English and so on Ⅱ

【Rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈I don`t tell a lie〉

The Prime Minister said he didn`t tell a lie. He repeated the phrase over and over again.

Then the author found it strange, for he thought it was natural for the Prime Minister not to tell a lie. As he was a school child in elementary school, he didn`t know a statesman sometimes told a lie, and it was common knowledge then. It was a happy time.

After Japan was in uproar over the revision on security treaty, Ikeda Cabinet which succeeded to the Kishi Cabinet was born and aimed at being stable for the public feeling.

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈I don`t tell a lie〉

The Prime Minister announced a plan of doubling income. The plan made the society change from political season to economic season. The commercial in TV which the author watched was a slogan by Ikeda in an election of the member of the House of Representatives November in 1960.

Hayato Ikeda thought Japanese economy would develop from then, he used to say a theory of doubling income before he became the Prime Minister.

He often said to the reporters who collected data on him their income would double soon.

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈I don`t tell a lie〉

The reporters who listened to Ikeda thought Ikeda started to brag again.

A economist Osamu Shimomura who used to be in the Ministry of Finance supported theoretically Ikeda who became the Prime Minister.

Japanese economy which revived from devastation after the war have learned to have economic power little by little. Shimomura paid attention to the economic power, and thought if adopting an appropriate policy, Japanese economy would develop by leaps and bounds.

He expressed Japannese economy was a time of...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈I don`t tell a lie〉

He expressed that Japan was a time of rising historically.

A economic white paper said it had never been after the war already, and four years passed from then.

〈What is called economic boom of Jinnmu and Iwato〉

Japanese economy was in economic boom from 1955 to 1957 before the plan of doubling income started. We call the economic boom the one of Jinmu, for it was so good that it was for the first time since Jinnmu. It was exaggerated.

After a short term of depression, Japanese economy was in economic boom again...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈What is called an economic boom of Jinmu and Iwato〉

...Japanese economy was in economic boom again from 1959 to 1961. What should we call it? Jinmu Emperor showed up already, so we need other myth before Jinmu Emperor turned up, so the legend of what is called Ama no Iwato was used, so we call it the economic boom of Iwato.

After that the plan of doubling income was successful, and Japanese economy continued to develop for a long time. We call it a rapid economic growth or economic growth simply. It was from 1955 to 1973 when the oil...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈Waht is called an economic boom of Jinmu and Iwato〉

It was from 1955 to 1973 when the oil crisis happened.

〈Japan is a successful nation of socialism〉

We sometimes say Japan is a only nation of socialism which is successful in the world.

In short, an ideal socialism is the nation makes an economic plan, and labors work with joy and work enthusiastically. Without a gap between the poor and the rich, the people become rich.

A planned economy which a nation made didn`t go well in actual nation of socialism in eastern Europe. Labors...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈Japan is a nation of socialism which is successful〉

Labors work reluctantly, the gap on poverty and wealth between executives in communist party and ordinary labors expanded, so the people didn`t become rich at all, but Japan has gone well.

Though it`s an ironic expression, the Japanese have worked hard without being worried about their family, if comparing it with Western nation, the gap between the poor and the rich was a little. The first thing, the Japanese become rich rapidly.

While Japan is a nation of capitalism, our...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈Japan is a nation of socialism which is successful〉

While Japan is a nation of capitalism, our government made a planned economy like a plan for economy for five years. A plan of doubling income made by the Ikeda Cabinet was one of them.

〈Doubling income in this way〉

Economy has to grow 7.2% a year so as to double income in ten years. The government assumed a growth of 9% in the first three years, and established 7% of average growth rate on economy for a decade.

First of all, investing lots of money in public facility like roads...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈Doubling income in this way〉

First of all, investing lots of money in public facility like roads, harbors and sewages. Our government arranged the base of economic growth.

It increased a faculty and university on science and engineering course in order to train talented people who were indispensable for economic growth.

Companies had to borrow fund from a bank so as to expand their business, but without having enough fund in the bank, the bank can`t respond it well, so appealing the people to save their money.

Saving the money by...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈Doubling income in this way〉

Saving the money by the people and the money was lent to private companies.

Our government aimed at the economic growth so positively that private compnaies also adopted expanding management positively with a relief.

The private companies borrowed the fund from the bank and constructed new factories and expanded its production.

