sold well, but …
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Japan which is low price. Why is the weak yen?》
…but then the pandemic on the new type of corona virus and the invasion in Ukraine by Russia broke out.
lots of people learned to abstain from going outside so as to prevent them from being infectious disease, and the consumption on the people changed from service to stuff.
To be honest, I can’t understand the situation that the consumption on the people changed from service to stuff very well, so I can’t express it well. I regret it.
In addition, the war has destroyed the route of supplying, and shortage…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Japan which is low price. Why is the weak yen?》
…and shortage of goods happens, and voluntary retirees increased because of the coronavirus pandemic, so the shortage of workers occurred. As a result, America has fallen into serious inflation at present.
Federal Reserved Board which is equivalent to the central bank in America has made the interest rate high so as to restrict the runaway inflation, so the companies are hard to borrow money from the bank, so the economy isn’t overheated.
As a result, if depositing money at bank in Japan, we can hardly get…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Japan which is the low price, why is the weak yen?》
…we can hardly get any interest, but we can get the interest of more than 5% in America, as of at the end of November in 2023.
In this situation, the people who thought of changing yen into dollar and depositing it at the bank in America have increased, it’s yen selling and dollar buying.
While the popularity on dollar becomes high, the one on yen falls sharply, so the weak yen has moved on.
Travelers from overseas are pleased because everything is low price, but the people living in Japan become poor…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Japan which is the low price. Why is the weak yen?》
…but the people living in Japan become poor internationally due to the influence over the weak yen, for example, recommending students they study abroad is hard in university.
The tendency on the weak yen has been expected until the Federal Reserve Board makes sure the restriction on the inflation and leaves the interest rate unchanged or the Bank of Japan changes the policy of zero interest rate
How does the Bank of Japan finish the policy of zero interest rate? Let’s pay attention to it, the author said
【Japan where problems piling up】
The policy of zero interest rate was over March this year.
《Contaminated water was released into the ocean from the first atomic power plant in Fukushima. How have the nation responded overseas?》
Tokyo electric power company started to release the contaminated water including radioactive waste like tritium into the ocean from the first nuclear plant in Fukushima, being based on the plan by the government from August in 2023.
There are tanks of contaminated water more than thousand, and planned to release the contaminated water of forty tank in 2023.
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Contaminated water was released into the ocean…》
The contaminated water of some thirty one thousand ton is released, separating four times and the contaminated water is relased, so the amount of the contaminated water once is some seven thousand and eight hundred ton which is equal to 10 of tanks. Releasing into the ocean three times was done when the author was writing this book in the first ten days of December in 2023.
Analysis on condensation of tritium in the water of the ocean within 3km from the atomic power plant at ten places is done every day.
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Contaminated water is released into the ocean…》
22 becquerel a 1 liter on the water of the ocean at most was detected. It’s far below from 700 becquerel which is the standard of stopping releasing.
There is the nuclear fuel which became cool and solid underground at the first atomic reactor of Fukushima belonged to the Tokyo Electric Power Company and the water is used so as to cool down the nuclear fuel, ground water, and rainwater coming into the facility are the contaminated water including radioactive material.
The contaminated water is purified and…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Contaminated water is released into the ocean…》
The contaminated water is purified and disposed with ALPS and after that makes the concentration on the including radioactive material drop and is stored with the tank.
ALPS is abbreviation of advanced liquid processing system.
As to the contaminated water, except for tritium, the radioactive material is removed to the regulatory standard with the LAPS.
The tritium is the radioactive material in which hydrogen adding to two of neutrons. It is also called tritiated hydrogen.
The molecule of the tritium…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Contaminated water is released into the ocean…》
As the molecule of the tritium exists at the part of water, removing is hard with the ALPS, but the amount of atomic energy released from tritium is so small that we can protect it with a no less than a sheet of paper, and tritium exists as the part of water in the natural world, and is taken into our body as drinking water in our everyday life, and is discharged from our body with the metabolism 新陳代謝.
Tritium is included in the contaminated water from the atomic power plant in the world. If comparing the…
【Japanw where problems piling up】
《Contaminated water is released into the ocean...》
If comparing the tritium in the contaminated water from the first atomic power plant in Fukushima with the one in other nations, Japan isn't so much, but the part of nations like China considers releasing the contaminated water into the Ocean by Japan dangerous and criticized at the international meeting persistently, saying Japan transferred the risk of pollution by the radioactive contamination to the world.
To make matters worse, the government in China has stopped to import marine products from Japan.
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Contaminated water is released into the ocean...》
China stopped the import completely August in 2023, and Russia followed it and took the same steps to Japan, though its transaction amount on importing the marine products from Japan isn't so much.
On the other hand, China is the biggest one which Japan exports the marine products,so the damage of forbidding export isn't small for Japan.
But the step on both of China and Russia has little scientific ground, so they use political and economic dependence relation as weapon.
The government in China incited...
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Contaminated water is released into the ocean...》
The government in China continued to incite the risk on food by the contaminated waterthe so much that consumers felt uneasy on the safety on the whole marine products and they abstain from buying the marine products ironically.
On the other hand, in Sough Korea, consumers who were worried about started to panic buying on the salt in the beginning, but the President Yoon said he made much of the scientific and objective view from IAEA, so any of big commmotion has never broke out there at present.
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Contaminated water is released into the ocean..》
The meeting on the Minister on trade from the nations of G7 was held at Osaka and Sakai city October in 2023, and joint statement of asking for withdrawl on the steps of prohibiting import marine products from Japan was issued then, without calling China by name, though keeping China in mind.
Moreover, the U.S. army had a contract with Japan for a long time on the thirtieth day same month,buying scallops from the Sea of Japan, though China used to import it from Japan than any ohter nation until then.
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Contaminated water is released into the ocean...》
It was the second トモダチ作戦 which was done in the support on the Great East Japan earthquake from the U.S.army, the American abmassador to Japan said the best way escaping from the economic pressure from China is making the nation which is the target for China bind together and helping.
Tanks including the conatminated water are lined in a row on the site of the first nuclear plant in Fukushima belonged to Tokyo Electric power comapany, and flowing the large amount of water including radioactive material...
【Japan where problems piling up】
...and flowing the large amount of contaminated water including the radioactive material into the ocean, the two of things don't have any of good image, but the government in Japan needs to express both in Japan and outside Japan sincerely and tenaciously. Japan is apt to be passive against the criticism from overseas in the past, but as to the problem, Japan has to send a message to the world actively.
《Where should we store the nuclear waste?》
Twenty years passed from the nuclear power plant accidentin Fukushima prefecture, the waste of disposal on the...
【Japan where problems piling up】
《What should we do the nuclear waste?》
...the work of waste of disposal has started from 2023, and we have to think over the policy on energy in Japan this time.
Roughly speaking, the power generation is three kinds,thermal power, hydrolic and atomic power, though there is the power generation of wind power,sunlight, and geothermal, their ratio is little.
Making a generator which has huge fan rotate and the electricity is generated from each of power generation.
Falling water from dam and making use of the power of droping water rotate the turbine.
【Japan where problems piling up】
《What should we do the waste of nuclear?
The hydroelectric power is done like that.
Burning petroleum, natural gas and coal amd making water boil and making its steam rotate the turbine. It's the thermal power generation.
On the other hand, the fuel rod in which uranium is stuffed gives off heat, and msking the water boil with the heat.
If making the neutron hit to the atomic nucleus, the atomic nucleus breaks up. We call the phenomenon nuclear fission. High fever generates from the nuclear fission. Making use of the high fever and steam is made, and ...
【Japan where problems piling up】
《What should we do the waste of nuclear?》
...and making the turbine rotate with the steam and the large amount of electricity is made.
Nuclear power generation is different from the thermal power generation, so the carbon dioxide isn't generated in the process of generating electricity at all, and being able to win the large amount of energy with little fuel, but the spent fuel rod of the nuclear fuel causes strong radiation, and it's problematic.
The radiation passes through the human body and then destroys the cell on the human body. If small amount of...
【Japan where problems piling up】
《What should we do the nuclear waste?》
If we are exposed to the small amount of radiation, it's no problem on our health, but if being exposed to the large amount of radiation, the cell composing of the human body can't regenerate,so it's dead or becomes cancer.
The nuclear waste including the radiation is always generated from the nuclear power generation. What should we handle it? It's a big problem for us the human being.
Roughly speaking, there are three kind of radioactive material in the spent nuclear fuel, the one is uranium which we can reuse it....
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Where should we store the nuclear waste?》
...the one is plutonium which changed from uranium and another is the waste of nuclear which we can't reuse.
The waste of nuclear is the radioactive material of high level and it's after hundred thousand years that the harm to the human body from the amout of radiation decreases to the level which has no influece over the human body automatically.It's a mind boggling story.
We have to seclude the nuclear waste in a safe place and to store for a long time until then. We call the place the final disposallocation.
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Where should we store the waste of the nuclear?》
What should we do the final disposal location? Each nation which has the nuclear power plant in the world are worried about it. It's Finland and Sweden in northern Europe alone which being able to decide the place as the final disposal location until at present.
The government in Japan decided the policy of burying the waste of nuclear with the dpeth 300 meter from the ground or more deep place with the law in 2000
Where should we bury it concretely? It has never been decided it, so the government ...
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Where should we store the waste of nuclear?》
…so the government announced it would provide the grant to the local government which accepts the waste of nuclear when being investigated during the two years, and the grant is up to twenty billion yen.
It’s Suttsu town and Kamoenai village which responded to the call from the government and are near the atomic power plant of Hokkaido prefecture.
As to the town and village, investigating the data on geological feature and on volcanic activity, and making sure whether or not it’s suitable for the final…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Where should we store the waste of nuclear?》
…and making sure whether or not either of the town or the city are suitable for the final disposal location. It’s called literature search, and the first investigation reached finale as of October in 2023.
If being able to succeed in the literature research, oversurveying view in the next, digging the ground actually in four years.
The grant up to seven billion yen is provided to the local government which reached the second stage.
If passing through the second stage, detailed survey is done in fourteen years.
【Japan where problems piling up】
《Where should we store the waste of nuclear?》
The detailed survey is the investigation and test of the underground facility, in short, the full course on choosing place for the final disposal location reaches over twenty years, and the waste of nuclear continues to increase as long as the atomic power plant operates.
Decreasing dependence on the nuclear power energy and progressing the diversification on energy as the lesson from the accident in the atomic power plant. It was the basic plan by the government in Japan.
But the Kishida government has …
【Japan where problem piling up】
But the Kishida government decided a new basic plan so as to realized green transformation, including restarting the nuclear power plant, putting off the period of driving the nuclear power plant over sixty years, the government has changed direction with energy policy going back to the atomic power plant, making the most of the existing the nuclear power plant.
If Japan continues to take advantage of the nuclear power plant in the future as well, the construction on the final disposal location is time up.
《A hundred years passed from the Kanto Great….》
【Japan where problems piling up】
《A hundred years have passed from the Great Kanto Earthquake. Understanding the earthquake in the past enough and preparing for the future》
A hundred years have passed, so the first day September in 2023 is the milestone from the Great Kanto Earthquake in which there were lots of victims. It was the Great Kanto Earthquake which caused the largest number of victims at modern Japan.
Its Seismic intensity 深度 was equivalent to 7 at present. The deceased were some a hundred and five thousand, and 90% of them were dead due to the fire.
As the damage in Tokyo is…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《A hundred years form the Great Kanto Earthquake》
As the damage in Tokyo was emphasized, there has been a misunderstanding it was caused the earthquake direct below Tokyo, but actual seismic center was the northern south area of Sagawa Gulf.
Tidal wave of which height was no less than 12 meters attacked Atami in Shizuoka, and soil avalanche and landslide broke out one after another then
A train was forced to stop at Odawara in Shizuoka and it was flowed out with the home by the landslide and fell into the ocean.
The Great Kanto Earthquake broke…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《A hundred years from the Great Kanto Earthquake》
The Great Kanto Earthquake broke out at noon when lots of houses made use of fire. Ordinary homes used to cook with a cooking stove or with a charcoal grill then, and wood and shoji screen fell down on two of the place where the fire was used so as to cook, and burst into flame.
To make matters worse, the weather condition then made the damage worsen. Typhoon was brought to.a standstill at Japan Sea then but strong wind blew from the south to the typhoon, so the fire ended up spreading.
Lots of people…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《A hundred years from the Great Kanto Earthquake》
Lots of people evacuated to the ruins of the factory making military suits at the present Sumida Ward in Tokyo prefecture. The fire blowing in the window caused a tornado made of fire, and thirty eight thousand of people were dead at the place where the people evacuated.
After the Kanto Great Earthquake, we learned to plant the lots of trees of ginkgo as boulevard tree. Its leaf is thick and including lots of water.
At the time of the Great Kanto Earthquake, lots of boulevard trees were burning.
【Japan where problems piling up】
《A hundred years from the Great Kanto Earthquake》
On the other hand, the trees of ginkgo which was hard to burn prevented the fire from expanding. As there was the Great Kanto Earthquake in the past, the tree of ginkgo becomes the one in Tokyo prefecture.
An image of causing fire has been planted on our heart after the Kanto Great Earthquake.
When feeling the ground shake, we should extinguish the fire at once, the slogan spread out among us. But the one who tried to put out the fire in haste and the people who fell over or got burned one after another.
【Japan where problems piling up】
It was caused so many in the earthquake of Kushiro offshore in 1993 or Mid Niigata earthquake in 2004 that the slogan has been updated, protect yourself.
As to lots of gas appliance and heaters produced lately, when detecting a shake, they stop automatically, so when the earthquake breaks out, protect ourselves at first, and after that, we put the fire out. It’s changed nowadays.
《How should we prepare for the massive earthquake of Nankai trough?》
The trough is a hollow in the sea of which depth is until six thousand meters. The one which is deeper than…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《How should we prepare for the massive earthquake in the Nankai trough?》
The one which is deeper than six thousand meter is called an ocean trench.
There is the hollow on the seabed over seven hundred kms from the Suruga bay in Shizuoka prefecture to eastern offshore in Kyusyuarea. We call it the Nankai trough.
It has been worried about the massive earthquake of Nankai trough will break out in the near future.
There are lots of natural disasters in Japan, so the Central Disaster Prevention Council has set up in the government, and specialists have…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《How should we prepare for the massive earthquake of Nankai trough?》
…specialist have predicted the biggest damage in the worst case of the massive earthquake of Nankai trough breaks out, for there was damage in the Great East Japan Earthquake unexpectedly in 2011, and it was problematic, so we’ve thought trying to disappear unexpected things.
As a result, if the massive earthquake of Nankai trough of which magnitude from 9,0 to 9.1 happens, its worst damage is like the next. The number of missing and dead people are some thirty two hundred thousand, and…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《How should we prepare for the massive earthquake of Nankai trough?》
…and the number of houses fully destroyed is little less than two million forty hundred thousand houses, submerged area is some thousand square kms, the population of the inundated area a million six hundred twenty thousand. The expected value is like that.
As to the economic damage like assets, it has been expected one hundred and seventy trillion yen by the big shake, tidal wave of which height is over 10 meters and a fire, moreover to make matters worse, if the bullet train in Tokaido…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《How should we prepare for the massive earthquake of Nankai trough?》
…if the bullet train in Tokaido or the expressway in Tomei are broken and no one can use it, the people and things can’t go and come between east and west, so the production declines. Its damage is expected fifty trillion yen, and two hundred and twenty trillion yen is the total damage.
The expectation on the damage has never been thought so as to make the people be afraid. It was summarized so as to decrease the damage as much as possible.
For example, going ahead with the earthquake…
【Japan where problems piling up】
《How should we prepare for the massive earthquake of Nankai trough?》
…if going ahead with the earthquake resistant on buildings, the direct damage becomes half, and the damage of declining production by 70%. It has been thought like that.
The massive earthquake of Nankai trough will break out within thirty years from now on, and its probability is from 70 to 80%, though some specialists point out the numerical value is by far lower.
The things which we can do personally is thinking that the massive earthquake of Nankai trough breaks out, and simulating on..
【Japan where problems piling up】
….and simulating on evacuation always in our head, and preparing for water and food in both emergency, and for stock. As to the national disaster, the more we prepared for it, the less its damage is.
【Epilogue, if Trump…】
If Mr. Trump comes back to the President in America, the military support to Ukraine will stop immediately, for he has his own view, as to the problem in Europe, the people in Europe should handle it for themselves.
Ukraine manages to endure the military invasion from Russia at present, for there has been the large amount of military…
【Epilogue, If Trump…】
…for there has been the large amount of the military support from America. Without being supported from America, Ukraine will be defeated.
Mr. Trump who always evaluated the President Putin in Russia will support Russia. If Russia which disrupted the international order openly and invaded Ukraine wins, the world will change drastically
The former President Trump stopped contributing money to UNRWA which supports the refugees in Palestine in his term of office. Mr. Trump who was close to Israel looked upon Palestine as enemy, so Palestine was in confusion greatly.
【Epilogue, If Trump…】
Japan and EU contributed the money, filling the gap in the UNRWA after America stopped.
After the Biden government was born, America started to support Palestine again, but if Trump comes back, Palestine will be in trouble again.
The former President withdrew from Paris Agreement which tries to stop the global warming, and the President Biden joined in it again. If Trump comes back, he will withdraw again, and America will learn to give off the large amount of carbon dioxide.
He thought of withdrawing the military force in South Korea, and his close aides stopped it …
【Epilogue, if Trump..】
…and his close aides stopped him desperately, and said to him, how about doing it in the second term of office?, and Mr. Trump said he would then.
If the military force withdraws from South Korea, North Korea will be pleased with it greatly.
If China invades Taiwan militarily, the military force in America will take the field, so the U.
S.army withdraw from South Korea, it is favorable for China as well. Then what will the U.S.army do in Japan?
In short, if Trump comes back to the President, it’ll have great influence over Japan. Events in the international society…
＞＞80
Events of each place in the international society goes around the world and comes around to Japan, so it is important for us to know the situation in the world.
By the way, the book of which title 池上彰の世界情勢2024 was over, and I’m going to move on a new topic from now on.
The title of the next book which is based on my expression in English is 池上彰の あした選挙に行くまえに
【Preface】
The right to vote has dropped to eighteen years old summer in 2016. If being at the age of eighteen, even a school in junior high school can vote. Then how will he or she judge in the election?
Why has the right to…
【Preface】
Why has the right to vote dropped to the age of eighteen? Because the problem of what is called the silver democracy has been paid attention.
Japan has been a super aging society.
While declining birth rate progresses, senior citizens whose age is over sixty five continue to increase, and the senior citizens are well known for their high voting rate. Lots of senior citizens go to the election every time so as to vote.
Statesman should be fair, but there is the one who votes for him, it will carry out the politics for the one who voted the statesman.
While lots of senior…..
【Preface】
While lots of senior citizens go to the election so as to vote, young people aren’t interested in the politics, and don’t vote, so even if carrying out the politics for the young people, there is high possibility it doesn’t lead to get to vote for the statesman, so the statesman thought of listening to the voice from the senior citizens. The politics listening to the senior citizens. It’s the silver democracy.
As a result, even if the facility for the senior citizens increases, building nursery school which is indispensable for child raring is apt to be late. If its child was…
【Preface】
If the child was refused to enter the nursery school, the outcry of its parent, failing to enter the nursery school, drop dead Japan appeared in the internet.
Young people also need to go to vote.
Security related laws permitting the right of collective self defense force was discussed in the National Assembly by Shinzo Abe Cabinet summer in 2015, though it has been thought it wasn’t permitted before.
Then lots of young people gathered in front of the Diet Building and took into action criticizing the Abe Cabinet.
It has been said that the young people weren’t interested in…
＞＞84
It has been thought the young people weren’t interested in politics in Japan, but there have been the people who took into action for their political thought. If the young people moves, the politics will do.
The author wrote this book for the young people, I’m wondering.
【Why has the riot break out in China?】
Because there has never been a democratic election there.
《The riot breaks out often》
China next to Japan has developed suddenly. New building are built more and more both in Beijing and Shanghai, and their roads are filled with high-end cars, super luxury building were born…
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
《The riot breaks out often》
…luxury buildings were born one after another and the number of wealthy people continue to increase in China, but the news of the riot broke out each place in China has been reported. The number of thousands of riot broke out in China a year, it means that the riot breaks out in China several times a day. The riot anti-Japan against the nationalization on Senkaku Islands by the government in Japan broke out in 2012.
The riot anti Japan was reported in China as news, but except for it, the riot in China wasn’t reported as…
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
《Riots break out often in China》
…but except for it, the riot was hardly reported in China as news by newspaper and TV, for reporting the riot is forbidden from the government in China, but when a big riot broke out in China, the information came in Hong Kong, the newspaper in Hong Kong reported it, and the mass media overseas reported it, and we learned to know the riot for the first time.
There is no freedom of the press in China, but Hong Kong is the special ward in China, so there is the freedom of the press there, and the news on the riot is…
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
…so the riot on the news was reported in China.
The life on the people have been wealthy in China, but the riot breaks out frequently there. Why? Because there has never been a democratic election in China.
《One party dictatorship actually》
There has never been the democratic election in China. The politics in China is actual one party dictatorship by the Communist Party. Why did author adopt the word of actual?
Except for the Communist Party, there are other eight political parties in China, but it has been decided that the eight of political…
【Why has the riot broken out often in China?】
《One party dictatorship actually》
…but it has been decided that the eight of the political parties obey the direction from the Communist Party. It is strange the political party who obeys the other one. It turned out that the eight of political parties exist so as to excuse that there are other political parties, except for China.
In short, China is dictatorship by the Communist Party actually.
Representatives from the people gather and decide something important for them in the meeting. The meeting is called the National People’s Congress.
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
《One party dictatorship actually》
But there is no election choosing the relatives from the people. The ones who the Communist Party decided can attend the meeting. The meeting is done by the representatives from the people, but it doesn’t always mean they are the representatives from the people. It’s just that the Communist Party says they are the representatives from the people.
Though the election has been done in the level of choosing the town chairman in Japan lately, the except for the one who is chosen by the Communist Party can run in the…
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
《One party dictatorship actually》
…except for the one who was chosen by the Communist Party can run in the election lately, and the people can choose one from some candidates, but free election has never been done in the level of nation, city, town and village at present.
《Without anxiety of losing in the election, everyone is apt to corrupt》
So what’s happened? Neither of mayor of city, town nor the member of the representative from the people learned not to listen to the people from the city, the town nor the people in China at all.
Needless to,…
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
《Without anxiety of losing in the election, everyone tends to corrupt》
Needless to say, there is the one who listens to the voice from the people and does everything it can for the people, but a person is weak, so it’s apt to take into action to something easier.
Without doing anything tiresome like listening to the request from the residents, it can continue as statesman as long as obeying the executives in the Communist Party, so it learns not to deal with residents any more.
In short, without failing in the next election, so no one tries to…
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
…so no one tries to practice good politics hard and to do its best so as to be elected in the next election again. Then the person corrupts and the voice form the people doesn’t reach to the politics.
There is a famous phrase, power corrupts, the absolute power corrupts absolutely. If having the power, the person corrupts easily, and having the absolute power which no one checks and no one can drag down, the power always corrupts. The famous phrase means like that.
《If dissatisfaction accumulates, it will explode》
If the voice from the residents…
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
《If being irritated so much, it will explode》
If the voice from the residents doesn’t reach to the politics, residents are irritated. Even if there are various problems around them, none of statesmen listen to the residents, so the problem has never been solved at all.
Besides, even if policemen and the people in the public office received the bribe, none of statesmen adopt it as problem, far from it! The statesman itself may have received the bribe.
The news media like newspaper , radio and TV has to obey the Communist Party under the autocracy by…
【Why has the riot broken out in china?】
《If being irritated, it will explode》
The news media has to obey the Communist Party under the autocracy by the Communist Party in China. No one can speak ill of the Communist Party, nor criticize the politics.
The one who is an executive in the police is at the same time the one in the Communist Party, if adopting the corruption on the police as problem, it means criticizing the executive in the Communist Party.
As a result, the news media doesn’t report the corruption on the government officer nor the statesmen. Executives in the news media is the…
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
《If being irritated, it will explode》
Executives in the news media are the ones in the Communist Party, so they don’t try to report the skeleton in the closet. Without reporting, no one adopts as problem, so the corruption has never disappeared.
