English and so on Ⅱ

【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】

〈How should we evaluate the treaty between Japan and Korea?〉

...and need to have a recognition on the history of our own so as to build a relation between Japan and Korea which is appropriate for in the 21st century.

〈After that, what`s happened?〉

When Kim Dae Jung 金大中 was the President in Korea, the relation between Japan and Korea was improved, and we got the impression that a new era had come to both Japan and Korea.

However when No Mu-hyon 盧武鉉 became the President, the relation between the two countries became strained. His political...

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【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】

〈After that, what`s happened?〉

The political power of No Mu-hyon 盧武鉉 which floundering because approval rating for his politcal power dropped thought of Japan as enemy country and tried to be supported by public opinion.

Japan and Korea were opposed over an island which both of the countries insisted on their own territory. The Jaapanese call it Takeshima and the Korean Dokdo.

Koizumi government in Japan tried not to improve the relation between Japan and Korea, so the relation became cold altogether.

After that Lee Myung-bak 李明博 showed...

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【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】

〈After that, what`s happened?〉

After that, Lee Myung-bak 李明博 showed up as President, he carried
out a plan of making much of Japan, and the two countries were on relaxed terms again.

However the relation between the two countries has been risky, for no one can know when it becomes worse. It depends on the political situation in Korea.

【The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology versus versus Japan teacher union. Struggle continued over education】

〈A great dispute over what is called ゆとり教育〉

The headline is too long.

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【What I`ve thought】

As I`m trying to go into a new chapter, but if trying to express both its headline and subheadline in English, it`s too long to feel like expressing. The phrase which makes me be worried about is 文部科学省 and　ゆとり教育.

When expressing them in Japanese, both of them were eight letters, but when trying to do them in English, I`m afraid they would occupy large part of my response every time, so I made up my mind to express both of them in Japanese, though I hate it, but it can`t be helped, for I`ve never expressed myself in English so as to do both the headline and subheadline.

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A big dispute over ゆとり教育〉

A five-day workweek in school being based on a new guidelines for learning started in Japanese public elementary school, junior high school and high school from April in 2002.

As classes on Saturday disappered and the time of classes decreased, so the content of teaching also decreased by about 30%. We call it what is called ゆとり教育.

Its aim is decreasing the time for classes and making the children learn with development of individual talent.

On the other hand, decreasing the content...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A great dispute over ゆとり教育〉

On the other hand, as to the guideline, an opinion against the way of education that decreasing the content for learning would make the scholatic ability for childerne drop, and the ゆとり教育 had to be reconsidered.

A time for total learning started from April in 2002 being based on the new guidelines for learning. There were no textbook for the total learning.

What do schools teach students? It wasn`t determined clearly. It was left to each of schools.

It was a bold reform which no one had...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A great dispute over ゆとり教育〉

It was a bold reform in which no one had expected from an ordinary way of education by 文部省, but to tell the truth, as to the ゆとり教育 and leaving the content of teaching to teachers in school were requested for schools by Japan teacher union before, and an opposition between 文部省 and Japan teacher union continued over those things for a long time.

As a result we can interpret the guidelines by 文部省 adopted the insistence by Japan teacher union, adding changing its plan cooperating with 文部省 by...

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【文部省】

〈A great dispute over ゆとり教育〉

...adding changing plan cooperating with 文部省, they`ve made us feel a big change in the time.

〈We don`t need the にっきょうぐみ〉

In the middle of a lecture in an university where being aimed at trainging for teachers, when reading a document, a student mistook 日教組　for にっきょうぐみ aloud.

Even if in the university where a large part of students aimed at being a teacher, some of them have never heard of the the Japan teacher union.

Its plan and movement used to a big news and a group of right wing thronged to a city where its mass meeting was held,and it was customary

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈We don`t need にっきょうぐみ〉

The happening in the university made us recognize those things were a long ago. Let`s look back on the Japanese educational history after the war showed the opposition betweeen 文部省 and Japan teacher union.

『Column, a guideline for learning』

It`s a standard by 文部省 in what teachers should teach to students in relation to each of textbook for each grade. It has a lawful restriction.