As our government announced that our economy would develop from now on and our income would double, so we could expect that our income increase and, so demand did, and commodities...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈Doubling income in this way〉

...and commodities would be sold well. Each company competed for increasing production each other. It was a happy time when the companies could believe in our government.

With a kind of certificate from the government, labor unions demanded a big rise in their wage. A big rise in wage had to be done regularly in order to double income.

If the income of salaried workers increases, they would have enough money to buy various products, so demand would increase.

The companies expanded their production and...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈Doubling income in this way〉

...and started to sell the commodities, and they were sold more and more, and companies could expand their business again.

〈The three sacred treasures〉

As the income of the people increased their eager for consuming rose. Consumption increased explosively, so it was called a revolution of consumption.

A leading actor in the boom of consumption was a black and white TV, a washing machine,and a refrigerator. We call them three sacred treasures.

Needless to say, its original meaning is three kind of...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈The three sacred treasures〉

Needless to say, its original meaning was three kind of treasures which symbolize the imperial throne passed from generation to generation in imperial family, but it was used as meaning of indispensable treasures in an ordinary home.

There was no color TV and the washing machine didn`t have any spin-dryer. The refrigerator didn`t have a freezer in its first stage, so buying a mass of ice, and put the ice in the most upper case, and made the cold from the ice cool. It was a primitive type, but was epoch...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈The three sacred treasures〉

It was a primitive one, but was epoch making and made our life wealthy then.

When the Japanese became rich, instead of three sacred treasures, a word of 3c learned to be used. It means a color TV, air conditioner, and a car. We the Japanese call the air conditioner a cooler, so 3c is taking initial from three of them.

〈A supermarket was born〉

Daie which is a store for housewives was born in Osaka in 1957. It was a first store of supermarket Daie which played an active part later. A new type of retail...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A supermarket was born〉

A new type of a retail shop started to spread out in Japan,and it was the supermarket. The supermarket is natural at present,but it was epoch making and consumers supported the supermarket.

The author said he defined the supermarket as a store for selling the commodities cheaply with self-service in which consumers choose the commodities for themselves and go to a cash register in order to buy the commodities.

The first store for self-service was Kinokuniya which was a vegetable store at Aoyama in Tokyo in 1953.

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A supermarket was born〉

Kinokuniya started in 1953. It was earlier than Daie by four years,
but Daie was the first one which carried out an extensive development of chain stores.

Its founder Isao Nakauchi went through the war in Philippine and suffered from hunger then. His experience drove him to increase stores of the supermarket.

Other supermarkets were born one after another then but lots of them failed because of a way of amateur commercial, but another ones which developed chain stores and became big appeared like Nichi...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A supermarket was born〉

...but another ones which developed chain stores and became big appeared like Nichii and Ito Yokado.

If comparing the supermarket with other stores in which face to face sales was usually done, being able to reduce the number of staff sharply in the supermarket, so saving personnel expense is possible there, so it was able to drop the price of commodities, and was popular among the people still more.

Not only being low price but the staff didn`t follow customers, so the customers could choose goods easily.

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A supermarket was born〉

Customers can take goods on shelves in their hand at will and it`s easy to buy. There are labels of price on all the commodities, so it`s easy to understand its price. Customers thought they were a charm from the supermarket. It`s natural for us at present, but it was new for us then.

Supermarkets can stock such a large amount of goods that they can press wholesalers or manufacturers to press to drop the price, for they can buy a large amount of goods.

They carved a way for sales except for existing of...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A supermarket was born〉

They carved a way for sales except for existing distributing root for commodities. They realized what is called a price slashing.

The price of commodities were decided by manufactures until then, but the supermarkets often took the leadership for decision on the price.

Supermarkets like Daie destroyed an order in distributing world from long ago in Japan and grew up.

〈We have to wait for three minutes. An instant Chinese noodle was sold〉

Nissin started to sell what is called chicken ramen which is an instant...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈We have to wait for three minutes. We have leanred to be able to buy an instant Chinese noodl,〉

Nisshin put an instant Chinese noodle, what is called chicken ramen, on sale in 1958. The instant Chinese ramen which was cooked at once as long as pouring hot water was epoch makking.

When trying to eat a ramen, we used to be forced to boil the uncooked form, so no one could eat it easily at home.

When the founder of Nisshin saw the Japanese eat a ramen in a line at its food wagon in a black market after the war, he started to research...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈We have to wait for three minutes. We have learned to be able to buy an instant Chinese noodle〉

...he started to research a ramen which was able to preserve for a long time and to eat it as we like and succeeded in developing it.

