初心者英語講座

>> 150 《When using the be verbs,how to use the present tense and the past one in the right places》


《Be動詞の現在形と過去形の使い分け》


Be verbs which mean being somewhere are also the same changes.


「～にいる/ある」を表すbe動詞も同じ変化です。


The examples of which subjects were singular forms are the formers,and the others of plural ones are the latters


主語が単数の例文が前者、複数の物が後者です

Example

Stephanie was at the desk.

ステファニーはその机の所にいました。


Stephanie and Greg were at the desk.


ステファニーとグレッグは、その机の所にいました。


Pat was in that room.

パットはあの部屋にいました。
Pat and Tom were in that room.

パットとトムはあの部屋にいました。


Your hat was on the table.
あなたの帽子は、そのテーブルの上にありました。


Your hats were on the table.

あなたがたの帽子は、テーブルの上にあった。

As for the example,「Your hats were on the table」,it has two means.


Your hats were on the table は２通りの意味があります。「あなたの帽子がテーブルの上にあった。」「あなたがたの帽子がテーブルの上にあった」


We need to guess their meaning from their contexts.


文脈から、その意味を推測する必要があります。😃

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>> 151 【Past tenses and imperative forms of ordinary verbs】


【一般動詞の過去形と命令形】

『Verbs which change regularly』


Roughly speaking,as for the ordinary verbs in the past tense as long as they change regularly,we have only to add ed to the verbs.


大まかに言えば、規則的に変化をする一般動詞の過去形は、edをつければいいだけです😃


Example

The meeting starts at 9：00 a.m


そのミーティングは9時に始まります


The meeting started at 9：00a.m.


そのミーティングは9時に始まりました。


一般動詞、start＋ed →started


However,others are different.I'll show you simple rules.

しかし、異なる物もあります。簡単な規則を示します。


① Base.We add ed to the verb.

基本 動詞に edをつける

learn→learned
play→played

② The ones which end with e.We add only d to the verbs.
eで終わる動詞。dだけをつける。

believe→believed live→lived

③ A simple vowel on which has a stress ＋ consonant.We pile up the last consonant and add ed to the verbs.


アクセントを持つ短母音＋子音→最後の子音を重ねて、edを加える。

stop→stopped tap→tapped


④ Consonant＋y.We change the y into i and add ed to the verb.

子音＋y→yをiに変えて、edを加える

cry→cried
study→studied

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>> 152 《Verbs which change irregularly》


《不規則に変化する動詞》


There are some ordinary verbs of which past tense change irregularly.

過去形が不規則に変化する一般動詞もあります。


Although they are irregular,they have some patterns.Let's make sure of them.


不規則だけれど、いくつかのパターンがあります。確認してみましょう😃


①Verb of which part of vowel changes


①動詞の母音の部分が変化する
begin→began
come→came
eat→ate
find→found
get→got
give→gave
meet→met
run→ran
see→saw
sit→sat
speak→spoke
take→took
write→wrote


②Change of its vowel and the end of the word also change into d,or t

② 母音の変化、語尾がd またはtになるもの

do→did
say→said
tell→told
hear→heard
lose→lost
keep→kept
leave→left
buy→bought
bring→broughtthink→thoughtteach→taught have→had
build→built
send→sent
spend→spent
make→made


③The ones which don't change


③変化しない物

cut→cut
put→put
set→set
read→read


④Things which change into special one


④特殊に変化する物

go→went

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《An imperative sentence》


《命令文》


All the imperative sentences don't mean a severe order or compulsion like『Do this!』


全ての命令文が『これをやれ！』という強い命令、強制ではありません。😃


We can change of its manners of speaking with our tones.For example,they are an order,request,and suggestion.


口調によって命令、依頼、提案などと言い分ける事が出来ます。


However,without judging from our tones,we can distinguish the difference between them.There are some kinds of imperative sentences.


しかしながら、口調で判断しなくても、その違いを区別出来ます。命令文には何種類かあります。🔤


①An original form of verb→
『Do something』

Then instead of doing,we usually use the original form of the verb.I showed the English example for the sake of convenience.
　　　　　　　
①動詞の原形

『やれ』

その時、doを使わずに動詞の原形を使います。『』の英語の例文は、便宜上示しました。😃


②Don't and the original form of verb.It's the imperative sentence of prohibition.


don't 動詞の原形。禁止の命令文。～してはいけない。


③ Please and the original form of the verb.It means a request.


Please 動詞の原形。依頼。どうか、～して下さい。

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>> 154 《An imperative sentence》


《命令文》

④Let's,an original form of a verb.It means an invitation.


Let's 動詞の原形。勧誘、誘いを意味します。

When replying,we do like next.『Yes,let's』or『No,let's not』


返答する時には、次のようにします。『はい、そうしましょう』または『いいえ、止めておきましょう』


We use the imperative sentence because an other does'nt behave yet like we order.


相手がまだ命令する行為をやってないので、命令文を使います。😃


We use an original form of a verb because its behavior isn't settled yet like the past tense.Then we don't use a subject of the sentence.


行為が過去形のように確定してないので、動詞の原形を使います。主語は使いません。😃


When using a basic imperative sentence,we start the sentence from the original form of a verb.


基本的な命令文を使う時は、動詞の原形から始めます。


Example

Come here on time.

時間どおりに来なさい

Be a good boy.
いい子にしなさい。


The original form of be verb is be,so we say like『Be ～』


Be動詞の原形はbeなので、be～と言うように言います。😃


When using the imperative sentence of prohibition,we add the original form of the verb behind don't.


禁止の命令文を使う時は、動詞の原形をdon'tの後に加えます。

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>> 155 《An imperative sentence》


We can use both don't and the original form of the be verb,be at the same time.


don't と be動詞の原形、be を同時に使う事が出来ます。😃

Except for this imperative sentence,the word of don't never stands next to be in any sentences.

この命令文以外に、don't が be と並ぶ文はありません。😃


Example


Don't touch me

私に触るな


Don't be noisy

騒々しくするな

We can use please both at the beginning and at the end of a sentence.Both of them almost mean same.


Please は、文頭、文末、両方に使えます。どちらも殆ど同じ意味です。😃


Example

Please leave me alone.


