Let's enjoy English!

【England】


『Being hostile between the Kingdoms which will never be monolithic 一枚岩 』


《Pride of being the Celts》

England which separates from the European continent,accomplished the Industrial Revolution,and used to be a leader in the world.🇬�


To tell the truth,it's just that only we the Japanese who use the name of a country of England.Its formal name is United kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.🇬�


To be exact,what is called the England is an integration of four countries such as England,Wales,Scotland,and Northern Ireland.🇬�


It used to be the British people of Celt ancestry who lived in the Great Britain,but Anglo-Saxon who was part of the Germanic ones invaded into the Great Britain and shut up the British ones in Wales or Scotland.😱


The histotrical grudge makes the ones in Wales and Scotland look upon the English one as enemy when being enthusiastic about soccer and then a riot breaks out.⚽

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>> 151 【England】


《Pride of being the Celts》

The people in Scotland or the Northern Ireland hate to be called the English.If they are the ones in Scotland they'll correct themselves like next.「We are the Scottish」😤


The Scottish seem to think their country is different from the what is called England.The language of their mother-tongue,the Celts have almost already vanished.😃


It is said that the language of ゲーリック which an Irish singer,エンヤ sings maintains atmosphere of the Celt well.😃


By the way,speaking of England,its famous for whiskey's hometown,but it origintes from Ireland.As for Scotch,it's a nickname of scottish one.🇬�


I call it a name here.Have agood night,everybody🙋

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【England】


《The Commonwealth of Nations イギリス連邦 is the vestige of its golden age》


England which separates from the continent had grown since latter in the 16th century.Then the country advanced into the world as a nation of the ocean.🇬�


The Industrial Revolution happened in England in the middle of the 18th century.England grew by leaps and bounds into a modern nation at once.🇬�


England expands its colonies to each place in the world,and started to export policy,economy,and culture of English style.🇬�


As to the adjective with a prefix of the England,it used to be the one which symbolized the times of Britannic Basques such as the next phrases.🇬�


For example,the country which conquered seven seas in the world or an only factory for the whole world.😲


However with a World War in the 20th century,international English position wavered awfully,moreover successive independence of the colonies from England spurred its shaking on.😱

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>> 153 【England】


《The Commonwealth of Nations is the vestige of its golden age》


England had tried to be realized a welfare state of which catch phrase is「from the cradle to the grave」,but its unemployment benefits ended up being more than labors' minimum wages.England was suffering from depression then.🇬�


The great power which has lost its glory becomes the one which wishes its revival,but we can recognize its great influence of the existence from the Commonwealth of Nations,and republics of England.🇬�


After World War Ⅱ,with dissolution of the British Empire,independent sates have formed the Commonwealth of Nations.😃


Its member nations have tried to promote democracy,and economic development through a conference of each government and organization of the Commonwealth of Nations.🇬�


The Commonwealth of Nations have 16 member nations such as England,Australia,the Bahamas,Canada,Jamaica,New Zealand,and Papua New Guinea.English queen is also a head of the Commonwealth👸

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>> 154 【England】


《The Commonwealth of Nations is the prestige of its golden age》


However the English queen isn't always the head of the whole Commonwealth of Nations.Other member nations in the Commonwealth such as Brunei,Lesotho, Malaysia,Swaziland,Tonga,and West Samoa look up to their original leader.😃


Contrary to it,there is other member like the Commonwealth of Nations.It's the Republic of England.Its members regard their presidents as one of leaders in the Republic.No less than 31 countries such as Bangladesh,India,kenya,Singapore,South Africa,and Sri Lanka are the member nations.😃


We can recognize from the facts how the British Empire had controlled the whole world.English cultures such as soccer,horse racing,rugby,and cricket are so popular among the people in the Commonwealth and republic that they open an athletic competition every four year.⚽


By the way,I'm not well-informed,so I've never heard about the Commonwealth of the Nations until I expressed this thread.😳

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【England】


《Irish peace is a problem of territory》

Unexpectedly,England forms the largest Islamic society in the Western world.The Muslims are estimated from about 1 to 1.5 million in England.🇬�


There are more than 600 mosques in England,and the central mosque and Islamic culture center in London are one of essential Islamic organizations in the Western world.🇬�


Not only the Muslim,but the Sikh are about an half million,the Hindi are about 0.32 million,the Jew are about 0.28 million in England.🇬�


A variety of pagans 異教徒 live in England,especially confrontation between Catholic residents and Protestant ones in Northern Ireland which have been since 1969 is a serious problem.🆚

Ireland was originally islands where the Celts who believed in Catholic lived there,but England started to invade the islands in the third century,and the islands were annexed to 併合 England in 1801.🇬�


While its southern island was dependent from England,its northern one remain the one which belongs to England.😥

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【England】


《Irish peace is a problem of territory》

Present situation in which the northern Ireland and the other of Republic has started since 1922 the northern one was annexed to England.😥

The historical event is one of cause which broke out the confrontation between the Catholic and the Protestant,for the Catholic wanted to be independent from England,the Protestant wanted to stay in England.🆚


However the confrontation is changing into other ones between nationalists and Communists.The nationalists want the whole Ireland to be independent from England and the unionists want to stay in England.🆚


Some bloody tragic incidents have often happened with terrorism of the IRA,Irish Republic Army.Disarmament for the IRA hasn't been gone ahead,so its international relations are still serious.😣