Companies for textbook have made the textbooks being based on the standard, and 文部省 has checked whether or not the...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

『Column, the guideline for learning』

...and 文部省 checked whether or not the textbooks met its standard.

〈GHQ which changed Japanese education so much〉

After the Pacific War was over, GHQ occupied Japan and started a new plan for Japanese democratic education.

A right of receiving education for the people has been described in the new constitution clearly. There was no a way of thinking as right for education before the war.

A system of 6.3.3.4 has been introduced into Japanese schools. The textbook has been changed...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈GHQ has chagned Japanese education so much〉

A textbook has changed from a government-designated one to an authorized one. A big reform of establishing educational committee in a local self-governing body all over Japan has been done.

A law for educational committee was proclaimed July in 1948, and the educational committee was established in prefectures,cities, towns, and villages all over Japan.

The education used to be a part of an ordinary administration before the war, but the educational committee was born and...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈GHQ has changed Japanese education so much〉

...but the educational committee was born, and educational administration was independent. The educational committee was givern an authority of making a plan for educational budget originally, and submitting it to assemblies by residents.

Number of the member in the educational committee are five, though three is possible in a town or in a village, and the term of the member are four years.

The member in the educational committee is chosen from an election by popular vote.

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈GHQ has changed Japanese education so much〉

It`s American way of introduction, and based on an idea that we the representatitves from residents watch the content which the school in our town would teach to children. Its a structure ruling by amateurs and assisted by experts.

Members in the educational committee has an authority of deciding how schools educate students, and they are chosen from local residents.

Instead of a professional on education, the chosen representatives from the local residents think of...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈GHQ has changed Japanese education so much〉

...the chosen representatives from residents think of education in school on education with sound idea from amateur, and check education, but they are lacking in professional knowledge, so secretariats in the educational committee support as expert. It`s a principle for the popular election by vote of the system on the educational committee.

It has always been requested that how the members in the national committee who were representatives from residents argued on education.

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈Japan teacher union was formed〉

Japan teacher union was formed June in 1947, and its center was teachers in public elementary schools and junior high schools, and others in high schools and universities joined it. When being formed in the beginning, the number of the people who joined them about were a half million.

A mass meeting for the formation was held at Kashihara city in Nara prefecture, and announced that the Japan teacher union was a concentration by hope, will and force from a half million of all the teachers.

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈Japan teacher union was formed〉

It was also proclaimed that it tried to construct a new democratic order and to be in charge of playing part in creation on new Japanese culture.

The Japan teacher union put up the next three articles as its principles.

1 We`ll establish economic, social and political status so as to accomplish an important duty.

2 We`ll push forward to acquire for democratic education and freedom for study.

3 We`ll unite in order to construct a democratic nation where we love peace and freedom.

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【文部省versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continues over education】

〈Don`t send our students to a battlefield again〉

As democratic education proceeded from upper levels in the society, the Japan teacher union aimed at making sure of securing right for teachers of educational site and democratic education.

Its movement started from reflecting on their responsibility for sending lots of their students to the battlefield as teacher from the war betweeen Japan and China to the Pacific War.

A slogan of don`t send their students to a battlefield again was put up in a mass meeting June in 1952.

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈Don`t send their students to a battlefield again〉

After that it was a basic principle for the Japan teacher union. It sought for a peaceful principle, and led to against security treaty and to the movement against the military base for America.

Conservative influence accepted it was principle against America, and thought the Japan teacher union supported Soviet and China in the middle of the Cold War between East and West.

The Japan teacher union established ethical principle for teacher in a mass meeting June in 1952.

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈Don`t send our students to a battlefield again〉

As there was a provision that teachers were labors, and should unite,文部省 and conservative influence were cautious more and more that it adopted a class struggle.

By the way, I came across the phrase of the class struggle before, but I`m not familiar with the phrase so much,though it conjures up an image somewhat.