As those things continued, residents have been irritated so much. If filling with gas, explosion will be caused even with a single match. When everyone is dissatisfied with the police and government officers, if their acquaintance is hit by a policeman, all of them rushed to the police station and threw…
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
…and threw stone or set fire on the police station. The riot breaks out then. Without democratic election, the riot breaks out like that.
《The election is a safety valve in the society》
If thinking like that, the election seems to be important quite. Everyone can run for the election, and vote for the one who everyone likes the best from the candidates. It seems to be natural for us, but it doesn’t always mean that all of the nations in the world are like that.
There has never been a free election in North Korea. The situation there seem to be worse…
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
《The election is a safety valve in the society》
The situation in North Koreas seems to be worse than China. In the first place the election itself is hardly done there.
With a free election is done, a candidate who criticizes the government and government officer shows up. As there is the freedom of the press, the criticism on the government is reported, and a news caster and a commentator also do the same thing.
When watching at it with TV, the people would agree with them and some people would applaud for them, so their dissatisfaction is cancelled
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
《The election is a safety valve in the society》
Even if it’s a little, the dissatisfaction is cancelled from the people.
As the result of the free election, if the one who was critical to the way of the government until then is elected, it will change the way of politics, and the society may have been better a little.
If the statesman is elected at the election, without working hard for the people, there is the possibility that it fails in the next election.
If the statesman thinks of failing in the next election, it will try to work hard.
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
《The election is a safety valve in the society》
The election seems to be useful unexpectedly.
If gas is filled with a container, there is fear it will explode soon, but there is the safety valve to the container which makes the accumulated gas escape outside, it’s gas venting, so the explosion doesn’t break out.
The democratic election plays a role as the safety valve in the society. Therefore in the nation which adopts the democracy, the riot seldom breaks out. It’s just fans who were dissatisfied with the result on a soccer game would make a fuss.
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
Except for China, the news on the riot in other nations is reported sometimes. There must have been a defect on the safety valve in the nation.
《Democracy doesn’t trust any statesman》
Choosing statesmen in the election and making the statesmen work, and if it doesn’t go well, changing the statesmen at once. It’s the democracy, and the democracy doesn’t trust statesmen at all from the beginning.
If trusting the statesman, it means leaving everything to the statesman, but it’s a person, so it has something immature, and tends to be tempted, so…
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
《Democracy doesn’t trust any statesman》
…so choosing the statesman in the election and making it work for the time being. If it doesn’t work so much or thinks of its own benefit alone, it’s all right as long as making it fail in the next election.
Leaving a person who we can make retire whenever we like to the politics. It’s the democracy, and the democracy doesn’t trust the statesman at all.
《Starving to death doesn’t occur in the nation of democracy》
The one who is an economist from India and won the Nobel prize in economics said like the next.
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
《Starving to death doesn’t occur in the nation of democracy》
The people don’t starve to death in the nation of democracy.
India which is the economist was from is severe gap between the rich and poor, and there have been lots of poor people there, but none of them have never starved to death.
As India is the nation of democracy, if practicing politics making the people starve to death, the statesman will fail in the next election, so the statesman practices politics hard so as not to make the people starve to death.
Lots of people starved to death…
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
《Starving to death doesn’t occur in the nation of democracy》
Lots of people starved to death at a county in Africa, on the other hand, the other nation of which people lead wealthy life there. Though the environment of their life is different, in the nation where there was a stupid dictator the people sometimes starved to death.
The dictator whose name Mao Zedong failed in the politics in China in 1950s, and food shortage occurred and it is said no less than three million of people starved to death then.
Mao Zedong was forced to take the …
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
《Starving to death doesn’t occur in the nation of democracy》
Mao Zedong was forced to take the responsibility for it, and he was taken off the stage for a while, but as there is none of the democratic election in China, no one could make him retire from the politics.
After that, Mao Zedong tried to regain the power by using young people who were obedient to him. The young people were called the red guard.
It is called the Great Cultural Revolution, but it wasn’t cultural at all, and lots of the people divided into enemy and friend in China and fought
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
《Starving to death doesn’t occur in the nation of democracy》
Then lots of people were dead again, but without making him retirie from statesman as the top leader in the Communist Party, and he was dead as the top leader. After his death, killing each other stopped for the first time then.
As the Communist Party has controlled China at present, if criticizing Mao Zedong, it means criticizing the way of the Communist Party.
As to the evaluation on Mao Zedong, he did both of good and bad things, but good things were more than bad things. He caused the…
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
He caused the situation in which millions of people were dead in his own nation, but his responsibility has never been sought.
《From bullet to ballot》
As various people have lived, varied conflicts occur from the interest. Then a war broke out at once long time ago. Firing a gun and killing each other. Some people killed their rivals and became the leaders.
But choosing the leader with the election, no one needs to kill each other. We call it from the bullet to the ballot. It’s just that playing on words in English, but introducing the ballot, so…
【Why has the riot broken out in China?】
…so no one needs to bleed uselessly any more.
【Elections chooses the one who uses the tax】
When going shopping, we pay the consumption tax. We pay the tax. What and how is the tax used for? The election chooses the one who uses the tax.
《Though doing of its own things for itself…》
Please thinking of the time long long ago when there was neither of election, the government office nor the police. If being alive then, what should we do? We have to do everything around us for ourselves.
Building our own house, and making a road in front of our house…
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《Though doing our own things for ourselves…》
We have to do those things for ourselves, and if the river near to our houses is about to overflow, we have to take a measure for ourselves. If a thief or robbery come to our house, we’ll be in trouble, so locking the door on the house tightly, we may have armed tightly with a gun, hammer and a wooden sword for ourselves. We don’t feel at ease forever.
《Offering money with others》
Though wanting to build a bridge over the river next to our house, but each of us can’t do it for ourselves.
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《Offering the money with others》
The people who lived on the side of the river and others who lived on the other side of the river would join forces and build the bridge, and all of those people have to offer the cost of material on the bridge.
Employing the people who always patrol so as to prepare for the thief and robbery is indispensable. In case of a fire, we have to employ people who rushed to the fire with a pump and a horse. Then we need money. It’s the tax. There is a thing which we can’t do for ourselves, so offering money and making…
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《Offering money with others》
…so offering money and making others do the thing which we can’t do with the offering money. The money is the tax and the people who are employed with the money are public employees.
Paying the salary to the public employees from the tax and making the civil employees do their job. Without watching the civil employees whether or not they work enough, some of them may have slacked off.
But the ones who offering the tax are too busy in doing their own job to check whether or not they work hard, so choosing a…
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《Offering money with others》
…so choosing a representatives from us and how about making the representative check whether or not the civil employees do their job enough. The representatives who are chosen like that are statesmen.
In short, the statesmen check the way of using the tax which we pay. How should the tax be used? Deciding the way of using the tax is the job for the statesmen.
When statesmen run for the election and announced their campaign pledge then. It means when being elected, it will use our tax for their campaign pledge.
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
So we choose the statesman who tries to use the tax with the way of our convincing with the election.
《The first eligible voters were tax payers alone》
It was in 1980 when the general election in which choosing the member of the National Assembly.
Making both of the House of Representatives and the House of Peers in the National Assembly and the member on the House of Representatives alone were elected at the election.
Special people who were called aristocrat in Japan were pointed out to the member of the House of Peers. It was the member of…
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《The first eligible voters were taxpayers alone》
It was the member of the House of Representatives alone, so they are called representatives. It’s 代議士 in Japanese, for they discuss as the representatives of the Japanese nation. Then it was men alone who could be the representatives, so it includes 士 which means a man in Japanese. 代議士 means the member of the House of
Representatives at present.
On the other hand, the member of the Council is called a Diet member.
At the first election in Japan, the one who got the right to vote was limited.
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《The first eligible voters were taxpayers alone》
It was men at the age over twenty five who pay the tax of fifteen yen direct. If converting fifteen yen then to the present value, it’s several hundred thousand yen, but they accounted for no more than 1.1% in the population, considering it, his annual income is dozens of million.
Then the right to women was limited, and it was thought that women should be at home, and the important right to move the politics in the nation wasn’t given to women.
Election is deciding the one who uses the way of tax
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《The first eligible voters were taxpayers alone》
So the ones who got the right to vote were limited to the people who pay tax to some extent then, but the job on statesmen is related to the whole nation, so the ones who paid the tax alone shouldn’t decided it, so the right to vote was given to all men whose age was over twenty five in 1925, and the election was done in 1928.
As it isn’t limited to the taxpayers alone, so it’s called the universal suffrage, but men alone joined in the election, so we should call the universal suffrage for men.
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
The movement in which the right to vote should give to women as well became active in 1920s, but it wasn’t permitted then.
《After the war, both of men and women whose age is over twenty were the eligible voters》
It was after the World War Ⅱ was over when the right to vote was given to women, and the age was dragged down as well, and the right to vote was given to both of men and women at the age of over twenty.
If being a Japanese, as long as having the nationality in Japan, the right to vote is given to everyone whose age is over eighteen.
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《…both of men and women whose age were over…》
As the right to vote is given to everyone automatically, we don’t feel like being grateful for it so much, but it has been given to us after the long movement in which the right to vote should be given to everyone. There has been the history on the right to vote.
There has been various discussion over the right to vote at present.
For example, there are foreign people who have the right of permanent residence in Japan. How about giving the right to vote to them? Foreign people who live in Japan work…
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《…both of men and women whose age were over…》
…and get income to some extent, so pay tax. When going shopping, they pay consumption tax, so they have the right to choose statesmen who decides the way of using the tax.
On the other hand, some people say like the next. The Japanese should decide the thing in Japan. Foreign people decides it is something strange.
Or as the national election is deciding the politics in the whole nation of Japan, the right to vote should limit to the Japanese alone, but as to a local election, is it all right that…?
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
…suggest it should be all right if the foreign people who have the right of permanent residence and live in the district can vote. Some people say like that.
《We can’t choose public employees》
We employ public employee with the tax we paid, and make them work which is indispensable for our daily life, so we should make them take the employment exam, but ordinary people have their own jobs, so adopting the public employees has learned to be left to other public employees who specialized in it.
But we can’t choose the public employees direct.
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《We can’t choose public employees》
We can’t see whether or not the public employees who we employ are decent ones, and nor watch them enough, so we choose statesmen and statesmen supervise the job on the public employees and order the public employees to do their work.
For example, as to a city office, the personal section in the city hall carries out the employment exam and employs the member of staff in the city office. Residents choose the mayor in the election and the mayor orders the member of staff in the city hall to do their work.
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《We can’t choose public employees》
Moreover we choose the member of city council so as to check whether or not the mayor work enough. Members of the city council supervise the work on the mayor, and watch how the member of staff in the city hall work as representatives from residents. It’s not only the city hall but the town hall, village hall and the prefectural office. Roughly speaking, all of them do the same things.
As to the central bureaucracy, it’s a little more complicated. We choose Diet members and the Prime Minister is chosen from the …
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
…and the Prime Minister is chosen from the Diet members, and it chooses other ministers. The gathering of the Prime Minister and other ministers is the Cabinet. The ministers who are chosen like that become the top of each of public office, and direct, order, and supervise the work on the member of staff in the public office.
《Using the tax in a planned way》
How should the tax we paid be used? It should be done in a planned way, so we need the public office which manage the tax, how is the tax used? It’s the Ministry of Finance. National Tax…
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《Using the tax in a planned way》
The National Tax Agency belonged to the Ministry of Finance gathers tax and the department of Budget Bureau makes the plan on the way of using the tax. It’s the budget bill.
When making the budget bill, listening to the requests from the central bureaucracy. The people in the public office who are engaged in the job which is important for us the nation request the money which the public office needs to the Ministry of Finance, and the Ministry of Finance makes the budget bill, considering the balance with others.
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
The Cabinet decides a broad policy, making the budget bill, announced things which the Cabinet focus on in the next year before the Ministry of Finance makes the budget bill, and the Ministry of Finance makes the budget bill, being based on the broad policy.
《Three kinds of diet session》
The budget bill becomes a formal budget in the National Assembly. Diet members who were chosen in the election by the nation discuss it in the National Assembly and decides the budget. We call it the ordinary diet session. As it’s decided to hold every year…
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《Three kinds of diet session》
…so the word of ordinary is included. As there is the ordinary one, there are others which aren’t ordinary. It’s a special one and extraordinary one.
The general election for the House of Representatives was done, and members of assembly who were elected newly choose the Prime Minister in the special one.
On the other hand, the extraordinary one is the National Assembly which is held temporarily. When economy is down, creating a special budget as economy boosting measure, the extraordinary diet session is held.
【Election which chooses the one who uses the tax】
The extraordinary one is often done so as to deliberate the budget bill temporarily. The budget compensates the one which was decided at the ordinary diet session, so we call it a supplementary one.
Even if what kind of budget, its origin is the tax from the nation, so the representatives who were chosen from the nation with the election need to deliberate and to decide it.
《The tax is used for the cost on the compulsory education》
The budget in the nation is used for various things, especially the important ones is education and welfare.
【Election is the one which chooses the tax】
《The tax is used for the cost on the mandatory education》
What kind of school to go, and what kind of education to receive is a matter for the individual and its family. Even if going to public school near from its house, or to private school far away, it’s the choice of its own, but we can’t say do as you please, for there are some families who can’t afford the fee in private school.
If the one who doesn’t have much money doesn’t have to go to school, the society will be filled with people who can’t read and write, nor make an easy calculation.
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《The tax is used for the cost on the compulsory education》
It seems that they can’t find a job easily, and without being able to work, some of them may have been in trouble when leading their life, and committed a crime, then the society is apt to be unstable.
When going shopping at a super market or at a convenience store, the clerk of those stores calculate the money quickly. If buying something of which price was two thousand and four hundred yen, and handing over the bill of five thousand yen to the clerk, the clerk did a mental calculation…
【Education chooses the one who uses the tax】
《The tax is used for the cost on the compulsory education》
…the clerk did a mental calculation at once, saying its change is two thousand six hundred yen, and returned the money to us. We find it natural, but looking around the world it seems to be different, there is the one who can the mental calculation quickly everywhere in Japan. It’s wonderful thing.
For example, when going shopping in America and buying something of which price was twenty four dollars, and handing the bill of fifty dollars to the clerk, it would calculate like the next.
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《The tax is used for the cost on the mandatory education》
If adding six dollars, it’s thirty dollars, and ten dollars is done, it’s forty dollars, and ten dollars once a time, it’s fifty dollars, so they are the change for you.
They calculate like that, for they can’t do the mental calculation of subtracting, so they handed the change, doing the addition.
There have been the clerk who handed over the change to us with the mental calculation quickly every store in the whole Japan. It’s marvelous thing, for both of elementary school and junior…
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《The tax is used for the cost on the compulsory education》
…for as both of elementary school and junior high school are the compulsory education, we the Japanese have studied enough. As there have been the people like those in the whole Japan, the economy developed greatly in Japan.
In short, all of the people in the society study basically, and their society develops. If being able to read, write, to calculate, we can get a job easily, and the people who commit a crime because there is no job for them will decrease, and the society will be stable
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《The tax is used for the cost on the mandatory education》
So using the tax from the nation, the making the cost for children to go to elementary school and junior high school free of charge, so children can study there. The cost of building school where children study in elementary school and junior high school, the salary of teachers, and textbook are supplied with the tax.
The cost for children to go to school is supplied with the tax from the people who don’t go to school, for it’s useful for the whole society.
But as to the cost of the…
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
But as to the cost of the supplementary teaching material and of school lunch is paying their own expenses.
There may have been some people who want to study at private school, and then its family members or the one who want to study at private school pay its fee for themselves and it goes to private school. It means that it’s all right if paying its fee for itself.
《The cost on the social welfare is suppled with the tax》
The cost on the social welfare is as important as the one on the compulsory education. If suffering from disease, and we…
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《The cost on the social welfare is supplied with the tax》
…and we have to pay our medical expenses for ourselves, if so, we are forced to be worried about, if suffering from disease, we can’t pay the medical expenses, what should we do?
Without being able to go to hospital even if being in sick, aggravating the illness and we may have been dead, and the whole society becomes unsteady.
When going to hospital and receiving the treatment there and paying its medical expenses at the reception, then the amount of the money on the medical expenses is…
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《The cost on the social welfare is supplied with the tax》
…then the amount of the money on the medical expenses are the part of the money which costed actually, it’s no more than 30% on the money costed on the medical expenses, and the rest of the medical expenses are paid from the health insurance. The system is included in the social welfare.
When being old and being unable to work any more, please managing it with your saving, if the nation adopts the policy like that, what should we do? All of us will continue to save money without stopping…
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《The cost on the social welfare is supplied with the tax》
All of us will continue to save money without stopping for our old age, and are anxious about our life until we are dead.
But if the nation adopts the system that when being old and being unable to work any more, we can receive the pension, we will be relieved a little, but the pension has been a serious problem lately, for some people who may have not received pension in the future show up, and the people who were angry at it and worried about it have increased. If the system on the….
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
If the system on the pension was firm, the problem wouldn’t happen. If the system on the social welfare is firm, the society will be steady. We can understand its meaning.
As to the pension system, how much the tax should be used so as to pay the pension? The way of using our tax is very important.
《The cost on defending our nation》
One of serious problems in the National Assembly is the cost of defending our nation by the Self Defense Force. The Self Defense Force has exited so as to prevent our nation from being attacked by other nations.
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《The cost on defending our nation》
As the Self Defense Force has the large amount of powerful weapon, making other nations think if fighting against Japan it seems to suffer from serious damage, and defending our nation from being attacked by other nations.
If thinking of it like that, the cost of defending nation is like a premium in life insurance or damage insurance. The premium in the insurance for the emergency. If nothing serious happens, we are relieved, and it’s over.
No one would complain as the premium was wasteful, so the cost of…
【The election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《The cost on defending nation》
…so the cost of defending nation is same as the premium in the insurance, but as there has been a discussion of being too much the premium in the insurance, whether or not the cost on the defending the nation is too much causes a big discussion as the way of using our tax.
Where and how much money should be used as the cost of defending nation? As to the way of using our tax, the member of the National Assembly who we chose at the election discuss it over seriously is natural.
《Overseas deployment on the Self…》
【The election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《Overseas deployment on the Self Defense Force》
The new problem has been cause on the cost of the defending nation lately.
The Self Defense Force has learned to be sent to overseas from Japan so as to join in the Peacekeeping Operation.
Using the tax to the defending nation is all right, but how about the cost that the Self Defense Force goes overseas? Why should we the Japanese pay the cost for ?
The discussion has been done.
The issue of sending the Self Defense Force overseas is the issue the way of using the tax which we pay.
【The election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《Overseas deployment on the Self Defense Force》
Some people say the tax should be used for our nation alone, but if contributing to the international society, the estimation on Japan becomes better, so it’s effective as the way of using the tax, the others say like that.
There is other opinion that there are some people who are in trouble, so we should send the Self Defense Force even if how much it costs.
If the estimation on Japan overseas goes up, it’s all right, but if the Self Defense Force goes overseas makes the estimation on Japan…
【The election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《Overseas deployment on the Self Defense Force》
…but if the Self Defense Force goes overseas makes the estimation on Japan drop in the international society, it means the tax is used wastefully, the way of thinking is also formed.
It turned out that various things becoming the discussion on the National Assembling is eventually the way of using our tax, for we the nation in Japan have chosen the member on the National Assembly as the people who use the way of our tax.
If thinking like that, the one who doesn’t go to the election is saying…
【Election chooses the one who uses our tax 】
…the one who doesn’t go to the election is saying the tax I paid is used as you like it, it means like that.
《Public works become a problem》
Public works are also the problem in the National Assembly, there aren’t enough roads, and the bridge is indispensable more, if there is the local area like that, our tax is used for for the public works like that.
But even if an expressway is completed, there is almost no one who use it, so the expressway is always empty, some people say as there has already been enough roads, but ordering to build more…
【Election chooses the one who uses our tax】
…but ordering to build more is done so as to make building contractors make more money, some people have begun to say.
Building a necessary road or bridge is important, but what is necessary for us? It is open to debate. As our tax is used, a fair way of using is necessary, but what is fair? It’s always the problem.
《Statesmen make use of public works》
Roads and bridges which each of us can’t build, and the tax was born so as to build them. We’ve chosen statesmen who decide the way of using the tax with election. Statesmen judge how much the…
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《Statesmen make use of public works》
Statesmen judge how much public works are necessary and decide whether or not it is included in the budget. It’s natural until this point, but a reversal phenomenon has learned to happen.
Public works which is necessary for the nation should have decided by statesmen, but statesmen have learned to decided the public works for their own profit.
If building a wonderful road in its electoral district, and announcing it was done by the statesman, eligible voters would vote it in the next election. Statesmen who…
【Election chooses the one who uses the tax】
《Statesmen make use of public works》
There are lots of the statesmen who think like that, or some of them decide the expenditure on the tax of the public work and making the building contractor make money and receiving the political donation.
We chose statesmen so as to decide the public work so as to be beneficial all of us, but statesmen learn to decide the public works for their own profit alone. It’s the opposition of our intention, but it’s all right as long as we make them fail in the next election, for the ones who choose statesmen in the …
【Election choose the one who uses the tax】
…for the ones who choose the statesmen are the main characters in the nation and more powerful than any other.
【Being able to change everything with the result of the election】
Don’t you think the election is fair？ In fact, we can change the result of the election as we like with its way
《The way of winning in the election easily》
Election is the competition in which candidates compete with each other so as to win votes from eligible voters as much as possible under the fixed rule. Some of them are against the rule in the election, but…
【Being able to change everything with the result of the election】
《The way of winning in the election easily》
….but the election itself is carried out with the fair rule, it seems lots of people think like that, but if changing the rule on the election, its result will be different one altogether. In the first place, how should we decide the rule on the election? It’s a problem.
For example, let’s suppose a person thought of wanting a candidate who belongs to its political party to win an election easily. What should it do?
Putting together the region where there are lots of supporters..
【Being able to change everything with the result of the election】
《The way of winning election easily》
Putting together the region where there are lots of supporters on the political party and turning it into the electoras district.
There has been the one who did the same thing actually. The governor Elbridge Gerry in Massachusetts thought of fixing the electoral district candidates from the political party he belonged to would be elected easily in 1812.
Putting together the regions where there were lots of supporters for the political party and changing it into a single electoral region.
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《The way of winning election easily》
Its way was so open and the shape on the electoral region became very strange, as if it had been a salamander which was a creature in legend,adding the name of Gerry which is the name of the governor, and was called Gerimander.
After that, setting up the electoral district for its convenience is called Gerimander.
《Hatomander in Japan》
The Hatoyama Cabinet tried to introduce the single seat constituency system in the election on the House of Representative and submitted a .reformed bill..
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《Hatomander in Japan》
The reform bill was on the Public Office Election Law and it was submitted in the National Assembly in 1956, and there was the electoral district which was divided selfishly for the Hatoyama Cabinet, so the opposition party repelled against it, saying the gerrymander in Japan and adopting the name of Hatoyama and calling it Hatobander.
When being criticized like that, the refrom bill couldn't form. When trying to criticize someone, if using a wonderful way of saying everyone is forced to impress, it'll be...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
...it'll be successsful. If saying the Hatoyama Cabinet wasn't good, it's not effective very much, but the way of saying that the Hatoyama Cabinet tried to carry out the Hatomander was effective.
As to the division on the electoral region in Japan at present, the council in which none of statesmen can interfere with it decides objectively.
《Without being secret on voting...》
When voting, who eligible voters voted? We need to prevent anyone from knowing it.We call it the secret ballot. If adopting the system that the result on...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《Without being secret on voting...》
If adopting the system that everyone knows the result on the voting, it is caused a result which is convenient for the man of power.
For example when the President Hussein who was the dictator controlled Iraq before America attacked Iraq, the one who run in for the Presidential election in Irqq was Hussein alone, for other were afraid to run in for the Presidential election, they were afraid of HUssein, so the Presidential election in Iraq was the vote of confidence, whether or not they...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《Without being secret on voting...》
...whether or not they place confident in Hussein. Eligible voters accepted voting papers and described whether or not they support the President and voted, but there was a number on each of voting paper, so whether or not the eligible voters supported the President was known if looking at the voting paper. As a result all of them were for the President Hussein, so Hussein was elected as the President by all of supporters.
TV in Iraq said like that then.