ひとりにして下さい。ニュアンスとしては、『頼むからほっといて下さい』と言う感じです。

Be quiet,please.


どうか静かにして下さい


Please don't hesitate to call me.


どうぞ遠慮なく電話をかけて下さい


Let's is a contracted form of Let us.


Let's は Let us の短縮形です

Example


Let's go shopping.

買い物に行きましょう


Yes,let's/No,let's not

はい、行きましょう/いいえ、止めておきましょう


Let's not open the box.

その箱は開けないようにしましょう。

Yes,let's./No,let's not.


いいえ、開けましょう/はい、止めておきましょう

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>> 156 《An imperative sentence》


When saying『Let's not do something』,but we want to do it,we'll say『No,let's』in Japanese.


日本語では、『何かをしないようにしよう』と言われて、『それをしたい』時には、『いいえ、しましょう』と言います。😃


Contrary to it,when saying we do something,if we acknowledge it,we answer with not『No』but『Yes』in English.


これに対して、何かをする時それを肯定するなら、NoではなくYesで英語では答えます。😃


⭕ Yes,let's

❌ No,let's


《What is an auxiliary verb?》

What is an auxiliary verb?We put it in front of the original form of the verb.


助動詞とは何でしょう？動詞の原形の前に助動詞を置きます。

Then we add our feelings,our sense of value,guess to its action or condition.We call it the auxiliary verb.

その時、その動作、状態に我々の感情、価値観、推測を加えます。これを助動詞と言います😃

The auxiliary verbs are will,can,may,should,must,and so on.When making a sentense with the auxiliary verb,there is a basic rule like next one.


助動詞はwill,can,may,should,mustなどです。助動詞を作る時の基本的なルールは次の事です☝


Subject,auxiliary verb,original form of verb


主語、助動詞、動詞の原形

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【What is an auxiliary verb?】


There is one thing about which we should be careful.When using the auxiliary verbs,they never change their forms even if the number or personal pronoun of their subjects do.


一つ注意すべき事があります。助動詞を使う時、主語の数、人称代名詞が変わったとしても、助動詞の形は変わりません。


We're going to start from will which means a kind of determination.It's a strong will.


決意を意味する will から始めます。強い意志と言っても良いと思います😃


【Will which means one's determination】


The auxiliary verbs are the ones which add a verb to our feelings or sense of value.

助動詞は動詞に感情、価値観を加えます。


The feeling of the will means will.For example,it has a feeling that I've just decided it just now.

will の表す感情は意志です。それは例えば「たった今決めた！」というような感じです。😃

Then while my feeling is strong,I have never any definite plans on my determination at all.

その時、私の気持ちは強いけど、私の決意について、明確な予定は何も立ってないという事です。😚


Example

I will study overseas.


I ＝ 主語、will ＝ 助動詞、study ＝ 動詞の原形


私は留学するつもりだ

• << 165 【Will which means guess something】 If I say that I'll study abroad,it's my own will. もし、私は留学するつもりです、と言ったならそれは私自身の意志です。 However if the other says like that,we can't recognize its will definitely,so it doesn't seem that we can use the will. しかし、他者が言ったなら、その意志を明確に私達が知る事はできません。私達は will を使えないように思えます😣 However,we can use it even if their subjects are others or things. しかし、たとえ主語が他者や物事でも、willを使う事が出来ます Then we guess what they think,and express their remarks,so we call the will the guess. その時、私達は彼等の考えている事を推測して述べるので、その willを 推測と呼びます。 Example She will lend us money. 彼女は私達にお金を貸してくれるだろう My cat will eat the food. 私の猫がその食べ物を食べるでしょう It will rain 雨が降るでしょう When its subject is the third person singular,and present,we don't put s at the back of its ordinary verb.It's an original form. 主語が三人称単数現在でも、s を 動詞の後につけません。動詞は原形です。 【will which means a simple future】 We frequently adopt the will for a vague future too. will は漠然とした未来にもよく使います。

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Hello.
It's unbelievable that I've come up with this kind of wonderful idea here! Surprired to know this thread but I'm so happy to meet you. So interesting and awesome is your doing!

Can I join you even if I'm totally Not 中学生?

Because actually, for me too, I must explain someone about English grammer in English as my work, so I'd love to learn better way how to teach it.

May I sometimes suggest my idea or question on teaching it here if it doesn't bother you?

Anyway I'll come here again soon!
See you later.

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>> 159 Thank you for your message,社会人さん😃


Few people came here,besides no one has visited me recently,so I'm happy to receive your message.How do you do.🙋

Oh! Your job is teaching English others in English?I hope my thread will something helpful.💦


To my sorrow,I'm not day off today,so even if I receive your message,I'm afraid my response will be late🙏



However,you are welcome.Please don't hesitate to come here.😃


Have a nice day！☀

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Hello.
Thank you for replying me😃
Your thread will be helpful for me and moreover also for 中学生.
They are sure to be able to understand English grammer in English although it's sometimes,hard, and it's quite useful,I think.

Your thread gives me a power for my challenge!
To be honest, I'm trying to teach my student or support them to do activities in English, but almost always give up doing it halfway and start to use Japanese💦

I'm going to keep trying.

Anyhow,it's encouraging to see you here.
Keep in touch🎵

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>> 161 Hi! Thank you for your message😃


I'm sure our situations are different . 😃


When expressing English in this thread, I have enough timeto to do it. 😃


Contrary to it, when teaching English your students in your class , your time is limited.In addition, you have to deal with each child and whole the class,I'm wondering. 😱


It's so hard that I can not do them,I am sure.💦


Good night . Have a nice dream🌠

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Thank you for your reply.
I'm sorry my late reply.

As you said, sometimes it's hard to manage class because some students can't totally understand my saying or don't have interest in English.

But It also can be a lot of fun to cooperate with them to make their class interesting, even if I can't finish the class with All English.

Whatever I say, my aim is All English;I try hard!


Now,it's fun for me to read your thread of the past little by little.

