English and so on Ⅱ

【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

『Column, a quasi election by popular vote on educational committee』

The Liberal Democratic Party also urged the eligible voters in Nakano ward to boycott strongly, in short it was abolished in 1994.

〈文部省 and Japan teacher union were opposed over an achievement test〉

It was over an enforcement on research for academic ability in junior high school in the whole Japan all together which they were opposed in the next. We called it an achievement test.

文部省 carried out the achievement test on second grade and third grade...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈文部省 and Japan teacher union were opposed over an ahcievement test〉

文部省 carried out the achievement test on the second grade and the third grade in junior high school in the whole Japan from 1961. Each of test on Japanese language, English, math, social studies, and science was done in the whole Japan all together on the same day at the same time.

As to the score of students one by one, it was figured and was compared it with the average of the whole junior high school, and was to keep as a record for the student.

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈They were opposed over an achievement test〉

文部省 said it researched a degree of reaching to learning. In short, how much did the children have a good commond of academic ability? 文部省 researched it and would use its data so as to improve the guidance for them after that.

However it was assumed that it would be served as data for a judgement when making children go to high school according to its school record, or substituting it for an employment test when the children get a job.

On the other hand, the Japan teacher..

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈They were opposed over an achievement test〉

On the other hand, the Japan teacher union was opposed to the achievement test, for 文部省 which ignored actual conditions in each place made a question for the test with one-sided way, so insisted that controlling education by the nation would strengthen, sorting out and discrimination on children would heighten.

A result on the achievement test on each of prefecture, on each of city, town, and village, and on each school would be never released formallly, but it was informed...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈They were opposed over an achievement test〉

...but the result on the achievement test was informed to the concerened people who were engaged in education in school at once actually, and it brought a harmful influence unexpectedly.

Ehime prefecture of which average on the achievement test was better than any other prefecture. Kagawa prefecture next to Ehime of which slogan was catching up with Ehime and getting ahead of it.

An uproar continued in both prefectures like the next.

Children whose academic ability were...

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ヤッホー、マユミちゃん元気か？(^○^)こっちはまだ、意外と暖かいよ。コロナには、お互いに気をつけよう🙂

【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈They were opposed over achievemt test〉

In Kagawa prefecture,children whose academic abilities were low were made to be absent from school on the day when the exam was done, and others were taught the answers on the exam by teachers in the middle of the test.

Or the plan on the class was changed, and the study on the test was repeated.

Some students in junior high school were opposed to the test and handed in a blank paper. The uproar spread over in the whole Japan.

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈They were opposed over an achievement test〉

As a result,文部省 reduced its scale in 1965 and was forced to give it up in the next year, so this time 文部省 was defeated.

Far from being useful so as to improve education. There was criticism that it`s just that it was confused in the place where the education was done.

『Column, how does a creek flow?』

There was a famous episode on the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education in those days.

Though it wasn`t a textbook written by a professsor Ienaga, when trying...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

『How does a creek flow?』

...when trying to give a poem written by a child on a textbook of Japanese for sixth grade in elementary school. Its title was a river.

The writer of the child on the poem expressed a stream on the creek with an imitation sound like the next. I`m sure I should do it with English, but I can`t, so I do it with Japanese.

さら　さるる　ぴる　ぽる　どぶる　ぽん　ぽちゃん

On the other hand, the screening had an opinion that the creek should flow with さらさら.

It denied a sensitive child and forced a conventional expression.

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

『Column, how does a creek flow?』

This episode made us arise a dobut that the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education then was done by a part of people who were in charge of it without consulting anyone.

〈A trial continued over the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education〉

The struggle between 文部省 and Japan teacher union was done over the screening of textbooks.

Saburo Ienaga who was a professor in Tokyo university sued the nation that the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education was...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A trial continued over the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education〉

The professor sued that the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education was against the constitution in 1965. It was the first suit, and was done three times in total, and the Japan teacher union supported him.

The professor wrote a textbook for high school on Japanese history, but as the guidelines for courses of study by the Ministry of Education`s was changed, he applied for changing the whole textbook he would write, but it...