【Ireland】


『It's called European silicon valley,but its people have suffered a great hardship』


《Irish emigrants which exceeded population in its own country》


Ireland is as large as Hokkaido prefecture in Japan.😃

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>> 157 【Ireland】


《Irish emigrants which exceed its own country》


No less than 3.6 million people live in the small island,except for the Northern Ireland which belongs to England.😃


Agriculture used to be Irish key industry,but invested subsidy 補助金 from the EU in maintainance for communications network.😃


Ireland has grown into a country which excels in IT.We call it European silicon valley or tiger of the Celts.However,The path to its prosperity has never been easy.😔


The Celts established base of Ireland,but the Norman raided the country in the 12th century,and England cotrolled after the 16th century.Ireland had become English colony.😠


A treaty in which Ireland was independent from England was sealed,so the country accomplished its independence in 1921,but the Northern Ireland couldn't.It was the cause of later trouble.😣


Ireland used to be famous for its emigrants.It was suffering from unprecedented potato shortage in 1840s,and no less than million people were dead.💀

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>> 158 【Ireland】


《Irish emigrants who are superior the Irish people in its own country in number》

As for its subheading,I made a mistake😳


The Irish who were suffering from English tyranny 圧政 and food shortage made up their minds to escape to another countries reluctantly.😭


No less than two million of the Irish fled from Ireland during the first half in the 1850s,and its number became double in 1900s.😥


Irish population used to be 8 million,but it decreased to no more than two million then.A movie of Titanic was a great hit in Japan.Its hero is an Irishman.😃


The Irish who sought for a new world were dragged into the tragedy of the Titanic,but there were few Irish emigrants who were on aboard an excellent ship like the Titanic.🚢


Most of the Irish emigrants in those days went over to Liverpool in England by ship.though the ships also transported domestic animals.🐮


After that,they changed from the ship to small ones for the emigrants,but unfortunately,plenty of them were…💀

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>> 159 【Ireland】


《Irish emigrants who are superior to the Irish people in its own country in number》


A lot of the Irish emigrants were dead during their voyage on account of epidemics or shipwrecks.It's said the Irish emigrants are no less than 70million all over the world nowadays.😃


40 million of American of Irish ancestry live in the U.S.A.It's equal to 18% of the whole American population.There are three presidents such as Kennedy,Reagan,Clinton.They are descendants of the Irish who suffered cruel fates.😃


【France】


『A great power of which tradition and forefront 先端 are together』


《The Frank who used to be good at javelin 投げ槍》


Euro has started to be put into circulation in EU since 2002.The Euro was tentatively 試験的に called ECU.It's an abbreviation of European currency unit.😃


However the ECU used to be the generic name 総称 for silver coin after the French Revolution,so some countries seemed to feel repelled by it.😚

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>> 160 【France】


《The Frank who used to be good at javelin 投げ槍》


In the end,the euro which Germany proposed has been adopted,but France can't stop caring about its language.🇫�


The generic name 総称 for a country into which the euro is introduced is a euroland.It's firmly established,but French deliberative 審議 council objected to the word.🇫�

It insisted that an expression of land wasn't proper.After all,France has decided to use a phrase of「zone euro」in French.We can recognize French traditionalism with that,so I find it interesting.😃🇫�


France is one of leader of integration of Europe like Germany,and it accounts for about one-fifth of the whole the EU.France is the largest country in the west Europe.🇫�


France has not only high-teck industry such as universe, aviation 航空,and atomic energy,but agriculture which is the largest-scale in the west Europe.🇫�


Moreover,France is one of the countries of which prices are stablest in Europe.🎉

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【France】


《The Frank which used to be good at javelin投げ槍》


It was the 5th century when France appeared in history.After collapse of the Roman Empire,the Frank which lived to the north of the Rhine River extended their sphere of influence to central Gallia,present France.🇫�


The Frank made Paris their own city,and established a kingdom of the Frank.An origin of a name of the Frank is a weapon which they were good at.It's javelin.The kingdom of Frank became the name of France.🇫�


《Great remodelling of Paris which gave off a bad smell》


Paris which the Frank recognized their city has developed as magnficent one.Paris has become a beautiful metropolis where lots of tourists visit.🇫�


However,the gay and lovely Paris used to be the slum quarters which gave off a bad smell.Can you believe it?💩


After the Industrial Revolution,population explosion happened rapidly in the European cities.Paris isn't an exception to the cities.🇫�

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>> 162 【France】


《Great remodeling of Paris which gave off bad smells》


Excreta 糞尿 which they couldn't make manure 肥料 for their crops were scattered on their yards or roads.If you are eating something delicious,I'm sorry for it.Please skip over 飛ばす this response.🙇


In short,Paris' cities where narrow alleys were like a labyrinth 迷路 were filled with excreta so much that the cities were dirty.💩


As a result,contagious diseases such as Cholera was very prevalent 流行 there.Then a great remodeling of Paris was accomplished.😃


It was Napoleon Ⅲ who ordered to convert the cities.He is a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.