The President in America isn't...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《Without keeping secret on voting...》
The President in America isn't always supported by nations perfectly, but the one in Iraq is supported by the nation by 100%. The President who is supported by the nation perfectly is elected is the true democracy.
But when America attacked Iraq and the Hussein Governmen collapsed almost none of nation were sad at it. It doesn't always mean that Hussein was supported by the nation. the number on the voting paper caused 100% of support on Hussein.
In 1964 immediate before the nation of...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《Without keeping secret on voting》
In 1964 immediate before the nation of North Korea was formed, the election choosing the people's commissar which is equivalent to the member on the National Assembly was done. The one who could run in for the election each of the electoral region was only one who was appointed from the Labor Party in North Korea.
It's just admitted that nations voted whether or not they supported the candidate. There were none of number on voting papers. It was different from Iraq, instead of it, the voting...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
...the voting box was divided into two, the white one and the black one. The one who supported the candidate voted in white box and the one who didn't support the black box, and they had to vote in front of people who watched them.
As a result, the Peoeple's commissaries were elected with overwhelmingly supported in each of electoral district. it is possible to insist that the representative from the nation was chosen in the election.
《Voting to single one or to several candidates?》
In general, voting to a single one is usual...
【Being able to change everythijng with the resuot of election】
《Voting to a single candidate or doing to several ones?》
In general, voting to a single candidate is usual in an election, but there is the way of voting to several ones.
For exampple in an electoral district of which fixed number was five, the eligible voters can vote for a few candidates or four candidates. We call it limited voting.
As a single voter votes to a single candidate usually, so it's very unique, but it's possible as principle. If adopting it, what kind of result is causedJ? An eleigible voter would vote to...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《Voting to a single candidate or doing to several ones?》
An eligible voter would vote to the one who is worth of trust than any other four in the first place, but after that it can vote more. What happens then?
There is possibility that various people are elected.
For examplke, though the eligible voter doesn't always like the political party the candidate belongs to, it likes the candidate itself, so it may have voted.
So there is the possibility that the one who is loved by everybody as person is elected, or the one who...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《Voting to a single candidate or doing several ones?》
...or the one who appeals a solution to a specific problem and runs in for the election may have had the high possibility of being elected.
For example, let's suppose under the system of election of being able to vote only one candidate,a victim on pharmaceutical injury appealed the eradication on the pharmaceutical injury and ran for in the election.
If lots of the people in the electoral region think though the problem on the pharmaceutical injury is serious, we'll...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《Voting to a single candidate or doing to several ones?》
...we'll choose the one who seems to tackle a problem in the place where we live, the people in the electoral region take into action like that,the candidate is eleccted is hard.
But if being able to vote some candidates,the voters who choose the candidate appaling the problem on the pharmaceutical injury as second candidate will appear.
As a result, the candidate may have been elected because of lots of votes.
A candidate who doesn't tackle the problem in the district...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《Votint to a single candidate or doing to several ones?》
A candidate who doesn't work on the problem in the electoral district hard but does on the problem of the whole nation or on the peace in the world enthusiastically has the possibility of being elected under the block voting, for eligible voters choose the candidate who thinks of the problem in the place where they live first, and the one who thinkd of the peace in the world second, the eligible voters can think like that easily.
On the other hand, the candidate of TV...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
...the candidate of TV talent may have been elected easily, for elibible voters may have thought if the candidate of TV talent alone is electeced, we hate it, but if we can vote once more time, I'm going to vote other who seems to be interesting. Eligible voters may have learned to vote easily.
《The way of minus voting》
Speaking of election, we vote the candidate who is worth of being trusted, but opposite system exists as possibility. Decreasing the votes on candidate who eligible vothers think of the one who they don't think...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《The way of minus voting》
Decreasing on the votes who eligible voters don't think of the one who they want to be elected. A single vote is given to a single eligible voter, and the eligible voter can use it for its supporting candidate or can use other candidate who it wanted not to be elected as minus single vote.
In this situation if a candidate wins hundred thousand of votes, it has minus eighty thousand votes, so its number of votes is twenty thousand and the candidate failed in the election. It's possile in the way of...
【Being able to change everything with an election】
《The way of minus voting》
It's possible in the way of minus voting
When a statesman was arrested with a corruption and was guilty in the trial, but he had enthusastic supporters in his electoral district,and he was elected. It's happened often.
But there are some other people who think if being elected like the one, it's shameful in the electoral distirct of theirs, so they want it not to be elected at any cost. If adopting the voting of minus, the candidate like that may have failed.
Ostracism was done at Athens in ancient Greece,and...
【Being abel to change everything with the result of election】
《The way of minus voting》
It's the ostracism in the modern version.
The ancient Greek wrote the name of the one who they wanted to banish overseas on the pottery piece so as to prevent an autocrat from showing up, and voted it. If the number of voting was over six thousand, it was banished overseas for a decade.
But it was caused an unexpected result, for the ones who accomplished a splendid achivement and had high raputation learned to be banished due to jealousy from other people. As a result, ancient Athens was declining...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election 】
...and it is said the ancient Greece declined after that. The one in rich personality who is admired or dispraised may be hard to be the Assembly Member if minus voting is introduced.
《How many people should we choose in the electoral district?》
Changing the number of people who are elected in a single electoral district changes the politics greatly. There are phrases of large, multiple, and single seat constiency system. Each phrase shows the number of people who are elected in the electoral district.
For example...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
For example, changing the whole Japan into a single electoral district and choosing all the members of the National Aseembly there. It's the large constiency system. In consequence, the area of the electoral djstrict is also big.
Choosing from three to five from the electoral district is the multiple one.
The single candidate alone is elected in the single electoral district is the single seat constiency system. The number of people we should choose changes the form on politics
《Number of political party is many in the large...》
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《The number of political party is many in the large constiency system》
Changing the whole nation into the large constiency system and choosing all the members of the National Assembly. It's simple and clear, but it's hard to research the ones who run for the election enough and to choose the one in the thought of eligible voters.
As various candidates run for the election,successful candidates appear from several political parties.the electoral district is apt to be the multiple political party, and is crowded with the...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
...and is crowded with the political parties, so there is none of the political party which occupies the majority, and there is fear none of important things can be decided in the National Assembly.
Though the large constituency system can choose the representative on various opinions from the nation, there is the possibility that the function of the National Assembly is paralized.
《A faction is born from the multiple constituency system》
The multiple constituency system is adopted for the former House of Representatives...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《A faction is born from the multiple constituency system》
The multiple contituency system is adopted for both of former ekecttion of House of Representatjives and the present House of council. A few successful cnaidates appear from the single electoral district. it has been pointed out the way of multiple constituency system causes faction easily in the political party.
The National Party of Japan gained the power from 2009 to 2012,the Liberal Democratic party used to assume the reins of government for a long time before it.
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《A faction is born from the multiple constituency system》
The Liberal Democratic Party occupied the majority in the National Assembly, so it was possible, and a few canidate have to be put up so as to maintain the majority if adopting the multiple constituency system. If the electoral district of which fixed number was five,three of candidates have to be put up.
Then even if they are the candidates from the same political party, they are forced to fight against severely each other as enemy during the election. Even if they are...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
Even if they are the members from the same political party, they aren't close, and each of them learned to belong to different groups each other.
When being elected as the member of the Liberal Democratic Party newly, it can't joined in a group in which other members joined in the same electoral district, so it joined in other group, and the group is the faction.
Lots of factions were born in the single political party and the faction learned to fight against.
《What is the faction?》
What is the faction? The faction in the...
【Being able to change everything with the result of faction】
《What is the faction？》
The faction in the Liberal Democratic Party is an intimate group, educational organization, the organization supplying political fund, the one supporting election, and supporters trying to make their leader the Prime Minister.
The faction is made up with close members, and when the one who was elected as the member of the National Assembly newly joined in the faction, seniors in the faction teach it what the member of the National Assembly should know, and the way of work. It's a educational organization...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《What is the faction》
It's an educational organization raising rookie as full fledged.
The top of the faction gathers political fund from various companies so as that its members can work easily in the faction.
When starting the election, the top comes to so as to support from a famous faction, and the members of faction love and respect the top and are supporters who try to make the top the Prime Minister.
If the top becomes the Prime Minister, various information reach them,and government officials in the Central...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
The Government officials in the Central Government Ministries and Agencies respond to them politely, and gathering the political fund becomes easily. Being the Minister is easily as well, so making the top the Prime Minister is very advantageous to the members of the faction.
But carrying matter to excess by the politics of faction happened, the members of the faction are to give priority to their faction rather than the nation, the politics in the nation, or their own political party. They were criticized like that.
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《Two of great political parties are born in the single seat constituency system》
The multiple constituency system was given up in the election on the House of Representatives so as to solve the problems and the sijngle seat constituency system was introduced.
The successful candiddate is one in the single seat constituency, and the candidate from the political party is imited to the single one. Each of candidates explained the policy on the political party which it belonged to the eligible voters and askded the support from them.
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《Two of great political parties are born in the single seat constituency system》
Argument over the policy between the political parties is caused, and the level of the election will rise,it was thought like that.
If the successful candidate is limited only one, the Liberal Democratic party of the ruling party and the one which is popular among the nation is advantageous.
Without functioning well, other political parties fight in the election, none of them can defeat the Liberal Democratic Party, so each of political parties...
【Being able to change everything with the reault of election】
《Two of great political parties are born....》
...so each of politcal parties cohered as anti the Liberal Democratic Party and as a result,being the two of great political parties.
In short, it was thought being the two of political parties on purpose, so the single seat constituency was adopted.
For example, the election on the House of Representatives in 2009, the National Party of Japan won overwhelmingly, instead of the Liberal Democratic Party, the National Party of Japan rose to power, but criticism against the National...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《Two of the great political parties are born...》
...but the criticism against the handling government by the Democratic Party of Japan heightened, the Liberal Democratic party returned to the political power again in the election of 2012.
If one of the political party lost the support from the nation, other one gains the power automatically in the two of great politcal parties. Change in government occurs easily
If failing in the politics, we may have been defeated in the next election, the ruling party thinks like that, and...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
...and the tense atmosphere is born and the rulijng party will conduct better politics, so even if the change of government happens often, it isn't so bad in the long run. Changing the system on election so as to change the form of politics, so changing the single seat constituency from the mulitiple one.
《Propositional representation decreases wasted vote》
But there is a problem on the sijngle seat constituency as well. A one person alone is elected in the single seat constiency, so other vote gathered by other candidate.
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《Proposal representation decreases wasted vote》
...so other votes gathered by other candidate is of no use, and we call it wasted vote.
Since the eligible voters voted, we shouldn't have wasted, but as to the single seat constituency, without having majority of vote, the candidate can be elected.
For example, let's suppose there were three candidates, and the one obtained 40% of vote, and other two by 30%, then the one was elected, so the one was the member of the National Assembly with the 40% of support alone from the...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
《Proposal representation decreases the wasted vote》
...so the one was the member of the National Assembly with the 40% support alone from the electoral region. If it is developed at the other electoral district in the whole nation, it means being able to be the member of the National Assembly with the 40% of support from the eligible voters, and the will of 60% from the supporter isn't reflected.
The proposal representation complements the fault on the single seat constituency. It decides the successful candidate, according to...
【Being able to change everything with the result of election】
...according to the number of getting vote on each of political parties, so the candidate from a small political party is elected easily, and the voice of minority reaches to the National Assembly.
At the election of the House of Representatives, putting together the proposal representation and the single seat constituency.
Changing the system on the elction, and we can change its result. Can you understand its meaning? The author asked like that.
【The election decides the form on the nation】
The way of election changes even...
【The election decides the form on the nation】
The way of election changes the form on the nation.
《Why do they get excited on the Presidential Election in America?》
The Presidential Election in America is done once four year, at the year when the Olympic is held. The American get excited by far wilder on the Presidential Election more than Olympic.
Electing the President in America heats up more than choosing the Prime Minister in Japan. Why?
Because the nation can choose the President direct in America which is different from Japan. If thinking the President may be decided with its...
【The election decides the form on the nation】
《Why do they get excited on the Presidential Election in America?》
If thinking the President is decided with its own vote, they get tensed up. Whne looking at other nations in the world, the nation of which system of choosing the President direct with the election, the people get excited wildly at the Presidential election like America,South Korea, France and Argentina.
On the other hand, other nation of which system the Prime Minister is chosen at the National Assembly, the Prime Minister is hardly chosen enthusiastically. It seems to be ...
【The election decides the form on the nation】
It seems to be done indifferently.
《President and Prime Minister》
When coming across two positions like the President and the Prime Minister, we feel like wanting to know simply. What's difference between the President and the Prime Minister? Which is greater, the President or the Prime Minister?
In simple words, the President is the head of state, and the Prime Minister is the chief on the administration.
The President plays a role on the symbol of unification of the nation.
On the other hand, the Prime Minister is the position...
【The election decides the form on the nation】
《President and Prime Minister》
...the Prime Minister is the position organizing other ministers. As the system on the nation, the Prime Minister is under the head of state,and if the head of state is the President, it means that the President is greater than the Prime Minister.
But the actual power on the President is various in the nations around the world. The one has immeasurable power, and the other is just a symbol. The difference between them is the way of choosing the President.
The President who is chosen by the nation direct has the...
【The election decides the form on the nation】
《President and Prime Minister》
The President who is chosen by nations direct has a strong power, it has the most influential power in the nation, but as undertaking all the jobs for itself is so hard, the President appointed someone to be the Prime Minister and leaves the domestic administration to the Prime Minister like France, South Korea and Russia.
If being dissatisfied with the work of the Prime Minister, the President can make him resign from his post.
On the other hand, there is other nation which the President isn't chosen in the...
【Election decides the form on the nation】
《President and Prime Minister》
...there is other nation in which the President isn't chosen by the nation but is done in the election by the member of the National Assembly like Germany, India and Israel, and then the President is the symbol on the unification of the nation.
The Presidents in those nations visit other nations as representative its nation, but it hardly has any political power in its nation. It's the Prime Minister who has the actual political power.
When electing the President, the nations are hardly enthusiastic very much in...
【Election decides the form on the nation】
...the people are hardly zealous in those nations, and it seems that being made much of its experience, personality, and dignity and the President is chosen as the face of the nation.
There are few nations in which there is no the Prime Minister but the President alone, it's typical one is America. The President in America isn't only the head of state but the chief of administration, gathering the Secretary State and Defense Minister and holds a Cabinet meeting. The President in America serves the two of position which is separated in other nations.
【Election decides the form on the nation】
We can understand how great the President is in America is.
《If the head of state isn't the President...》
There is a nation in which there isn't the President but the Prime Minister. What kind of nation is it? When looking at England, Holland, Belgium, and Sweden, there is a King or Queen in those nations.
Both of the King and Queen are the head of state which is the symbol of unification of the nation, so they don't have to choose the President, and choose the Prime Minister in the assembly. We call it a Parliamentary system of government.
【Election decides the form on the nation】
《If the head of state isn't the President...》
The parliament which is the National Assembly chooses the Prime Minister, and the Prime Minister organizes the cabinet in the Parliamentary system of government.
The Prime Minister which is the representative is chosen in the National Assembly, and the King or Queen who are the head of state appoint the Prime Minister as ceremony, adopting the form that the head of state appoints the Prime Minister officially, so we can understand why there isn't the President in Japan, for there is the Emperor in Japan
【Election decides the form on the nation】
《If the head of state isn't the President...》
Being based on the appointment in the National Assembly, the Emperor appoints the Prime Minister in the Cabinet, the constitution of Japan expresses like that.
There is an expression that Emperor in Japan is the symbol in the unification of Japan, but there is none of expression it's the head of state, so there has been a dispute, that the Emperor is the head of state, that as there is none of regulation anywhere in the constitution, so it isn't the head of state.
But as it has been expressed that...
【Election decides the form on the nation】
《If the head of state isn't the President...》
But as it has been expressed the Emperor appoints the Prime Minister in the constitution, we can understand the constitution regards the Emperor as the head of state implicitly.
Regardless of the argument in Japan, when the Emperor goes to other nation, he is treated as the head of state.
Speaking of the nation in which there is the Prime Minister alone, both of Canada and Australia are the same, some people may have thought like that. There is the Prime Minister alone both of two nations, but they...
【Election decides the form on the nation】
But two of the nations are the member of British Commonwealth, so the chief of state of both of Canada and Australia is the Queen Elizabeth in England.
The admiral who serves as the representative of the Queen Elizabeth has been sent to both Canada and Australia from England. The admiral is at the ceremony in which the head of state should be present.
Without being sent from both of the two nations, the representative is chosen from their nation lately.
《Which is greater in Russia?》
Which is greater, the President or the Prime Minister? Russia...
【Election decides the form on the nation】
《Which is greater in Russia？》
Russia has been unique lately, with regard to the issue, which is greater, the President or the Prime Minister?
The President is chosen in the election by the nation directly, so the President has the absolute power and appoints the Prime Minister and leaves the domestic administration to the Prime Minister in Russia.
Medvedev who used to be the first Deputy Prime Minister under the President Putin was inaugurated as the President May in 2008, and Putin was appointed as the Prime Minister under the President.
【Election decides the form on the nation】
《Which is greater in Russia？》
Their position exchange.
Putin has been supported from the nation so much because he made the economy in Russia the strong one, but the term of office on the President is four years, and being unable to be the three term office on the President consecutively, but it's all right without being consecutively.
So Putin made Medvedev who is obedient to him the President for a while and made himself appoint the Prime Minister then, and he was elected the President again in 2010.
Which is greater, the President or the ...
【Election decides the form on the nation】
《Which is greater, the President or the Prime Minister？》
The President has stronger power than the Prime Minister, according to the regulation in the constitution, but everyone knew Putin was greater than Medvedev in Russia.
Though the position as President was respected, the President went to the Prime Minister asking for advice with regard to important issue, so the regulation on the constitution is just formally, and it's in the wrong as the rule in democracy.
《Presidential government and Parliamentary system of government》
Which is better...
【Election decides the form on the nation】
《Presidential government and Parliamentary system of government》
Which is better, the Presidential government and the Parliamentary system of government?
As to the Presidential government, the President and the member of assembly are chosen in other elections. If giving all the power to the President, the President could result in a dictator, so choosing the member of the assembly as one more representatives so as to prevent an autocrat from turnning up.
As a result, the President and the majority on the assembly are the other political parties.
【Election decides the form on the nation】
《Presidential government and Parliamentary system of government》
So the assembly is opposed to the policy of the President and the politics sometimes stops.
The Republican Party which was the majority in the assembly was against the policy of the Obama President who belonged to the Democratic Party, and objected to the budget bill including the political plan by the President,so the budget didn't form, and the function on the government of American Federation stopped for a while.
As the President and the member of assembly are chosen separately...
【Election decides the form on the nation】
《Presidential goverrnment and Parliamentary system of government》
...the opposition is caused easily.
On the other hand, in the Parliamentary system of government, the Prime Minister is chosen in the assembly. It means that the top of the political party of majority is chosen to the Prime Minister.
When the Prime Minister stars a plan for something, the majority on the assembly agrees with it, and the budget bill passes easily. As a result, the politics goes smoothly.
Though the nation can choose the President direct, there is the possibility...
【Election decides the form on the nation】
《Presidential government and Parliamentary system of government》
...there is the possibility that the politics is confused.
On the other hand, the nation can't choose the Prime Minister direct, but the politics goes well. Each of two has its merits and demerits.
A nation which has old history and there is a king or a queen adopts the Parliamentary system of government, and other one which executing the king with revolution or Americ which founded the new nation on the new environment adopt the Presidential government.
Though some people may...
【Election decides the form on the nation】
Some people may have thought the politics on America adoping the Presidential government goes well, but the politics on Japan adopting the Parliamentary system of government doesn't.
To tell the truth, the politics in Aeerica is always confused. It's just that it isn't reported in Japan, the author said like that.
《Why are we the Japanese cool?》
While when choosing the President in America, the Americans are zealous, when choosing the Prime Minister in Japan, we the Japanese are cool. We can understand its reason. The Prime Minister in Japan...
【Election decides the form on the nation】
When choosing the Prime Minister in Japan,it is done in the National Assembly. Aw we can't choose direct, we end up feeling it's another person's affair, in particular, the member of the Liberal Democratic party used to make up for the majority in the National Assembly, the president of the Liberal Democratic Party frequently became the Prime Minister.
The election on the president in the Democratic Party was the process of choosing the Prime Minister in Japan, so except for the member of the Liberal Democratic Party, all of us were a wet blanket.
【Election decides the form on the nation】
《How about the direct election of the Prime Minister by popular vote?》
There has been other opinion, how about choosing the Prime Minister in the election by the nation direct?
Mr. Nakasone and Mr.Koizumi used to insist on it, but once being the Prime Minister, both of them learned to say nothing about it
As the nation can choose the top of the nation direct, so lots of the people learn to be interested in politics, so some people agree with it.
On the other hand, the political party which the Prime Minister belongs to and the majority on the...
【Election decideds the form on the nation】
《How about the direct election of the Prime Minister of popular vote?》
...the political party which the Prime Minister belongs to and the majority of the political party on the member in the National Assembly is different, and the Prime Minister and the National Assembly are opposed and the politics may have stopped, some people are worried about it.
Israel in the Middle East carried out the direct election on the Prime Minister of popular vote, and the politcal party which was against the Prime Minister became the majority in the National Assembly
【Election decides the form on nation】
But the bill which the Prime Minister proposed didn't pass through the national assembly easily, and the whole nation was confused, so the direct election of the Pimre Minister of popular vote didn't go well, and it was given up in Israel.
As to Japan, if adopting it, the Prime Minister becomes the position of the head of state which is the one like the President, so the Emperor isn't the head of state, so some people are opposed to it.
《Election to choose which party by the nation》
But as the aspect has changed lately and we the nation have learned...
【Election decides the form on nation】
《Election to choose which party by the nation》
...and we the nation have learned to choose the Prime Minister gradually, for the House of representatives become the single seat constituency and two party system.
The Democratic Party of Japan became the majority in the election of the House of Representatives in 2009, and Yukio Hatoyama who was the top of it became the Prime Minister then.
But the Liberal Democratic Party was the majority in the election of 2012 and the president of Shinzo Abe became the Prime Minister then, and the Liberal...
【Election decides the form on nation】
《Election to choose party by the nation》
...and the Liberal Democratic Party was the majority in the election of 2014 again and the Abe Cabinet continued.
In short, the election of the House of Representatives has been the direct one of the Prime Minister by popular vote, so the top of the political party which we the nation choose is the Prime Minister actually.
Therefore even if the nation isn't enthusiastic about the process of choosing the President in the National Assembly, at the time of the election of the House of Representatives, we the...
【Election decides the form on nation】
...we the nation could have got excited more than before.
《The desparity in the vote value makes the voice of the local area big》
The desparity in the vote value among the eligible voters decides the form on the nation, for the bigger it is, the more powerful the voice in the local area is than the one in the urban area.
The desparity in the vote value is there is difference on the number of the eligible voters which is dispensable for making a single member of the National assembly be elected.
For example, the election of House of Council in 2013...
【Election decides the form on the nation】
《The desparity on the vote value makes the voice of local area big》
...the electoral district of Hokkaido prefecture elected a single member of the National Assembly with the million hundred fifty thousand of eligibel voters.
On the other hand, Tottori prefecture did with two hundred forty thousand of eligible voters. The difference between two of prefectures is 4.77 times.
Even if the number of the eligibel voters aren't many in the local area, its area is so big that it can elect the member of the National Assembly with the small number of...
【Election decides the form on nation】
《The desparity on the vate value makes the voice of local area big》
...that it can elect the member of National Assembly with the small number of eligible voters,, but the area of city doesn't like that, as a result, the voice of eligible voters in the local area has tendency to reach the National Assembly easily, and the politics which turning their attention to the local area is done easily.
There has been the criticsm that the Liberal Democratic Party paid attention to the politics in the local area, and neglected in the city area. It is possible...
【Election decides the form on nation】
《The desparity on the vote value makes the voice in the local area big》
It is possible to say the existence on the desparity on the vote value has caused the situation.
As there was severe criticsm on the situation, the Supreme Court judged the election on the House of Council in 2013 was the violation of the constitution. As a result, the National Assembly combined Shimmane and Tottori prefecture and turned them into a single electoral district.We call it an integration of constituency.
Moreover Tokushima and Kochi prefecture changed into a single...