After that food companies developed the instant Chinese noodle one after another, and the instant Chinese noodle becomes a food for the Japanese soon.

We often eat it when studying for an examination or working at night.

The instant Chinese noodle has been indispensable for the people who supported the...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈We have to wait for three minutes. We have learned to be able to buy an instant Chinese noodle〉

The instant Chinese noodle has been indispensable for the Japanese who supported the rapid economic growth. It played an important role for industrial workers as energy.

〈A shinkansen ran〉

We used to call a shinkanse a dream super express. The shikanse in Tokaido line started October in 1964. It was before nine days the Tokyo Olympic started.

Its construction started so as to be in time for the Tokyo Olympic and it was all right.

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A shinkansen ran〉

Its construction started before five years from the Tokyo Olympic. Japan borrowed $ eighty million from the World Bank. It was about twenty nine billion yen then. The cost on the construction was three hundred eighty billion yen.

The world bank is an international organization which lends a developing coutry a fund. Japan has invested lots of money and supported the world bank at present.

『Column, What is called a political station』

There is a station of Gifuhajima between Nagoya and Maibara in Tokaido line for...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

『Column, what is called a political station』

There is a station of Gifuhajima between Nagoya and Maibara in the Tokaido line for shinkansen.

There was no station for the shinkansen in Gifu prefecture before, so a statesman Banboku Oono who was from Gifu prefecture and was the then vice president in the Liberal Democratic Party put a pressure on the national railway then, and made it build a new station in Hajima of which population was forty thousand.

A bronze statue for the statesman was built in front ot the new station. After that...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

『Column, what is called a political station』

After that, the statesman made the national railway build other new station with his political power without regarding profit, or designated a station for an express to stop. Political pressure continued.

〈Tokyo Olympic was held〉

Jet planes made five rings made of five colors above the Naitonal Athletic Stadium in Tokyo prefecture the tenth day October in 1964. It was an opening ceremony in Tokyo Olympic. Olympic was held in Asia for the first time.

The opening ceremony which was well-ordered

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈Tokyo Olympic was held〉

The opening ceremony which was well ordered and the closing ceremony in which athletes from each country were in jumble was broadcast in TV, and the Japanese were intoxicated with a festival of sports.

The representatives from Japan defeated the ones from Soviet in female volley ball and won the gold medal then.

As to the audience rating on TV when the gold medal was decided, it reached no less than 85% and Japanese female athletes were called withces in the East.

Then lots of the Japanese felt actually Japan...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈Tokyo Olympic was held〉

Then lots of the Japanese felt actually Japan joined the developed countries.

The tenth day October when the opening ceremony in the Tokyo Olympic was held became a national holiday, health sports day, commemoriting the Tokyo Olympic.

After that a law on the national holiday has been revised so as to increase the national holiday, and the health sports day is the second Monday of October.

Tokyo which is the capital in Japan has been transformed greatly due to the opening ceremony in the Tokyo Olympic.

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈The Tokyo Olympic was held〉

Though an expressway was to build, there wasn`t a large site in Tokyo originally, so filling old rivers and water ways and constructed the expressway above the reclaimed land.

After that we find Tokyo is ignominious city where there are the expressways over Ginza and Nihonbashi.

〈A Japanese car couldn`t run in an expressway〉

Making an effort in order to bring up an industry for an automobile in Japan is useless, for it is the time of international division. Because a good car which is reasonable price has...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A Japanese car couldn`t run in an expressway〉

Because it is the time of international division, a good car which is a reasonable price has been made in America, so we have only to depend on America in relation to the car.

The president in the Bank of Japan said like that in 1950. If his plan was realized, there would be no Japanese industry on the automobile at present.

Japanese industy on the automobile have grown by leaps and bounds actually. Japanese government also limited an import from foreign coutries, and started a plan of...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A Japanese car couldn`t run in an expressway〉

...and Japanese government limited an import from foreign countries, and started a plan of bringing up a domestic car then.

The industry on automobile in Japan had had technical skill on a truck from before the war, but the technical skill on an automobile was other thing altogether.

When driving, we feel comfortable, and even if driving on a bad road for a long time, the car doesn`t have any trouble, in addition its price is reasonable.

Each company on automobile in Japan developed a...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈Japanese car couldn`t run in an expressway〉

Each company on automobile in Japan developed a desperate struggle in order to make the automobile.