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【文部省 versus Japna teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A trial continued over the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education〉

...but his application didn`t pass. It was in 1962.

A person who was in charge of the textbook pointed out that the description on the war was dark too much, Ienaga said like that.

After amendment, he handed it again in the next year, it passed with a condition by 文部省 like the next.

When expressed on the Pacific War, he did Japan was reckless, but he was requested to reduce it. Or using a word of a base on the U.S.army in Japan, he was

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle coninued over education】

〈A trial continued over the screening of textbook by the Ministry of Education〉

Or when he used a word of base on the U.S.army in Japan, he was directed to change it into a facility.

The professor insisted that the Ministry of Education didn`t pass it, and requested him to amend it, but it was against a law, against the constitution, and he suffered from a mental damage, so he sued for the nation.

He demanded as compensation for the nation, but his aim wasn`t for money, but aimed at abolish or reform the system on the...

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【What I`ve thought】

When trying to express some of Japanese phrase in English, it occupies the number of letters so much that it prevents me from expressing, I said before, and 文部省 was included, but it`s the Ministry of Education. It seemed to be all right.

The one which made me be worried about was 文部科学省　and ゆとり教育.

When trying to express both of them in English all together, I was afraid I can`t express anything, except for them,but as to 文部省, it`s all right.

By the way, I`m grateful for the ones who read my English. Thank you very much for supporting me. I`ll do my best from now on.

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>>312

【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A trial continued over the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education〉

His aim was abolishing or reforming the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education.

It was the second sue which was judged for the first time among the three trials. The Tokyo district court said the screening of textbook by the Ministry of Education itself wasn`t against the law, not against the constituion, but the Ministry of Education prohibited the professor to descrbe in several points, and it...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A Struggle continued over education】

〈A trial continued over the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education〉

...the Ministry of Education prohibited the professor to describe in several points, and the Ministry of Education was against the law, so the professor won the suit. Moreover the judgement pointed out the right on education belonged to the people, it didn`t the nation. It was judged by Sugimoto, so we call it Sugimoto judge.

The Ministry of Education filed an appeal to a high court but the high court supported the...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A trial continued over the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education〉

...the high court supported the professor and criticized the Ministry of Education severely, but the Supreme Court order to do the high court the trial again, so eventually the high court dismissed the suit by the professor.

The first suit was later than the second one, and the Tokyo district court supported the professor partly, but both Tokyo high court and the Supreme Court didn`t at all.

In the third suit, both...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A trial over the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education〉

In the third suit, both the Tokyo high court and the Supreme Court supported the professor partly, and pointed out the inspection by the Ministry of Education was done too much partly.

The judgement was settled on 1997. It took no less than 32 years from the first suit. The trial was for a long time.

The insistence that the screening of textbook by the Ministry of Education was against the constitution was dismissed, and it...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teahcer union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A trial continued over the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education〉

The screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education was lawful, it was supported in the trial, but pointed out that it was error on the content of the textbook concretely.

It was pointed out that the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education should be done carefully.

〈A struggle over the rising sun flag and Japanese national antheem〉

Both of them continued a serious opposition over the sun-rising flag ...

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【The Ministry of Education and Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A struggle over the rising-sun flag and the national anthem〉

Both of them continued a long and serious opposition over the rising-sun flag and our national anthem.

Teiyu Amano who was the minister of the Ministry of Education announced a talk asking for hoisting the sun-rising flag and singing our national anthem in a school play, or in a sports day in school in 1950.

He thought the sun-rising flag and our national anthem were indispensable so as to raise our patriotism as mental defense against...

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【The Ministry of Education and Japan teacher Union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A struggle over the sun-rising flag and our national anthem〉

He thought the sun-rising flag and our national nathem were indispensable so as to raise our patriotism as spiritual defensive power against communism.

There was the influence from the Cold War between East and West there.

After that the Ministry of Education urged us to hoist the sun-rising flag and to sing our national anthem.