The Japan teacher union formed its original political organization so as to realize its insistence in the political world. After that it sent its...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈Don`t send our students to a battlefield again〉

After that the Japan teacher union sent its representatives to national assembly and local assembly, and the conservative influence felt repelled by them.

Thus opposing construction between 文部省 and the Japan teacher union was formed.

The Japan teacher union expanded its organization after that. In its heyday, its number of members reached no less than six hundred seventy thousand in 1958.

It considered the content for education from the position of the union, so...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈Don`t send our students to a battlefield again〉

...so the Japan teacher union held a mass meeting for study on education originally every year. It also developed a movement for organization of making voluntary curriculum on content in which they taught their students for themselves.

It was against rote learning 詰め込み教育 and insisted education that aimed at development of individual talent rather than learning by rote.

However 文部省 thought the insistence on the content for education was violation against authority on文部省...

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【文部省 and Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈Don`t send our students to a battlefield again〉

...for it was from its self-confidence that the nation should be responsible for content on education and 文部省 was in charge of it.

〈Putting a limit on the content for education〉

A way of thinking that the nation is responsible for the content on education was opposed against the way of thinking that residents should be related to education mainly introduced from America into Japan after the war.

After concluding the peace treaty in San Francisco, and the Japanese achieved...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈Being put a limit on the content for education〉

...and Japan achieved its independence, the systems introduced by America after the war were changed little by little.

As to the guideline for education which was fixed on the content school should teach, a phrase of a tentative plan was added to the first one in 1947. It used to be a gentle one of showing a standard for teaching.

It was being based on the way of thinking that the content on education should be done according to actual condition each district or school.

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【文部省】

〈Being put limit on the content for education〉

It`s just that the nation had only to show its standard, but it changed. The phrase of tentative plan disappeared from December in 1955, the guidelines for learning learned to be mentioned in government newsletter as notice from 文部省 from October in 1958. We`ve interpreted it`s a lawful restriction.

A strict limit was put that teacher must teach students according to the guidelines for learning in school, and the Japan teacher union thought it returned to education for nationalism before the war.

『Column, an ethical outline for teachers』

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle contiued over education】

『Column, ethical outline for teachers』

1 Teachers should respond to a theme from the Japanese society and live with the youth.

2 Teachers should struggle for equal chance on education.

3 Teachers should protect peace.

4 Teachers should take into action on a position of scientific truth.

5 Teachers shouldn`t forgive an invasion on freedom for education.

6 Teachers should seek for a right politics.

7 Teachers should struggle against decadence in society with parents and create a new culture together.

8 Teachers are ...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

『Column, ethical outline for teachers』

8 Teachers are labors.

9 Teachers should protect the right for leading their life.

10 Teachers should unite.

〈Member of the educational committee learned to be appointed〉

It was a reform on the system for educational committee which was thought a typical example for returning to nationalism.

There was an opposition between the ruling party and the opposition party in national assembly, and a group of policemen went into the meeting by the House of Councilors.

In the middle...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued for education】

〈The member of educational committee learned to be appointed〉

In the middle of unusual situation, a law of an organization and management on administration for local education was formed and the system on educational committee changed.

The member of educational committee wasn`t elected by popular vote, but was appointed. A head of local public organization, it means governors in prefectures or mayors in cities, towns or villages appointed it with agreement of assembly.

An authority of making a plan on budget for...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈The member of educational committee learned to be appointed〉

An authority of making a plan on budget for education was also taken away from the educational committee.

In addition as to a head of the educational committee which is equal to a bureau chief on the educational committee, its appointment was necessary an agreement from educational committee from its prefecture, and appointment on the head of the educational committee in prefecture was necessary an agreement from 文部省.

A clause which was required to open...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈The member of educational committee learned to be appointed〉

A clause which was required to be open argument on education by the educational committee also disappeared.

Lots of persons concerned education or political parties were elected in the election by popular vote for the educational committee, and they disobeyed the principles form prefectures, cities, towns and villages, so the Liberal Democratic Party felt unpleasant with it.

Those reform was done because the American system on educational committee wasn`t...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A member on the educational committee learned to be appointed〉

The reform on the system of educational committe was done because the American way on the educational system wasn`t appropriate for the Japanese. It was the reason for change.