They bought a foreign car made in America actually and took it apart, and examined each of parts. Some of them joined hands with foreign companies and introduced their technical skill into Japan, or assembled the foreign car in Japan actually.

Toyota exported its car in America in 1957, but when driving at an expressway in America, the Japanese car couldn`t follow other American cars, it was...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A Japanese car couldn`t run in an expressway〉

...and it was unstable when driving in the exprssway. Some of them were overheated. We can`t imagine it in the least at present, but it was a real ability on the Japanese car then.

〈A phrase of my car was born〉

The domestic car was in low level like that then, but the Ministry of international trade and industry started a plan on a national car in 1955.

It urged companies on automobile to make an automobile for the Japanese to own. What kind of the automobile did they think of?

Its top...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A phrase of my car was born〉

It`s top speed was more than 100 k.p.h. It`s for four passengers, or for two passengers and can load a thing about one hundred kilometers.

Its engine displacement was from 350 to 500cc. Without repairing so much it can run more than one hundred thousand kilometers.

It can be made below one hundred and fifty thousand yen and we can buy it below two hundred and fifty thousand yen.

As to its selling price, an annual income in the middle management on a company of top class was about four hundred fifty...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A phrase of my car was born〉

An annual income on the middle management on a company of top class was about four hundred fifty thousand. As to the selling price on the car, it was thought over a price with which we could buy the car with annual income.

If thinking over efficiency on the car except for them at present, it turned out that a low level was thought as a high ideal then, but the plan was opposed by the industry on automobile, so it didn`t come true, for its efficiency was too high, but its price was too low.

However...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A phrase of my car was born〉

However Subaru 360 was produced and it was close to the plan for the national car. Its engine displacement was 360cc and it became the name of the car as it was.

Its price was four hundred twenty thousand yen. It`s equal to six million yen when the book was written around 2010, but it made us think that if overworking, an ordinary Japanese could own the car. It wasn`t a dream.

Moreover Toyota made Corona , and Nissan did Blue bird one after another, and both of the engine displacement was 1000cc.

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A phrase of my car was born〉

Both ot the cars were popular among us the Japanese then. As taking an initial of b from the Blue bird and c from Corona, a severe competition called BC struggle was developed in those days.

The industry on automobile in Japan has developed through the competition. An image that an automobile was for companies or a taxi company changed into the one that possession by an individual wasn`t unusual, so a phrase of my car was born.

〈A large scale of merger happened one after another〉

The competition on...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A large scale of merger happened one after another〉

The competition on the industry of automobile developed into a merger and a cooperation of companies before long.

Companies of automobile of Nissan and Prince were combined in 1966. A Sky line which has been popular among us produced by Nissan used to be made by Prince before.

The company of automobile of Toyota joined hands with Hino in the same year, and tied up with Daihatsu in the next year. Both of Hino and Daihatsu joined a group of Toyota.

On the other hand, in a field of...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A large scale of merger happened one after another〉

On the other hand, in a field of shipbuilding Mitsubishi companies which were divided by the dissolution of the zaibatsu were reorganized and become Mitsubishi heavy industry.

Moreover steel manufacturing companies of Yahata and Fuji were combined and a new company was born. Both of them used to be a single big company, but was divided by the order from GHQ, but revived.

As to banks, the one of which rank was sixth and eighth were combined and a new bank, Daiichi Kangin of which...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A large scale of merger happened one after another〉

...Daiichi Kangin of which bank balance was at the first rank in Japan was born.

In this way, with the development of Japanese economy, companies grew up for themselves or join hands each other and expanded the scale of business.

〈Agriculture was declining. What is called agriculture of sanchan〉

While indusry has developed, agriculture was steadily declining.

Children in farm houses hated to succeed to agriculture and went to work in a city and became salaried workers. Even a head...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈Agriculture was declining. What is called agriculture of sanchan〉

Even a head of farm house frequently went to the city for cash income, so the farmland was left to 母ちゃん、爺ちゃん、婆ちゃん, and we called it agriculture of sanchan.

The number of households on farmhouse increased no less than seven hundred thousand for a decade from 1960 to 1970.

A rate of the people who are engaged in agriculture in the whole workers in Japan dropped from 29% to 16%.

A large part of farm house at present are the ones involved in another business. A full-time...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈Agriculture was declining. What is called agriculture of sanchan〉

A full-time farmer who lived on agriculture alone was decreasing very quickly. It`s a side of the rapid economic growth.