On the other hand, Japan teacher union thought the sun-rising flag was the symbol for invasion by the military...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle over education】

〈A struggle over the sun-rising flag and our national anthem〉

On the other hand, Japan teacher union thought the sun-rising flag was the symbol for invasion by the military force in Japan during the Pacific War.

In addition, きみ　in the 君が代 means the Japanese emperor, so the phrase in our national anthem, hoping that the society reigned by the emperor continues forever was against the sovereignty of the people, Japan teacher union thought like that.

In the middle of the opposition, the Ministry of Education...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A struggle over the sun-rising flag and our national anthem〉

...the Ministry of Education went on offensive gradually.

It specified our national anthem as teaching material in the first grade in elementary school in revision in the Guidelines for Courses of Study by the Ministry of Education in 1958.

When doing something ceremonial in our national holiday, it was desirable to hoist our national flag and sing 君が代.

In the revision of 1977, it changed into that it`s desirable to hoist our national...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A struggle over the sun-rising flag and our national anthem〉

It changed into that it`s desirable to hoist our national anthem and to sing our national anthem. It was expressed 君が代 until then, but it was handled as our national anthem, and revision continued.

Hoisting our national flag and should direct to sing our national anthem in an entrance ceremony or in a graduation ceremony, considering its significance in the revision of 1989.

An expression of desirable changed into other of specifying...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A struggle over the sun-rising flag and our national anthem〉

From an expression of desirable to the one of specifying the entrance ceremony and the graduation ceremony concretely,adding a word of direct.

Hoisting the sun-rising flag and singing 君が代 learned to be required.

The Ministry of Education learned to research how much hoisting the sun-rising flag and singing 君が代 in the graduation ceremony in the whole Japan, and released it.

The less it was done, the more the pressure increased, so both...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A struggle over the sun-rising flag and our national anthem〉

...so both of hoisting the sun-rising flag and singing 君が代 was done more and more, so the place where both of thme were done completely has increased.

The dispute over the sun-rising flag and 君が代 was at a truning point March in 1999.

The educational committee in Hiroshima prefecture issued an administrative order to headmasters in prefectual high school in Hiroshima prefecture to hoist the sun-rising flag in the graduation ceremony.

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A struggle over the sun-rising flag and our national anthem〉

On the other hand Japan teacher union in Hiroshima opposed against it and a headmaster who was torn between them committed a suicide.

The one who was torn between the union and the educational committee killed itself was repeated again.

It made that the sun-rising flag was the national flag, and 君が代 was the national anthem was established in our law.

Though a phrase of national flag and national anthem appeared in the Guidelines for...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A struggle over the sun-rising flag and our national anthem〉

A phrase of national flag and national anthem appear in Guidelines for Courses of Study by the Ministry of Education`s, but there was no lawful ground on both of them. What is our national flag and national anthem? Considering the teachers who were worried about them in school, its law was established altogether.

After that, Japan teacher union changed its plan, and learned not to do opposing movement against the sun-rising flag and 君が代...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A struggle over the sun-rising flag and our national anthem〉

...so the problem cooled down

『A song in place of 君が代 was thought up』

As Japan teacher union was opposed to 君が代, it recruited a new song for the Japanese September in 1951. The number of response reached about twenty thousand, and the one of which title was mountains and rivers among the green was chosen.

Whenever the mass meeting was held in Japan teacher union, its member always sang it, but it didn`t spread over in the public so much.

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マユミちゃん、いつも応援ありがとう♪o((〃∇〃o))((o〃∇〃))o♪

【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

『Column, a song in place of 君が代 was though up』

Twenty nine were left in the response until last, and the ones which had a word of the sun-rising flag were nine in the twenty nine.

〈Japan teacher union divided and it was reconciled with the Ministry of Education historically〉

The confrontation between the Ministry of Education and Japan teacher union was at a truning point.

There was the mainstream faction of socialist party and the anti mainstream faction...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈Japan teacher union divided and was reconciled with the Ministry of Education historically〉

There was the mainstream faction of the Socialism party and anti-mainstream faction of the Communist party in Japan teacher union. They repeated confrontation and compromise over and over again, but the confrontation became so severe that they couldn`t co-exist any more at last.