【Election decides the form on nation】
Moreover Tokushima and Kochi prefecture turned into a single electral distict. The fixed number on the both of integration of consituency is two. Decreasing the fixed number in Miyagi and Niigata prefecture, on the other hand, increasing two in Tokyo and Hokkaido, as a result, it's what is called 10増１０減, and the biggest desparity reduced to 2.97, being based on the population of the national census, but there is criticism it's not enough.
《Can we buy the politics with the money?》
The money is indispensable for political activity and electiona campaign.
【Election decides the form on nation】
《Can we buy politics with the money？》
ＭＡＫＩＮＧ the poster for election and spreading around all over the electoral district, holding an individual politcal speech, making the eligible voters know how the candidate act as statesman, It requires money eacg if them.
Some statesmen give in to the temptation. If someone visits with the wad of cahs and saying, if you work for my company, I won't do anything that would be disadvantageous fro you, some statesmen may have received the money.
If being elected the member of National Aseembly, it makes law which is
【Election decides the form on nation】
《Can we buy politics with the money?》
...it makes a law which is advantageous for the company or asks a question in the National Assembly which is advantageous in the comapny.
It means buying the politics with the money, so there is a law which regulates so as to prevent it from occuring, but00000 a corruption case happened in Japan. An incomprehensible flow over the election,
Whne asking the statesmen, the money is the common sense is in some nation may not have been in Japan but around the world.
Then making the money move the politics. Election...
【Election decides the form on nation】
Election decides the form on the nation, but the money ends up making the form on the nation decides then.
Sp there has been the law of Political Funds Control Fucts. It's not regulating the politcal funds but controling so as to use correctly.
《The party over the political funds becomes many》
None of company or group can donate funds to statesman individual due to the law. The donation from an individual is limited a million and a half for a single statesman a year.
If some comapny donates a large amount offunds to the statesman, the statesman...
【Election decides the form on nation】
《The party over political funds becomes so many》
...the statesman filled with gratitude and tends to think of doing something benefitial on the company, so we think so as to avoid it by the law, thinking of collecting the political funds widely thinnly from lots of people.
But the funds can't gather easily, so statesmen often hold the party over the politcal funds. In the name of encouraging of somee statesman, it is held at the banquet hall in a famous hotel. The price on the membership ticket on the party is twenty thousand yen usually.
【Election decides the form on nation】
《Party over the politica funds becomes so many》
After buying the membership ticket on the party and being late for the party a little, mothing to eat was left. It causes frequently, for its aim is collecting the politcal funds.
If maiking the membership ticket on the party two thousand of people buy with the price of twenty thousand yen, its income is twenty million yen.
If reducing the quality and quantity on the meal of the party to five million yen, fifteen million yen is the politcal fund for the statesman.
So, if being late for the party a...
【Election decides the form on nation】
So if being late for the party a little, nothing to eat left. If making a law on the politcal fund, the party increases, there has been the relationship.
《As requiring lots of money, second generation Diet Member increases》
Both of the former Prime Minister Abe and Fukuda are the second generation Diet member, the former Prime Minister Koizumi is the third generation, and his son is the fourth generation.
The second generation Doet Member is its parent was also the Diet member. There has been lots of second generation Diet member in the political world
【Election decides the form on nation】
《As requiring lots of money, second generation of Diet member increases》
Some people grieve over as if the job on statesman were hereditary. Requiring money is one of reason why the second generation of Diet member increases.
Election requirs lots of money, for example, if a salaryman or a secretary stand for election, making their names known to ohter people is hard.
On the other hand, if its parent is the Diet memberm, all the people in the electoral district know its family name. If the son or daughter of the Diet member stand for election, lots...
【Election decides the form on election】
《As requiring lots of money, second generation of Diet member increases》
...lots of people know their names from the beginning,so it's advantageous. In addition, there has been the supports' group their parents founded, and the people belong to the supports' group work for the second generation without salary, so without any funds, the second generation can do the election campaing, so they are by far advantageous than the others who have nothing to with statesman stand for election.
Thus the seond generation of Diet member has increased, but...
【Election decides the form on nation】
...but it doesn't alwyas mean that the second generation of Diet member is bad, for they don't have to struggle for election campaing nor gathering politcal funds, instead of them, they have lots of time to study politics.
On the other hand, as they become the statesmaen without having any hard time, they are feeble. Some people criticize like that.
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
There are two ways of choosing the Diet member in Japann, House of representatives, and the House of Council, and the way of election is different between two.
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
They are different so as to reflect various opinions from the nation.
《Japan has adopted the bicameral legislative system》
As to the National Assembly in Japan, there is the House of representatives, and the House of Council. We call it the bicameral legislative system.
There is a photograph on the House of Parliament looking from the front on the book. The building on the left side is the House of Representatives, and the right is the House of Council.
America also adopts the bicamerial legislative system, the Upper House and the lower House.
【Thgere are two kinds of election in Japan】
《Japan has adopted the bicameral legislative system》
On the other hand, a nation which adopts the unicameral lesiglative system of having the single National Assembly like South Korea.
After the World War Ⅱ, when America showed the draft on the new constitution in Japan, it was the unicameral legislative system, but Japan insisted that Japan should adopt the bicameral legislative system, for they check each other and they become better, so the bicameral legislative system was adopted. There has been the history like that.
Japan used to adopt...
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《Japan has adopted the bicameral legislative system》
Japan used to be other bicameral legislative system like the House of Representatives and the House of Peers before the war, but the peerage system was abolished after the war and being the society of democracy, so the House of Peers was changed into the House of Council.
The National Assembly which the constitution in Japan assumes is the relation that the House of Representatives is main and the House of Council is sub.
《House of Representatives participates in the National Assembly》
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《House of representatives participates in the National Assembly》
The relation shows each of names.
House of representatives is the place where the representatives from ordinary people discuss, on the other hand, House of Council is the place where participating in the discussion by the House of Representatives.
As to the House of Representatives, the relation shows its name in English, but as to the House of Council in English, I'm not sure of it.
When talking something whose center was the House of Representatives, the House of Council joins in.
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《House of Council participates in》
As to the House of Council, the post of advisor for the House of Representatives is given, and the age of standing for the House of Council is higher than the age of the House of Representatives.
As to the age of standing for the election, the House of Representatives is 25, but the House of Council is 30, so the House of Council is more mature than the House of Representatives, so the House of Council is sometimes referred as the House of Common Sense.
Needless to say, it doesn't always mean that the House.,.
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
...it doesn't always mean that the House of Representatives don't have the common sense, though some of them may not have.
As there are lots of people accumulating experience in the House of Council, so they can check the judgement by the House of Representative. The way of thinking is like that.
《The term of office is also different》
Moreover the term of office is different on the two of them. The House of Representatives is four years, and there is a dissolution in it. The dissolution means not being the member of the House of Representatives.
【There are two kinds of elction in Japan】
The House of Representatives often dissolved before the expiration of the term of office is over and a general election is done.
On the other hand, the House of Council's term of office is six years, and it has no dissolution.
Without being worried about there may have been the dissolution, they can tackle the problem on the politics slowly and carefully.
Though its term of office is six years, half of them is elected every three years. Without being replaced all of them, continuity is made much of.
《If the opinion is divided, what should...》 i
【There are two kinds of elction in Japan】
《If an opinion is divided, what should they do？》
But as adopting the bicameral system, when the opinion is different between the House of Representatives and the House of Council, they are in trouble. There is a fear like that.
Then a talk between delegates from both of the House of Representatives and of the House of Council is done, and the committee of both of Houses is held and the talk is done there and is decided, but it wouldn't decide easily.
If not being decided, and when being approved by more than two thirds of the members who were....
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《If opinion divides, what should they do？》
...and when being approved by more than two thirds of the members who are present at the counci and the vote is passed the bill is formed.
Without reaching to two thirds, the bill is discarded.
The House of Representatives has stronger power, so it can approve with more than two thirds.
As to an ordinary bill, it's all right even if it starts to discuss from either of the House of Representatives or the House of Council, but as to the budget bill, it is decided starting from the House of Representatives.
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《If opininon divides, what should they do？》
We call it the right to prior to deliberation on the House of Representatives, besides, as to the resolution, ratifying a pact, and choosing the Prime Minister,if beinng approved in the House of Representatives, even if it's refused in the House of Council, the judgement in the House of Representatives is prioritized.We call it's the sueriority in the House of Presidency.
If the opinion on the budget is different between the House of Representatives and isn't formed, it is a serious problem.
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
So as giving the stronger power to the House of Representatives and the device is done so as to avoid the confusion.
A treaty is the same, and the treaty is a promise whihc is done between Japan and other nation, and if the promise isn't deccided easily owing to the oppoisition in Jpan, it is a serious problem, so the House of Representatives is priotized so as to avoid the confusion.
《Why is the House of Representatives priotized？》
Ｗｈｙ is the House of Representatives priotized？ Because it has the disbabd. Its seldom force. Its mineral
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《Why is the House of Representatives priotized?》
I'm sorry to make a mistake at the last of response of the last part. What is the seldom force? It's meaningless.
The term of office on the House of Representatives is four years. It's shorter than the House of Council, and no one knows when it's disbanded and the genearl electioin is done.
The general election on the House of Representatives is done more than the one on the House of Council, so there is high possibility it reflects the most recent public opinion on the nationj.
Though both of..
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《Why is the House of Representative priotized?》
Though bpth of them are the representatives from the nation, it means making much of the latest opinion from the nation as much as possible.
As the House of Representative is priotized more than the House of Counncil, the theory that the House of Council was unnecessary used to be developed in the past, for the majority on the both of them used to be the members of the Liberal Democratic party. and the conclusion from both of them was always the same.
But the conclusion was different so often from...
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《Why is the House of Representative periodized？》
But both of the conclusion is so often different from July in 2007.
There are lots of members in the ruling party in the House of Representative, on the other hand, there are plenty of members in the opposition party in the House of Council, and we call the situation the divided Diet.
The situation has made the value on the existence of the House of Council rise.
After that, the ruling party increased in the House of Council and the situation of divided was cancelled.
By the way, the ruling...
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
...the ruling party is expressed with 与党 in Japanese, and the word of 与 is a friend, and the one of the side of the Cabinet is the ruling party.
On the other hand, the opposition party is 野党, and the 野 means a field, and the opposition party means the one who can't come in the house of the Cabinet and is in the field, it's the political party which basically doesn't approve of the policy on the Cabinet.
《Election system is changed on purpose》
The House of Representative and the House of Council have the relation of checking each other, so if...
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《Election system is changed on purpose》
...so if both of them are the same election system, same kind of people alone will be elected, and the function of checking doesn't work on enough, so the election system is different between the House of Representative and the House of Council intentionally, so there are different majority political party in the House of Representative and the House of Council of the divided diet is natural.
The House of Representative is the combination of single-seat constituencies and proportional representation, and...
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
...and the House of council is the proportional representation system of the combination of the election of the unit of prefecture and the one in the whole nation.
《What is the combination of the single seat constituencies and proportional representation?》
It means the election of single seat constituency and the proportional representation is done at the same time.
The fixed number on the House of Representative is four hundred fifty five, and two hundred and ninety five is done in the single seat and one hundred and eighty is in the....
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《What is the combination the single seat constituencies and proposal representation？》
...and one hundred and ninety is in the proposal representation.
The proposal representation is divided into eleven blocks in the whole nation, and the diet member is elected from each block, and its minimum number is six from Shikoku to the maximum one is twenty nine in Kinki.
When voting, writing the full name on the candidate itself on the ballot paper in the single seat constituencies, but doing the name of the political party in the proposal representation.
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《What is the combination of the single seat constituency and proposal representation? 》
A single eligible voter can vote two times then, to the single seat constituencies and the proposal representation.
The single seat constituencies is dividing the whole nation into two hundred and ninety five electoral districts, and only one who is the number one on the number of votes is elected from each of electoral district.
For example, at twenty three wards in Tokyo prefecture, some wards are combined and changed into the single electoral district,and...
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《What is the combination of the single seat constituencies and the proposal representation? 》
...and the single electoral ward is divided into two like Setagaya or Nerima ward.
On the other hand, as to the proposal representation, the whole nation is divided into eleven blocks and writing the name on the political party on the voting paper and the voting is done each of electoral district.
Each of political party puts the order of being elected on the name of candidates and is brought to the central election board beforehand.
For example...
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《What is the combination of the single seated constituencies and proposal representation?》
For example, let's suppose there were a block on the proposal representation on the fixed number was nine, and three of political parties, A,B, and C put up the candidates there. Then A gained the one million and twenty thousand votes, B ninety thousand, and C sixty thousand.
Elected seat of each of political party is decided, according to be the proportional to the number of votes, A is four elected seats, B is three and C is two.
The number of votes...
【There are two kinds of election in Japafnf】
The number of votes divided by the number of 1,2,3,4...and the number of elected seat is done from the order of more number. If the political party of A puts up five candidates, it means four candidates from the top are elected.
To my sorrow, I can't understand the combination of the single seat and constituencies and proposal representation very good.
《The election driven by the political party is the goal》
Why has been the way adopted?
The electoral system used to be the multipole seat constituency on the House of Representatives before.
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《The election driven by the political party is the goal》
But changed it into the single seat constituencies, for thought of the system changing into the election driven by the political party and change of government happens easily.
As to the single seat constituencies, a single candidate alone can be elected in an electoral district. If there are many political parties and they put up candidate each other, they wouldn't beat a great political party.
So other political parties got together and tried to make other great political party, and...
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《The election driven by the political party is the goal》
If being the two party system, the government of change happens easily.
Even if a slight difference, the one who won is elected in the single seat constituency.
If the ruling party which takes power fails in the political way or in the handling economy, the part of eligible voters change the political party which they vote, the ruling party until then would decrease the vote each place and fail in the election. If an o which takes power fails in the political way or in the handling economy,
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
If the part of eligible voters changed their attitude, a great change on the result of election happens easily in the single seat constituency. Thus the government of change happens easily, the political party which takes power can't relieved, so there is a tension in the politics.
《Avoiding the fight on candidate individual》
Changing into the single seat constituency and changing into the battle driven by the political party, if adopting the next example, it is easy to understand.
Several candidates from three to five used to be elected in the..
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《Avoiding the battle on the candidate individual 》
Several candidates from three to five used to be elected at the single electoral district in the multiple seat constituency before, and the great political party put up several candidates in the single electoral district.
But if they are the candidates from the same political party, each of their policy is the same, so appealing the policy alone can't make difference on its policy between others.
So a candidate put up a campaign pledge like if being elected, it'd build a road, building a bridge...
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《Avoiding the battle on a candidate individual》
...or receiving subsidy, wanting to make difference with other candidates, and the election tends to be pork-barrelling.
As the fight is between the candidate individual, it requires lots of money. If being elected as Diet member, it could have committed a corruption so as to get the fund.
If being in the single seat and constituencies, it's the only one who stands for election, As each of candidates appeals the policy on the political party and the election makes progress, the election doesn't...
There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《Avoiding the battle on a candidate individual》
...the election doesn't become the pork-barrelling easily
As being the battle between political parties, each of political party pours the fund for itself, it isn't the burden on an individual fund easily.
But the successful candidate is only one in the single seated constituencies, it's advantageous for a big political party and disadvantageous for a small one.
So the election of the proportional representation is done together, making candidates from a small and middle size of the candidate be...
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
...making the candidate from a small and middle size of political party be elected and making the voice from the nation reach the National Assembly.
In short, being the two party system in the single seat constituency, and making the change in government happens easily, and carrying out the proportional representation be elected the political party except for the big political party, it has been thought like that.
《The system on making the one stand for election in the single seat constituencies》
The single seat constituencies is the system...
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《System of making a candidate stand for election in the single seat constituency》
The single seat constituencies is the system of election driven by the political party, but It's an only candidate who is elected, so if an influential person stands for the election from other political party, the possibility of being elected becomes small.
If the possibility of being elected is small, all of them flinch and no one learns to stand for the election.
If a political party can't make any candidate stand for election, supporters on the political party...
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《System of making candidates stand for election in the single seat constituencies》
…supporters learned not to go to a polling place, the number of votes on the name of the political party of supporters decrease in the proportional representation.
So the way that even if lost in the single seat constituencies, there is the possibility of revival as long as fighting enough is introduced so as to avoid the situation of decreasing the number of votes on the political party, and increasing the people who feel like standing for election in the single…
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
…and increasing the people who feel like standing for election in the single seat constituencies. We call the system dual candidacy, and the ration of margin of an electoral candidate in a single constituent district.
《What is the dual candidacy and…》
There is the one who is worried about it may have failed in the single seat constituencies, and making them stand for election in the proportional representation. We call it the dual candidacy.
If making the rank on the candidate of be elected the top, It tends to think even if not do its best….
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《What is the dual candidacy and…》
…it tends to think even if not doing its best in the single seat constituency, it can be elected, it may have slacked off the election campaign, so it is possible that all the ranks of being elected is the same.
For example, let’s suppose three candidates stood for the single seat constituency, A candidate was in first ward from Tokyo, B in second ward, and C in third.
If the A candidate was elected in the first Ward from Tokyo, he disappeared from the rank of the proportionally represented constituency.
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《What is the dual candidacy and…?》
Both of the B and C candidacy failed in the single seat constituency, and they were forced to hope to be elected in the proportional area, but the order of being elected is the same.
By the way, I adopted the word of rank, but I’m sure the order is more appropriate, so I use it.
What should they do? Then the word of the ratio of margin of loss of the electoral area of the single seat constituency appears, what we call 惜敗率. A candidate who suffered a narrow defeat is elected. For example, the B candidate.
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《What is the dual candidacy and…?》
Let’s suppose his rival candidate got two hundred thousand votes, and the B did one hundred eighty thousand.
One hundred eighty thousand which is the number of votes by B divided by two hundred thousand votes which is the one of his rival candidate is 90%, so the B’s ration of margin of loss of the electoral area of the single seat constituency is 90%.
On the other hand, the C candidate. His rival candidate got a hundred thousand of votes, C did ninety and five thousand. When ninety five thousand divided by…
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《What is the dual candidacy and…》
When ninety five thousand divided by a hundred thousand is 95%.
As to the total number of votes, the B candidate is more than the C, but as to the ratio of margin of loss in the electoral area of the single seat constituency, C is better than B, so C is elected over B.
Even if being unable to win in the single seat constituency, if putting up a good fight in the electoral area, it has the possibility of being elected owing to the ration of margin of loss of electoral area of the single seat constituency.
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
The system teases candidates with a reward to get them to do their best.
But when going to the National Assembly, others say it wasn’t elected in the single seat constituency squarely, but it’s just winning the seat in the proportional constituency, as if it was a waitlisted applicant.
《Two vote is done in the House of Council》
Two votes is done in the election of the House of Council. The one is the electoral area for every prefecture, and the other is the proportional representatives which is the whole Japan as a single electoral area.
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《Two votes is done in the House of Council》
The fixed number on the House of Council is two hundred forty two. One hundred and forty six are chosen at the electoral district of each of prefecture, and ninety six are at the proportional area, but as half of the member is reelected, one hundred and twenty one alone are elected in the single election.
As to the electoral area in each of prefecture, the number of being elected is different, according to the electoral district.
On the other hand, In the electoral district of prefecture, when voting…
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《Two votes are done in the House of Council》
…when voting, writing the name of the candidate on the ballot paper, but as to the proportional representation constituency, both of writing the name of the candidate and the name of the political party are all right, for the candidate always belongs to some political party, if being an independent member, it can’t run for the election in the proportional area.
If there is the candidate who an eligible voter wants to elected, it writes the name of the candidate on the ballot paper and the vote is done.
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
Even if there is none of specific candidate who the eligible voter wants to elect, if there is a political party which the eligible voter hope to increase the number of Diet member, it can write the name of the political party on the ballot paper.
《Voting to the candidate is regarded as the vote to the political party》
How is the ballot paper in which the name of the candidate and the political party is mixed counted?
At the vote counting, the ballot paper on which the name of the candidate was written is regarded as the vote to the political…
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《Voting the candidate is regarded as…》
…the ballot paper on which the name of the candidate was written is regarded as the one to the political party to which the candidate belongs, and the number of votes is counted by every political party.
In the next, the number of being elected is decided in the political party, according to the number of counting votes. It’s the way of deciding in the proportional representation constituency,
After the number of being elected of each of political party is decided, lining up the vote which was done at the…
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《Voting the canddiate is regarded as...》
...lining up the vote which was done at the name of the candidate, from the candidate which has more votes than any other member of the politcal party to the other which is the least than any other one. The political party decides the number of candidate who is elected, so the same number who is decided to be elected are chosen from...
To my sorrow, I can't express very well as I expect, but to be cocreted, if the number of being elected three in a political party, counting the vote who ran for the...
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《Voting the candidate is regarded as...》
...counting the vote on the number of the ballot paper on which the name of the canddate was written, running for the election from a political party of A.
Let'suppose that the order on the number of votes of candidates who ran for the eletion from the political party of A was Mr.a, Mr.b, Mr.c, Mr,d and Mr.e.
Then three from the top, Mr.a, Mr, b and Mr.c were elected, so vote counting is two step. As the order of being elected isn't decided, It's called 非拘束 in Japanese. Instead of the political party...
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
...making elegible voters decide the order of being elected.
On the other hand, as to the proportional representation in the House of representatives, the order of being elected has already been decided by the politial party beforehandk so it's called 拘束式 in Japanee.
《From the national constituency to the proportional representaton》
Why does the the proportional representation in the House of council adopt like that??
The House of Council used to be separated into the electoral area from prefectures and national constituenccy until in 1982.
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《From the national constituency to the propotional representation》
The system on the House of Council was revised in 1982.
The national constituency means that the whole Japan is a big electoral district. Eligible voters wrote the name of the candidate on the ballot paper and voted in the national constituency, and succeful candidates were decided from the one who had more number vote than any other ones.
Regardless of the political party, even an independent candidate could run for election then. As being the nationa constituency, the one who...
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《From the national constituency to the proportional representation》
...the one who is well known is advantageous, and a TV personality who was famous on TV was elected at the top, and it was criticized as if it had been the election for the TV persoanlity.
It was the candidate who was recommended from a group which has the organization in the whole Japan is advantageous, following the candidate of TV personality, so candidates who were being financed entirely by the post office,medical association,m and construction industry were elected at the top
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《From the national constituency to the proportional representation》
As a result, even if the one who is rich in knowledge, without being famous nor has anything to do with any industry seems to be hard to be elected, in addition, the candidate must travel around the whole Japan, so enough fund and physical strength are indispensable. No sooner had it been elected than some candidate was dead due to overwork, so it was teased it wasn’t 全国区 but 銭酷区 in Japanese.
It means the electoral district which costs too much and physical strength is necessary…
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
….and cruel.
The national constituency has changed into the proportional representation from its reflection, and voting is done by the name of the political party.
The one who can run for the election is the one alone who is approved officially by the political party. The order of being elected is decided beforehand, and each of political parties have learned to line up the ones who are rich in knowledge at the top of the list of names.
《拘束式名簿から非拘束式名簿へ》
As to the subtitle, I should express in English, but it’s so long that I’m afraid it makes…
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《拘束式名簿から非拘束式名簿へ》
…it make up for the large part of the response, so I express it in Japanese. I find it regrettable. I‘m afraid it’s straying, so I’m going to make it get back to the topic.
But if adopting the way, no sooner the order of the list of names is decided than whether it fail or success becomes clear.
For example, if the political party which some twenty people are elected every time is, being able to reach 15th out of twenty, it is projected to be elected.
When the election started actually, its supporting organization doesn’t feel…
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《非拘束式名簿から拘束式名簿へ》
…its supporting organization doesn’t feel like doing anything on the election campaign.
On the other hand, the one who is at the low rank on the list of name is the same. If being in the 25th, it is certain absolutely it fails in the election, and gives up doing the election campaign.
The ones who try their best to the election campaign are the ones on the border whether succeeds or fails and their supporting organization alone. In this situation, the political party is in trouble, and thought of system making the candidate and…
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《拘束式名簿から非拘束式名簿へ》
…and thought of system making the candidate and its supporting organization do the election campaign enough and the present way has been carried out since 2001.
The more the vote of number each of candidates get, the more there is much possibility of being elected, so both of the candidate and supporting organization do the election campaign desperately, and the number of vote on the political party would rise, the political party has thought like that.
But after introducing the way, lots of candidate of TV personality learned...