『Column, while being rich, sensitivity has been lost』

平凡パンチ which had influenced over culture on the youths was attacked by decrease of the number of copies and tried to renew its content, but failed in it and disappeared in 1998.

A weekly magazine, play boy put together an issue for the play boy, good luck! Play boy. The publishing world placed...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

『Column, while being wealthy, sensitivity has been lost』

The publishing world placed great value on its reputation but the weekly magazine vanished.

An executive for editting the weekly magazine was grieved when the author covered the story like the next.

Editors who used to be poor and to be hungry for everything become rich and can build their houses in the suburb, so their ability as editor have been inferior in quality.

〈A mini skirt has come〉

The rapid economic growth has changed culture on youth greatly.

平凡パンチ which was issued..

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A mini skirt has come〉

平凡パンチ which was issued in 1964 made its shocking debut with a front cover of Ayumi Oohashi. The weekly magazine for young male introduced American life style into Japan such as its fashionable style and music.

What is called Ivy look and big name brands like VAN and Jun were popular among the youth in Japan, and a fashion of wearing jeans has been fixed in Japan.

Twiggy who was a fashion model visited Japan from England in 1967. Twiggy was her nickname. She was so slim as if she had been a twig, so others...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A mini skirt has come〉

...so others called her twiggy. She wore a short skirt on her slim body. A mini skirt has made a debut.

Grown-ups were astound with the mini skirt which was above fifteen centimeters from the knee.

Young females who wore mini skirt and swaggered spread out all over Japan.

In the middle of a abundant society came true, females started to assert themselves on their costume.

A street where vehicles were shut out temporarily started in Ginza in 1970. Cars were shut out from a main street, and the main street was...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈A mini skirt has come〉

...and the main street was open to pedestrians. We call its trial the street where vehicles are shut out temporarily, what is called 歩行者天国.

MacDonald advanced into Ginza in 1971, and a youth who walked there eating a hamburger was spread out all over Japan through the TV.

When eating, we must not stand. It`s shameful. When eating we must not walk. It`s out of question.

They used to be a common knowledge on eating culture in Japan, but it was changing so much then.

〈To an economic boom of Izanagi〉

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈To an economic boom of Izanagi〉

As in the middle of rapid economic growth continued, an economic growth came again. What should we call it? Jinmu and Iwato were used already.

It was Izanagi economic growth so as to stress thhat there was no precedent for it and dating back a myth before what is called Ama no Iwato.

At last the god who turned up in a myth of creating a nation of Japan, Izanagi, was used.

The economic growht of Izanagi continued for a long time from 1965 to 1970.

An international exposition was held at Senri in Osaka...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈To an economic growth of Izanagi〉

An international exposition was held at Senri in Osaka prefecture in 1970. It was for the first time in Asia. Its theme was a progress and harmony on the humanrace.

No less than 77 countries joined it and about 64 million people went there during its show for a half year. Foreign people were seventeen million. It means that about 60% of the Japanese went to see there.

A tower of the sun designed by Taro Okamoto and a stone in the moon with which the Apollo eleventh returned from the moon were exhibited.

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【A rapid ecnomic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈To an economic boom of Izanagi〉

Two of them became the talk in the whole Japan.

『Column, an international exposition』

Under treaty of international exposition, it has been fixed that each nation competes an outcome of industry.

The first one was held in London in 1851. When being held in Paris in 1889, the Eiffel Tower was built.

The latest technical skill and an industry were ehhibited there and it was significant then, but with a development of technical skill, its significance became little.

A way of exhibiting the international...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

『Column, an international exposition』

A way of the international exposition has been discussed lately.

〈The strains were caused by the rapid economic growth〉

Various strains were caused by the rapid economic growth. Though it was a development in the whole Japanese economy, we the Japanese were worried about an inflation constantly.

Smoke, drainage, and waste from factories became a bigh problem at an industrial area in a city, and a word of environmental pollution was born.

Lots of people moved from a farm village to a city, and...

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【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈The strains were caused by the rapid economic growth〉

...and new residences spread out in the suburb.

Even if the people who went to work from the new residence to the city increased, but a route of electric trains was limited, so a murderous rush was born.

A station employee who was in charge of crowding passengers into a train was stationed at home in a station, and mass media overseas often took up as a feature in Japan.

Lots of children were born in new residences so much that a shortage of kindergarten, a nursery school, and a...

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