They were opposed over whether or not Japan teacher union affiliated with what we call 連合 which was an alliance of labor union.

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈Japan teacher union divided and was reconciled with the Ministry of Education〉

Anti-main stream faction withdrew from Japan teacher union and formed a new group. Japan teacher union divided.

Tomiichi Murayama Cabinet was formed and the coalition political power of the Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialist Party was born. Then the Socialist Party changed its plan boldly.

As adapting itself to the change, Japan teacher union which supported the Socialist Party changed its plan. It decided to...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈Japan teacher union divided and was reconciled with the Ministry of Education historically〉

It decided to adopt a cooperative line with the Ministry of Education. It changed the line of opposition, stop, and crush into the one of participation, suggestion, and reform.

As to the sun-rising flag and 君が代, without taking it up in the plan of movement, Japan teacher union set aside its position of opposition.

A structure of confrontation between the Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialst...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈Japan teacher union divided and was reconciled with the Ministry of Education〉

As the structure of confrontation between the Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialist Party reflected from the Cold War between East and West in the international society after the war was collapsed, Japan teacher union adopted the cooperative line with the Ministry of Education.

One of reason was as the anti-mainstream which supported the Communist Party left there, so Japan teacher union changed its line easily.

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈Japan teacher union divided and was reconciled with the Ministry of Education〉

Lots of people were dismissed by repeated struggles so much that Japan teacher union had to save them with its own fund, and it burdened on the Japan teacher union. There is the background behind the division.

Japan teacher union adopted the ones who were dismissed by the struggle as staff of the union, and made up for its wage for the ones who were done a wage cut.

In short Japan teacher union didn`t have enough fund...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle over education】

〈Japan teacher union divided and was reconciled with the Ministry of Education historically〉

In short, Japan teacher union didn`t have enough fund to continue severe struggles any more.

Situations around Japan teacher union has changed. Young teachers have learned not to be in interested in politics and they didn`t join Japan teacher union so much, especially they gave Japan teacher union`s political line a wide berth.

A percentage of organizing Japan teacher union usued to be 86.3% when the Ministry of...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈Japan teacher union divided and was reconciled with the Ministry of Education historically〉

...when the Ministry of Education started its research in 1958, but it started to drop gradually, and it was below 49.5% in 1985.

After its division in 1990 it`s 36.9%, 31.8% in 2000. Its number of memebers were about three hundred thirty four thousand.

A percentage of a new teacher who joins Japan teacher union becomes by far lower.

When starting researching the percentage on the new teacher in 1960, it...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈Japan teacher union divided and was reconciled with the Ministry of Education historically〉

...it was 87.0% on the percentage of joining Japan teacher union by a new teacher in 1960, but it also went on dropping, when the whole percentage of its organizing was below 50% in 1985, it`s 30.9%, and 18.4% in 2000.

When being adopted as a new teacher, evem one of five doesn`t join Japan teacher union. As a result, Japan teacher union has to suffer from existing its organization itself at present.

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈The Ministry of Japan has also changed〉

On the other hand, the Ministry of Japan has changed. As the problem of bullying among children in school and refusal to attend school has been serious, how the Ministry of Education should grapple with an educational reform? It has been called.

There is a reality that children don`t have fun in school in the background of those problematic actions by children, and it was pointed out that school doesn`t appeal to some children who can`t keep up with class.

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈The Ministry of Japan has also changed〉

Correcting the rote learning so as to happen the problematic actions by children, and it should develop class with what we call ゆとり教育, education that aims at development of individual tatlent rather than learning by rote. Its plan was changed like that.

As a result, its plan was overlapped with the one by Japan teacher union which has sought for ゆとり教育 partly.

In addition there was a severe criticism against standardized education from industrial world.

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈The Ministry of Education has changed〉

After the war, the industrial world in Japan has tried to catch up with and to get ahead of foreign countries, then labors which had uniform academic ability was a strong point in the time of mass produciton. The standardized education of Japan demonstrated its power.