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
….lots of candidates of TV personality have learned to run for election. If the candidate of TV personality gets the large amount of votes, it is regarded as the one which the candidate belongs to the political party, and the one who is elected belongs to the political party increases significantly. Some people have criticized it, but a perfect election system doesn’t exist, so it’s troublesome.
《The House of Representative changes into the election of choosing political power》
As the single seat constituency is introduced into the election on …
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《The House of Representatives has changed into the election choosing the political power》
As the single seat constituency has been introduced into the election of the House of Representatives, two main political parties of the Liberal Democratic Party versus the Democratic Party of Japan has been formed.
On the other hand, the Communist Party of Japan and the Social Democratic Party decrease their seats significantly, for eligible voters who have voted to the Communist Party and the Social Democratic Party thought like the next.
Even if voting …
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《The House of Representatives has changed into the election of choosing the political power》
Even if voting for the candidates on the Communist Party or the Social Democratic Party, both of them wouldn’t be elected in the single seat constituency, so I’m going to vote for the Democratic Party as the second best way so as not to prevent the candidate on the Liberal Democratic Party from being elected.
Eligible voters who took into action like that appear.
If the Liberal Democratic Party occupies majority in the election of the House of…
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《The House of Representatives has changed into election of choosing political power》
If the Liberal Democratic Party occupies the majority on the election of the House of Representatives, the top of the Liberal Democratic Party becomes the Prime Minister in Japan.
If the Democratic Party occupies the majority, the top of the Democratic Party becomes the Prime Minister.
The Prime Minister depends on which of two political party wins.
It is said the nation can’t choose the Prime Minister in Japan, but voting for the Democratic Party or doing for…
【There two kinds of election in Japan】
… or doing for the Liberal Democratic Party means choosing the Prime Minister actually, in short, the election of the House of Representatives is the election of choosing the Prime Minister.
《A campaign pledge and manifesto is different》
The manifesto is the information for making a decision in the election of choosing the political power.
A candidate said the wonderful campaign pledge at the election, but after the election was over, it pretended to know nothing about it, and it continued for a long time, so the campaign pledge on the election has…
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《A campaign pledge is different from the manifesto》
…so the campaign pledge on election has ended up being the synonym of being unable to count on.
It shouldn’t have been done!
So manifesto has learned to be used. The manifesto is translated into the political statement, 政権公約 in Japanese. It originally means a declaration, or statement in Italian.
The campaign pledge used to be a mere statement of of the contentment of being lacking in concretely like achieving something, so after that we found it hard to verify whether or not it was achieved.
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《A campaign pledge is different from the manifesto》
On the other hand, the manifesto is like the next.
”We are going to achieve something as of ◯◯ year, so it cost ◯◯yen,〝 and its source of revenue is expressed concretely, and the part of ◯◯ is showed with concrete numeral value, so the goal is shown clearly.
As the numeral value is shown concretely, we can verify easily how much it was achieved after the election, so both of the candidate and the political party are forced to be serious.
The Labor Party in England showed the concrete numeral…
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
The Labor Party announced the manifesto shown by the numeral value concretely at the election in 1997, and won the election and came to power, so learns to be paid attention.After that it announced how much it could achieve the manifesto and its progress as well.
So it means that it’s all right as long as the election is over.
《Let’s judge it with the manifesto》
As looking at the Labor Party in England, there has been the movement of making the manifesto and delivering to the eligible voters in Japan, but as there was suspicion being against the …
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
《Let’s judge it with manifesto》
…but as there has been a suspicion being against the Public Officers Election Act, it was stopped for a while, and the Public Officers Election Act was revised at 2003, and delivery on the manifesto has been possible.
We need pay attention to from now on whether or not political parties make the manifesto enough, and its content is all right.
Though saying it’s the manifesto, if its content is too abstract, both of the candidate and the political party could have pretended not to know after the election was over.
【There are two kinds of election in Japan】
We have to watch whether or not the numeral value and as of the year are shown enough so as to verify after the election.
At the same time, even if the election was over, we should keep the manifesto, and at the next election, we have to take out it and to verify whether or not how much the previous manifesto was achieved enough.
As the Democratic Party in Japan emphasized the word of the manifesto so much that the Liberal Democratic Party has learned not to use the word, but the way of thinking is the same.
【Diet members have been treated …】
【Diet members have been received the special treatment】
Diet members have been received various special treatment, for we want them to carry out enough politics as our representatives, but carrying out too much isn't good, so we have to watch it.
《Our tax is used for political parties as well》
It costs lots of money for political activities, so there is the system of helping it with the money of the tax by the nation. It's public funding for political parties.
The money of 250yen a single nation is used for political parties a year. Its total amount is thirty two billion in 2015.
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
《Our tax is used for political parties as well》
The money of 250 multiplied by the population in Japan is paid for political parties as public funding for each of political parties.
It has been from the judgement if leaving the situation that it costs lots of money in politics alone, monetary scandal by Diet members won't disappear.
Why does it cost so much for political activities?
For example, Diet members want to inform their supporters how they take into action. Let's suppose making date on the report of the National Assembly, and .
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
《Our tax is used for political parties》
and mailed it to eligible voters in the electoral district. It costs millions of money once printing, and if mailing to a hundred thousand of eligible voters, it costs no less than eight hundred thousand yen.
By the way, the book was written in 2008, so the price on the stamp may have risen.
If issuing it several times a year, the large amount of money will disappear.
It is said if being engaged in the political activities seriously, it costs a hundred million yen a year, so the salary on the...
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
...so the salary on the Diet member isn't enough, and they tend to rely on the political contribution. Some of people or companies which contribute politically are intended to receive rewarding because they contribute. If accepting the request and putting a word in the government office, it's a corruption.
《Subsidy of a cup of coffee》
So without relying on the subsidy as less and less, we've learned to subsidize with the tax of the nation so as to carry out the political activity.
The ground on 250yen a single nation is the price on a ...
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
《Subsiding a cup of coffee》
The ground on 250yen a single nation was the price on the cup of coffee in 1994 when the law on subsiding the political party was formed, the price on the cup of coffee was used as a guide.
Why was it the price on the cup of coffee?
Needless to say some people may have thought like that. It seemed to be the idea of putting up with the cup of coffee and using its money for purifying the politics.
Half amount on the public funding for political parties are distributed to the Diet members on the political party.
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
《Subsiding a cup of coffee》
The distribution is done according to the number of each of political parties.
The rest of half is done according to the latest percentage of voting on the national election.
If losing in election, and both of the number of Diet members and the percentage of voting drop, the public funding for political parties is decreased, this is adding insult to injury.
The definition on the political party which can receive the public funding for political party is the next ones.
There are Diet members who are more...
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
《Subsiding with the amount of a cup of coffee》
The percentage of voting is more than 2% in the latest national election. Either of condition is satisfied, the political party can receive the subsidy, so some of the Diet members who don't belong to any political party formed a political party together and try to receive the public funding for political party.
As to the public funding for political parties, the Communist Party in Japan refuses to receive, for it's thought if the political activity is managed by tax, it will be the ...
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
...it will end up being the national political party. As to the money which the Communist Party in Japan refuses, it is delivered to the rest of the political parties.
《The annual income on the Diet member is nineteen million yen》
The salary which is paid for the Diet member is called annual expense. It is paid one million two hundred nineteen thousand yen a month.
A terminal allowance which is equal to a bonus is paid twice a year. Its addition is six million three hundred fifty thousand yen, so the Diet member can received twenty....
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
《The annual income on the Diet member is some nineteen million yen》
...though two million seven hundred yen decreased for two years twice from 2021 so as to deal with the revival on the Great East Japan earthquake.
But there is more allowance to the Diet members. A million yen is paid every month as transport expense, or as the cost of document is done. Its twelve million yen a year in total and tax isn't laid on them, so the Diet member can receive the whole of money.
Instead of the Diet member itself, the political party to which...
【Diet members have received special treatment】
Instead of the Diet member itself, the political party to which the Diet member belongs can accept the legislative research expense every month, It's sixty hundred fifty thousand yen a year.
It means that as it costs so much so as to make a bill and to research as the political party, so its expense is paid.
Moreover the salary of three of government paid secretaries is paid to the statesman, but as to the Diet member who doesn't have the policy secretary, two of the government paid secretary is paid.
The policy secretary is a veteran one....
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
The policy secretary is the veteran one who could pass the exam on the policy, but the Diet member doesn't always have to employ it.
Roughly speaking, sixty million yen is paid from the tax until then.
《The payment except for the salary》
Except for those things, it costs the large amount of money so as to maintain and to manage Diet Member's Building and the Diet Member's residence. No less than a hundred million yen is used for a single Diet member.
Our tax is used for the place where we don't know. There is no charge bus connecting...
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
《The payment except for the salary》
There is a no charge bus only for Diet Member connecting National Assembly and the Diet Member's Residence.
Two hundred of black private cars are prepared for both of the House of Representatives and of Councils in total.
Either an one day ticket for Green Car of the bullet train in which the Diet member can ride as it likes or air tickets of round trip four. times a month is delivered so as that the Diet Member can go and come between Tokyo and the local place.
Even if the bullet train doesn't run...
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
《The payment except for the salary》
...the Diet member can return to its local place by airplane every week.
There is still privilege for the Diet members.
The public expense is offered for overseas inspection by Diet members, so it doesn't impose any burden on the Diet Members until two million yen and being able to use the first class as to airplane.
There is still more privileges to the Diet members. It's a legislative pension.
After served the Diet member more than ten years, and retreating from the Diet Member, it can receive..
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
《The pay7ment except for salary》
...it can receive four million two hundred twenty thousand yen a year as legislator's pension. There used to be the system like that in the past, but there was voice that while ordinary nation couldn't get such a lot of money as pension, the Diet members could get too much, and it has been abolished in 2006.
But as to the Diet members who have already received the pension, decreasing by 10%, the ones who were qualified of being received the pension then decreasing by 15%.
In short, both of them can receive
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
As to the ones who were qualified of being received the legislator's pension then, they paid installment until retiring, and they can receive 80% of the installment all together.
Needless to say, Diet members are representatives from us the nation, so we need them to do work enough, and it is indispensable to cover the necessary cost with the tax, but is the money used effectively? How much is it in the bounds of common sense? We have to watch it with how much statesman work, for we've employed Diet members as the one who use our tax.
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
《Yamatsuri town has adopted daily pay for members of parliament》
Our tax isn't only used to Diet members but to the members of parliament in prefecture, city, town and village, annual expenses are paid to them.
It doesn't always mean except for Diet members, all of those members in the parliament aren't present at the council every day. The number of days the one has attended at the parliament is within a hundred days a lot.
So the council members in local area who receive from ten million to twenty million a year have got the large...
メイちゃん、元気か？(*^▽^*)
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
《Yamatsuri town has adopted daily pay for member of parliament》
So the members of parliament in the local area who receive from ten million to twenty million yen a year have got the large amount of money if converting into daily pay.
So the Yamatsuri town in Fukushima prefecture have abolished the salaries of members of Parliament and adopted system of paying daily allowance, according to the number of days of being present at the parliament from 2008.
As having given up the salaries of members of parliament paying...
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
《Yamatsuri town has adopted daily pay for the member of parliament》
As having giving up the salaries of members of parliament paying three million and three hundred thirty thousand yen a year, adopting daily pay of thirty thousand yen to the single member of the parliament a year, so the payment a year has dropped from three million and thirty thousand to no more than ninety hundred thousand yen a year.
Lots of members of parliament in the local area have honest business in between being engaged in the member of the parliament.
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
《Yamatsuri town has adopted daily pay for the member of parliament》
So the people in Yamatsuri town seemed to think the activity on politics should be a volunteer.
Even if being elected the members of parliament, they can accept no more than ninety hundred thousand yen alone, and they are engaged in the volunteer, everyone finds it ridiculous to spent a large amount of money on the election, and supporters can’t say they vote and being unable to ask candidates anything in return.
Eventually, it cost not much money, and very clean…
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
…and very clean election seemed to be done then, but after that there has been the voice of the money being too low, and discussion continues at present.
《There is a privilege of not being arrested》
Even if doing something bad like violating the law, the Diet members have the privilege of not being arrested. Some people may have been angry with it, how outrageous it is, but there is a reason for it.
Diet members aren’t arrested when the Diet was in session. If the police and prosecutor tried to arrest as a suspect of case, they can’t
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
《There is a privilege of not being arrested》
As to the Diet member who was arrested before the Diet was in session, if there is a request from the National Assembly, it has to be released as long as the Diet was in session. It’s one of systems which prevents the government from doing something tyrannical.
For example, let’s suppose that there was a bill which the government wanted to form by all means, but the opposition party was opposed to it, and it was about to be voted down with only one vote.
Then two of members of the opposition…
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
《There is a privilege of not being arrested》
Then if two of members of the opposition party were arrested and were unable to be present at the National Assembly, the bill would be formed, so the government would make the police and prosecution investigate the reason of arresting the Diet members in the opposition party…
There couldn’t have been the government in Japan at present, neither the police nor the prosecution would never do such a thing, but there has been the system which prevents the government from doing by any chance.
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
《There is also a way of requesting permission for arrest》
But some people say as being the Diet member, they aren’t arrested, it’s unfair, and if it’s suspicion is corruption, the nation can’t convince it, so even if the Diet is in session, there has been the system of being able to arrest as long as the Diet permits.
As a court issues the arrest warrant, if the police or prosecution ask the arrest warrant to the court, the court requests to allow of arresting to the Diet through the Cabinet, asking to permit to arrest.
メイちゃん、何かあったらこのスレでも良いから、レスしてね😊
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
《There is also a way of requesting permission for arrest》
The suspect is arrested as long as the House of Representatives allows if it’s the member of the House of the Representatives, and if it’s the member of the House of Council, the House of Council allows, it’s all right.
Each of House votes separately and if there is approval of majority, the arrest is permitted, but it’s the time when the arrest warrant is necessary. If it’s red handed, the arrest warrant doesn’t need.
A Diet member who did….
【Diet members have been received special treatment】
A Diet member who did something unscrupulous to a woman was arrested with red handed in the midnight on the street of Roppongi in Tokyo prefecture.
《Not being asked for the responsibility on its remark》
There is other privilege on the Diet members. As to the content of its remark in the process of its speech or discussion in the Diet, none of Diet members are asked for responsibility like defamation. We call it the privilege of immunity.
The privilege has been guaranteed so as to discuss without hesitation for Diet members.
But the privilege has never been guaranteed outside the Diet. Its privilege is inside of the Diet alone
【The system on the Presidential election in America】
If comparing to the election in Japan, a battle in which the nation got excited more Japan in the Presidential election of America. First of all, getting the position on the candidate for the President in the political party, and challenging the Presidential election, and then the qualification on the President is asked.
《The way for being the President is hard》
Keeping fighting for almost two years so as to be the President in America
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《The way of being the President in America is hard》
At first, the battle is done so as to be nominated as the candidate in the political party, either the Democratic Party or Republican party, going around all over America and appealing for support. It starts two years before the Presidential Election.
After that the Presidential election. A large amount of CM is broadcast all over America, it costs too much, and its fund is made up with the donation from the eligible voters in America, and lots of volunteers rush to and support the....
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《The way of being the President in America is hard》
...and support the candidate without being paid anything, and there is the base on democracy of choosing the representative by nation itself there.
While the Republican Party decided John McCain as candidate quickly, the Democratic party developed the competition between candidates, Barak Obama vs Hilary Clinton. It was a fierce battle as if two of them fought in the Presidential election. Obama won the nomination battle on the Democratic party by hair then, but it wasn't over, and ...
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《The way of being the President in America is hard》
...and the battle on the Presidential election starts from there.
If the candidate of Obama was elected, he is the first President from the black people, and if McCain is done, Sarah Palin vice President was born. It's the first vice President of woman.
Anyway, as both of them have the element of the first in the history, the attention degree was so high from the world that the large amount of reports as if it had been the Presidential election of their own countries continued overseas
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
Eventually, Obama was elected and after four years was reelected in 2012.
Donard Trump who was the real estate mogul declared bid for the Presidential election in 2016 as the candidate from the Republican party and plowed its way forward.
On the other hand, Hilary Clinton who used to be the Secretary of State and Bannie Sanders who was the Senate developed fierce battel for the candidate, and it was paid attention.
《There is the condition on being the President》
Everyone can stand for the Presidential election as long as being an...
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《There is the condition on being the President》
Everyone can stand for the election of President in America as long as being an America... it's in the wrong. Even if being the American, there is the condition on it.
Being born in America and having the nationality of America, and number of years of staying America is more than fourteen years, and the age is over 35.
America is a nation of immigrants, and lots of immigrants have come to America every year and got the U.S. citizenship. They become Americans. But if a foreign country...
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《There is the condition on being the President》
If a foreign country sends a spy to America intentionally and makes the spy get the U.S. citizenship and be the President in America...if thinking like that, Americans think they want the one who became the America half way through to refrain from being the President in America
For example, Arnold Schwarzenegger who used to be the governor in California. He was born in Austria, and moved to America and having the US. citizenship, so he became the governor in California, but he can't stand...
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《There is the condition on being the President》
…but he can’t stand for the Presidential election in America. The criterion is difference between the governor in the state and the President in America.
As to the candidate of Obama from the Democratic Party, his father was a Kenyan, but his mother was an American, and he was born in Hawai and got the U.S. citizenship, so his condition of being the President in America was satisfied enough.
On the other hand, the candidate of McCain was born in Panama Canal basin. Whether or not he was…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《There is the condition on being the President》
Whether or not he was born in America. It became a controversy a little, for Panama is the nation where it’s in the Central America. It’s not America exactly, so his condition of being the President isn’t satisfied enough, is it?
The father of the candidate of McCain was a serviceman in the navy, and the Panama Canal basin is the base established by the US army along the Panama Canal so as to guard the Panama Canal and the candidate of McCain was born there.
Even if it’s overseas, inside…
メイちゃん、オッハー、元気か？😊
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《There is the condition of being the President》
Even if it’s overseas, inside the base of U.S. army is treated with the territory belonged to America, so its judgement was the condition of being born in America was satisfied.
It’s off the subject, even if not having your nationality of America, if having a baby in America in the future, the child who was born in America can get the nationality of America automatically, and the child stays there for fourteen years and is over age of 35, it can stand for the Presidential…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
…it can stand for the Presidential election in the future.
In short it may be possible for you to be in the condition of being the parent of the candidate of the President in America in the future. It seems that America is an open country, the author said like that.
《Who is Obama?》
The name of Obama makes us think as if he were a Japanese American. The Obama city in Fukui prefecture supported him because of his name, but his family name is at Kenya in Africa, and it means a burning spear.
His formal name is Barack Hussein Obama.
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《What is Obama?》
As including the name of Hussein, his grandfather of the side of his father was an Islam. Barack means the one who is the privileged one in Arabian, but Obama himself is a Christian.
Obama’s father studied abroad Hawai university in 1959 at the age of 23, and got to know a white woman there and got married in 1960, and Obama was born in the next year.
His father’s school grades were excellent, and graduated from Hawai university in three years, winning the scholarship and advanced to the law school of Harvard university.
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《What is Obama?》
Obama’s father advanced to the postgraduate school of Harvard, but got divorce from his wife, and went back to Kenya.
Though the couple of the white and black one isn’t unusual at present, when Obama’s parents got married in 1960s, the marriage between the white and the black one used to be against the law more than half of the states in the whole America.
The place where two of them met was multiethnic Hawai where there were lots of Japanese Americans, and there was so little racial discrimination there that the …
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《What is Obama?》
…and there was so little racial discrimination there that the marriage between two of them was possible.
After returning to Kenya, Obama’s father got married to an Indonesian who got to know in Hawai university. Obama led his life at Jakarta in Indonesia, but his mother was afraid he couldn’t get enough education in Indonesia, and he alone was made to come back to Hawai at the age of 10, and was made to go to school in Hawai from the house of his grandparents of the side of his mother, but his mother got divorce, and…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《What is Obama?》
…and returned to Hawai again.
Obama’s school grades were excellent like his father and went to University of Columbia in New York, and after graduating from university, tackled the welfare activities in Chicago.
Once being away from the activities, he went to law school in Harvard where his father also learned, and got to know Michelle who is his wife there. she was also a black one and an accomplished one, and after graduating from Princeton University and went to law school in Harvard.
After getting lawyer’s …
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《What is Obama?》
After getting the lawyer’s license, Obama returned to Chicago, and continued the welfare activities. He was elected the member of the state legislature in Illinois through the welfare activities, and stood for the election on Senate in America and was elected in 2004, and he was only black Senate then.
While the mass media expressed Obama as candidate of the black, but how did other black ones received it? It wasn’t so simple as Japan.
Black ones means descendants of the ones who were taken to America as slave…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《What is Obama?》
…other blacks in America thought like that, but Obama was a son of an elite who came to America with his own will, in addition one of his parents is from white ones, so he wasn’t an authentic black one, neither he belonged to their companion, the consciousness has existed extensively all over other black people. Even if the color of his skin is black, admitting the authentic black is hard, there is invisible wall there.
He had hard time owing to his name after the synchronized terrorists attack in 2001, for he was…
【The system in the Presidential election in America】
...for he was mistaken for Osama Bin Laden, moreover his middle name of Hussain is the same as the former President in Iraq, so his political opponents said Hussain on purpose and adopted the way of making an impression as if he'd had something to do with the Islamic extremists.
《What is McCain？》
While young Obama who stood for the Presidential election at the age of 47 August in 2008, McCain who did at the age of 72, and if the latter was elected, he would be the oldest President in the history of America. He grew up in the family of...
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《What is McCain?》
He grew up in the family of navy purely, and he himself had experience of serving on active duty in the Vietnamese War as pilot and being a captive.
John McCain was born at the basin in the Panama Canal August in 1936, and his grandfather promoted to the Admiral of the navy, and McCain himself was from the navy, and his son was a marine corps, and used to be sent to Iraq.
While the members of the Congress say bravely, making its son enter the military force is exceptional.
McCain graduated from the Naval Academy in...
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《What is McCain?》
McCain graduated from the Naval Academy in 1958 and was sent to Vietnam in 1967, and America was in the middle of the Vietnamese War then, and the U.S. army which had a rough time with the Vietnamese War started bombing Northern Vietnam.
McCain was assigned as a pilot of carrier based plane of aircraft and took part in the bombing Northern Vietnam, but his attack aircraft heading for Hanoi so as to bomb was shot down by the military force in the Northern Vietnam, and he was taken a prisoner then.
While being a captive…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《What is McCain?》
While being a captive is disgraceful in Japan, it makes the one who became the captive a hero at the war in America.
When McCain was the captive, his father was formally inaugurated as the commander in the Northern Pacific Ocean. It’s a top position of the navy in the Vietnamese War, and as the military force in the North Vietnam knew it and tried to release McCain from a political judgement, but McCain refused to be released, to leave his friends behind, and it secured his position of the hero.
The military force in…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
The military force in America decided to withdraw from Vietnam in 1973, McCain was released at last, could return to America. He had been the captive for five and a half year.
After 10 years, he stood for the election of the Lower House in Arizona as candidate from the Republican Party and was elected then, and needless to say, his reputation as the hero in the Vietnamese War was effective, and after that he took up a new course of life as Senate in 1986.
《At first, struggling for the appointment on the candidate inside the political…》
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《At first the race for appointment on the candidate inside the political party》
Being the candidate so as to stand for the Presidential election is hard in the first place. There have been the two of the great political party in America like the Democratic Party and Republican one, and either of the candidates will be elected as the President.
So the one who tried to be the President has to be chosen as candidate from the political party it belongs to.
What’s difference between the two of the political parties? General speaking…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
…the Democratic Party focuses on a big government of making much of social welfare, considering weak position in the society, and the Republican Party aims at being a small government of making much of autonomy and independence on the nations for themselves.
《Caucus meeting and preliminary election》
The way of deciding the Presidential candidate from the Democratic Party and the Republican one is various in each of states. The schedule on deciding the number of delegates is varied. The number of delegates is 4765 on the Democratic Party.
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Caucus meeting and preliminary election》
2472 is on the Republican Party. If winning the majority of them, being able to be the candidate of the President.
Delegates are assigned to each of states, which candidate does get how many delegates? The way of deciding are two. The caucus meeting and the preliminary election.