Napoleon Ⅲ who was defected 亡命 to London returned to France and won at its presidental election.His city planning for Paris followed London.😃


Its streets were lined with neat rows of stones and houses.The cities spread out radially.Napoleon Ⅲ put railways,gas lamps,parks,and sewers下水道 in good conditions.🇫�

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【France】


《Great remodeling of Paris which gave off bad smells》


To tell the truth,well-known woods of Boulogne or Vincennes are English style.While France and England are always at odds,Napoleon Ⅲ also plunged into 踏み切る the bold remodeling owing to his stay in England.😃


There are strict building restrictions at downtowns in Paris.Buildings are limited to 20m there,for the limitation prevents Paris from spoiling its beauty.😃


Napoleon Ⅲ would be proud of Paris which makes not only the ones in Europe,but also others in the whole world be fascinated if he were still alive.🇫�


By the way,no less than 70million tourists visit France a year.France is famous for its the most travelers in the world.🎉


《Paris which is a melting pot of races》

It was in 1998 when its host country,France won the championship in the world cup of soccer.It remains in the memory of the people.Then a lot of people may have been surprised at French team which was composed of varied races.😲

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>> 164 【France】


《Paris which is a melting pot of races》

When paying attention to the members of the French team,they are from Algeria,Ghana,New Caledonia,Armenia and so on.The French team was exactly a complex of a varied races.😃


France has gone ahead with induction of imigration since the 19th century.The melting pot of races is what modern France is.Immigrants account for 10% of the whole French population,and it is said one-fourth of the whole immigrants are concentrated in Paris.🇫�


France has a history in which it has accepted immigrants since the 19th century.Accepting the immigrants had been thought to be a driving force of French development.🇫�

The people who were from Italy, Belgium,and Poland accounted for the majority in the French immigrants until in the middle of World War Ⅱ.😃


After the World WarⅡ,when the rapid economic growth happened,the people who are from Algeria had increase.😃

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>> 165 【France】


《Paris which is a melting pot of races》

An oil crisis made the accepting emigrants stop for a while in the 1970s,but the immigrants had never decreased,for some immigrated into France with a pretext 口実 which they joined in their families,others who worked at the lower levels of society entered the country.They didn't always go through the usual procedures😥

Immigrants from Africa which used to be French colony have started to increase since 1980s,but unemployment of the immigrants,or uneducated immigrants became social problems.😔


Then an unlawful occupation in a church with the immigrants who didn't complete the regular formalities 手続き occurred.It became the center of public attention.😠


The affair developed a movement which the Civil Liberties Commissions demanded for the immigrants' regular formalities.😃


Almost all of the immigrants who didn't complete the regular formalities used to be lawful stays,but…

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>> 166 【France】


《Paris which is a melting pot of races》

Revising the laws in 1993 changed the lawful visitors into the illegal ones in France,and almost all of them were from Africa.French public opinion had reached the boiling point over the inhuman policies so much that the policies were amended in 1998.🎊


As a result,French laws about nationality return before they were revised.Children whose parents are a French and a non-French can get French nationality as long as they meet the next requirements.🇫�

They have to live in France on the day when they grow up,and they need to live in France more than five years after they are 11 years old.🙌

While a foreign one must become a naturalized Japanese citizen 帰化 or get married to a Japanese in order to get a Japanese nationality,a French has one more way of getting its nationality.It's a birthplace.It's a tradition of the French nationality's law.🇫�

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【Belgium】


『Belgium where these is the EU's headquarter.We call the country European heart』


《Dutch,or French?An argument has been since the country was established》


Belgium faced the Japanese team in the early stage of the world cup in 2002,and is a hometown of the author,Meterlinck who wrote a fairy tale,『The blue bird』🐥


Its capital, Brussels,of which appearance remains the one of the Middle Ages takes pride in its history of being more than a thousand.😃


There are also headquarters of the EU and NATO in Brussels.It is famous for its art galleries,or museums which are the most among the European capitals,considering ratio of each population.😃


Besides,as for the numbers of a restaurant,Brussels is the No.1.The capital is also well-known for its sweet confectionery 菓子.🍰


A wonderful private detective,エルキュール・ポアロ,who Agatha Christie created is a Belgian.It's said his favorite food is what is called hot chocolate.🍫

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>> 168 【Belgium】


《Dutch,or French?An argument about its language has been since the country was established.》


This is a riddle.Who is the oldest citizen in Brussels? It's a statue of 小便小僧.Some people say it's one of the three greatest things at which make them feel be disappointed.A sculptor,デュノケア made it in 1619.👶


It means that the statue has been looking at Brussel for about 400 years.Contrary to it,other statue of 小便少女,was also made as if they had been pairs.It's just a parody of the 小便小僧,but the latter can't get its citizenship yet.Few tourists know it.😚


Belgium doesn't have its own language.About 60% of the Belgian speak Dutch,and 40% French.Others below 1% German.😚


When paying attention to a racial point of view,Flanders people who speak Dutch live in the northern of Belgium,and the ワロン people who speak French in southern of Belgium.😃


The フランダース people are about 5.5 million,and the ワロン are about 3.5 million.The people who speak German are about 60 thousand.😃

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【Belgium】


《Dutch,or French？An argument about language has been since the country was established》


By the way,does its capital,Brussels belong to フランダース or ワロン?It's complicated.Brussels isn't フランダース,or ワロン,but Brussels.😚


The people of about 90% speak French,and the others use Dutch in Belgium.Brussels,フラミンゲン,and ワローニエ have each autonomy 自治権 and their own assembly.Belgium has its national assembly,so we can recognize Belgium as a federation 連邦国家😃


フラミンゲン is the place where the people of フランダース live,and ワローニエ is the place where the people of ワロン live.☝