However with a change of the time, as a personality or a creative ability has learned to be requested, students who were educated by standardized were pointed out they were lacking in unique idea.

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈The Ministry of Education has also changed〉

An education which was free and imaginative has learned to be requested, so the Ministry of Education started the time of total learning.

Teachers go ahead with free class with their originality and ingenuity and training children who think with their own way. The Ministry of Educaiton tried to do it.

There was a criticism that if reducing the time of class, the academic ability on children would drop.

If acquiring ability of thinking for themselves...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈The Ministry of Education has also changed〉

If acquiring ability of thinking with their own way, they could educate children who can think for themselves, and it would prevent the children from dropping their academic ability. It was the theory by the Ministry of Education.

The idea of originality and ingenuity by teachers in school is close to an organization by voluntary curriculum which Japan teacher union has grappled after the war.

With a chagne of the time, the old enemies were close.

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle cointinued over education】

〈Both of them have been resposible for education〉

However there are some points at issue which we tend to overlook if looking at a structure from the Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union alone.

Taichi Sakaiya who used to be the head of Economic planning agency said like the next.

Lots of things have been liberalized and democratized, but as to education, a totalitarianism has been strengthened by the Ministry of Education and Japan teacher union.

There is no freedom of choosing a...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈They have been responsible for education〉

There is no freedom of choosing a school by parents and children, forcing to enter school has been push ahead by the name of charity of correcting difference between school.

Opposition between the Ministry of Education and Japan teacher union looks like a struggle over influence between exact opposite thought, but they completely agree with of robbing children and their parents of a chance of choosing school and educating uniformally.

The problem is a...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈Both of them have been responsible for education〉

The problem is it`s a struggle for power over decision over the content of the standardized education. Which does it have the decision, the Ministry of Education or Japan teacher union?

The achievement test which was abolised by the opposition of Japan teacher union revives.

While children`s academic ability has dropped, whether or not it has dropped actually, there was no data on it after the achievement test was abolished.

It has nothing to do...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈Both of them have been responsible for education〉

It has nothing to do with a political expactation, but a research for grasping a actual situation on children`s academic ability has been requested.

In spite that the number of children has decreased owing to dwindling birthrate, the number of children who refuse to attend school has increased.

Number of school children in elementary school and junior high school who refused to attend school was over one million one hundred thirty thousand in 2000.

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈Both of them have been responsible for education〉

It`s number is the worst until then.

Even if children go to school, teacher can`t go ahead with the class, the collapse of class-room discipline has spread over Japan. Disappointment or despair against school has been talked among us.

It is the time when both the Ministry of Education and Japan teacher union are responsible for the reality.

〈After that, what`s happened?〉

Nariaki Nakayama who became the Minister October n 2008 said like the next.

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈After that, what`s happened?〉

Children`s academic ability is low in a place where Japan teacher union is strong.

After that he was forced to resign as minister and to decline to run for the next election.

It showed there was the one then who continued to had a feeling of anti Japan teacher union in the Liberal Democratic Party, but a response from the society was cold, for Japan teacher union becomes an organization which doesn`t have any great influence over the society.

Each newspaper which...

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【The Ministry of Education and Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈After that, what`s happened?〉

Each newspaper which reported the remarks of the minister did with an explanation of term on Japan teacher union, for readers who didn`t know about Japan teacher union have increased.

Japan teacher union which was proud of its percentage of organizing was 86.3% in 1958 continued to drop its organizing percentage, it became 28.8% in 2006, according to a research by the Ministry of Education.

Lots of new teachers don`t join Japan teacher union, so the existence of Japan...

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【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈After that, what`s happened?〉

...so the existence of Japan teacher union in educational world has been little at present. It was disclosed unexpectedly.

I`m going to go into a new chapter from now on.

【Rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】

〈I don`t tell a lie〉

The author said when he was at fifth grade in elementary school, then the Hayato Ikeda Prime Minister showed up in a commercial of TV, and the Prime Minister said he would double the people`s income. I don`t tell a lie.

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