As a result, the system on educational committee started being based on a way of thinking decentralization of power in the beginning, but it changed into the one in which communicating orders from upper levels to those under them. From 文部省 to the educational committee in prefectures...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A member on the educational committee learned to be appointed〉

Communicating orders from 文部省 to the educational committee in prefecutres to the one in cities, towns, or villages.

Japan teacher union feared of the construction by power, and was opposed to the reform on the system of educational committee, so the communist party and socialist party supported by Japan teacher union developed an opposing struggle in national assembly.

However a group of policemen went into national assembly and the bill was rammed...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A member of educational committee learned to be appointed〉

...but the bill was rammed through the Diet, and the reform has been carried out.

There has been a criticism that as a result the educational committee in lower level are always trying to please the upper levels.

Each head in the educational committee thought each of them was in the position because the one in upper level appointed it, so its mental constructure that it had only to obey orders from them was formed.

It became the criticism of mere name on the...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A member on the educational committee learned to be appointed〉

It became a criticism of mere name on the educational committee that the educational committee in lower level just obey orders from upper level.

『Column,教育委員長 and　教育長』

Two of them are hardly distinguishable. The former is a representative from a educational committee made with from three to five members. In short it`s a representative from an amateur. Lots of them are the ones of learning and experience.

On the other hand, the latter is also one of the...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

『Column, 教育委員長　and 教育長』

On the other hand, the latter is one of members in the educational committee, but at the same time it`s a representative from a secretariat in the educational committee. It`s a professional on education or administration.

Actually lots of them who retired from a headmaster in school or an expert who used to be engaged in a public office for a long time took up the position.

〈A great struggle over a report card on teachers〉

An occurrence of conflict between 文部省 and Japan teacher union direct...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle over education continued】

〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉

An occurrence of conflict between 文部省 and Japan teacher union direct started from Ahime prefecture.

Educational committee in Ehime prefecture announced that raising salary and promotion on teachers were carried out by a work performance evaluation.

It was an introduction of the work performance evaluation, what is called a report card on teachers.

Then financial situation in Ehime prefecture was so serious and it didn`t have enough fund to allow all the teachers to ...

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【文部省】

〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉

...and it didn`t have enough fund to allow all the teachers to raise their salary regularly all together, so evaluating their work and regarding 30% of them as being bad when working, and trying to put off their raising salary.

The work performance evaluation in Ehime prefecture was done by a headmaster for other teachers from the several poiints of view such as diligence, being positive, and a sense of responsibility in five ranks, form better one, A,B,C,D,E. A is 10 % on the whole, B 20%, C 40%, D 20%, and E 10%.

If being...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉

If being evaluated as D or E, their raising salary would stop.

Its true aim was bringing down the Japan teacher union.

Haruki Shiraishi who served as a governor in Ehime prefecture four terms for sixteen years and learned to be called a don in Ehime prefecture later thought of the work performance evaluation so as to bring down the Japan teacher union.

A candidate from the Liberal Democratic Party lost by other one who used to be a head on the educational committee...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉

...and it belonged to the Soicalist Party.

Haruki Shiraishi was shocked at it as a person who was resoponsible for the Liberal Democratic Party in Ehime prefecture, and decided to get rid of the Japan teacher union, and thought that it was the most effective for a public servant to attack with personnel matters and salary.

The Japan teacher union in Ehime prefecture felt repelled violently against the principle by the educational committee in Ehime prefecture. Opposing...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉

An opposing struggle was developed. As the headmasters were members in the union, the union urged the headmasters to deny the work performance evaluation.

On the other hand, the educational committee requested the headmasters to submit, so it developed into an uproar of scrambling for the headmasters between the union and the educational committee.

However the educational committee carried out of putting into force, so the headmasters who didn`t submit were punished.

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉

The educatioal committee won the struggle,and punished the Japan teacher union in Ehime prefecture. Members retired from the union one after another thanks to maneuver for retirement. About six thousand and six hundred retired for three years from 1958 to 1960.

