Let's enjoy Englis Ⅵ

【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[North Bombing started. We are going to return you to the Stone Age]

When starting to attack the North Vietnam, a chief staff in the air force said he was going to return the North Vietnam to the Stone Age.

I'm wondering it means that the time of Stone Age when there is nothing useful and convenient around us the human being.

His remark was arrogant, but it's condition that the North Vietnam was a industrial country like America, but it's an agricultural one, and there was almost nothing industrial facility there.

Even if..

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[North Bombing started. I'm going to return you to the Stone Age]

Even if trying to return the North Vietnam to the Stone Age, there was almost nothing to destroy facilities in the first.

[The North Vietnam which endured the attack from air raid]

A bomber plane of B 52 was used for the attack.It's a huge bomber plane which has eight jet engines and can carry 108 bombs of which weight is 225 kg at once.

The bomber planes flied in information to the North Vietnam over the sky every day. America aimed at munitions factory...

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【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[North Vietnam endured an attack from the air raid]

America aimed at munitions factories and accumulation facilities, so the North Vietnam counterattacked with a dispersion.

If accumulating a fuel in one place somewhere,and being bombarded there by the enemy,it will be damaged heavily, so they lined up drums in fuel everywhere like a street,or a vacant land.

If being received an attack partially, it'll almost be unwounded. Then they don't need any institutions. It's just that they had to line up on the vacant land outside.

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【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[North Vietnam endured the attack from the air raid]

I've used a phrase of munitions factory, but a tank,antiaircraft gun like canon, and antiaircraft missile were sent from China and Soviet, so it doesn't mean they produced those weapons in their country.

However,constructing a factory underground and they continued to produce small parts there.

While residents suffered from a damage heavily, their industrial ability wasn't so much. America had little knowledge on the North Vietnam, so such a miscalculation was caused.

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【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[North Vietnam endured the air raid]

Contrary to it, the more they were attacked, the more they were ready and eager to take on their adversary.

Our fellows in the south side have received those attack everyday,when thinking of it, their will to strengthen to help for the south side was heightened.

North bombing made assistance for the Liberation Front in the south side strengthen. There was little influence over the south side from the north side, and the south side continued to fight independently until then.

However...

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【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[North Vietnam endured the air raid]

However the South Vietnamese Racial Liberation Front strengthened its military power, receiving a tremendous help from the north side.

In addition, the regular military force in the north side went down to south and joined the Sout Vietnamese Racial Liberation Front.

An initiative on the war was moving to the North Vietnam gradually.

America used to insist that actual situation of the liberation front was the North Vietnam, but it wasn't always right to the point then, but it....

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【America was boggind down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[North Vietnam endured the air raid]

but what America insisted approached the fact actually little by little ironically.

[Ho Chi Minh route]

A route where military supplies was carried from the north side to the south was called Ho Chi Minh route, originating from a name of a leader in North Vietnam then.

A demilitarized zone around border between the north and south was watched so severely that the military unit of transporting military supplies went into Laos once, went down to south along with steep ridge of mountains.

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【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[Ho Chi Minh route]

There was other route. They continued to go down to south and passed through Cambodia, and sent the military supplies to the south area in the South Vietnam. Soldiers in the North Vietnam used the route as well.

The route was about 1400 km, if it be able to go straight, and it was the long route for supplies of which the whole distance was over 4000 km.

The military unit in the North Vietnam went through Laos and Cambodia at will, and both of the countries didn't have enough influential power to resist....

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【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[Ho Chi Minh route]

Both Laos and Cambodia didn't have influential force to resist the North vietnam, so they were forced to permit tacitly.

In the beginning, they used narrow lanes along with ridges of mountains, or through jungles, the soldiers carried the supplies for themselves but after that they learned to use bycicles, and finally they used trucks boldly.

It is said ten thousand of trucks and twenty thousand of bycicles were used in its heyday.

America repeaded raids every day by lots of bomber planes in order to...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[Ho Chi Minh route]

America repeated air raids every day by bomber planes so as to destroy the routes, but they couldn't stop a transportation by sheer force of numbers fully.

Roads which were destroyed by bombed of the military force were repaired immediately.

No less than about two hundred thousand of the North Vietnamese were pressed into service for maintenace or repair on the roads.