Except for German,in Brussels where the people use both of French and Dutch,the two languages are used for from its railways to daily necessities.😥


As for the language,Belgian situation is so complicated that they call it the argument of language.😱


【Holland】


『Human being created a quarter of the country』


《The country has functioned as European entrance》


While the God created the whole world,the Dutch did Holland!🍻

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>> 170 【Holland】


『Human being created a quarter of the country』


《The country has functioned as European entrance》


As to the last sentence in the last response of mine,it shows us an obsession of Dutch who reclaimed 干拓 its quarter of the country zero meter sea level.😲


Holland lies in coastline where angry waves are break on the rocks.The Dutch has been exposed on menace of flood with the saltwater.🌊


They had started to reclaim their country since the 13th century so as to protect them from flood and deal with increase its population.😃


Introduction wind mill for construction of drainage sysmem made their reclamation move ahead rapidly,and their farm products increased by leaps and bounds 飛躍的 in the 16th century.😃


Instead of the windmill,a steam engine appeared in the 19th century,so the reclamation went ahead at fever pitch.🎊


Its historic great work,reclamation around a lake of エイセル came to an end in the 20th century.The land has become base of dairy farming and agriculture of which key industries.🎉

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【Holland】


《The country has functioned as European entrance》


By the way,the Dutch highest point is no more than 371 meters.It's more hill than mountain.I'm wondering if there are no mountains in Holland.🌋


Under the peculiar situation,the sea became the stage where the Dutch played an active part.Wealth of what is called オランダ東インド会社 brought the Dutch an golden age for their overseas trade.㊗


When closing the country,Holland brought varied information the Japanese.We can recognize that some of Dutch words which changed into Japanese ones.They occur to us at once from the food to medical terms such as coffee,biscuit,chocolate,gauze,doctor,and influenza.The strangest one is お転婆.Itwas also Dutch originally.😲

Dutch glory hid behind England at the end in the 17th century,but Holland has still influenced greatly in the European continet at present as its entrance,as a center of physical distribution of goods,money,and people.😲

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【Holland】


《The country has functioned as European entrance》


A lot of Japanese enterprises have advanced into Europe.As for Holland,an amount of money of Japanese export is in the third place.The first one is Germany,and the second England.😃


Dutch national character is indurtrious which we can recognize in the reclamation,and is having foresight which found a means of survival for overseas trade.😚


Moreover through-and-through 徹底的な individualism is their other national trait which deserves special mention.The Dutch acknowledge merry killing 安楽死 legally,for they take responsibility for themselves thoroughly,so their right in which they choose their own death is allowed.😲


Prostitutes 売春婦 in the area what is caller 飾り窓 are also allowed as a free-lance profession,drugs are lawful there,for they are Dutch.😲

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【Austria】


『The Habsburg which built an outstanding empire』


《The country expanded its territory,making use of political marriages》


What is our impression to Austria? Vienna of a city of music where Haydn,Mozart,or Beethoven played active parts,the Alps which was a stage of a movie,sound of music,or cafe and cake with which the people who have sweet tooth 甘党 are familiar?😃


Those are common to the relation with the Habsburg of which foothold was Vienna and who had ruled the Europe.😃

Austrian territory is as small as Hokkaidou prefcecture in Japan.It's a small country in central Europe at present.😚


However,when ルドルフ Ⅰ in the Habsburg who used to be just a mere peer who lived in the upper reaches of the Rhine River became an emperor of the Holy Roman Empire,their family line established an oustanding empire in the world until it was defeated in World War Ⅰ😱


Though the family line got over war-tore Europe of Middle age,making use of skillful political marriage.🌅

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>> 174 【A border between Kenya and Tanzania curves a little.why？】


A border between Kenya and Tanzania is almost a straight line,but a place around Mt.Kilimanjaro curves a little.It's unnatural.🌋


When Africa was partitioned 分割 at conference of Berlin in 1885,the border between Kenya which belongs to England and Tanzania which belongs to Germany used to be a straight line.😃


Mt.Kilimanjaro is a territory of Tanzania at present,but it used to be a territory of Kenya which belonged to England.🌋


However when a German succeeded in reaching the summit of Kilimanjaro for the first time,a German emperor in those days feel like getting the mountain suddenly.🌋


He asked his grandmother who was English Queen,Victoria to hand over the mountain for him.She accepted his desire,so its border was changed.👸


After Tanzania and Kenya were independent,the border remains as it is.😃


By the way,I'm wondering if autumn has come.Then winter will come soon,and this year comes to an end,so I grow older…😩

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【Austria】


《The country expanded its territory,making use of political marriage》


They called the Holy Roman Empire the country of which sun never went down.The Habsburg established an outstanding kingdom.👑

The Habsburg took possession of Czech,Slovakia,Hungary,Southern Italy,Spain,and Yugoslavia with its marriage.💑

However,the women who married into the other countries weren't always happy such as a queen of French king,Ludwig ⅩⅥ,Marie Antoinette.Her last moment was famous.👸


Those women have a lot of episodes.For example,first empress in the empire,Maria Theresia,who got over its national crisis,and エリザベート who was famous for her beauty.👸


I'm going to return to Austrian image in the beginning.The Habsburg's protection made Vienna flower as a musical city.🎵


The Holy Roman Empire repulsed 追い返す Osman Turkey which surrounded Vienna,and threat of the plague ペスト disappeared then.Those situations had a tremendous impact Vienna as the city of music.🎵