Have a nice weekend☀

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>> 163 Thank you for your message.😃


I also think it hard to have English class for an elementary school children.For example,the third person singular and present,tense,verbs of be and so on.😥

The children are worried about those English rules,for it's different from our mother tongue so much.😫

A variety of guestions may have made great contribution to us human race,but when having English class,the children's questios may prevent them from learning English,I'm afraid.😠


Without learning English rules,they can't speak English exactly.🔤


However,the more you face difficulties,the happier you'll be when overcoming the hardships,I'm sure.😃


English classes in an elementary school have just started,so lots of the teachers have been groping in the darkness 暗中模索,I'm wondering.😣


I'm sure you've been in difficulties.Good luck.💪


By the way,I'm happy to hear you've read my thread.I've been afraid no one has read recently😂


Have a nice afternoon🙋

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>> 158 【What is an auxiliary verb?】 There is one thing about which we shoul… 【Will which means guess something】


If I say that I'll study abroad,it's my own will.


もし、私は留学するつもりです、と言ったならそれは私自身の意志です。


However if the other says like that,we can't recognize its will definitely,so it doesn't seem that we can use the will.


しかし、他者が言ったなら、その意志を明確に私達が知る事はできません。私達は will を使えないように思えます😣


However,we can use it even if their subjects are others or things.

しかし、たとえ主語が他者や物事でも、willを使う事が出来ます


Then we guess what they think,and express their remarks,so we call the will the guess.


その時、私達は彼等の考えている事を推測して述べるので、その willを 推測と呼びます。


Example

She will lend us money.


彼女は私達にお金を貸してくれるだろう


My cat will eat the food.


私の猫がその食べ物を食べるでしょう


It will rain

雨が降るでしょう

When its subject is the third person singular,and present,we don't put s at the back of its ordinary verb.It's an original form.

主語が三人称単数現在でも、s を 動詞の後につけません。動詞は原形です。

【will which means a simple future】


We frequently adopt the will for a vague future too.


will は漠然とした未来にもよく使います。

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>> 165 【Will which means a simple future】


Example


We will be 35 years old next year.


僕達は、来年35歳になります。

As for the example,it has been already fixed,so we don't have to guess it.


例文は、すでに決まっていることですから、推量する必要はありません。


Besides,we've never decided it just now.It means a vague future,so we call it the will of simple future.

加えてそれをたった今決めたわけでもありません。漠然とした未来を表すので、単純未来の will と言います

However if our average life expectancy is very short,the example may mean my strong determination.

しかし、もし私達の平均寿命がとても短かったら、例文は強い決意、意志を表すかもしれません。


【be going to and will】


A phrase of be going to original form of verb is similar to the will.


be going to 動詞の原形と言う語句は will と似ています。


Be going to the original form of verb means that one is moving toward a place where it does something.


Be going to 動詞の原形は、それが行われる場所に向かっていく事を意味します。


Be going to is the progressive form,and has a nuance that its subject moves toward its future.


be going to は進行形で、その主語は未来に向かって行く、という微妙な意味合いを持ってます。

• << 168 【be going to and will】 We can also express our will or guess with the phrase of be going to like will. 私達は自分の意思、推量を will のように be going to でも表します。 However its nuance is a little different from the will. しかし、その微妙な意味合いは will とは少し違います😃 《be going to of will to an original form of a verb》 A nuance that the one is going somewhere on the way comes from other one. 向かっていく途中というニュアンスから、他のニュアンスがでてきます😃 Therefore we use the be going to with an adverb which expresses time. だから時間を表す副詞と一緒に使います。 Then,the adverb makes its plan clear. その時、その副詞は予定を明確にします。 Example I'm going to study overseas next year. 来年僕は留学する 《be going to of guess to an ordinary form of a verb》 Example It's going to rain 雨が降るだろう Its subject is it which express things,and it expresses guess. 主語は物事を表す it で、推量を表します。 A person who speaks has a ground of definitive expectation which it can see. 話してる人には、その人が見ている明確な根拠があります。 For example,it saw black clouds,so it may have expected it rained. 例えば黒い雲を見たので、雨が降ると思ったのかもしれません☔

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To 中学生さん

How are you? 中学生さん.I hope you are fine.


中学生さん、元気？元気だといいな😃


I've studied English for years,so fortunately I can understand English sentences to some extent.


数年間、英語を勉強してきたので、幸いにも英語の文章をある程度は理解出来る😚


However,to my sorrow I can't understand others think,so without recognizing,I'm apt to end up making others upset about me.


しかしながら、悲しい事に人の考えてる事が分からず、知らないうちに人を怒らせてしまいがちだ。😥


I'm afraid my remarks made you be hurt.I have to apologize it for you.I'm sorry for it.


自分の言葉が中学生さんを傷つけてしまったのでは、と思う。謝らなくちゃね。ごめんなさい🙇


Have a nice evening😃


素敵な夕べを🌠

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>> 166 【Will which means a simple future】 Example We will be 35 years old… 【be going to and will】


We can also express our will or guess with the phrase of be going to like will.


私達は自分の意思、推量を will のように be going to でも表します。


However its nuance is a little different from the will.

しかし、その微妙な意味合いは will とは少し違います😃


《be going to of will to an original form of a verb》


A nuance that the one is going somewhere on the way comes from other one.


向かっていく途中というニュアンスから、他のニュアンスがでてきます😃


Therefore we use the be going to with an adverb which expresses time.

だから時間を表す副詞と一緒に使います。


Then,the adverb makes its plan clear.


その時、その副詞は予定を明確にします。


Example


I'm going to study overseas next year.

来年僕は留学する

《be going to of guess to an ordinary form of a verb》

Example


It's going to rain


雨が降るだろう

Its subject is it which express things,and it expresses guess.


主語は物事を表す it で、推量を表します。


A person who speaks has a ground of definitive expectation which it can see.


話してる人には、その人が見ている明確な根拠があります。


For example,it saw black clouds,so it may have expected it rained.


例えば黒い雲を見たので、雨が降ると思ったのかもしれません☔

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>> 168 【be going to and will】


《Be going to of guess to an ordinary form of a verb》


Contrary to it,when will is adopted,it's a situation like the next one.


一方で、willが使われている時は、次のような場合です🙋


When hearing a weather forecast,we expect vaguely that it rains,we use will then.We say like next,it'll rain.


天気予報を聞いて雨が降るだろう、と漠然と思う時、will を使います。It will rain と言います☔


It has a nuance like next.Though the weather forecast says so,I don't have a clear feeling like that,for I've seen the weather with my own eyes.