The military force in America attacked both Laos and Cambodia in secret because the routes were through both of the countries, but it was...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[Ho Chi Minh route]

...but what America attacked Laos and Cambodia was kept secret during the war.

Besides air raids were repeated to the both countries so as to attack guerrillas in the communist party of anti-government in both countries.

Traces of the air raids have been left here and there at the north eastern in Laos even now.

There have been lots of unexploded shells, and accidents in which peasants who were engaged in agricultural work or children who were playing in rice fields died or injured due to explosions...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[Ho Chi Minh route]

...and accidents in which peasants who were engaged in agricultural work and children who were playing in rice fields were dead or injured due to explosions happened one after another in Laos. The Vietnamese War hasn't been over there.

[Defoliation 枯葉剤 tactics]

A jungle in the tropical zone stood by the Liberation Front in the South Vietnam during the war.

Even if the military unit in the air force of America tried to look for guerrillas in the Liberation Front from overhead, they couldn't look at the...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[Defoliation 枯葉剤 tactics]

...they couldn't look out grounds covered with jungle.

Furthermore, if dropping bombs from the sky, the jungle was so dense that a destructive power of the bombs became small. The jungle was natural obstacle, a green protective wall.

On the other hand America adopted an operation, defoliation tactics. They sprinkled the chemical drug from the air.

It was an operation of destructive environment of causing blight in plant by sprinkling plenty of weed-killer and defoliation from the sky.

Dioxin was...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[Defoliation 枯葉剤 tactics]

Dioxin was included in the week-killer.

It was said that the weed-killer didn't have any harmful influence over a human body then, but it turned out that the dioxin was extremely poisonous to us later.

Dioxin is dangerous, for it has high possibility of causing cancer, or abnormal birth.

Not only the Vietnamese who were under weed-killer but American soldiers who handled lots of weed-killer or were sprinkled over plenty of weed-killer were suffered from aftereffect after going back to America.

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[Defoliation 枯葉剤 tactics]

After the Vietnamese War, babies whose bodies were connected were born one after another. The war was a crime for the environment and descendants.

[We destroy so as to save the town]

Though adopting the operation accompanying destructive environment, the U.S.Army had a hard time in the war.

The jungle and the mountain area were where the people in the Liberal Front were born and raised. When being in the war, they could make best use of the geological feature.

The guerrillas on the Liberation ...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[We destroy it in order to save a village]

The guerrillas on the Liberation Front could struggle in the war with their own footings.

On the other hand, American soldiers who were taken to Asia far away from their homeland found that they were just strangers there. The place was different from what they used to, so they were impatient.

When getting information that there was the Liberation Front somewhere, they took action in a combat plane, or a helicopter and bombed there. After that, a military unit ran to the place where..

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

［We destroy it in order to save a village］

After that military units on the ground rushed to a place where it seemed that the Liberation Front appeared, captured peasants and their family members and interrogated them.

If feeling the peasants and their family members were dubious, they were shot to death on the spot.

Whenever the U.S.Army saw a village where a member of Liberation Front came from, it set the the fire on the house and burned it down.

The struggle by the U.S.Army became the one in which destroying farming...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[We destroy it in order to save a village]

The struggle by the U.S.Army became the one in which destroying Vietnamese farming villages.

An American officer said on the situation they attacked it so as to save it.

The destruction drove peasants who account for a large part of population in the South Vietnam into a side of the South Vietnam.

Lands became devastate,the south Vietnam which produced rice cops fell down to a country in which a country which producing spieoyannl

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[We destroy it in order to save a village]

As to the last part of the last response, I was so sleepy that I couldn't understand what I expressed, even the one who described. I'm going to correct it from now on. I'm sorry for it.

The lands were devastated and the South Vietnamese which cultivated rice became the one which imported rice since 1965.

[Son My Massacre]

Destroying farming village by the U.S.Army sometimes led to a slaughter to the ones who were engaged in agriculture, especially the American were surprised at..

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【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[Son My massacre]

...especially the American was surprised at a carnage at Son My village.

A part of the U.S.Army which looked for the Liberation Front and went into the Son My area slaughtered no less than 160 nonresistant peasants who were the old, women, and children alone March in 1968.

When the case was reported and photos of the peasants who were slaughtered were open to the public, a greater shock attacked the American.

What did our U.S.Army in Vietnam? Voices like that arose all over America.