Both of the political parties hold the caucus meeting in summertime, and appoint each of candidates then, and delegates are present at the caucus meeting from each of states, and voted who to appoint. Delegates who are…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Caucus meeting and preliminary election》
I’m sorry, I made a mistake in the last response. Though I expressed both of the political parties hold the caucus meeting in summertime, it’s not the caucus meeting but the political convention.
Delegates who are present at the political convention vote the one who they appoint. Delegates who attend the political convention are chosen at the caucus meeting or at the preliminary election.
The members of the political party gather from each state at the gymnasium in elementary school in local area
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Caucus meeting and preliminary election》
The members of the political party gather at the gymnasium in elementary school or a meeting place from each of states and votes delegates which candidates to support, compiling the result from each place with the whole state, deciding the number of delegates who support which of the candidates. The caucus meeting is done like that.
On the other hand, in the preliminary election the members of the political party vow as if it were the Presidential election.
There is the state of assigned number…
I’m afraid I’m tired and made a mistake in my responses, so some part of this English of mine doesn’t make a sense, so I’m sorry for it.
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Caucus meeting and preliminary election》
There is the state of assigned number on delegates decides, according to the number of votes, and there is other state where the candidate got the majority of the vote and won the whole number of delegates in the state.
As to the Democratic Party, the number of delegates is decided, according to the number of votes. The way is unified.
Besides, in the…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Caucus meeting and preliminary election》
Furthermore, in the preliminary election of choosing the candidate from the Republican Party, even if it’s not the member in the Republican Party, it can vote. There is the state like that, so it’s of great variety.
In the process of getting delegates at the caucus meeting or at the preliminary election, it turns out which candidate is influential. Supports gather to the influential candidate, so the influential candidate becomes advantageous more and more.
So the reserve army of candidates …
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Caucus meeting and preliminary election》
So the reserve army of candidates rush to state which carries out the caucus meeting and preliminary election earlier than any other states and appeal for the support, and it’s broadcast in the whole America through TV, so it’s a good opportunity for the earlier state to appeal the existence of their own to the whole America.
There are states of setting a schedule of choosing candidates earlier than any other state, and attracting attention of mass media from the whole America. Iowa and New…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Caucus meeting and preliminary election》
Iowa and New Hampshire are like that, for Iowa holds the Caucus meeting earlier than any other state in America, and New Hampshire carries out the preliminary election earlier than any other ones in America.
As each of candidates tries to build up momentum with the victory there, they ride into there earlier and develop the election campaign earlier, and its situation is broadcast greatly.
Both of Iowa and New Hampshire are so plain that almost none of people speak of those state everyday life.
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
But both of them steal show of the whole America in the Presidential election, for it’s useful for the community revitalization, so both of the states make it rule to carry out either the Caucus meeting or the preliminary election earlier than any other state in America.
《Choosing the vice President is also important》
Both of the Democratic and Republican Party hold the Caucus party in the summer of the voting day in the Presidential election, and nominate the candidate from the political party formally then, but as the number of total…
メイちゃん、元気でやってるかな？😊
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Choosing the vice President is also important》
…but as they know the number of the total vote on the representatives with the Caucus meeting or the preliminary election, the vote for nomination is just a showtime. Members of the party and representatives gather from the whole nation on the day, and it’s like a carnival then, and its situation is live broadcast and candidates of the President and the vice President make a speech, and they will be paid attention.
The one who is nominated as the candidate of the …
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Choosing the vice President is important as well》
The one who is nominated as the candidate of the President from the political party announces the vice President. Who is the vice President? All of the people pay attention to it.
At the Caucus meeting on the Democratic Party in 2008, Obama developed the serious battle against Hillary Clinton, and some people thought Obama may have chosen Hillary as the vice President, but Joseph Biden who was the veteran Senate was chosen from the Democratic Party.
The Vice President is the one who…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Choosing the vice President is also important》
The vice President is always the one who compensates the weakness on the President.
As to the candidate of Obama, his sales point is his youth, but at the same time, he would be criticized he didn’t have enough experience, so he chose Biden who was the veteran white Senate.
As to the vice President compensates the weakness on the President, it was same on the Republican Party, for the candidate of McCain chose Sarah Palin who was the governor in Alaska. McCain was so old that it was…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Choosing the vice President is also important》
McCain was so old that it was his weakness as the candidate of the President. Moreover, though he was the candidate from the Republican Party, he wasn’t opposed to abortion and the same-sex marriage. He was so liberal that lots of other members of the Republican Party criticized him, he chose Palin who a young woman and a conservative hardliner.
But she didn’t have her passport which was enable her to go abroad until 2007 so as to visit Kuwait in the soldiers who was dispatched from Alaska.
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
In short, she had never been overseas until then. Can the vice President who didn’t have enough experience overseas fit for the job? She got blasted for not having enough experience.
《It starts from making them register as eligible voters》
Eligible voters are on the list of the electoral roll automatically at the age of 18 in Japan and the guidance is sent to them immediate before the election day.
On the other hand, the eligible voters in America are also over the age of 18, without registering as the eligible voter beforehand, they…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
…they can’t get the right to vote. Without claiming themselves, they can’t get the right, they’ve adopted the principle, but it used to be made use of in a wrong way in the past.
At the time of discrimination against black people was terrible in America, obstructing the black people to register as eligible voters, or making a condition without being able to read or write, being unable to register as eligible voters, excluding the black people who couldn’t read and write. The way used to be adopted.
《The election choosing those in the…》
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《The election of choosing those in the Presidential election》
It is said the nation chooses the President direct in America, actually adopting the system of the indirect election of choosing those in the Presidential election.
The candidate registers every state in the Presidential election, reporting with the signature of the number of supporters which is fixed every state, so the ones who stand for the Presidential election from all the fifty states in the whole America are candidates from the Democratic and Republican Parties alone.
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《The election of choosing those in the Presidential election》
Both of the Democratic and Republican Party have powerful organizing ability, so the Presidential election is the substantial battle between the candidates from either of the political parties.
The total number of those in the Presidential election is five hundred thirty eight in the whole America, the total amount is hundred from the Senate, and four hundred thirty five from the Lower House, and adding up three from Washington which is the capital. It has been fixed like that.
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《The election choosing those in the Presidential election》
The candidate who wins more than 270 is elected as the President.
As to the Senate, two people every state, but the member of the Lower House is allocated being in proportional to the population, so some of them is only one like North Dakota. Three of those are elected in total in the North Dakota.
Those in the Presidential election is decided with the way of taking all by winner. For example, the number of allocated those in the Presidential election is fifty five in California.
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《The election in those in the Presidential election》
If a candidate won the other one more than vote by even a single vote, the former candidate wins all the frame of fifty five those in California, but two of states of Nebraska and Maine are exceptional, those in the Presidential election are allocated to the candidates who won every electoral area on the Lower House. The number of those in the Presidential election which candidate can get is fixed being in proportion to the number of voting.
Each of candidates selects fifty five…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《The election in those of the Presidential election》
Each candidate selects fifty five from its supporters beforehand, and reported it to the board of election, and they become those in the Presidential election automatically. Those in the Presidential election gather at the capital of the state in the next month of December and vote, and its ballot counting is done at the assembly hall of the Senate in the Congress of the Federal State January in the next year. Then the President is decided formally.
But when voting November, it turned…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
...it turns out which candidates could win when voting November, so then the President in America is decided actually.
《Why have they adopted the complicated way like that?》
Why have they adopted the complicated way like that? Because they've preserved the tradition when America was established.
When America was founded, the means of transportation was limited and voting all together in the scale of the whole America was impossible.
To make matters worse, the number of people who could read and write were limited. Drafters on the ...
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Why have they adopted the complicated way like that？》
Drafters on the constitution of the states thought those nations didn't have the ability of choosing the President for themselves, so trying to leave electing the President to the representatives who had the judgement of choosing the President.
As a result, the representatives were chosen by the parliament of each state in the beginning, but the voice that they should choose the President for themselves was heightened soon, and they adopted the way representatives are chosen by....
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
...and they adopted the way of choosing representatives for themselves in 1830s, and it's the present one.
《Even if the total number of vote was less, it could be elected》
It was the Presidential election in 2000 when the contradiction came out from the complicated way. Then the candidate of Al Gore from the Democratic Party gathered some fifty-one million votes in the whole America in total, but the number of representatives which he won were two hundred sixty-six.
On the other hand, the candidate of Bush from the Republican Party...
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Even if the total number of vote was less, it could be elected》
...the candidate of Bush from the Republican Party gathered some fifty million and a half of votes and won, it was less than Gore, but won the two hundred seventy one representative. It was more than Gore, and he was elected as President.
In short, the candidate who was less supporters from the nation was elected as the President then.
Even if the total number of voting is much, the one of which number of representatives is less won the election. Why? The author suggests...
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Even if the total number of vote was less, it could be elected》
The author suggested we should think with a simpler instance so as to understand its mechanism.
Let's suppose there was some state of which the number of votes were a half million, and chose fifty representatives, and there was other state of which the number of votes were three hundred thousand and chose three hundred thousand of representatives.
A candidate won two hundred and sixty thousand votes in the first state, and the other one did two hundred forty thousand votes.
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Even if the total number of votes was less, it could win》
In the next state, the former one won a hundred thousand votes, and the latter two hundred thousand votes.
The total amount of votes which the former won was three hundred sixty thousand in total and got fifty representatives.
On the other hand, the latter did four hundred forty thousand in total and did thirty representatives.
As to the total amount of votes, though the latter was more than the former, as to the number of representatives, the former was less than the latter.
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
As to the total number of votes, the former was more than the latter, the number of representatives was less, for it's the system in which the candidate who won more representatives can take all the representatives, so it happens, for they have adopted the system like that it happens sometimes.
《A strange even in Florida》
Miscounting the number of votes one after another at Florida in the Presidential election in 2008, and counting the vote was done again.
Whie counting votes and totaling it up took time and delayed, the result of...
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《A strange event at Florida》
...the results of counting vote in other states were all present, the candidate of Al Gore from the Democratic Party won two hundred sixty six representatives, George Bush from the Republican Party did two hundred forty six. Both of the candidates couldn't won two hundred seventy representatives which was the majority.
It means that the one who won the twenty five representatives in Florida will be the next President.
The way of voting was different in Florida, according to a county. A ballot paper on ...
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《A strange event in Florida》
A ballot paper on which the name of candidate was printed is handed over, and eligible voters make a hole next to the name of the candidate. Some county adopted the primitive way like that.
The Democratic Party is strong there originally, but eligible voters mistook or overlooked the hole, and eligible voters supporting the Democratic party made a hole next to the name of Bush appeared one after another.
So counting the number of ballot paper was done again, and the decision Bush won
with the vote of five...
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《A strange event in Florida》
...and decision that Bush won with the vote of five hundred thirty seven was done, twenty five of representatives were on the side of Bush, and the President Bush was born with the narrow margin 271 vs 266.
It was the secretary of state in Florida from the Republican Party who counted the vote again, and set up the deadline and decided the result, so there was the criticism that the decision was on the side of the Republican Party, but as Gore accepted the decision finally, the decision was confirmed.
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《A strange event in Florida》
If the decision of totaling up in Florida had been different, the invasion in Iraq by the Military force of America couldn't have caused, so we can say totaling up caused to be dead thousands of people.
Writing the name of the candidate on the ballot paper in Japan, but it's different in America. As there are some people who can't write letters, the name of the candidate is printed on the ballot paper in advance.
On the other hand the way of voting is different altogether, according to the area in America.
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
We the Japanese are forced to feel odd, but choosing the representatives is the job for the state in America. As choosing the representatives from the state, the way of choosing is different, according to the state.
As some of states leave it to the originality in the state, so it happens.
《Voting day is the next day of the first Monday》
The Presidential election in America in 2012 was Tuesday of the sixth day November. It's something incomplete, for the voting day on the Presidential election has been decided on the next day of the...
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Voting day is the next day of the first Monday》
...for the voting day on the Presidential election has been decided the next day of the first Monday on November. Why is it scheduled like that？ There are two reasons for it.
The first is America is the nation of Christianity, and there had never been TV nor radio when the rule was fixed.
The Christianity who were suppressed by Protestants in Europe established America. The foundation on the nation has been built by the idea of the Christianity.
Speaking of the voting day on election...
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《The voting day is the next day of the first Monday》
Speaking of the voting day on the election in Japan, it’s Sunday, but the Sunday is a rest day for the Christianity, Without working at all, after going to church for praying, the Americans make it a rule to stay at home calmly though the actual situation may have been different. Voting on Sunday is out of question.
What about Saturday? Saturday is the rest day for Judas, so it seems they should avoid both of Sunday and Saturday, so voting on Monday seems to be good, but if Monday …
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《The voting day is the next day of the first Monday》
…but if Monday is the day of voting, the people of the board of election have to go to work on Sunday so as to prepare for the election beforehand.
Besides, when the nation was founded, the means of transporting was a horse wagon alone, so if Monday was the voting day, some people had to leave their home Sunday which was the rest day for them, so Monday ended up not being the rest day for them so Tuesday is the voting day.
But it seems that if fixing the first Tuesday is the voting…
【The system of the Presidential election in Japan】
Though it seems that fixing the voting day is the first Tuesday is good, there is possibility that the voting day becomes the first day of November. The first day of November is all Hallows’ day which celebrates saints and martyrs. It’s an important day for praying, so they can’t vote on the day.
But the All Hallows’ day has never been aware of the day for praying in America recently, and Halloween of the previous night becomes famous, but the tradition of being founded as the nation of Christianity remains.
《It costs a lot on the…》
メイちゃん、元気かな？😊
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《It costs a lot on the Presidential election》
It costs a lot on the Presidential election in America, for they can broadcast CM on TV limitlessly, so its cost alone is extraordinary. The fund paid out in the Presidential election in 2000 was some seventy billion yen.
In addition, the one in 2012, it was two hundred and nine billion yen, adding the one of Obama to the one of Romney. The candidate who can gather the large amount of fund can survive.
The author said he is worried about that the President does its job so as..
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
…the author is worried about the President does his job so as to help its sponsor who offered the fund, but lots of American think the President has such a popularity that it can gather lots of fund.
《Gathering the political donation with the internet》
As to the way of gathering the political fund in America, the internet plays a big role. The official homepage on each candidates has the section of the political donation.
For example, if looking at the homepage of Obama, the amount of money on the political donation is divided into…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Gathering the political donation with the internet》
…the amount of money on the political donation is divided into some sections like 15 dollars, 25 dollars, 50dollars, 100dollars, 250dollars, 2300dollars and the others.
The one who wants to donates clicks either of the sections and inputs the number of credit card, the donation is done, the political donation is done as if they made use of the home shopping
As to the personal donation, its limit is 2300 dollars each of the preliminary and primary election, being able to donate until…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
…being able to donate until 4.600 dollars in total, and everyone can easily donate, so the Presidential election in America is called grassroots election.
《The personal donation is the center of the political fund》
The personal political fund is 2.300 dollars to the candidate in the single election, and 25.000dollars a year in the national committee of the Democratic and Republican Party, and 10.00dollars a year in the political party of the local area. It is limited like that.
The regulation on the political fund has been carried out…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《The personal donation is the center of the political fund》
The regulation on the political fund has been carried out over and over again in the past, and strengthened gradually so as to prevent from happening corruption of doing political incentive to the ones who offered the political donation.
But when the regulation is severe, a loophole is made, and it’s the politcal donation by way of the PAC which is the abbreviation of Political Action Committee. Organizing PAC which is other from the candidate itself, and the PAC gathered the…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《The personal donation in the center of the political func》
…and PAC gathered the fund and donated to the political party. The way spread, and the political party used the cost so as to support the Presidential candidate with the name of the political activity.
So as the regulation became in name only, the revision of the election law was formed in 2002, and the amount of the money of the political fund by way of PAC learned to be limited.
Besides it, the federal government offers the subsidy in the both of preliminary and primary…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
…the federal government offers the subsidy in both of the preliminary and primary election so as to reduce of shouldering the expense on candidates.
《The declaration that it doesn’t need nine billion yen》
In the primary election on the President, each candidate can receive some nine billion yen from the federal government, but the candidate of Obama announced he didn’t receive the fund in the both of the Presidential election in 2008 and 2012.
If receiving the fund from the federal government, the expenditure must limit within the fund.
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《The declaration that it didn’t need nine billion yen》
There has been the rule like that, but Obama hated it. It seemed that he revealed his policy of using more than nine billion yen in the primary election of the President.
Except for Obama, none of candidates have refused to receive the subsidy from the government, so Obama was the first one.
On the other hand, McCain showed clearly he would accept the subsidy from the government and criticized Obama as the candidate of the power of money.
How much the Presidential election in…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
How much the election of the power of the money in America is! When thinking of it, the author said he felt as if he had felt overwhelmed, but we can say meeting the election campaign with the small amount of money from lots of supporters is the democracy itself, so it’s the strong point for Obama.
《The President is trained with the severe Presidential election》
The President in America doesn’t remain a political leader in America alone, deploying the military force all over the world and exercising its authority, having influential…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《The President is trained with the severe Presidential election》
…having influence all over the world. Who is the President in America? It has great influence over the world, so we are forced to think we can’t leave the voting to the nation in America alone.
While having the powerful authority, being the President in America is hard. At first competing against companions in the same political party so as to be the candidate.
Contingency that making a mistake in the speech, something scandalous revealed, or the fund of election …
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《The President is trained with the severe Presidential election》
…or the fund of the election campaign runs short of continued after that. The contingency breaks out one after another.
Even if being able to get over those trial and being the candidate, the primary election waits for the candidate, and the candidate is forced to be one on one fight with its powerful rival in the primary election, and the candidate has to defeat its rival in the open debate broadcasting all over America.
But defeating its rival with the theory alone…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
…it doesn’t always mean that the candidate is supported from the voters, being asked for humanity which is easy to get along with the candidate.
Being checked from all over sides during the election campaign and the one who fights it out is qualified as the President in America.
In short, the Presidential election is the system of training the President.
《Making use of words》
When looking at the Presidential election and there is something which the author has thought of. Each of candidates makes much of words.
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Making much of words》
The author said whenever listening to the speech in the National Assembly or to the one during the election campaign in Japan, he was often disappointed at them, he was wondering what they wanted to say, especially the policy speech by the Prime Minister in the National Assembly, the ones who are in charged of each of the ministries and the government offices shares their jobs and incorporates the contents which they want the Prime Minister to say.
As a result it’s apt to range the policy which is as dry as dust…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
《Making much of words》
…it’s apt to range policy which is as dry as dust which doesn’t have any philosophy and insight.
On the other hand, in America a splendid speech writer is in the side of the President and the Presidential candidate and wrote down the sentence on the political philosophy and the ideal on the state, making use of repeated phrase, high flown rhetoric, making a comfortable rhythm when listening to.
Moreover staring at the TV camera and audience enough with persuasive gestures, so they are different from the statesmen…
【The system of the Presidential election in America】
…so they are different from the statesmen in Japan who read the manuscript at hand in monotonous tone. Why do the statesmen make effort in America like that? Because they persuade others with the words as weapon and try to come true their ideal, believing in the power in words. Words are great power for the statesmen.
The author said like that and added he wanted the statesmen in Japan to recognize it.
【The election is interesting】
Needless to say there is the rule in the election choosing the Diet member, and it is determined with the…
【The election is interesting】
…and it is determined with the law of the public office election law. If knowing the rule enough, when looking at the election, we can enjoy ourselves more than usual, the author said like that.
《There is also the rule in the election》
The feature of the election in Japan is that there is detailed rules. Except for vote buying, everything is OK in America as principle, but Japan is different from America.
When looking at the contents on the detailed rules, Japan is so bad that it has to be regulated like that or the rule isn’t so bad. Which is right?
【The election is interesting】
《There is also a rule in the election》
The author said he was sunk in thought deeply.
Buying voting is forbidden. It’s natural. Asking to vote and handing cash and coupon for goods to eligible voters, making the eligible voters drink and eat is illegal. The one who made to eat and to drink is illegal as well.
The time when the election campaign is done is from the day when the candidacy was recognized to the day immediate before the day of the voting.
Calling to the eligible voters to vote from the campaign election car is a.m. 8：00 to p.m.8：00 during the…
【The election is interesting】
《There is also a law in the election》
Calling to eligible voters to vote is done from a.m.8：00 to p.m.8：00 during the election campaign.
After 8：00, without using a microphone, the candidate and campaign staff called to voters, losing their voice.
When calling for voting from the campaign election vehicle, the place near hospital and school is the one asking for the place where calmness and serenity.
The office in the election is one place in the electoral area with regard to the single seat constituency on the House of Representatives. The political party…
【The election is interesting】
《There is also a law in the election》
The political party which has the candidacy can have the single office in the electoral area. They can move the office on the election, but it’s limited once a day. It’s the system that they can’t move the office on the election frequently here and there so much.
《Door to door canvass is exhibited》
Door to door canvass has never been applied in Japan. It’s characteristic in Japan.
On the other hand, the door to door canvass is the center of the election campaign in Europe and America, and candidate and its supporters …
【The election is interesting】
《Door to door canvass is prohibited》
…and both candidate and its supporters visit the resident one by one and appeals the support for the candidate.
But as to Japan, if adopting door to door canvass, there is possibility they may have gone into the house, and they can’t be seen from the outside, and acceptance or delivery on cash may have done there, so door to door canvass is prohibited.
In the place where others can’t see, the acceptance and delivery on cash must have done. The government never believes in its nation at all.
Actually if the political…
【The election is interesting】
《Door to door canvass is prohibited》
Actually if the political party in which there were lots of members carry out the door to door canvass, the other political party in which there were small amount of members was disadvantageous. The political party which had the small amount of number thought like that, and forbade the door to door canvass.
As a result, the election car drove around the electoral area, calling the name of candidate repeatedly so much that the election is noisy very much in Japan.
《There is the regulation on the lunch money as well》
【The election is interesting】
《There is the regulation on the lunch money as well》
As to the campaign staffer in the election campaign, there is the regulation for it. The lunch money once is limited within one thousand yen, within three thousand yen a day. It has been fixed like that.
The thing which they should be careful is the campaign staffer as the part-time job.
The ones who are in charge of driving a car or carrying baggage reported their name to the board of election as labor and paying daily wage within ten thousand yen to labor is possible.
But if making the student who didn’t…
【The election is interesting】
《There is the regulation on the lunch money as well》
If making a student who didn’t report its name to the board election pass out fliers on the election, and call the eligible voters asking for voting, and paying daily wage to the student, there is the possibility of buying votes, for there is the gist that the election campaign should be done by volunteers alone as principle.
But even if there are volunteers, it costs a lot for the election campaign. How much can they spend on money for the election campaign? Election campaign expenses authorized by law is…
【The election is interesting】
《There is the regulation on lunch money as well》
Election campaign expenses authorized by law is decided. As to the single seat constituency of the House of Representatives, adding to the fixed cost of nineteen million one hundred thousand yen to the number of the eligible voters multiplied by fifteen yen. They can use the amount of money like that.
If the electoral area has half million of eligible voters, seven million and half yen is added. Oh, I’ve forgotten to express, but the expense of cakes served with tea is five hundred yen for a single campaign...
【The election is interesting】
…the expense of cakes served with tea is five hundred yen for a single campaign staffer a day as if it were excursion on elementary school. It seems that the eligible voters have never been trusted at all, the author said like that.
《Campaign broadcast is also done》
When the election of the House of Representatives of the House of Councilors start, the campaign broadcast is done through TV or radio.
While NHK broadcasts at the time when the audience is easy to watch or to listen to, the commercial broadcast station does in the midnight or early morning.
【The election is interesting】
《Campaign broadcast is also done》
Who watches it in such the time? It is done at the time by the commercial broadcast station, for it wants to broadcast TV program which has high viewership or the advertising expense is high at the prime time.
Ideas and principles of the candidate and the political party is told to the eligible voters in the campaign broadcast, so as to offer the eligible voters as judgement materials.
If an individual candidate or the political party try to tell to the eligible voters, it cost a lot, so let’s make use of the broadcast so ….
【The election is interesting】
《Campaign broadcast is also done》
…so let’s make use of the broadcast so as to come true the election which cost less, and it is done.
As to the election of the House of Representatives, the campaign broadcast on the single seat constituency is done by both of NHK and of the commercial broadcast station, the proportional representatives is done by NHK alone, for the radio wave by NHK reaches to the whole Japan, but the one by the commercial broadcast station doesn’t always reach all over Japan, there are lots of areas which the radio wave doesn’t reach.