次のようなニュアンスがあります。天気予報はそう言ってるけど、そのような明確な予感はしない。自分で天気をみてるしね☔


As to difference between will and be going to,we don't have to be worried about it so much.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Will と be going to の違いについては、そんなに悩む必要はありません😃


However,we can use the right word in the right place,our English expressions are so varied that we'll have more fun when speaking English.


しかしながら、使い分けられれば、私達の英語の表現は豊かになり、英語を話している時もっと楽しくなりますよ🙌

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>> 169 【be going to and will】


Examples


I'm going to buy some CDs tomorrow.


私は明日CDを数枚買うつもりです

What are you going to do this evening?


今日の夕方は何をするつもりですか？


My father isn't going to have breakfast this morning.


父は今朝、朝食をとらないでしょう

Look! The picture on the wall is going to fall.


見て！壁にかかっている絵が落ちそうよ


In this situation,its speaker looks the scene with its own eyes.


この状況では、話し手は自分自身の目で、その場面を見ている、という事です。


It's very cold today.It's going to snow in the afternoon.


今日はとても寒いね。午後には雪が降りそうだよ


In this situation,there is a ground that it's very cold,so the speaker expects it's going to snow.

この状況では、とても寒いと言う根拠があります。だから話し手は、雪が降ると思っているのです❄


【Review of auxiliary verb】

Auxiliary verb is put in front of an original form of a verb.


助動詞は動詞の原形の前に、置かれます。


It supplements speaker's feeling,guess,and its sense of value.


助動詞は、話し手の感情、推測、価値観を補足します。


Except for will,we're going to learn other auxiliary verbs such as can,may,should,and must together.

will 以外の can,may,should,そして must を、まとめて学んでいきます。

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>> 170 【Review of auxiliary verbs】


Examples


I can ride a horse.


私は馬に乗る事ができます


He can ride a horse.


彼は馬に乗る事ができます


Peculiarity of a sentence in which auxiliary verb is used


助動詞が使われてる文の特徴

When its subject is the third person singular,and present time,its auxiliary verb remains its form.


主語が三人称単数現在の時、助動詞は変化しない

When its subject is the third person singular,and present time,its ordinary verb also remains its original form.

主語が三人称単数現在の時、動詞も原形のままです。


It means that we never add s or es to the verb.


e や esを、動詞には、絶対つけない、という事です。


【Auxiliary verbs which move toward future】


Roughly speaking,the auxiliary verbs are divided into two.


大ざっぱに言えば、助動詞は２つに別れます。

The ones are the auxiliary verbs' original meanings,and the others are guess or estimate.


前者はその助動詞の本来の意味、後者は推測、見積もりです。

As to the others,the original meanings change into them.

後者は、本来の意味が変化した物です。

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>> 171 【Auxiliary verbs which move toward the future】


As to can,its original meanings is an ability


canの本来の意味は能力です。

Contrary to it,other of which original meaning changes is possibility.


これに対して、本来の意味が変化した物は、可能性です。


As for may,its original meaning is permission.


mayの本来の意味は許可です。
As for should,its original meaning is a advice.


shouldは、本来の意味は忠告です。


Both of the may and should are guess,with regard to others of which original meanings changes are guess.


mayもshouldも、本来の意味が変化した物は、推測です。

　　　　　　　However,to be exact,there is difference between the may and should.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　しかしながら、正確に言えば、may と shouldには違いがあります　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Each degree of guess is different.The should is stronger than the may.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　推測の程度が違います。should は may よりも強いです。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　As to must,its original meanings are obligation,order,and determination.


mustの本来の意味は、義務、命令、決意です。

On the other hand,other of which meaning changes is also guess.


本来の意味が変化した物は、推測です。

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【Auxiliary verbs which move toward the future】


However,the must is stronger than any other two,the may and should,in regard to the degree of guess.


しかしながら、推測の程度では、must は他の２つ、may や should よりも強いです。


《Usage of its original meaning》


Next examples are usages of original meanings.


次の例文は、本来の意味の用法です。


Speakers express they should or may do something from now on.


話し手は、これから何かをしても良い、或いはすべきだ、という事を表してます。


As to can,it seems to be hard to understand,but it means that the speaker can do something with its ability which they possess at present time.


can は分かり難いようですが、話し手が現在持っている能力で、何かをやれるという事です。

Examples

I can play the guitar.


僕はギターを弾けるよ。


It means that the speaker is allowed to play the guitar from now on.


話し手は、これからギターを弾く事を、許されているという事です。


You may stay here.


あなたはここに滞在してもよい

It means that the person to who is talked may stay here from now on.In short,it means a thing in the future


話しかけられた人は、これからここに滞在しても良い、という事です。つまり、未来の事です。

• << 176 【Auxiliary verbs which move toward its future】 《The usages of their original meanings》 Examples You should study hard. あなたは一生懸命勉強すべきです I must achieve my goal. 私は目標を達成しなければなりません 《Usages of guess and estimate》 Let's make sure the usages of their guess and estimate. 推測、推定の意味を確認しましょう😃 When a subject is a thing,or another person,it has a tendency to become the meaning of guess or estimate like will. 主語が物、他人の時、will のように推測、推定の意味になる傾向があります An example I can't believe it.But it may be true. 信じられない。だけど本当かもしれない。 As to the can't,its subject is I,so I'm sure you can recognize it's an original meaning. can't は主語がI なので、本来の意味だと分かると思います。 As for the next sentence,『It may be true』,its sentence is it,so the may means guess or estimate. 次の文章、it may be true は主語が it なので推測、或いは推定を意味します。 We need to remember both the original meaning of the auxiliary verbs and other ones of guess and estimate. 助動詞の本来の意味と、推測、推定の意味を覚えておく必要があります。

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Hello.

Today,I have a question.Would you mind?


I wonder I could tell
the difference among "have to",“must"and “should".

That means,I teach "have to" is also Auxiliary verbs as the other two.
The differences among,them seem to be slightly small when we translate it to Japanese,but actually,it seems that there are the big differences in nuance among them when native speakers use them, like in subjective or objective meaning.

How I understand the image of them,I wonder?
Would you teach me?

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>> 174 Thank you for your message.How are you?