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>> 176 【Austria】


《The country expanded its territory,making use of political marriage》


Vienna changed into a cosmopolitan city where artists,architects,and scholars were attracted as a center of the European culture.🎵


On the other hand,Osman Turkey which continued to threaten Austria left their luxury goods behind as a parting gifts.It's Vienna's local specialty,coffee.I'm wondering if it's what is called a Vienna coffee.☕


It is said that successive emperors loved confectionary ケーキ,and the last emperor of the Holy Roman Empire,Joseph Ⅰwent to a cafe incognito お忍び and enjoyed eating the confectionary.😍


Austria were closely related with such a lot of countries that it has turned a nation of majority races.As a result,there are contradiction inside and outside of Austria.😱


There are over 10 races such as German,Hangarian,Czech,Slovak,people of Croatia and Serbia in Austria.I'm wondering if they have caused various roots of the trouble.😔

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>> 177 【Austria】


《The country expaned its territory,making use of political marriage》

For example,movement of racial self-determination,the jews who was rejected during World War Ⅱ,and dispute of Kosovo.I'm wondering if their indirect causes are Austria.😚

【Germany】

『An economic power which accomplished a miracle after World War Ⅱ』

《The greatest Japanese trading partner in Europe》


While Germany which is an eminent economic power is the greatest Japanese trading partner in Europe,Japan is also the greatest German trading partner in Asia,so there is a deep economic relation between the two countries.😃

Japan exports automobiles,computers,their parts and integrated circuitr to Germany,and imports motorcars,computers,their parts,IC,and medical supplies from Germany.🇯�


As for Germany,each of Japanese export and imports are over 0.1 billion yen.Both of Japanese and German large companies have their branches in the country of each trading partners,and have been active economic active.😃

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>> 178 【Germany】


《The greatest Japanese trading partner in Europe》


Germany which was a defeated country in World War Ⅱ accomplished economic reconstruction with large quantities of financing of American Marshall plan after the country was divided into east and wdst.



The country's economic reconstruction depends on its geological features in order to develop as an industrial country and making use of water transportation of Rhine River where there is a physical distribution 物流 system.😃


The Rhine River is an important one which leads to the North Sea through Switzerland,Germany,and Holland.The River is as if it were European veins.😚


The Ruhr which is the greatest heavy industrial area in Europe can make its coal or iron ore 鉄鉱石 come and go freely at a low price,taking advantage the of water transportation of the Rhine River.🙋


Besides,the Ruhr basin is a place where an industry of chemical products has developed.☝

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>> 179 【Germany】


《The greatest Japanese trading partner in Europe》


As they export their medical supplies to Japan,eminent companies of pharmaceutical or chemical line up along the Rhine River.When producing,they need a large quantity of water so much that they enjoy the blessing of the River.😃


《Establishment of Germany is 130years ago》


While Germany is a coordinator of European unification like France,German unification itself belongs to new times comparatively.☝


The German Empire was built in 1871.Bismarch who had another name of a premier minister of the blood and iron was a leading figure of the German Empire.😃

Germany had been an aggregate 集合体 of a country of a fedual lord 領主 of which number were 300 until the German Empire was built.😃


An emperor in the Holy Roman Empire ruled the aggregate.The Habsurg in Austria inherited the emperor of the holy Roman empire.Then Germany people lacked a sense of being Germany.😱

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【Germany】


《The greatest Japanese trading partner in Europe》


If they live in Bayern,they are the people in Bayern,and if they live in Sachsen,they are the people in Sachsen.Their consciousness to which they belong used to be the ones like those.😚


It was a war between Prussia and Austria in 1886 when their consciousness changed completely,for Prussia won,and unified northern Germany.Northern German federation was established then.🎉


After that,Prussia also beat France,and succeeded in making each country in southern German join in the federation.The German Empire which was a nation of unification was built at last then.🎊


However the Empire was defeated at World War Ⅰ,and the German Empire came to an end.The constitution of Weimar which was said to be the most democratic ones in those days was proclaimed,but it changed into the political power of Nazi which Hitler led.💀

• << 183 【Germany】 《The greatest Japanese trading partner in Europe》 When the European front came to an end in World War Ⅱ,the four Allied Powers occupied and divided Germany into two countries.😃 America,England,and France occupied West Germany,and the Soviet union did East Germany.Germany had been cut off until the country was unified again in 1990.😱 Its capital,Berlin was also divided into east and west.As a result,west Berlin was in an odd situation as if it had been an isolated island on land in the East Germany.😣 Plenty of people ended up being dead because they tried to go over the wall of Berlin which was notorious before it collapsed.They tried to go into the West Germany from the East one.💀 In 1999 when the East and West Germany were unified,Berlin revived as its capital.Main government offices and a lot of national assemblies have moved from Bonn to Berlin.😃 Berlin is coming back as a brilliant core in the center of Europe like before.🎉

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【My weekend】

Whenever I think about my weekned and day off,I think I study English hard.I can write 10 responses in my English threads then😤


However I've never been able to do it so far.It is easy to say,but hard to do😳


Considering my age,what I can accomplish is limited.Contrary to it,there are a lot of things to say in English,for whenever I go to a bookstore,I want to buy plenty of books.I want to express them in English.😃

Therefore I don't have any time to indulge myself in drinking😒


However I can't overcome of temptation to go for a drink.I'm sure I'll have a good time then,though when waking up next morning,I sometimes feel empty.😥