【The election is interesting】
《Campaign broadcast is also done》
As to the proportional representatives of the House of councilors, as its electoral area is the whole Japan, so its campaign broadcast is done by NHK alone.
The campaign broadcast is two kinds. The one is broadcast at the studio of the broadcast station, going by the book by the election.
The other is the political party recorded originally and brings it in the broadcast station.
The election of the House of councilors and proportional representatives of the House of Representatives are recorded at the studio of the ….
【The election is interesting】
《Campaign broadcast is also done》
As to the proportional representatives of both of the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors are recorded at the studio of the broadcast station.
There are lots of pictures that the head of the political party and a famous person talked on the policy in the recording of the both of the House.
The candidate itself makes a speech to the camera, and its direction has a rule and there is a scene the image of the candidate is zoomed out in the middle of the speech. Talking to itself in front of the camera is hard.
【The election is interesting】
《Campaign broadcast is also done》
Some of them talked in wonderful way as if they had done to viewers direct, but almost all of them read the manuscript paper in monotonous tone.
On the other hand, at the single seat constituency of the House of Representative, each of the political parties recorded originally, and the broadcast station broadcast it as it was.
As the government driven by people’s preference of political parties, a non-party candidate and other one from a group which wasn’t allowed as the political party can’t do the campaign broadcast.
【The election is interesting】
It’s advantageous for the existing political parties.
Each of political parties requests adversity agency to make and their videotape is recorded. Its content is as if it were a promotional video, though the important thing is its content.
《Internet has learned to be used》
This was already the time of internet when the book was written in 2008, but none of them can use the internet in the election campaign then.
Though Diet member had its own homepage originally, and always appealed its own opinion there, but when the election started, they couldn’t update.
【The election is interesting】
Its reason is it’s neither a drawing nor printed matter were allowed in the Public Office Election law, but the voice that it was in the wrong became strong, and internet has learned to be used from the election campaign of the House of Councilors July in 2013.
《Even if the candidate doesn’t violate the election law…》
Even if the candidate in the election didn’t violate the election law, if the central figure on the election campaign violated, and sentenced for a crime, even if the candidate was elected, to be elected becomes invalid. We call it the guilt by….
【The election is interesting】
《Even if the candidate didn’t violate the election law…》
We call it the guilt-by-association system 連座制. It means making the one who violates the law take the responsibility.
Why is there the system like that? Because if there is the system like that, the candidate must have asked its supporters and friends desperately not to violate the election law, as a result, the violation on the election law would decrease. There is the point in the law.
But when a marginal campaign staffer on the election campaign violates the election law, the candidate isn’t always …
【The election is interesting】
《Even if the candidate didn’t violate the election law…》
…the candidate isn’t always disqualified. When the campaign manager or a person in charge of accounts in the election campaign, their secretary and their relatives like a spouse are sentenced for a crime, the candidate is disqualified.
If the big bananas like that are accused of malicious illegal election and are sentenced for a crime, being elected on the candidate itself becomes invalid.
The campaign manager is guilty more than fine, and both of relatives and secretaries are more than imprisonment.
【The election is interesting】
But it doesn’t always mean the candidate is disqualified automatically. A prosecutor sues the candidate itself who was elected, asking for the candidate was elected is invalid to the high court within thirty days from the guilty was confirmed.
If being elected is invalid is decided in the court, the one who was elected is disqualified, to make matters worse, it is forbidden to stand for in the same election from the same electoral area for five years after that.
《The system which has a loophole》
It’s rather strict system, but the electoral area which is….
【The election is interesting】
《The system which has a loophole》
…but the electoral area which is forbidden to stand for is the same one. If standing for the election from the next one, it’s all right. Besides, even if being the same electoral area, if standing for the election on the House of Representatives, standing for the election on mayor is possible in the same electoral area.
Judging from the point on the quilt-by-association system, being against the election isn’t good, standing for other election should forbid, but it has never been done. The one who thought of the system may…
【The election is interesting】
《The system which has a loophole》
The one who has thought of the system may not have thought if being disqualified in the guilt-by-association system, it’s too embarrassed to stand for other election, but there has been the one actually.
The one who misuses the guilt-by-associate system may have showed up, making the relative of its rival candidate violate the election law on purpose and making its rival candidate be disqualified. There is the possibility of the malicious way like that.
But we call it a lure in this case, and it’s also against the election law
【The election is interesting】
Needless to say the candidate who was aimed at doesn’t disqualified.
《Writing on the voting paper is unusual》
Writing the name on the candidate or the name of the political party on the voting paper in Japan. Though we found it natural, it’s exceptional and unusual extremely in the world.
The name on the candidate or the name of the political party are already printed on the voting paper overseas, and when voting, eligible voters put a mark on the voting paper.
As to developing countries, symbol mark on the candidate or the political party are printed on….
【The election is interesting】
…symbol mark on the candidate or the political party are already printed on the voting paper, for there are lots of people who can’t read or write so much that lots of them remember the candidate and the political party which they should vote with the symbol mark.
The one who votes writes the name on the candidate or the political party on the voting paper in Japan, for all the Japanese find it natural to read and write.
《If getting the polling place first…》
There are some people who look forward to going to the polling place early in the morning, for if…
【The election is interesting】
If going to the polling place first on the day of voting, the person of the board of election asks the one who came first to make sure whether or not the ballot box is empty.
If the ballot box was full of voting paper written on the name of candidate before voting is done, it will be troublesome, but it happens frequently in despotic state or in developing countries, so asking the one who came first in the polling place to make sure the ballot box is empty.
《Absentee voting and early voting》
Voting before the day of voting use to be called an absentee voting.
【The election is interesting】
《Absentee voting and early voting》
Except for the absentee voting, there is early voting at present.
The absentee voting used to mean before that the one in the position who was forced to be absent vote before the voting day, for without being absent on the day of voting, going to vote was natural, there used to be awareness on us like that before.
As being absent is it has a job officially, so if doing the absentee voting, we have to show the reason clearly why we are absent on the voting day.
As hanging out with some friends, I’m going to vote in advance.
【The election is interesting】
《Absentee voting and early voting》
There used to be the atmosphere in which we couldn’t say like that before, but we don’t think like that at present. As hanging out with some friends on the voting day, I don’t go for voting. It’s usual for us, but voting rate goes down more and more.
So it doesn’t matter the reason of being able to go for voting on the voting day, but please vote before the voting day. It has learned to be like that, so we call it early voting.
On the other hand, the system of absentee voting remains. A person who is far away from the place…
【The election is interesting】
A person who is away from the place where it lives can vote in the government office nearby in advance. It’s the absentee voting.
《Early voting is used》
As the early voting was introduced, the voting rate on the early voting becomes high little by little, for it’s taken advantage for organized mobilization.
The group supporting a candidate wants infallible votes as much as possible, so it encourages supporters to do early voting. If making them vote beforehand, it prevents them from not going to voting in advance, especially a religious group adopts the way.
【The election is interesting】
《Early voting is used》
Taking the eligible voters to the ballot place by car on the voting day has limit in number, but adopting the way of early voting, the religious group can take supporters in several days.
It’s the exit poll in mass media which was caught in the crossfire.
Who did you vote? The exit poll asked the person who came out of the ballot place on the voting day, but it can’t ask the one who did the early voting, so the exit poll learned to be carried out to the ones who did the early voting.
《We are able to learn to vote overseas》
The number…
【The election is interesting】
《We’ve learn to be able to vote in foreign countries》
The number of Japanese eligible voters who live overseas are over seven hundred thousand, but they had never allowed to vote the election in Japan for a long time.
The ones who were registered in the electoral roll of voters which means the eligible voters used to be limited to the ones who were registered as residents in Japan.
On the other hand, foreign people of lots of countries who live overseas can vote for the election in their nation.
Americans who lived in Japan went for voting in the American…
【The election is interesting】
《We've learned to be able to vote in foreign countries》
We can see the scene that Americans who lived in Japan go for voting to American embassy for the Presiential election in America, but Japan couldn't do the same thing, so it was strange, it seemed lots of the Japanese thought like that, and the Japanese who live overseas can vote in the election of Japan from 1998.
But the one which the Japanese who live overseas could vote was proportional relatives of the House of Representatives or the House of Coucilors alone. They couldn't vote in the single seat...
【The election is interesting】
《We've learned to be able to vote in foreign countries》
They couldn't vote the single seat constituency in the House of Representatives and the electoral area of the House of councilors.
The Japanese voted the embassy and consulate overseas and its voting paper is carried to Japan and is included in the vote count of the central board of the election.
Though it wasn't hard,carrying the voting paper on the single seat constituency to each board of election was hard. The ones who were engaged in the election thought like that.
But the Supreme Court showed...
【The election is interesting】
《We’ve learned to be able to vote in foreign countries》
But the Supreme Court showed the judgement that the public office election law which didn’t allow to vote in the single seat constituency or in other electoral area was against the constitution September in 2009.
As receiving it, the public office election law has been revised so as that the Japanese who live overseas can vote in the single seat constituency of the House of Representatives or in the electoral area of the House of Councilors.
As to the Japanese who live overseas, they are registered….
【The election is interesting】
…they are registered in the electoral roll of voters overseas and can vote as long as they submit their residence report to the Japanese embassy or consulate.
There was the embassy and consulate which don’t receive the residence report, but then they can vote by mail.
Which electoral area can they vote? They can in the most recent electoral area where they had the certificate of residence before going overseas.
Some of the Japaneses who live overseas were born overseas and have never lived in Japan, though having the nationality of Japan. They can vote in…
【The election is interesting】
They can vote in the electoral area where they have the permanent domicile 本籍.
《Why is the news flash about election result so fast?》
When the voting on the election was over, and the instant the vote counting starts, the candidate who became a projected winner was shown on the hour reports, and it’s natural at present.
The counting vote has just started just now, but why do you show the one who was a projected winner?
Viewer sometimes protested to the board of election like that, but what a nuisance it was for the board of election, for it doesn’t always…
【The election is interesting】
《Why is the news flash about election result so fast?》
…for it doesn’t always mean that the member of the board of election showed the one who became winner absolutely.
After vote counting was over, the board of election announced a successful candidate. Though announcing the situation so far on the vote counting, deciding who was elected is the job for the board of election, and they don’t announce which candidate was elected absolutely.
It is the mass media like TV station which announced like that. Mass media announces the candidate is elected absolutely…
【The election is interesting】
The mass media announces the candidate was elected absolutely with its own responsibility, saying if remains the situation as it is, the candidate will be elected absolutely.
As a result, the TV station showed the candidate is elected absolutely, but other one doesn’t like that. It happens frequently, moreover once showing the candidate was elected absolutely, but it was withdrawn without knowing it, for it must have been misunderstanding.
《Exit polls demonstrates its power》
Why is it shown the candidate was elected absolutely so fast? When starting the…
【Election is interesting】
《Exit polls demonstrates its power》
When starting the election, each of mass media carries out the opinion poll and researches which candidate is strong, going around the campaign office on each of candidates and obtained how much the candidate got the voting by questioning the one who was in charge of the election in the political party.
We call it estimating the number of votes. Grasping rough tendency with it, the mass media feels which candidate would win.
Moreover it asks the person who voted and came from the polling station of each place, who have you …
【The election is interesting】
《The exit polls demonstrate its power》
The mass media asked a person who has voted and came from the polling statin on the voting day, who have you voted?
As preparing for the voting in advance like that, the mass media can expect which candidate seems to win, and sending the people to the ballot counting place and looking at the scene of counting vote and counting how much which candidate has voting.
Some of the ballot counting place announces the situation so far.
As to the situation so far, it is reported to the board of election in prefectures, and…
【The election is interesting】
《Exit polls demonstrate its power》
…and gathering its voting and is announced.
The mass media gathering the voting each of ballot-counting office originally is faster rather than waiting for the formal announcement by the board of election.
The author said he was in charge of estimating the number of votes of candidates beforehand and gathering voting at the ballot-counting office originally when being engaged in the reporter of NHK, staking his life on the breaking news on ballot counting.
But someone said to the author like the next.
We will know its…
メイちゃんは、もう来ないのかな？ 元気でいて欲しい😀
【The election is interesting】
We’ll know its result tomorrow in the end, but why do you have to break the news, putting a lot of time and effort?
When hearing it, the author was aghast, for the side which reports the news has thought it’s their mission to report as early as possible.
【Epilogue】
《It’s us who change the politics》
The author said he stayed in America for a month and interviewed on the Presidential election autumn in 2012.
Two pairs of the candidate of the President and the vice President criticize each other and appeal how right each of …
【Epilogue】
《It’s us who change the politics》
…and appeal how right each of insistence is right to the nation and persuade. The candidates have believed in the power of the words and fought using words as weapon.
The Americans which support the campaign in the whole America. The grass roots movement has been alive and kicking at present, especially the young people who sympathized with the insistence of the candidate Obama belonged to the Democratic Party gathered, regardless the color of the skin, and called out to the people for the support of Obama.
The people who approved the appeal…
【Epilogue】
《It’s us who change the politics》
The people who approved of the appeal from the candidate contribute the money in the internet. The amount of the money each of them donates is limited, and it’s not always the large amount of the money, but if the money is collected, its amount of money is incredible.
Lots of people stood up at the election, and tried to change the nation, and when lots of people gathered, the nation would change. The author said he is overwhelmed by its dynamism.
Though America has been criticized in varied ways, it turned out that America is the major power…
【Epilogue】
《It’s us who change the politics》
…it tuned out that America is the major power of democracy.
When comparing it with the politics in Japan, some people may have been disappointed how poor the politics and election in Japan is, but the author said don’t be so pessimistic.
When the author was a schoolboy in junior high school, the presidential election on the Liberal Democratic Party was done with the ugly fight by the bosses of each faction, bargaining in a chamber council, or collusion.
The large amount of money was exchanged among the statesmen so as to win the position …
【Epilogue】
《It’s us who change the politics》
The large amount of money was exchanged among the statesmen so as to win the position of the president. The rumor was unceasing.
The president on the Liberal Democratic Party became the Prime Minister in Japan as it was, so we were forced to have the impression the Prime Minister was decided by the statesmen alone, being beyond our reach.
Even if going to the voting, the politics in Japan wouldn’t change in the end.
The people who thought like that increased so much that the voting rate continued to drop, especially the voting rate on the…
【Epilogue】
《It’s us who change the politics》
…in particular, the voting rate on the young people have been low.
Even if we complain that the bosses of the faction have decided the politics in Japan, it’s inexcusable, but it’s us the nation who chose the statesmen in the election, to be exact, it’s our parents or grandparents.
If criticizing the politics in Japan isn’t good, it’s returned us, the generation of our parents and grandparents as criticism.
Eventually, we the nation can have statesmen which are suitable for us. Criticizing the politics means criticizing ourselves.
【Epilogue】
《It’s us who decide the politics》
But the politics in Japan has changed gradually, and the member of the Liberal Democratic Party and the friend of party have learned to take part in the presidential election in the Liberal Democratic Party.
The friend of the party doesn’t always mean the member of the political party, but is a supporter outside the political party, or an individual who has friendly relationship with the political party.
As a result, candidates on the president of the political party have learned to have to describe to the nation their policy and to do their…
【Epilogue】
《It’s us who change the politics》
…and to do their best so as to win support. Making use of words and persuading others. The way of American election has learned to be adopted little by little.
As to the members of the Liberal Democratic Party, they have to choose the leader supporting from the nation so as to win the next election.
The leader who is supported inside the Liberal Democratic Party alone can’t win the election.
In consequence, the one who was supported from the nation learned to be chosen to the president on the Liberal Democratic Party.
【Epilogue】
《It’s us who change the politics》
The will on the nation has learned to influence over choosing the Prime Minister, though it’s little by little.
Single seat constituency has been introduced into the election of the Lower House, and It’s changed the politics in Japan greatly.
If the nation makes the Liberal Democratic Party win in the election, the president in the Liberal Democratic Party becomes the Prime Minister, and making the Democratic Party win, the one in the Democratic Party is the leader in Japan.
The Democratic Party won in the election of the Lower House in 2009…
【Epilogue】
《It’s us who change the politics》
…and the Prime Minister from the Democratic Party was born in 2009 actually.
Which political party do we the nation vote? It decided the Prime Minister in Japan.
The politics on the Democratic Party was criticized in 2012, and the Prime Minister belonged to the Liberal Democratic Party was born then.
Even if we vote, nothing will change, but it isn’t.
There are some people who don’t change its attitude, they will vote for the Liberal Democratic Party or the Democratic Party absolutely.
They are the basic vote on the political party.
【Epilogue】
《It's us who change the politics》
Except for them, there are others who change to vote of the political party everytime in the election, and we call the vote of them shifting votes.
To tell the truth, a few percent of the shifting votes change its votes, the result on the elction changes so much and we call it the wind blows.
The Democratic Party gained the great victory in the election of the House of Representatives in 2009,and the Lieberal Democratic Party won in 2012,for the wind blew then.
Our vote can change the politics in Japan exactly.
【Epilogue】
《It's us who change the politics》
There are some people who don't have the right to vote, but the author said them to wait for the day when they gain the right to vote, looking forward to it, suggesting which political party they should vote,or the candidate which it belonged to before carrying out the vote. Let's change the politics in Japan with your vote,the author said like that.
The election chooses the people who decide the way of using the tax paid by us, the author said in the book like that. The very important tax which we paind with difficulty. We don't think we...
【Epilogue】
We don't think we want others to waste the important tax we paid.
As earning with difficulty,making a fuss when itself or the member of its family use the money,but being indifferent to the way of using the tax.
There is the one aournd us, and if it's the statesman,our tax is wasted.
We should go to voting and choose the statesman who use the tax effectively and carefully.
The book,あした選挙にいくまえに、written by Akira Ikegami was over, and I'm going to move on other book,世界一ニュースがわかる本 from now on.
【Preface】
《The economy in the world falling into the crisis extremely》
The problem...
【The preface】
《The economy in the world falling into the crisis extremely》
The problem on the subprime loan had influence over the economy in the world so much. The subprime loan means the housing loan at high interest rate for a low income earner. It was thought the problem returned to the normal until autumn in 2008.
But as Lehman Brothers which was a major brokerage firm went bankrupt, and credit impairment spread over all over the world, and the economy in the world fell into the terrible crisis.
Even if the Lehman Brothers fell into the management crisis, it’s the matter on the…
【The preface】
《The economy in the world falling into the crisis extremely》
…it’s the matter on the single private company, so the government didn’t need to interrupt with the private company, the Bush government went through with the basic principle on the Republican Party, but its compensation was so big.
Without any credit, finance isn’t formed. If distrust that the financial institution on the trading partner may have broken down increases, the transaction between the financial institution will stop.
If the finance falls into malfunction, It would have serious influence over the real...
【Preface】
《The economy in the world falling into the crisis extremely》
…it would have serious influence over the actual economy, and we learned the base on the economy like that again, and at the same time, it proved that the danger on the financial capitalism of American style.
The author said he was going to express the system on the subprime loan later on. As a result, the activity of imposing the risk to others and making money scattered its risk all over the world.
Moreover, executives on the Lehman Brothers were high salaried employees, and the word of greed is suitable for them.
【Preface】
《The economy in the world falling into the serious crisis》
The money game done by the part of the greedy people caused the recession in the world, and the people who worked hard until then were at a loss.
Criticism on the neoliberalism which hailed around the world of the capitalism increased, and the people have groped the new model in the capitalism.
On the other hand, the new President of Obama was born in America, and lots of the people in the world were touched. Discrimination against the black people continued in America for a long time, but the black President was born…
【prologue】
《The economy in the world falling into the serious crisis》
…but the black President was born in America at last, and America has changed for itself. The author said he’s found the strength on America there.
And the expectation on Obama was so big that he was worried about its backlash. No one can make all of the things recover. There is the limit that they can do.
How much can they bear the reality? While the people put up with something, what can the Obama government do? We need to see them cooley.
By the way, what about our Japan?
The financial crisis spilled over, and….
【Prologue】
《The economy in the world falling into the serious crisis》
…and the economy in Japan burst into the recession.
Though the politics which can do away with the anxiety among people and making us feel the bright hope in the future was asked for, straying off the course by the Aso government continued.
His misreading on Chinese character became the topic among the people in Japan.
There is the criticism that some people are absorbed in reading comic alone so much that they can’t read the Chinese characters correctly. The author’s comment continued, but I’m going to omit it.
【The Obama government was born】
《The significance on the Obama government》
Mr. Barack Obama was elected as the forty fourth President in America. He is a black person whose father is from Kenya. The President in America were all the white people until then, so it’s epoch making.
He was opposed to the War in Iraq which the Bush government adopted.
Oh, I remember expressing the same content before, so I’m sorry for it.
His father is a Kenyan in Africa. His school record was good and went to Hawai as international student and got to know a white lady there, and got married to her there.
【The Obama government was born】
《Significance on the President Obama》
Mr. Obama was born soon. His father was from Kenya, but he was born in America and gained the nationality on America, so he could stand for the Presidential election in America.
His father was away from Hawai so as to get into Harvard university and after that got divorce and returned to Kenya.
On the other hand, his mother got married again to an international student from Indonesia. His mother went to Indonesia with him and lived there together for a while.
But his mother thought she wanted her son to receive his..
【The Obama government was born】
《Significance on the President Obama》
But his mother thought she wanted his son to receive education in America and sent him alone back to Hawai, and he was brought up by his grandparents there.
After graduating from high school in Hawai, he moved to prestigious Columbia university in New York through university in California.
After graduating from university, Obama worked in Chicago so as to improve the lives of poor black young people, for he had his own experience being discriminated as black one.
Mr. Obama who gained experience there advanced to…
【The Obama government was born】
《Significance on the Obama President》
Mr. Obama who gained experience there advanced to graduate school in Harvard, the one which his father used to go.
Mr. Obama who qualified as lawyer returned to Chicago again, and was said, if he wanted to help the poor, he should be the Diet member, and being the member of county council in Illinois where there is Chicago.
After that, being Senate of the Congress, and reached the President which is the top of America.
Lots of the black people in America are the descendants who the ones used to live in Africa originally
削除されたレス （自レス削除）
＞＞448
【The Obama government was born】
《Significance on the Obama President》
But they were taken to America as slaves, and the black people are descendants from them. Emancipation proclamation was done at the time of the President of Lincoln, but they were discriminated after that, for lots of them were so poor that they couldn’t go to school enough, so they had little chance of getting job, so they remained poor. The vicious circle was repeated.
The racism against black people remains even at present, so it had been thought the President of the black would appear in the distant future.
【Obama government was born】
《Significance on the Obama President》
So the birth on the President on the black shows the conscience on the Americans has changed.
Some people say Mr. Obama isn’t the black, for his father was the black who studied abroad from Kenya, but his mother was the white, but Mr.Obama himself has thought he is the black, for he’s thought he wanted to do job for the people who have been discriminated.
When the Iraq war broke out by the Bush President, Mr. Obama was opposed to it. He used to live in Indonesia when being young, and has gone through how poor a developing…
【Obama government was born】
《Significance on the Obama President》
…and has gone through how poor a developing country was, exception for America, and had thought what he should do so as to help the poor.
He showed the stance of taking the measure on the global warming. On the other hand, the Bush President thought reducing the carbon oxide prevented them from leading rich life, so he didn’t take the measure on the global warming. In this point two of the Presidents were different so much.
Mr. Obama knew the feeling of the people who were discriminated and led life remained poor.
【Obama government was born】
So the whole world paid attention to him, what kind of politics did he carry out?
Embarrassingly, I’ve never thought of it like that until now
《What is the revolving door when the government is changed?》
Mr. Obama won the Presidential election overwhelmingly, but he didn’t have enough time so as to relax because he was tired in the Presidential election, for he had to start his job as the President at once after taking over from the previous President and the inauguration ceremony as the President, so the team of the changing government was formed. What is that?
【Obama government was born】
《What is the revolving door when the government is changed?》
The one who leads the team is the chief staff to President.
Though there are some chief to President, but the chief staff is the top, being always with the President and being asked advice from the President and telling orders from the President to the team members. It’s important job.
When being the President, what should do the President at first? And what is in the next? The President and the chief staff to President have to decide the order of the job.