As for the difference between the auxiliary verbs,I'm going to express in the near future.😃


According to a reference book which I've adopted,must means that the one needs to do something at any cost.😤


On the other hand,have to means that the one needs to do something under the pressure of necessity.


As to should,there is no expressions about a difference of their nuances in the reference book.💦

So I asked a desk clerk of a English language school it.He answered like the next.


As for degree of its necessity,must is the strongest one,have to is the next.Should is the weakest.

I hope my remarks are helpful to you.💧


Children in the elementary school have studied difficult things,I'm sure.Both of the schoolchildren and teachers have made an great effort.💮


Considering at that time when I went to the elementary school,it's shameful of me.😳

Have a good afternoon!🙋

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>> 173 【Auxiliary verbs which move toward the future】 However,the must is s… 【Auxiliary verbs which move toward its future】


《The usages of their original meanings》

Examples

You should study hard.


あなたは一生懸命勉強すべきです

I must achieve my goal.


私は目標を達成しなければなりません


《Usages of guess and estimate》


Let's make sure the usages of their guess and estimate.

推測、推定の意味を確認しましょう😃


When a subject is a thing,or another person,it has a tendency to become the meaning of guess or estimate like will.


主語が物、他人の時、will のように推測、推定の意味になる傾向があります

An example


I can't believe it.But it may be true.


信じられない。だけど本当かもしれない。


As to the can't,its subject is I,so I'm sure you can recognize it's an original meaning.


can't は主語がI なので、本来の意味だと分かると思います。

As for the next sentence,『It may be true』,its sentence is it,so the may means guess or estimate.

次の文章、it may be true は主語が it なので推測、或いは推定を意味します。


We need to remember both the original meaning of the auxiliary verbs and other ones of guess and estimate.


助動詞の本来の意味と、推測、推定の意味を覚えておく必要があります。

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【Auxiliary verbs which move toward the future】


《Usages of their guess or estimate》


For instance,as to may,if becoming aware of its two meanings,original one and the others of guess or estimate,judging from words which are used in the sentence or context,we can understand which one is appropriate.


例えば may は、２つの意味、本来の意味と推測、推定の意味が分かっていれば、文の中で使われてる語句や文脈から判断して、どちらが適切か分かります。


Examples


『You may go with him.』It means permission.


『君は彼と一緒に行っていいよ。』これは許可を意味します


『You may be late for school』It means the guess.


『君は学校に遅れるかもしれない』推測を意味します


Tom can't be strong.


トムが強いはずがない。


It's a denial of possibility.

可能性の否定です。


She should come here.


彼女はここに来る筈だ


It means the guess.

推測を意味します。


He must be rich.

彼は金持ちに違いない

It means the strong guess.

強い推測です。

When expressing the guess or estimate,if we say their ground or reason later,our remarks will become persuasive.


推測、推定を表す時、その根拠、理由を後で言うと、私達の発言は説得力のある物となります。

• << 182 【Auxiliary verbs which move toward the future】 《Usages of guess and estimate》 I'm wondering if I'm qualified to continue this thread,for I have little knowledge about English,however I hate to stop in the middle of the thread,in addition,I love English,so I will continue.😤 Examples Tom can't be strong.He lost the game again. トムが強いはずがないよ。彼はまた試合に負けたんだよ She should come here.She said so. 彼女はここに来るはずだ。彼女がそう言ったんだよ。 He must be rich.He bought a new sports car. 彼は金持ちに違いない。新しいスポーツカーを買ったんだもの 《Negative sentence and interrogative sentence》 Let's make sure of a negative and interrogative sentences of the auxiliary verbs. 助動詞の否定文、疑問文を確認しましょう😃 We do like be verbs basically.The auxiliary verbs may be easier rather than the be verbs,for we don't have to be worried about using singular or plural numbers for the right places. 基本的にはbe動詞のように作ります。むしろ助動詞の方が、be動詞より簡単かもしれません。単数、複数の使い分けに悩む必要はないので。 However,we should be careful of the next two things. ただし、次の２つの事に注意しなければなりません。

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Hello and thank you for answering my questioh!
Im sorry to get back to you late.

I also look up the reference book written by English language schoo,
there is an example situation,where a doctor advise quiting smoking to patient.
It says "must" has the image that one's will to do it,
"should" means one's advice to someone.
And
> "have to" means that the one needs to do something under the pressure of necessity.
as you explained to me.
But addition to it,there are nuances below,if "have to"is used by the other,the one who is said it doesn't have the choice not to do something.
But about "must",one can have a choice to do or not as well as"should".
According to the book,"must"and "should" express only objective will, althogh "have to" has the nuance as obligation to others in the position of the speaker.

As opposed to a refference books by Japanese,which explain the level of strength among those Auxiliary verbs.
So it's confusing for me and also for students.

• << 180 Hello! Thank you for your message.😃 Your remarks are useful for me.Though I've expressed thread about English grammer,I'm afraid I haven't studied very hard.It is shameful of me😳 As for the must,when using it to other as advice,degree of its strength is too strong,but as you told,when the doctor adopted the must for the patient,it's suitable. While the must is subjective,though according to a judgement of a speaker,have to is objective.The have to means that the one is forced to do something. In an informal situation,the have to seems to be desirable.Instead of the must,we substitute the have to for a thing in the past,or in future,according to my dictionary.🔤 By the way,as you told,teaching English for schoolchildren seems to be very hard,but it has just started recently,so your experience will be a foundation of teaching English for school children in the future.Good luck.🙋 Good night and have a nice dream.🌠
• << 181 Hello,and how are you?😃 As for the auxiliary verbs,I'm also confused.Though I've expressed this thread so far,I'm a non native speaker concerning English.😳 It's just that I've expressed,being based on a reference book,so I'm sure I can't be helpful to you.I'm sorry for it.🙏 However an other also has expressed his thread in English.He is by far kinder and has more knowledges about English than me.His trade mark is 🔥🚀 I recommend you should ask him your questions.He seems to have talked with plenty of native speakers for a long time,so I'm sure he'll be helpful to you.I'm sorry,chef🙏 Have a good afternoon☀

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And I teach junior and senior high students now so I have no idea about the teacing in elementary school.
But it may be hard to teach there,I think,because the teachers can't teach them with abstract expression like junior high or high school.