Needless to say,I can't say it to a woman in a bar,otherwise it's impolite of me.👩

I love Karaoke.While I want to sing Western music,few people react to my song.Far from it!Some people feel hostile toward me,I'm afraid.😣


I'm wondering if they think I put on an air.It's complicated.😒

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>> 181 【Germany】 《The greatest Japanese trading partner in Europe》 If the… 【Germany】


《The greatest Japanese trading partner in Europe》


When the European front came to an end in World War Ⅱ,the four Allied Powers occupied and divided Germany into two countries.😃


America,England,and France occupied West Germany,and the Soviet union did East Germany.Germany had been cut off until the country was unified again in 1990.😱


Its capital,Berlin was also divided into east and west.As a result,west Berlin was in an odd situation as if it had been an isolated island on land in the East Germany.😣


Plenty of people ended up being dead because they tried to go over the wall of Berlin which was notorious before it collapsed.They tried to go into the West Germany from the East one.💀


In 1999 when the East and West Germany were unified,Berlin revived as its capital.Main government offices and a lot of national assemblies have moved from Bonn to Berlin.😃


Berlin is coming back as a brilliant core in the center of Europe like before.🎉

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【Germany】


《Problems of racial discrimination have been caused by Neo Nazis》


While economic reconstruction of the former East Germany has been put a plan into action,there is still a problem of high unemployment rate in Germany.😫


As to the unemployment rate in the areas of the former East and and West Germany,there is a great difference between them.The former West is 7.4%,the former East is 16.9% November in 2001.😥


As for the unemployment rate,not only people in the middle age and advanced age who had led their lives under the system of socialism but youths are remarkable.😔


Contrary to it,there is other problem of increasing foreign people.Foreign labors who had the term of a contract were hired during the time they tried to accomplish economic revival in the former West Germany.😃


After oil crisis,the system of the temporary employment for the foreign people were abolished,but there are foreign people who finished the term of their employmen don't come back their own countries.They have increased.

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【Germany】


《The problem of racial discrimination which has been caused by the Neo Nazis》


The Foreign people or their families are mainly the Turk and the ex Yugoslavians.😃

After the unification of Germany,Vietnamese refugees and other foreign people who work with bad wages 賃金 have gone into Germany.It's said that their number reach to over 70 thousand.😲


The Neo Nazis of radical rightest wing reject the foreign people,and German peace and order also deteriorate悪化 with the background.They have become serious problems.😔


While social unrest such as increase of the unemployment rate spread over Germany,the Neo Nazis' criminals have also increased.Its numbers are 5times as many as the ones in the time before Germany was unified,1989.😨


Especially,the rightest political party in Germany,NPD opens the door to the Neo Nazis,and what is called the group of skin head.The group of the skin head is one of factions一派 of the Neo Nazis. 💀

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【Germany】


《The problem of racial descrimination which has been caused by the Neo Nazis》


The political party of radical rightest wing,NPD has incorporated the Neo Nazis and the group of skin head in the NPD or its activity,and organized them.😒

It's said that reservers 予備軍 of the political party are more than 0.1 million.Federal government or federal council of Germany regard their existence and activities as so dangerous that they have decided to applied to the federal law court of the constitution to stop activities of the Neo Nazis and the group of the skin heads.😒

The federal government and the federal council try to make the radical rightest group,NPD illegal.😤


However violence of the Neo Nazis and the group of the skin heads,in particular for the Turk and Asian people,have been done almost every day.😫


Australia,Sweden,or Denmark are also infested with the Neo Nazis and the group of the skin heads nowadays.Germany has been worried about appearance of disgusting things in the past.😥

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【Switzerland】

『They militarize their nation because the country is permanent neutrality』


《Its people reject to join in the UN 国連 and EU》


The country which is surrounded with Alps is the one of lakes and forests.Almost all of the Japanese may think Switzerland is peaceful,for the country expresses its permanent neutrality.😃


However we may be surprized at unexpected Switzerland,for they still reject to join in the UN and they adopt a system of universal conscription 国民皆兵.😲


Moreover each of their household has an obligation to install a nuclear shelter.We have to know its history in order to recognize why the country is.☝


The people of Romance language who was aboriginal and other ones who moved from Germany,France and Italy used to live in the area of modern Switzerland in the 13th century.😃


They suffered from the Holy Roman Empire's tyranny so much that the three states concluded Swiss alliance in 1291.😤

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>> 187 【Switzerland】


《Its people reject to join in the UN and EU》


They made an agreement in which they help each other,and maintain their freedom and self-government as long as the God's will continued.😃

All of the males in the three states fought as farmer-soldiers 屯田兵.It's a base of present universal conscription 国民皆兵,and has led to installment of the nuclear shelter in self-defense.😃


After that,wars of religion broke out in the whole Europe.Each state in Switzerland had its original military strength and dispatched hired soldiers to each country in Europe until then.😃


However each sect of both the Catholic and Protestant in Germany requested Switzerland to help them at the same time.😱


Switzerland allowed its people to have freedom of belief,so it felt uneasy about religious opposition between the two factions in Switzerland,for the opposition may be a matter of life or death for the country.😨

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>> 188 【Switzerland】


《Its people reject to join in the UN and EU》


Then the Swiss council composed of delegates in its each state declared that they were impartial, and they'd never form any factions.Switzerland has begun to set forth as a neutral country since then.😃