A Lieutenant who ..

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【American was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[Son My Massacre]

A lieutenant who was responsible for the case was arrested after the case was discovered, and sentenced to imprisonment for life at a court-martial, but it was reduced to imprisonment of twenty years with a special pardon,and he was released on parole in 1975.

The American thought the U.S.Army fought a holy war against influential power of the communist party far away in Asia, but in fact it killed nonresistant peasants there.

Suspicion against the Vietnamese War spread over among the American then.

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[Offensive at Tet]

After the massacre at Son My village, a decisive accident which planted distrust against the Vietnamese War among the American occurred. It's offensive at Tet. The Tet was the lunar New Year. The Vietnamese celebrate the lunar New Year.

However the Liberation Front and the military force in the North Vietnamese took the offensive all together in the whole Vietnam this year. No less than about sixty thousand soldiers were mobilized then.

There were 44 places which were equal to Japanese prefectures in the...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[Offensive at Tet]

There was 44 places which were equivalent to Japanese prefectures in the South Vietnam then, and 36 places which included its capital were attacked simultaneously.

An ancient city,Hue,which was in the north of the South Vietnam was occupied by the military force of the North Vietnam and Liberation Front in just a day.

A special attack corps in the Liberation Front rushed into the American embassy and a TV station in Saigon which was the capital then and occupied them at one time.

The U.S.Army attacked....

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[Offensive at Tet]

The U.S.Army attacked the occupied American embassy so as to get back it, and its scene was broadcast on TV in America, and the American were shocked at it so much.

The U.S.Army said that the war made progress satisfactorily and it would win in the near future until then. The American didn't learn to believe in the U.S.Army and their government at all.

Besides, a shocking image went around all over the world.

There was a suspect who was arrested at the offensive at Tet. He belonged to the Liberation Front.

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【America was bogging in down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[Offensive at Tet]

A chief of the national police in the South Vietnam shot him to death on the street in front of the press.

Without doing a trial, a high officer in the government who was the chief in the police gathered the press and shot the suspect to death in front of the press.

When looking at the image on TV, the American knew the actual situation on their government which their sons tried to defend with bloodshed.

On the other hand, there was slaughter on residents by the military force in the North Vietnam...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[Offensive at Tet]

On the other hand there was a slaughter on residents at the ancient city, Hue,by the Liberation Front and the military force in the North Vietnam at the offensive at Tet, but it wasn't reported in a large-scale.

Hue was controlled by the Liberation Front and the military force in the North Vietnam for about a month then.

Then hundreds of undercover agents who belonged to the Liberation Front who were residents in Hue. Their true selves were uncovered to other lots of the residents.

The military force in...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[Offensive at Tet]

After that the military force in the North Vietnam had to withdraw from the city because of a counterattack by the U.S.Army.

The undercover agents had to pretend to be ordinary residents again, so they killed the ordinary residents who knew their true selves in order to forbid to talk.

Its number has never been clear, but it is said from a thousand to five hundred.

[It was a failure as tactics, but a success as strategy]

The offensive at Tet gave a heavy damage to the military force in America and the ...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[It was a failure as tactics, but a success as strategy]

The Tet offensive gave a serious damage to the military force in the America and the South Vietnam by surprise attack in the beginning, but the U.S.Army rearranged its position, and counterattacked.

The Liberation Front was good at the struggle of guerrilla in jungle, but it didn't match the U.S.Army which was superior to the north side on military equipment in city.

The deceased were 1536 in the U.S.Army and 2788 in the military force in the South Vietnam at the...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[It was a failure as tactics, but a success as a strategy]

While the deceased were 1536 in the U.S.Army and 2788 in the military force in the South Vietnam, the victims were over thirty thousand in the Liberation Front and the North Vietnam, and a number of captives reached to about six thousand.

The Liberation Front made a awful blunder in the war as tactics, but it was a great success with a strategic point of view. What does it mean?

The American thought the U.S.Army and the government in the South Vietnam won smoothly...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[It was a failure as tactics, but a success as a strategy]

...but actually two of them didn't win. The American looked at the actual situation that safety wasn't kept on the American embassy,and it caused them to distrust the U.S.Army and their government.

It led to a movement of anti-Vietnamese War to arise in America. Voices that the U.S.Army should withdraw from Vietnam heightened even harder.