I look forward to your new threads and will keep on reading them.
It's awesome for you to update your lecures every weekends!
See you next week♪

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>> 178 Hello and thank you for answering my questioh! Im sorry to get back to… Hello! Thank you for your message.😃


Your remarks are useful for me.Though I've expressed thread about English grammer,I'm afraid I haven't studied very hard.It is shameful of me😳

As for the must,when using it to other as advice,degree of its strength is too strong,but as you told,when the doctor adopted the must for the patient,it's suitable.


While the must is subjective,though according to a judgement of a speaker,have to is objective.The have to means that the one is forced to do something.


In an informal situation,the have to seems to be desirable.Instead of the must,we substitute the have to for a thing in the past,or in future,according to my dictionary.🔤


By the way,as you told,teaching English for schoolchildren seems to be very hard,but it has just started recently,so your experience will be a foundation of teaching English for school children in the future.Good luck.🙋


Good night and have a nice dream.🌠

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>> 178 Hello and thank you for answering my questioh! Im sorry to get back to… Hello,and how are you?😃


As for the auxiliary verbs,I'm also confused.Though I've expressed this thread so far,I'm a non native speaker concerning English.😳


It's just that I've expressed,being based on a reference book,so I'm sure I can't be helpful to you.I'm sorry for it.🙏


However an other also has expressed his thread in English.He is by far kinder and has more knowledges about English than me.His trade mark is 🔥🚀


I recommend you should ask him your questions.He seems to have talked with plenty of native speakers for a long time,so I'm sure he'll be helpful to you.I'm sorry,chef🙏


Have a good afternoon☀

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>> 177 【Auxiliary verbs which move toward the future】 《Usages of their gues… 【Auxiliary verbs which move toward the future】


《Usages of guess and estimate》


I'm wondering if I'm qualified to continue this thread,for I have little knowledge about English,however I hate to stop in the middle of the thread,in addition,I love English,so I will continue.😤

Examples


Tom can't be strong.He lost the game again.

トムが強いはずがないよ。彼はまた試合に負けたんだよ


She should come here.She said so.


彼女はここに来るはずだ。彼女がそう言ったんだよ。


He must be rich.He bought a new sports car.

彼は金持ちに違いない。新しいスポーツカーを買ったんだもの

《Negative sentence and interrogative sentence》


Let's make sure of a negative and interrogative sentences of the auxiliary verbs.


助動詞の否定文、疑問文を確認しましょう😃

We do like be verbs basically.The auxiliary verbs may be easier rather than the be verbs,for we don't have to be worried about using singular or plural numbers for the right places.

基本的にはbe動詞のように作ります。むしろ助動詞の方が、be動詞より簡単かもしれません。単数、複数の使い分けに悩む必要はないので。

However,we should be careful of the next two things.


ただし、次の２つの事に注意しなければなりません。

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>> 182 【Auxiliary verbs which move toward the future】


《Negative or interrogative sentences of the auxiliary verbs》


① When making a negative sentence,we put not behind the auxiliary verb.


否定文を作る時は、notを助動詞の後に置く。

When making an interrogative sentence,we put the auxiliary verb at the beginning of the sentence.

疑問文を作る時は、助動詞を文頭に置く。


Examples


He can't ride a horse.


彼は馬に乗る事が出来ません。

May I have your name?


お名前を伺っても宜しいですか？


If we translate the sentence word for word,it means『May I own your name?』


直訳すると、『あなたの名前を持ってもいいですか』


This expression is so polite that I'm sure we should learn it by heart,for it's useful for us.

この表現はとても丁寧なので、覚えておくべきだと思います。便利ですから。

『May I have your name』is more appropriate rather than『What's your name』as English conversation of grown-ups.


May I have your name? のほうが What's your name? より大人の英会話としては、適切です。


Examples

Tom won't lend us money.


トムは私達にお金を貸してくれないでしょう。

Will Tom lend us money?

トムは私にお金を貸してくれるつもりですか？

• << 187 【Auxiliary verbs】 《Negative and interrogative sentences of the auxiliary verbs》 Examples I must not tell you the truth. 私はあなたに真実を言ってはいけない。 Must I tell you the truth? 私はあなたに真実を言わなければならないですか？ 《An interrogative sentence which gets a permit》 I said a phrase of『May I have your name』is a polite expression when asking someone its name. May I have your name と言う語句は、名前を尋ねる時には、丁寧な表現だと言いました。 When getting a permit with a carefree way,we frequently use can then. 気軽に許可を取る場合、can をよく使います。 While as to an polite expression,we use may,as for a carefree way,we use can. 丁寧な言い方に関しては may,気軽な言い方に関しては can を使います。 Examples Can I borrow your pen? ペンを借りてもいい？ Sure.Go ahead. もちろん。どうぞ。 Go ahead means like the next.The phrase urges someone to do something. go ahead は次のような意味です。誰かに何かを促す An affirmative sentence. Subject・An auxiliary･an original form. 肯定文 主語・助動詞・動詞の原形 Negative sentence Subject.auxiliary,not・original form. 否定文。 主語・助動詞,not・開放

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Hello how's going?

Thank you for your sincere answer and thinking together about my question..
I absolutely never think your thread is not reliable.
You replies are so polite and humble I'm always moved.

But I am also thankful for your information.
I suppose to ask him about it but I don't get used to use my new phone so will do it in near future!

Good night!

• << 190 Hello.How are you?😃 I hope your question will be solved.😃 It's getting colder and colder,and this year approaches its end,so I'm sure you're very busy.😱 Let's take care of ourselves lest we should have cold.Gond night and have a nice dream🙋

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先生、いるかな？
中学生だよ。携帯をスマホに変えたんだ。まだ英語頑張ってたんだね！ファイト

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向こうに顔を出そうかと思ったけど、せっかく私の為にここ建ててくれたから( ＾∀＾)こちらに来てみたよ