Swiss position didn't change at the last war of religion which continued for 30 years.Switzerland accomplished its perfect independency from the Holy Roman Empire with pact of Westphalia in 1648.🎊


Contrary to it,the Swiss thought being neutral wasn't inconsistent with sending hired soldiers,so the country continued to send hired soldiers.😚


Switzerland contracted with France,Holland,Spain and Austria at a war which broke out in the time when Ludwig ⅩⅣ was French king.Dispatching hired soldiers had become a thing like Swiss exported goods.😃


No country needed to be sent hired soldiers in the 18th century,but Switzerland succeeded in the Industrial Revolution in the early time,exchanging others' or their own blood for the success,I'm wondering.😚

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【Switzerland】


《Its people reject to join in the UN and EU》


Knowledge and technical skills which the hired soldiers carried back from each place in Europe made Swiss modernization push forward.😚


While Switzerland is a country which lies between mountains,networks which the hired soldiers made the country conclude the treaty of amity and trade 修好通商 with Japan before the Meiji Restoration,in 1864.😲


A general rule of sovereignty the people 主権在民 has been carried out in Swiss politics,so its important policies are entrusted a plebiscite 国民投票.😃

Switzerland joins neither in the UN nor EU,for the people think accepting the proposal gives up being parmanent neutrality,and they objected to it.😤

By the way,I'm wondering why being neutral is consistent with sending hired soldiers.Dispatching soldiers was a kind of business for the Swiss,I'm wondering.They must not have been sentimental about it,I'm sure.😚

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【Denmark】

《Unexpectedly,Greenland is Danish territory》


Denmark is composed of Jutland Peninsula jutting out 突き出てる in the North Sea,and about 5 hundred islands of various sizes to the east of the country.🌴


It's as large as Kyushu area in Japan,and about 5.5 million people live there.Its capital,Copenhagen lies in latitude 35.Its latitude is same as the northern end of Karafuto.🗾


Its climate is comparatively mild because of influence of ocean current in the north Atlantic.Denmark is well-known as a country of dairy farming and social welfare.🐮


Two thirds of livestock products in the country is being exported.It's a nouthern country,so we may think skiing is popular among them,but no more than 174 meters sea level is the highest point in the country.🌴


The country is flat and there are no mountains there.Unexpectedly,indoor games such as badminton,handball,and soccer are popular among them.⚽

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【Denmark】


《Unexpectedly,Greenland is Danish territory》


The people of Danes who occupy almost all of Denmark are the Dane's ancestor.They are the North Germanic people,the Normans like Norway or Sweden.😃


Denmark was established in the 9th century,and had advanced into the ocean until the 14th century.It used to wield its influence so much that whole of the northern Europe such as Norway or Sweden was controlled by Denmark.😃

I'm wondering if its power shows,Greenland which is the largest island in the world is Danish self-governing dominion 自治領.The largest island is in the Arctic Circle.It's about five times as large as Japan❄

Greenland used to belong to Danish only until 1979 when self-government was founded.Present residents are the Danish and Inuit people.Roughly speaking,about 60 thousand people mainly live in its shore.❄


It's what's called ice golf which is popular among the people in Greenland.They made its courses on the coastline.⛳

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【Denmark】


《Unexpectedly,Greenland is Danish territory》


They play the ice golf there,instead of a cart,they moved with a snowmobile or dogsledge.The ice golf is so popular that mass meetings on international scales are often opened.⛳


【Sweden】


《A welfare country which is the best in the world》


Sweden which lies in the northern Europe has 9 million people,but it is as large as Spain.Sweden is the largest country in the northern Europe.😃


Sweden is an English pronunciation,so they call themselves スベリエ in Sweden.The スベリエ was a race of スベア which belongs to northern Germanic people.⛄


It's said the race of スベア used to be a kind of vikings.It's also said a king of エーリック established Sweden.He was the its first king.👑


Sweden remained neutral during world WarⅡ.While Norway and Denmark were invaded with armies of other countrys',Sweden succeeded in defending itself against its enemies.🎉

They could realize the welfare country which is the best in the world,for there were little damage of the war,and…🙌

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【Sweden】


《A welfare country which is the best in the world》


The realization of the welfare country which is the best in the world are greatly indebted to its economic development of which center is industry.🎊


Northern European countries have been deeply connected with each other since the time of the Viking.Needless to say,strife sometimes happened,but they were united strongly with international cooperation.😲


For example,wherever the people in the northern Europe can go there at will,or they can get job everywhere in the Northern Europe.😲


When they go to other Northern European countries,they don't have to carry their passports with them.As for their languages,it's said that both the Swedish,Norwegian,and Danish resemble so much that they can understand each of the language.😃


I'm wondering if the Northern European people communicate with the Viking's language even nowadays.By the way,it's their calendar which has characteristic names for all days in a year.It's unique.☺

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>> 194 【Sweden】


《A welfare country which is the best in the world》


For exampld,June 23 is called Adolf in Sweden.Thus each day in a year has different names.By the way,Adolf used to be a day when they held ceremony for a saint.😃


【Norway】


《The name of a country which means a way to north》


It was A.D from 800 to 1.000,the time of Vikings when Norway played an active part in its history in a spectacular fashion.⛵

Then Norwegian Vikings used peculiar ships which were speedy and durable for their long voyages,and went on an expedition from the Caspian sea to Ireland.🚢