Japan teacher union received a destructive damage by retirement of about 70% of members in union. Bringing down the Japan teacher union by Shiraishi was successful.

After that the work performance evaluation was...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉

After that the work performance evaluation was put into effect under guidance from 文部省 all over Japan from 1958 to 1959, but the Japan teacher union rebelled. A struggle of demonstraion of parade, and taking a day off all together was done, so about sixty thousand were punished with a dismissal, suspension from office,or wage cut.

In Tokyo prefecture,the Japan teacher union rebelled against the educational committee which put into effect on the work performance evaluation.

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉

In Tokyo prefecture, the Japan teacher union was opposed against the effect by the educational committee, and taking day off all together.

A strike was borbidden for public employees, so it adopted a strategy of taking day off all together by members in union, but it was the strike actually.

The ones who participated in the strike made up for no less than 98% on the whole teachers, reached to about thirty five thousand.

The executives who directed the strike in the...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉

The executives who led the strike in the Japan teacher union were arrested one after another with a suspicion of direction on illegal strike.

The Japan teacher union in Fukuoka prefecture carried out the strike of taking day off all together in which no less than 99% of the members in union participated, but its executives were arrested.

In short the Japan teacher union was defeated in a level of nationwide, for the work performance evaluation was done from March in 1958.

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉

Immediate before the effect, a tragedy of committing a suicide by a head on education at Yokkaichi city in Mie prefecture, for he was torn between the educational committee and Japan teacher union in the city.

On the other hand, a way by Kanagawa prefecture or the other by Nagano prefecture were born.

A teacher itself submitted a record by reflected on itself, and it was substituted for the work performance evaluation, and a headmaster advised for it. It`s Kanagawa way.

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉

While a headmaster evaluated a work on performance,he didn`t put any rank between the teachers. It`s not a relative evaluation, but an absolute evaluation. It`s a way adopted by Nagano prefecture.

Some of them were settled peacefully in talks of inside school alone, but remained distrust and hatred alone between the large part of educational committee and Japan teacher union.

Considering in an ordinary company, it is natural for a superior to evaluate its subordinate`s...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉

Considering in an ordinary company, it`s natural for a superior to evaluate its subordinate`s work, so there was a criticism that while teachers evaluate their students and write it in a report card for students, they hate be evaluated their results.

On the other hand, there was a problem like the next.

In an ordinary company, a superior always works with its subordinates together, so it understands how they work, but the teachers are always close to children.

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A great struggle over report cards on children〉

How did the headmaster who isn`t in the classroom evaluate the teachers?

The people felt simply that they hate a teacher who makes the headmaster please more than children by making a structure of evaluation by the headmaster.

The Liberal Democratic Party had a sense of impending crisis that teachers in Japan teacher union educated children on socialism in school, so the influence on socialism would expand, so bringing down the Japan teacher union started from Ehime...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉

...so bringing down the Japan teacher union started from Ehime prefecture and spread over all over Japan. In short, a Japanese version of the Cold War between East and West in the international society was developed in Japan of which stage was school.

『Column, a quasi elction by popular vote on educational committee』

After the system of election by popular vote on educational committee changed into the one by appointment, a ward assembly made a rule in Nakano ward, and...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

『Column, a quasi election by popualr vote on educational committee』

...and the system of a quasi election by popular vote on educational committee started.

A head of a local public organization appoints the member in the educational committee, it has been established in a law, if so, in a rule which is effective in a ward alone, let`s decide a candidate for the educational committee by residents in ward of Nakano alone, before it was appointed by a head in the ward.

Though it wasn`t an election by popular vote, it was...

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【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】

『Column,a quasi election by popular vote on educational committee』

...it was same as the election by popular vote actually, so we called it the quasi election by popular vote.

Delivering a post card for voting to eligible voters in Nakano ward one by one, and voting was done by a mail. The head in Nakano ward appointed the member of the educational committee from more number of votes obtained in turn.

文部省 felt repelled strongly, for it was against the aim of abolishing the election by popular vote.

The Liberal...

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