The offensive at Tet crushed fighting spirit of the U.S.Army, so it approached victory of the North Vietnam and Liberation Front.

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[A suspicion over the offensive at Tet]

As a result,the offensive at Tet was a great success as strategy, but the Liberation Front in the South Vietnam received a heavy damage then.

Though it was done in cooperation with the North Vietnam, the Liberation Front took charge in main struggles.

As a result, lots of main members since the Liberation Front was built, and plenty of other experienced members were dead then.

Not only communists but nationalists,and intellectuals were in the Liberation Front. Various people gathered.

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[A suspicion over the offensive at Tet]

After central members were lost in the offensive at Tet, a regular military force in the North Vietnam took the leadership.

America continued to insist that the actual situation of the Liberation Front was the military force in the North Vietnam since the Vietnamese War broke out, and the situation came true after the offensive Tet as America insisted.

Judging from the situation, a suspicion follows over the offensive at Tet. Did the offensive at Tet have a two aims? The one was...

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【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[A suspicion over the offensive at Tet]

Needless to say, the one was causing damage to the U.S.Army, and the other was getting rid of main force from the Liberation Front.

While the Liberation Front received a whole assistance from the North Vietnam, it maintained southern original position.

Even if a large part of the Liberation Front sought for democratic South Vietnam,or independent South Vietnam, some of them were opposed to unified with the North Vietnam of socialism or others were cautious to it.

When a release of...

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【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[A suspicion over the offensive at Tet]

When a release of the South Vietnam approached, it was convenient for the North Vietnam to decrease a tiresome main force. It was better for ruling by unification both south and north and the communist party in the North Vietnam.

However needless to say, there is no evidence to reinforce the suspicion.

There were lots of the deceased in the offensive at Tet. Where was its responsibility? It was argued with the people inside the North Vietnam.

However after the offensive at Tet...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[A suspicion over the offensive at Tet]

However after the offensive at Tet, it is fact the regular military force in the North Vietnam appeared and an existence of the Liberation Front grew dim.

Actually, the Liberation Front disappeared after the release of the South Vietnam by the north side.

[Killing a baby. A movement on anti-war in America]

A movement on anti-war was heightened in America due to shocking accidents which occurred one after another in the South Vietnam.

When then the Secretary of Defense had a meal...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[A movement of anti-war in America]

When the then Secretary of Defense had a meal with his wife in a restaurant of a ski slope in his vacation of Christmas,a female abused him like the next.

"You've killed a baby! There is blood on your hand!"

When having finished having miserable experience at war, and returning to their homeland, booing was just waiting for the soldiers. It dropped soldiers' morale so much.

As a result, lots of soldiers who couldn't return to normal life were caused, and American society was divided into...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[A movement of anti-war in America]

American society was divided into approval and opposition over the Vietnamese War.

There was a demonstration at an university in Ohio, and soldiers in the state fired students who joined the demonstration, and four students were dead May in 1970.

This accident made consciousness to anti-war in American society heighten still more.

[From Johnson to Nixon]

After two months from the offensive at Tet,then the President Johnson stopped the North Bombing for a while, and announced that...

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【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[From Johnson to Nixon]

...and then the President Johnson announced starting peaceful negotiation between the Liberation Front and America,withdrawal of the U.S.Army from Vietnam one after another.

Moreover he declared that he wouldn't run for president next time. It was a public concession of defeat from Johnson who escalated the Vietnamese War.

American President changed from Johnson who belonged to the Democratic Party to Nixon who belonged to the Republican Party.

[The Vietnamese War was left to Vietnam]

Then the...

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【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[The Vietnamese War was left to Vietnam]

Then the President Nixon started to leave the Vietnamese War to Vietnam in order to withdraw the U.S.Army from Vietnam September in 1969.

It means that the military force in the South Vietnam took over a leading part in the Vietnamese War, and the U.S.Army took charge in transportation and supplies, and the U.S.Army withdrew gradually.

Then the military force in the South Vietnam was about a million, including militias and soldiers in a remote area, and the U.S.Army of which number..

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【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[The Vietnamese War was left to Vietnam]

...and the U.S.Army of which number were about a half million supported the military force of which number a million in the South Vietnam.

At first, the military force in the south side couldn't protect itself, so the U.S.Army intervened in the war, but without changing the situation in the least, the U.S.Army withdrew.