Some of them could reach even Greenland,the North American Continent,and others started from the Mediterranean Sea and arrived at Constantinople.It's present Istanbul.🌅

It's said that a Greenland's Viking got to the North America 5 hundred years earlier than Columbus.It's said its colonies reached Iceland,Greenland,the Faeroes islands,the Shetlands, Normandy district in France,and England.We can recognize their vigorous activities.😲

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>> 195 【Norway】

《The name of a country which means a way to north》

The Norwegian had enjoyed plunderers in foreign countries until the 10th century,but they were converted to Christianity after that,and their relation with the culture shpere of Western Christianity gradually became stronger.⛪


However,the Norwegian were under control of Denmark from 1380 t0 1814.After that,the Norwegian were forced to cede割譲to Sweden,but accomplished their independent at last in 1905.🎊


Oil fields were discovered in the North Sea in 1969,and the Norwegian has started to export crude oil 原油 since 1975.As a result,Norway has accomplished development by leaps and bounds.💮


As to amount of export of the crude oil,it's a third rank in the world.Norway has developed as a welfare state,and an industrially advanced nation with background of industries such as petroleum,production of gas,electronics,and telecommunication.😲


Norway of which unemployment ratio has dropped no more than 3%,but they were worried about being labor shortage

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【Finland】


《Its independence has started since the 20th century》


The Finn who have Asian ancestors,and the name of the country origintes from the race,but you may have been surprised,for it was in the 19th century when its form was oragnized as a nation.😲


While Finland is famous,its formation seems to be late.The area what we call Finland at present had been political vacuum situation since about the middle in the 12th century.😃


However,Russia and Sweden which tried to increase religious influence made the Crusades dispatch there.As a result,western and southern areas in Finland became the one belonged to Sweden,and its eastern region changed into the one belonged to Russia.😱


Those rule had been carried out until 1899 when Sweden ceded 割譲 Finland to Russia.Alexander Ⅰ who who used to be Finnish grand duke of a Russian allow the Finn to govern for themselves there,then Finland was established as a nation at last.🎊

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>> 197 【Finland】


《Its independence has started since the 20th century》

Russia,France,Germany,and Sweden approved of Finland in 1917,so Finland declared its indepence.It adopted present constitution in 1919,and started as a republic.🎊


The company of ノキア which has produced cellphones has pushed forward Finnish economy,for the company's has the biggest share in the world.📱


The industries associated with what is called IT has developed so much that its ability to compete with other countries is the first place in the world,according to 『a report of international ability to compete with other countries in the world』which was announced with a forum of economy in the world in 2001.😃


No less than 70% of the Finn own possess their own cellphones.A number of people who possess computer per a thousand people is also the first rank in the world.📱

In short,Finland is at the forefront in an information-oriented society 情報化社会😱.

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【Finland】


《Its independence has started since the 20th century》

Speaking of Finland,we are apt to imagine Santa Claus,sauna,or ムーミン,but I'm wondering if they are old-fashioned.😚


【Iceland】


『An island which testifies the theory of continental drift』


《A place like a training school for astronauts》


Iceland which lies in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean is the largest island in Europe after England.🌴


When expressing Iceland,we call it an island which has both ice and fire,for the country has both the biggest glacier in Europe,and volcanos which are the ones as if they erupted at once.🌋

A lot of people compare Icelandic desolate view with the moon.The truth is that astronauts on the project of Apporo trained in Iceland.🚀


By the way,as drunken too much to express what I want to express in English any more.🍺


I want to go for a drink immediately,but I have to work tomorrow,but there is a proverb like next.『Tomorrow will take care of itself』😁


The problem is no one take care of myself.😚

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>> 199 【Iceland】


《A place like a training school for astronauts》


Establishment of Iceland originates from immigration of Northern European people,what is called Vikings who had escaped from tyranny under Norway at the latter in the nineth century.😃


アルシンギ which was the oldest democratic national assembly in the world was established in the tenth century.😃


サガ which was a historical story and エッダ which was legends of heroes were expressed around from 12th to 13th century.🎊


They are famous as literature in the world,for they were expressed with a language belonged to Northern Germaic spoken each land in Scandinavia.🎉


However,the Norwegian started to control the Icelander in the 13th century,its republican form of government was over.😢


Then Norway used to belong to Denmark,so Denmark had ruled over Iceland for a long time until 1944 when the Republic of Iceland was established.😣


By the way,as I've expressed,volcanoes are so active in Iceland that a lot of disasters have been caused,but …😲

• << 201 【Iceland】 《A place like a training school for astronauts》 Plenty of people pay attention to Iceland as an island where we can see dynamic activities on the earth.🌏 The theory of continental drift is next one.There used to be the pangaea on the earth in prehistoric time.I'm sure the Pangaea is by far more tremendous continent more than other one on the earth.🌏 The Pangaea separated into several continents,and they have changed into present situation.The theory like a jigsaw puzzle is the theory of continental drift.Iceland verifies the theory.😃 The theory of plate tectonics express the theory of continental drift like next.😃 The convection 対流 of mantle makes a continent move.There are some places which the convection goes out.They are usually on submarine volcanos.🌋 We can't see almost all of those places,for they are in the sea,but we can see only two places with our own eyes.The one is リフトバレー in southern Africa,and other is ギャウ.They are crack on the earth.🌏

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