• << 188 Thank you for your message.I've never seen for you a long time.How are you?🙋 メッセージありがとう。久しぶりだね。元気かな？🙋 It's regrettable that too sleepy to be up any more. 残念だけど、眠くてこれ以上おきていられない🙏 I'll,send you my response tomorrow.Good night.Have a nice dream. 明日、レスする。お休み。良い夢みろよ😁
• << 192 Good evening😃 こんばんは Oh!You've bought a what is called smart phone.Is it easy to use? スマホを買ったの？使い易いのかな？🙋 I've heard it has multiple functions,so it's more useful than the old fashioned cellphones,I'm sure.📱 多機能だと聞いてるし、旧式の携帯よりずっと便利なんだろうね。 When expressing something in English,I have a lot of fun,so I can continue to study English. 英語で何かを表現するのは、とても楽しいよ。だから英語の勉強を続けられる。🔤 I wish you could recognize it😊 中学生さん、今はフリーターさんだね、がその楽しさを分かってくれたらなあ。😊 To my sorrow,I don't have enough ability to let you know how pleasant English is.I'm sorry for it. 悲しい事に、英語がどんなに楽しいか、と言う事を知ってもらうほどの能力がない。残念😠 Good night.Have splendid dream.🌠 お休み。素敵な夢をみてね😃

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>> 183 【Auxiliary verbs which move toward the future】 《Negative or interrog… 【Auxiliary verbs】


《Negative and interrogative sentences of the auxiliary verbs》


Examples


I must not tell you the truth.


私はあなたに真実を言ってはいけない。


Must I tell you the truth?


私はあなたに真実を言わなければならないですか？


《An interrogative sentence which gets a permit》


I said a phrase of『May I have your name』is a polite expression when asking someone its name.


May I have your name と言う語句は、名前を尋ねる時には、丁寧な表現だと言いました。



When getting a permit with a carefree way,we frequently use can then.

気軽に許可を取る場合、can をよく使います。

While as to an polite expression,we use may,as for a carefree way,we use can.


丁寧な言い方に関しては may,気軽な言い方に関しては can を使います。

Examples


Can I borrow your pen?


ペンを借りてもいい？


Sure.Go ahead.
もちろん。どうぞ。


Go ahead means like the next.The phrase urges someone to do something.

go ahead は次のような意味です。誰かに何かを促す


An affirmative sentence.

Subject・An auxiliary･an original form.


肯定文


主語・助動詞・動詞の原形


Negative sentence


Subject.auxiliary,not・original form.


否定文。


主語・助動詞,not・開放

• << 189 【Auxiliary verbs】 《An interrogative sentence which gets a permit》 《許可を得る疑問文》　　　　　　　　　　　 An interrogative sentence An auxiliary verb・subject・original form? 疑問文 助動詞・主語・原形？ 　　　　　　　As to how to make the interrogative sentence,it's just that we only have to change word orders of an affirmative sentence.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　疑問文の作り方は、肯定文の語順を変えるだけです　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Contracted forms. 短縮形 will not→won't cannot→can't or cannot should not→shouldn't must not→mustn't 《Impressions which are similar to the auxiliary verbs.They are useful》 《助動詞に類似する表現。役に立ちます》 We have made sure that the be going to and will are impressions which resemble. be going to と will は類似表現だという事を確認しました😃 In this way, there are impressions to which are similar in the auxiliary verbs. このように、助動詞には類似表現があります。 I'm going to express about can and must. can と must について記述します。 can ≒ be able to must ≒ have to I'm going to express detailed explanations of them in the next time. 詳細は、次回にします。😳

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>> 186 向こうに顔を出そうかと思ったけど、せっかく私の為にここ建ててくれたから( ＾∀＾)こちらに来てみたよ Thank you for your message.I've never seen for you a long time.How are you?🙋


メッセージありがとう。久しぶりだね。元気かな？🙋


It's regrettable that too sleepy to be up any more.


残念だけど、眠くてこれ以上おきていられない🙏


I'll,send you my response tomorrow.Good night.Have a nice dream.


明日、レスする。お休み。良い夢みろよ😁

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>> 187 【Auxiliary verbs】 《Negative and interrogative sentences of the auxil… 【Auxiliary verbs】


《An interrogative sentence which gets a permit》

《許可を得る疑問文》　　　　　　　　　　　
An interrogative sentence


An auxiliary verb・subject・original form?

疑問文

助動詞・主語・原形？

　　　　　　　As to how to make the interrogative sentence,it's just that we only have to change word orders of an affirmative sentence.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　疑問文の作り方は、肯定文の語順を変えるだけです　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Contracted forms.

短縮形


will not→won't

cannot→can't or cannot


should not→shouldn't


must not→mustn't


《Impressions which are similar to the auxiliary verbs.They are useful》


《助動詞に類似する表現。役に立ちます》


We have made sure that the be going to and will are impressions which resemble.

be going to と will は類似表現だという事を確認しました😃

In this way, there are impressions to which are similar in the auxiliary verbs.


このように、助動詞には類似表現があります。

I'm going to express about can and must.

can と must について記述します。


can ≒ be able to

must ≒ have to


I'm going to express detailed explanations of them in the next time.


詳細は、次回にします。😳

• << 201 【Auxiliary verbs】 I made a mistake again.As for the last subtitle,I have to correct it. また、間違えました。小見出しについて、訂正しなければなりません😳 Impression→❌ Expression→⭕ 《Expressions which are familiar to the auxiliary verbs.They are useful》 《助動詞の類似表現。役にたちます》 If we must show you difference between can and be able to,can is an expression which originally shows us its ability. can と be able to の違いを敢えて示すなら、can は本来その能力を示します。😃 Contrary to it,be able to has nothing to do with its ability. それに対して、be able to はその能力とは関係ありません。 Be able to is other expression which shows us a situation in which we can do something. be able to は何かが出来る状況にあると言う事を示す表現です。😃 Are you be able to come to the party? ≒ Can you come to the party? As to a Japanese expression of パーティーに来る事が出来る,strictly speaking,be able to is suitable for it. パーティーに来る事が出来ると言う日本語の表現には、厳密に言えばbe able to が適してます。😃 The situation has nothing to do with its ability. その状況は、能力とは関係ありません。

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>> 184 Hello how's going? Thank you for your sincere answer and think… Hello.How are you?😃


I hope your question will be solved.😃


It's getting colder and colder,and this year approaches its end,so I'm sure you're very busy.😱


Let's take care of ourselves lest we should have cold.Gond night and have a nice dream🙋

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お話ししに来たよ。こんばんわ

• << 193 Good evening.😃 Both I and you have sent messages right now,so we ended up missing each other. 二人ともメッセージを送ったので、行き違いになっちゃったね😱 How are you? 元気？😃

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>> 186 向こうに顔を出そうかと思ったけど、せっかく私の為にここ建ててくれたから( ＾∀＾)こちらに来てみたよ Good evening😃

こんばんは


Oh!You've bought a what is called smart phone.Is it easy to use?