At the same time, the important job for the…
【Obama government was born】
《What is the revolving door when the government is changed?》
…the important thing is deciding the top of the government office, and Mr. Obama chose Mis Hillary Clinton as the Secretary of State. Though fighting against her for choosing the candidate from the Democratic Party in the Presidential election, without being trapped in the past, let’s work through problems together. It’s the message from him to her.
When the Prime Minister changed and the new Cabinet was born, the Minister of both Finance and Foreign Affairs change in Japan, but the government…
【Obama government was born】
《What is the revolving door when the government is changed?》
…but the government officers who work under the Minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs don’t change. They could pass the civil service examination and went into the government office. Whoever is the Prime Minister, they have to work for the nation in Japan.
On the other hand, America is different. When the President changed, all the people who are equal to the executives in the government office of Washington change, for they are in the position due to the President, so they changed with the President.
【Obama government was born】
《What is the revolving door when the government changes》
The number of changing the government officers in Washington is different. It depends, but it is said some five thousand change.
The executives in the government officers were appointed by the President Bush from the Republican Party until then, and they exchange with the people who were done by the Obama President from the Democratic Party.
By the way what do the people who worked in the government office under the Bush government after that?
Some of them become professors in university, and others…
【Obama government was born】
《What is the revolving door when the government changes?》
…the others become the member of the Institute for Policy Studies, what is called the think tank, or getting a job at a law or accounting firm.
Switching them, other people came from the professors and the think tank and become the executives in the government office in Washington.
Whenever the President changes, people exchanges from the government office to the no official, from the non official to the government office, so we call the situation the revolving door, for the people come in and come out.
【Obama government was born】
Even if the Prime Minister changed in Japan, it is said the policy seldom changes because the people in the government office don’t change, on the other hand, all of them change altogether in America.
Though it has been evaluated that fresh idea comes from non official, the policy in America is filled with activity, their job until then also changes so much that the business continuity also disappears. There has been the criticism like that.
《Can Obama become Roosevelt?》
The Previous President Obama said he’s studied Roosevelt who also used to be the President.
【Obama government was born】
《Can Obama become Roosevelt?》
Because Roosevelt is the President who made the people suffered from recession hope and rebuilt the economy in America and it has been evaluated highly. Could Mr. Obama become Roosevelt? The whole world paid attention to him.
《There used to be the terrible recession in 1930s》
After Lehman Brothers which was the major brokerage company went bankrupt in America, the great confusion continued in the economy of the world, and we were worried about the whole world became the recession at the same time.
The recession means that the…
【Obama government was born】
《There used to be the terrible recession》
The recession means that the situation of the economy is bad.
Even if how many companies produce goods, it wasn’t sold, and the economic state on the companies went wrong, and the salary of employees were lowered, or firing employees, the more people who couldn’t have money they can buy the goods, the less the goods were sold.
If the income of the people who worked decreased, the allowance of children may have been decreased.
The whole world fell into the recession in 1930s. The price of the stock declined greatly then
【The Obama government was born】
《There used to be the terrible recession》
Companies going bankrupt appeared one after another, unemployed people increased sharply. As America couldn’t buy goods from other nations, the economy in the whole world deteriorated then.
The President in America was Hoover from the Republican Party then. The Republican Party has the way of thinking that the government shouldn’t intervene with the work on private companies, so the President Hoover didn’t try to take any measure when America became the recession.
The nations in America were so angry that they made…
【The Obama government was born】
《There used to be the terrible recession》
…that the made Roosevelt from the Democratic Party elect in the next Presidential election, for the Democratic Party has the way of thinking if the nation becomes the recession, the government should take the measure by using the tax.
The President Bush was from the Republican Party, but as the economy went bad the nation chose Obama as the President with the expectation of rebuilding the economy.
Somehow Mr. Obama and Mr. Roosevelt take after.
Mr. Roosevelt called out to the nations who were nervous about the….
【The Obama government was born】
《There used to be the terrible recession》
Mr. Roosevelt called out the nations who were nervous about the recession we should fear is the fear itself. If all the nations fear something in the future, the society won’t be good forever. Without being afraid of making a mistake, let’s go ahead.
He started the New Deal policy. Constructing dam, roads by using tax, and offering new jobs to the nations. The government worked through the recovery on the economy actively.
As there was no TV then, he told nations by radio every week. Thus the President Roosevelt …
【The Obama government was born】
《There used to be the terrible recession》
Thus Mr. Roosevelt established the trust from the nations and is one of the greatest President in the history of America.
The previous President Obama called out to the nations to tackle rebuilding economy on the video of his homepage of the internet before being the President. The radio in the past and the internet at present. It turned out that Mr. Obama was conscious of Mr. Roosevelt.
The Bush President was opposed to using the tax so as to rebuild the economy, but Mr. Obama said he would make the economy in….
【The Obama government was born】
…but Mr. Obama said he would make the economy in America escape from the recession by using tax. Could he carry it out actually?
【The news on economy】
《Lehman went bankrupt and America was in confusion》
Not only Lehman Brothers which was a major brokerage firm but other bank went bankrupt in America, and financial institution fell down one after another there, for the contents on the financial goods of bonds which was made being based on the subprime loan was so complicated they weren’t sure that how much they suffered a loss, so anxiety spread over among…
【The news on economy】
《Lehman Brothers went bankrupt and America was in confusion》
…so anxiety spread among the people in America.
The original cause on this event was subprime loan which is a kind of housing loan.
Even if having wanted to buy its own home, without any fund at hand no one can buy it, so they borrow the money from the bank. It’s the housing loan.
The subprime loan is the housing loan which lent the money to the people who could return the money they borrow decently.
On the other hand, the word of sub which means lower rank is added to the prime loan. It’s the housing …
【The news on economy】
《Lehman Brothers went bankrupt and America was in confusion》
It’s the housing loan which lends the money to the people who may not be able to return the money. As the lending money may not be able to return, its interest is high. The one who made use of the subprime loan had to pay more interest than as usual.
The one who may not be able to return the money, but its interest is high. It’s something odd.
To tell the truth, if being unable to return the money, the bank tried to take more interest from other people who can return the money. As there is the fear that…
【The news on the economy】
《Lehman Brothers went bankrupt and America was in confusion》
As there is the fear that the money may not have been returned, its interest is high, but if being unable to return, the financial institution is in difficulty, so the one which lent the money through the subprime loan thought of releasing the risk of being unable to return the money and sold the bond certificate which had the right of being returned the money to brokerage firms.
Selling the bond certificate is an impression which is hard to understand.
The company lent the money to the people through…
【The news on economy】
《Lehman Brothers went bankrupt and America was in confusion》
The company which lent the money to the people through the housing loan has the right to say to return the money, and sold the right to the brokerage company, so there was no risk on the bank that the money may have not been returned. Far from it.
The more money the bank lent the money to the people through subprime loan, the more the bond increased, and the more gained the profit by selling the bond. Thus the subprime loan increased.
The brokerage firm has also the risk of being unable of not being …
【The news on economy】
《Lehman Brothers went bankrupt and America was in confusion》
The brokerage firm had also the risk of unable not to being return the money if going on having the bond, so making a new bond certificate being based on the original one, and selling it to the financial institutions all over the world, forcing the risk to other financial institutions.
But if the bond certificate being based on the single one doesn’t go well, there is the possibility of being unable to receive the money.
In short, if the one who lent the money from the subprime loan didn’t return the money…
【The news on economy】
《Lehman Brothers went bankrupt and America was in confusion》
…even if having the bond certificate, they can’t receive the money, so adopting the way of making other new bond certificate, not only the bond certificate being based on the subprime loan, ordinary housing loan, but the other certificate loan sold by other financial institution were put together, and it was sold, mixing some bond certificate up together.
If one of the loan certificate didn’t go well, when others were ok, they didn’t make a loss so much. The subprime loan was made like that.
《They were …》
【The news on economy】
《They were not sure how much they made a loss》
But the people who couldn’t return the subprime loan appeared one after another, and others who couldn’t return ordinary housing loan turned up, so even if having the bond certificates, there was the possibility that the money may not have been returned.
How much did make a loss? The brokerage firm which bought the bond certificate tried to calculate, but the bond certificate was the one which other bond certificates from other companies were mixed up. Its content was so complicated that none of the brokerage companies…
【The news on economy】
《They weren’t sure how much they made a loss》
…that none of brokerage firm couldn’t understand how much they made a loss, so the rumors that the bank seemed to go bankrupt soon, or the financial institution seemed to make a loss seriously went around, and the financial institutions learned to look at with suspicion each other.
Each of the financial institutions lends the money each other whey need the money every day, but as being unable to trust other financial institution, lending money among the financial institution learned not to be done so much.
So the …
【The news on economy】
《They weren’t sure how much they made a loss》
So the brokerage firm and bank which couldn’t borrow the money they needed everyday showed up one after another, and some of them went bankrupt.
When a major brokerage firm and bank went bankrupt, an anxiety that where was the one which went bankrupt spread among the people, and the anxiety made them stop lending and borrowing money each other, and the next bank went bankrupt. America became the situation like that then.
When the economy went bad, the price of the stock goes down. If the price of the stock goes down in…
【The news on economy】
If the price on the stock goes down in America, the price of the stock in Japan is influenced and goes down, for there have been lots of people who think if the economy in America went bad, the economy in Japan which exports lots of commodities to America would deteriorate.
Thus as the unreasonable subprime loan didn’t go well in America, the price on the stock also went down in Japan.
《The economy in Japan the business fell off》
It was said the business fell off in the economy of Japan when the book was written. In this situation, the word of business means…
【The news on economy】
《The economy in Japan, business fell off》
…the business means the words whether or not companies or individuality made money. If the business fell off, allowance on children may have reduced.
The government announces a report that how the economy in Japan is every month. We call it the monthly assessment of the economy, searching various situations in the economy of Japan and announces them.
The phrase of business improvement disappeared from the monthly assessment of the economy August in 2008 for the first time in eight months and four years.
Instead, there was…
【The news on economy】
《The economy in Japan the business fell off》
Instead, there is an impression that the economy in Japan is about to become weak.
The way of business improvement was used in the monthly assessment of the economy until then. It means that the business gets better, but the phrase that business get better disappeared, and is replaced with the expression that business fell off.
Newspapers and TV said the government allowed the recession. The recession is the situation of the economy goes bad, and what is the situation of the economy?
Whether or not companies or…
【The news on economy】
《The economy in Japan the business fell off》
Whether or not companies or individualities make money means that whether the situation in economy is good or bad.
For example, lots of commodities in the company are sold well, it’s very profitable for the company and the company increases the salary on the employees. Family members of employees are delighted at it. They will go on a family trip or buy a new type of TV.
Lots of various commodities are sold and it is profitable for other companies. We call it the situation of the economy is good.
On the other hand, if….
【The news on economy】
…if the commodities in the company aren’t sold well, the salary on employees are decreased, and family members of employees can hardly go on the family trip. Various commodities aren’t sold so much, and the company which isn’t profitable increases. We call the situation the situation of economy is bad.
《The business fell off in America》
The business fell off from around summer in 2007. The Americans have bought lots of commodities from all over the world. If the business fells off, the amount of commodities they bought decreased, and both of China and Japan decrease…
【The news on economy】
《The business fell off in America》
…and the commodity made by both China and Japan isn’t sold well in America. If the companies in China aren’t profitable so much, China learns not to buy goods from Japan so much, as a result, the commodity made in Japan learns not to be sold both in America and in China.
Thus the economy in the world is connected deeply each other, and the economy started to go bad in the whole world then.
When being in the recession, public work helps the companies which decreased their job by offering job by the nation. For example, making the…
【The news on economy】
《The business fell off in America》
For example, making the companies build bridge and construct the road by the government. If the companies are active, the salary on employees increases and the economy will be up. The government seems to think like that, but there wasn’t enough money in Japan then, and if increasing the public work by force, the government bond which is debt for the nation will increase.
Though the economy wasn’t doing well, we couldn’t find the way of improving the business. It was in the situation when the book was written around in 2008.
【The news on economy】
《What kind of bank is the Bank of Japan?》
Speaking of the Bank of Japan, it’s the bank which issues the bills. Though there are lots of banks in Japan, the Bank of Japan alone can issue the bills and it has been decided by the law.
The bank which issues the bill of its own nation is called the Central bank in the world, and the Bank of Japan is the Central bank for Japan.
Except for issuing the bills, the Central bank has two other big jobs. The one is the bank for the nation. The tax of the large amount of money paid by the nations come into Japan as revenue.
【The news on economy】
《What kind of bank is the Bank of Japan?》
The Bank of Japan keeps the large amount of money made up with tax as vault, and other job is deciding the interest rate.
If depositing the money in the bank, we can receive its interest. On the other hand, if borrowing the money from the bank, we have to return the money we borrowed with its interest. We pay the interest as thanks for lending money us.
Depositing money in the bank means lending our money to the bank actually, so we can receive its interest. When lending or borrowing the money, how much is the interest?
【The news on economy】
《What kind of bank is the Bank of Japan?》
We call its rate the interest rate.
How much do banks or Shinkin banks add interest? The Bank of Japan controls their basic rate.
For example, when the economy isn’t doing well in Japan, the Bank of Japan works on the banks and Shinkin banks in the whole Japan to drop the interest rate.
If the interest rate drops, when lending the money from the bank, its interest rate is low, so we can lend money easily.
As the interest rate is low, we’re going to lend the money and to start a new job.
There is the possibility that…
【The news on economy】
《What kind of bank is the Bank of Japan?》
There is the possibility that companies think like that increase, and if the companies adopt new employees, lots of people can work.
Besides, if a new factory is constructed, products of the company which makes the parts of building factory are sold. Thus the Bank of Japan tries to make the economy up in Japan.
On the other hand, if the economy is doing well too much, the Bank of Japan suggests to rise the interest rate.
If the interest rate is high, when lending money, we have to pay more interest, so we can’t lend the…
【The news on economy】
《What kind of bank is the Bank of Japan?》
…so we can’t lend the money easily, and the companies which start the new job will decrease, so the economy isn’t doing well too much.
It’s nine specialists including the president of the Bank of Japan who decide the policy to work on whether rising or dropping the interest rate of other financial institution in Japan, holding a meeting once every month and deciding the policy.
Whether the Bank of Japan takes into action so as to rise or drop the interest rate. It’ll have influence over the economy in Japan greatly, so…
【The news on economy】
《What kind of bank is the Bank of Japan?》
…so everyone pays attention to it.
What kind of policy does the Bank of Japan take? The people involved in banks overseas and others who do the job involved the money take interest in it.
By the way, I’ve expressed the top of the Bank of Japan as the president, but the governor seems to be more appropriate, so I adopt it.
As the governor of the Bank of Japan is the top of the important bank, when deciding the governor, it is done in the both of the House of Representatives and Councilors with majority voting.
Who is …
【The news on economy】
Who is appropriate for the governor?
Its opinion sometimes divides, according to the political party in the National Assembly, and It’s a big news on politics.
《Why does become the strong yen suddenly?》
It became the strong yen around autumn in 2008. I dollar became 92yen in a short time, for the price on the stock dropped in the whole world, and investors who tried to increase their money gave up their profits and returned the money they lent from the bank in Japan.
For example, when 1 dollar changes from 100yen to 90yen, it’s strong yen. There are some people…
【The news on economy】
《Why did the yen strengthen against the dollar suddenly?》
There are some people who think it’s the weak yen, for it changed from 100yen to 90yen, but it’s not.
If 1 dollar is 100yen, we can buy a chocolate of which price is 100yen, but if 1 dollar is 90yen, we can buy the chocolate of which price is 1 dollar with 90 yen. If thinking like that, we can understand the value on the yen rises. It’s the strong yen.
There are some people who are worried about, where is the border between the strong yen and weak yen? But there is no criterion on it. If the value on the yen…
【The news on economy】
If the value on the yen drops, we call it the weak yen, and if rising, it’s the strong yen.
《The popularity on the money makes its price go up or go down》
Why did the yen strengthen against dollar then? Because the popularity on the yen rose.
How much is one dollar, if converting into the yen? It depends on, it’s decided by the popularity on the yen then. We call the popularity the demand in economic terms.
If there are lots of people who want to change the dollar into the yen, the popularity on the yen, the demand on the yen is high, so it’s the strong yen.
【The news on economy】
《The popularity on the money makes its price go up or down》
On the other hand, there are lots of people who want to change the yen into the dollar, the popularity on the yen drops, so it becomes the weak yen.
The price on the stock dropped all over the world around 2008, so the investors thought they couldn’t make money any more for a while, and tried to change their money into the yen then, so the yen strengthened against dollar. What does it mean?
When lending the money from the bank, we pay the interest. The situation of being low interest continued in Japan, if…
【The news on economy】
《The popularity on the money makes its price go up or down》
…if comparing it with overseas.
As a result, investors all over the world lent the money in Japan and changed the yen into dollar or euro and bought the stock of America, petroleum, or bought up food with the dollar or euro.
As changing the yen into dollar or euro, the popularity on the yen dropped, so it was the weak yen, but the price both on the stock, petroleum and food dropped, the investors all over the world thought they couldn’t make money for a while, so returned the money to the bank in Japan.
【The news on economy】
《The popularity on the money makes its price goes up or down》
When returning the money at the bank of Japan, they have to change the dollar or euro into the yen, so the popularity on the yen rose up, and it was the strong yen.
In short, the money which went out from Japan returned to Japan all at once.
When being the strong yen changing the price on the yen, from 1 dollar is 100yen to 90yen, what kind of influence has over Japan?
If selling a car of which price is thirty thousand dollar to America, three million yen came into Japan before, but It’s two million and...
【The news on economy】
…but it’s just two million seven hundred thousand yen. The profit on the company does the business overseas decreases.
On the other hand, the goods of which price was a million yen dropped to nine hundred thousand yen. If being the strong yen, the company which exports goods is in trouble, but the one which imports is happy.
《The price on the crude oil went up. Why?》
The price on the crude oil went on rising until summer in 2008, but it went down drastically winter in the same year. Why?
As the price on gasoline goes up, so we’re in trouble. The conversation may…
【The news on economy】
《The price on the crude oil went up. Why?》
The conversation may have been done among lots of families then.
If the price on the gasoline or diesel go up, the expenditure on the transport industry will increase, so the price of various goods also rise.
The petroleum which is dug up from the underground is the crude oil. The crude oil includes various elements, and taking the crude oil to the factory so as to refine for petroleum and heat it, it will divide into propane gas, naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and fuel oil.
Naphtha is the raw material on the plastic.
【The news on economy】
It turned out that the products on the petroleum are indispensable for our daily life, so if the price on the crude oil goes up, it’s troublesome for us, so it became the big news.
《There is the market where the crude oil is bought or sold》
As fish or vegetable are bought or sold at the market and their price are put on, the crude oil is also done the same things and its price is set. Both of the market is expressed with 市場 in Japanese, but the way of reading is different.
The former is いちば, and the latter is しじょう.
The place where things which are bought and sold…
【The news on economy】
《There is the market where the crude oil is bought and sold》
The place where the thing is bought and sold in front of us is called いちば, on the other hand, there isn’t the goods there, and is made a deal with by telephone or internet is しじょう.
Fish or vegetable are taken to the market and their price are set on when looking at them, on the other hand, the crude oil is dug up in the Middle East, but the real thing of the crude oil is there, so without looking at it, it is bought and sold, so the way of calling is different, the author said like that.
There are some…
【The news on economy】
《There is the market where the crude oil is bought and sold》
There are some markets where the crude oil is bought and sold in the world, and the typical one is at New York in America.
Demand and price decides the price in the market. If there are lots of people who want, it means the demand, is more, the price goes up, and when there are lots of people who want to sell, it means supply, the price goes down.
When the war became violent at Iraq in the Middle East, digging up and transporting the crude oil becomes hard, and its supply decreases against the demand, so…
【The news on economy】
《There is the market where the crude oil is bought and sold》
…so the price on the crude oil goes up.
As knowing it enough, when the news that the war was bigger in Iraq was reported, the people who traded the crude oil thought its price would rise, and others who thought of buying up the crude oil before its price goes up turn up, and the price on the crude oil goes up actually.
So companies which thought like the next appeared.
Its price will go on rising from now on, and if buying at present and selling when its price rise more than at present, it’s profitable.
新しいレスの受付は終了しました
ふとした疑問掲示板のスレ一覧
ふとした疑問、普段気になっていたことなどをみんなで話そう❗
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なぜ5レス 77HIT 雑学王さん
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たとえ同じ地上だとしても5レス 86HIT 匿名さん
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神風 大和 海龍 桜花 回天 伏龍7レス 178HIT 育児の話題好きさん (30代 ♀)
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学校の先生の記憶力6レス 145HIT 匿名さん
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なぜ兼業主婦>専業主婦なのか、全く理解出来ない12レス 244HIT おしゃべり好きさん
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私のこと見えるよね…?
テンさん 喜んでくれてる見たいで良かった🥰✨ 了解しました😊👍…(ひろみ)
206レス 2048HIT 相談したいさん -
なぜ兼業主婦>専業主婦なのか、全く理解出来ない
😅なんかこの主、兼業主婦と専業主婦の、どっちがいいと思ってるんだかよく…(匿名さん9)
12レス 244HIT おしゃべり好きさん -
なぜ
自分けっこうあたり強いかも。 もし傷つけてたらごめんなさい。 傷つ…(おしゃべり好きさん5)
5レス 77HIT 雑学王さん -
あなたの一票は何処に…
とにかく 自民党は 未だに 強い それは みんなが 選挙に行かな…(匿名さん12)
29レス 599HIT ちょっと教えて！さん -
なぜそこまで結婚にすがるのか？
新しく出来たスレ読みました。 そんな考えの女性はどうせ結婚出来な…(恋多きパンダさん50)
59レス 1054HIT 知りたがりさん (50代 ♂)
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既婚者は勝ち組？独身は負け組？23レス 337HIT 恋愛好きさん (30代 ♂) 1レス
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主は40代ですが20レス 349HIT 聞いてほしいさん (40代 ♀)
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aikoにそっくりすぎる人の悪口、暴言1レス 97HIT 職場の小言さん
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バリウムと胃カメラ6レス 124HIT 社会人さん
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好きで好きでどうしょうもないと思っていたのに…8レス 132HIT 恋愛好きさん (40代 ♀)
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男性と女性、スポーツ視聴とドラマ視聴
そんな統計があるとは知りませんでしたなあ。(匿名さん2)
2レス 127HIT やじ馬さん -
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既婚者は勝ち組？独身は負け組？
仕事くらいしろよ😂(恋愛好きさん0)
23レス 337HIT 恋愛好きさん (30代 ♂) 1レス -
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主は40代ですが
悪いけど…。 それはマウントではなく、主さんが40代にもなって幼…(匿名さん10)
20レス 349HIT 聞いてほしいさん (40代 ♀) -
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今の若い世代が羨ましい。人生やり直したい。
>歌手になりたいと曲作ったり劇団に入ったりなんかしてましたが、今…(匿名さん5)
6レス 257HIT 匿名さん (♀) -
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aikoにそっくりすぎる人の悪口、暴言
https://mikle.jp/viewthread/4146664…(匿名さん1)
1レス 97HIT 職場の小言さん
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注目の話題
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既婚者女性から彼氏へ何度もLINE
彼氏が最近40代の既婚の女性からよくLINEが来るそうです どう言う意図なんでしょうか？ 彼…
17レス 572HIT 匿名さん (20代 女性 ) -
彼氏にお金を使いたくない
彼氏は年上です。大好きですが結婚をするかも不明の年上にお金を払うのが嫌なので、お金を貯めたいから出さ…
25レス 519HIT 恋愛好きさん (20代 女性 ) -
お前に遺産は渡さないと言われました
2人の子どもをもつ30代ワーママです。 父親に「遺産は全額妹に相続させる」と言われショックを受けて…
26レス 481HIT 相談したいさん (30代 女性 ) -
婚活で苦戦してます、バツイチ
見た目は普通なのに 低収入のモラハラ男としか 縁がないのは なぜですか 婚活をしていて そ…
35レス 919HIT アドバイザーさん -
婚活でどう隠し通せば？ 人に言えない趣味
婚活中の男です。自分には女性に明かせない趣味があります。 それはコスメ大好きということ。 自…
13レス 236HIT 結婚の話題好きさん (30代 男性 ) -
こうゆう男は世間一般にどう思いますか?
彼女はとても大切に出来て 思いやりがあり、とても優しくて 常に第一に考えられるけど その他…
6レス 159HIT 相談したいさん - もっと見る