Collapse of the government in the South Vietnam was a matter of time.

[Collapse on the military force in the South Vietnam]

A military unit on the ground in the...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[Collapse of the military force in the South Vietnam]

A military unit on the ground in the last U.S.Army withdraw from Vietnam September in 1968. Air-force and garrison which left until the last withdrew March in the next year. The military force in America left all the things to the South Vietnam.

After withdrawal of the military force in America, the military force in the south side alone fought very well for a while.

However a full-scale attack started by the North Vietnam March in 1975, the South Vietnam took to flight.

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[A collapse on the military force in the South Vietnam]

No one could use an international airport in Saigon because of a bombard March.

Then people heard a music of White Christmas which was out of season from radio broadcasting in the U.S.Army in Saigon. It was a signal to escape.

Some people who were related to the American embassy and American government stayed in Saigon then, and they started to escape from Saigon by helicopter which the U.S.Army dispatched in a hurry.

A helicopter landed on the roof of the official...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[A collapse on the military force in the South Vietnam]

A helicopter landed on the roof of the official residence of the American embassy, and there was a long line of people who tried to escape by helicopter there.

Losing in the war, and a nation disappear,and people all over the world witnessed it through the TV.

When the military force in the North Vietnam stormed Saigon, soldiers in the south side pulled their military uniforms and military shoes off and threw them away, and escaped into a crowd.

Without being supported..

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【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[A collapse on the military force in the South Vietnam]

Without being supported from the people,and without observing any rules, the military force came to an end, and it was miserable. Military shoes which were scattered showed the last of the military force in which there was no rule.

However there were officials who didn't accept their defeat in the military force in the South Vietnam. Some of them fought until last and were dead in battle, and others committed suicide.

A Japanese newspaper reporter who witnessed the...

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【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[A collapse on the military unit in the South Vietnam]

A Japanese newspaper reporter who witnessed the last day in Saigon said like the next.

Which general ran away overseas, which general stayed and fought until last, which high official in the government escaped or stayed?

It was interesting objection for observation when thinking of people who faced extreme situation took action.

A fighter for anti-communism who appealed patriotism and democracy fled to a foreign country in early stage actually.

There was a high...

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【America was bogging down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[A collapse on the military force in the South Vietnam]

There was a high officer who supported America and France through and through. He could have escaped without fail, but he stayed.

I was forced to feel an ordinary fact actually that we can't decide its content immediately with a surface what one says and does alone. He said like that.

[A tank in the North Vietnam stormed the official residence of the President]

A tank which put up a flag of the Liberation Front rushed headlong into the official residence of the...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[A tank in the North Vietnam stormed the official residence of the President]

A tank which put up a flag of the Liberation Front rushed headlong into the official residence of the President which was in the central place in Saigon April.

Few high officers who stayed there in the South Vietnam surrendered and a nation of the South Vietnam disappeared.

It was the military force in the North Vietnam which captured Saigon, but the North Vietnam pretended that the Liberation Front in the south side fought against the government...

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[A tank in the South Vietnam stormed the official residence of the President]

Actually the North Vietnam pretended that the Liberation Front in the South Vietnam fought against the government in the South Vietnam.

As a result, the tank put up a flag of the Liberation Front, and the North Vietnam announced that the Liberation Front in the South Vietnam released the South Vietnam.

The tank has been shown in a garden of the former official residence of the President, adding up with an indication of belonging to the North Vietnam.

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[TV moved the public opinion]

The Vietnamese War was the one which an image in the battlefield was brought into a living room direct through TV.

American military force which regarded freedom of the press as the most important thing permitted the press to accompany with an offensive operation.

The press was on board a helicopter with soldiers, and the military force facilitated for its report.

On the other hand, cruel act by the military force in America,and corpse of the youth in the American military force were all on TV.

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【America was bogged down in Asia, which was the Vietnamese War】

[TV moved the public opinion]

The Americans' suspicion were stirred up with the images over the Vietnamese War. Have we supported a wrong war?

There was a newscaster who had influenced over American news on TV more than any others. He was one of the most reliable one in America then.

After collecting data in Vietnam, he made a special program for TV,a special report from Vietnam.

He said America should withdraw from Vietnam in his program on TV. A newscaster hardly spoke its personal opinion in a news on the TV program then.

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