スマホを買ったの？使い易いのかな？🙋


I've heard it has multiple functions,so it's more useful than the old fashioned cellphones,I'm sure.📱


多機能だと聞いてるし、旧式の携帯よりずっと便利なんだろうね。


When expressing something in English,I have a lot of fun,so I can continue to study English.


英語で何かを表現するのは、とても楽しいよ。だから英語の勉強を続けられる。🔤


I wish you could recognize it😊


中学生さん、今はフリーターさんだね、がその楽しさを分かってくれたらなあ。😊

To my sorrow,I don't have enough ability to let you know how pleasant English is.I'm sorry for it.


悲しい事に、英語がどんなに楽しいか、と言う事を知ってもらうほどの能力がない。残念😠


Good night.Have splendid dream.🌠


お休み。素敵な夢をみてね😃

• << 195 地道に頑張ってるね！ 文法と会話って違うでしょ。先生は海外に行ったことありますか？

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>> 191 お話ししに来たよ。こんばんわ Good evening.😃


Both I and you have sent messages right now,so we ended up missing each other.


二人ともメッセージを送ったので、行き違いになっちゃったね😱



How are you?


元気？😃

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To フリーターさん


In spite that you've visited here,my comment resembles a preach.I have to apologize it for you.I'm sorry for it.


せっかく来てくれたのに、説教みたいな事を言ってしまった。あやまんなくちゃね。ゴメン🙏

• << 196 大丈夫だよ。今年もあと少しで終りだね(^-^)v 風邪ひかないようにお互い頑張りましょ

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>> 192 Good evening😃 こんばんは Oh!You've bought a what is called smart ph… 地道に頑張ってるね！
文法と会話って違うでしょ。先生は海外に行ったことありますか？

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>> 194 To フリーターさん In spite that you've visited here,my comment resembl… 大丈夫だよ。今年もあと少しで終りだね(^-^)v 風邪ひかないようにお互い頑張りましょ

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>> 196 To フリーターさん


To my sorrow,I've never been to any foreign countries in the least.😚

悲しい事に、一度も外国に行った事はないよ。

As you told,when speaking English,I'm sure we don't always need a perfect English grammer.


フリーターさんの言うとおり、英語を話す時に、必ずしも完璧な英文法が必要というわけではないと思う。😃

Without considering English grammar,even if we say only some English words,we may happen to make ourselves understood in English,though it depends on.


英文法を考慮せず、いくつか英単語を言うだけでも、通じたりするかも、状況によるけどね😊

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To フリーターさん


In general,it's said a best way in order to improve English abilities is making friends with English native speakers.


一般的に、英語の能力を向上のための最上の方法は、英語を母国語とする人と仲良くなる事、と言われてる。😃

As to myself,I used to go to an English language school,but it doesn't always mean I have plenty of experiences in which I've talked with a lot of English native speakers.


英会話スクールにも行ってたけど、それは必ずしも沢山のネイティブスピーカーと言われる人達と話した経験が多い、というわけじゃないよ😳


Therefore,I'm afraid I can't say admirable things very much,but without studying English grammer at all,if we try to make ourselves understood in English,I'm afraid we'll end up facing plenty of difficulties.


だから、あまり偉そうな事は言えないけど、英文法を全く勉強しないで、英語で意志の疎通を図るのは、多くの困難に立ち向かう羽目になると思うよ😥


I've heard there is a cd of English grammer.The English grammer becomes a music in the cd,so it may be easy to learn the English grammer by heart.


ある英文法のcdは、その英文法がそのcdの中で、曲になってる。覚えやすいかも、だね🎵


However,a title of the cd doesn't occurrs to me at all.

そのcdの題名が思い浮かばない😫

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>> 198 To フリーターさん


Good evening😃

The name of the cd has occured to me.It's『歌っておぼえる英文法』cd付き。著者 泉忠司 \1500


cdの名前を思い出したよ。💡


Without studying English grammer,you may be a splendid English speaker,but you need acute intuition and strong feeling for mastering English,I'm sure.


英文法を勉強しなくても、英語が上手になるかも。でも、鋭い直感と英語を習得する強い気持ちが必要だと思うよ。😃


It reminds me of Kimutaku who tried to make himself understood in English on the television.


英語で意志の疎通を図ろうとした、キムタクを思い出す。💡


He talked to a foreign singer in English on a television program of popular songs on the last day of the year,what is called 紅白歌合戦


彼は、大晦日の歌謡番組、紅白歌合戦で外人歌手に英語で話しかけた。🔤


Some people criticized him in ミクル,though I don't know its detail,for I didn't watch the television program.He seemed to have failed to make himself understood in English, according to their remarks in the ミクル


キムタクを批判している人達が、ミクルにいた。俺はその番組を見なかったので、詳細は知らないけどね。その人達の話によると、キムタクの英語が通じなかったらしい。😱

To be continued.


続きます😃

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>> 199 To フリーターさん


Even if he failed to do it,his trial is admirable,I'm sure.Moreover,he challenged for it,not being afraid of a mistake.


例え彼が失敗したとしても、彼の試みは賞賛に値すると思う。失敗を恐れずに果敢に挑んだんだしね💮


Contrary to it,there were some people who criticized him.Even though he succeed in doing it,they would find fault with him like next,I'm sure.『He puts on air』😒


例え彼が意志の疎通を図るのに成功したとしても、彼等は次のように批判するだろうね。『気取ってる』


I'm sure you'd never feel like that,for I'm always encouraged with you,but others don't always feel like you.


フリーターさんは、絶対にそんな風に思わないよね、俺はいつも励まされてるし。でも他の人達は、必ずしもそうじゃない。😥


Expressing ourselves in English means we have to confront the hardships in a sense,I'm sure,though it may be exaggrated a little.


英語で自分の考えを述べる、という事は、在る意味ではそのような困難に立ち向かう、と言う事だと思うよ。少し大げさかもね😳


Have a wonderful evening!🙋

素敵な夜を🙋

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