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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency heightened〉

Its tendency is apt to strengthens under the present medium-sized constitency system.

The election is forced to be a struggle between individuals rather than the one between political parties or policies for the candidates.

As a result, elections and political activities tend to be dependent on personal connection between the candidates and eligible voters under Japanese society, and the fund on the election would expand.

Furthermore, influential situation among the political parties for a long...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency heightened〉

Furthermore, influential situation among the political parties for a long time had been fixed under the medium-sized constituency, and the political power didn`t change, so the tension on politics loses and corruption on the politics is easy to cause.

If trying to say the sentences easier to understand, it`s like the next.

From two to five are elected in an electorial district under the medium-sized constituency as usual.

As to a big political party like the Liberal Democratic Party, it has to make...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency strengthened〉

As to a big political party like the Liberal Democratic Party, it has to make some candidates run for the single electorial district so as to secure majority as whole.

Then even if the candidates from the same political parties, they are enemies each other in the electrorial district, and are forced to develop a severe struggle on the election.

However as the policy is the same as the political party, the candidates from the same political parties are apt to struggle a point except for the policy.

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency heightened〉

Then an electrical campaign tends to patronage.

Listening to petitions from eligible voters, and falling into services for the eligible voters each other. For example, constructing a road here, a bridge there. It`s far from a political dispute on an image of the state in the future.

Moreover, instead of a competition among political parties which have different policies, it`s the electorial campaign by the candidate itself, so its main point is how an election committee is made for the candidate itself.

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency heightened〉

Its main point on the electrical campaign is how the candidate makes its election committee and how he keeps his supporters. A large amount of fund is indispensable so as to maintain the election committee and an election campaign.

In short, it`s politics on which they have to spend lots of money, and the candidates are forced to be worried about how they should collect money.

Members in a national assembly are human too. They aren`t always ones of noble characters. They are apt to be weak on a talk...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency heightened〉

Candidates are apt to be weak on a talk of money. Avoiding corruption on politics seeks for noble character on an individual alone isn`t realistic.

Besides if candidates who competed in an electorial district each other as emeny belonged to the same political party, some groups were born in the same political party. They are intraparty factions.

For example, there is a member in national assembly belonged to an intraparty faction, and other member in natioanl assembly who competed in the same ...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency heightened〉

For an instance, when there is a member in natioanal assembly who belonged to an intraparty faction, and there is other member in national assembly who belonged to the same intraparty faction competed in the same electorial district, they belong to different intraparty facton each other.

Thus some intraparty factions are born in the Liberarl Democratic Party, and expand.

Members of the national assembly in intraparty faction want their boss to be the Prime Minister, and they also wanted to be a minister.

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency heightened〉

Thus a competition among the different intraparty faction in the same political party starts. Number is the force in the intraparty faction.

So the intraparty faction tries to increase its member and to make a candidate for member in national assembly run from a local place from all over Japan.

An executive in the intraparty faction rushes to an electorial district where there is a candidate from the same intraparty faction so as to support. The executive supported the candidate for the fund.

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency heightened〉

A member in natioanl assembly who was supported and was elected felt indebted to the intraparty faction and have an awareness of doing its best for the intraparty faction.

Then instead of competition among the political parties, but an election is the competition among the intraparty faction.

『Column,a small-sized constituency』

It doesn`t always mean that the area on the small sized constituency is smaller than the medium-sized one.

All the members in national assembly are elected in a single...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

『Column, a small sized constituency』

All the members in national assembly are elected all together in a single electorial district is the large constituency system.

Some elected candidates from the electorial district is called the medium-sized constituency system.

And the electorial district where there is only a single elected candidate is called the small sized-constituency system.

As the one alone is elected from the small-sized constituency system, getting votes from majority is indispensable is a misunderstanding.

It can be elected as long as it...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

『Column, the samll sized-constituency system』

It can be elected as long as it got the most voters among other candidates.

〈Introduction on the small-sized constituency〉

Member in national assembly who thought it`s an introduction for the small-sized constituency system which solved the problems increased.

Moreover, if adopting the small-sized constituency,when there is a slight movement on votes in the election, there is a possibility that an incumbent member in national assembly until then defeats in an election.

If a political party which comes into a...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Introduction on the small-sized constituency〉

If a political party which comes into a power makes a terrible mistake and is criticized from the people, it`s possibility tha making the votes move in the small-sized constituency all over the Japan, and every member in national assembly defeats in the election, and a change on the political power breaks out without stopping.

When the same political party is in charge of the political party for a long time, it`s covered with rights, interests and scandal absolutely.

As a result, a sense of tension is...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Introduction on the small-sized constituency〉

So the sense of tension that a change on the political power may happen is indispensable in order to avoid right, interests and scandal.

A voice seeking for an electorial system in which a change on the political power was done easily heightened so as to prevent a scandal on the power of the money.

An argument that the small-sized constituency system was necessary so as to avoid the scandal on the power of the money arose.

If adopting the small-sized constituency system, the opposition party could make a...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Introduction on the small-sized constituency〉

If adopting the medium-sized constituency, the opposition party could make a candidate be elected as long as the opposition party made a candidate run in each electorial district one by one.

It means that securing the majority is hard,but maintaining members in national assembly to some extent.

Some people pointed out that if the situation continued for a long time,the opposition party would be content with a position of the opposition party, and any desire and ability for changing the political power wouldn`t...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Introduction on the small-sized constituency〉

...any desire and ability for changing the political power wasn`t born from the opposition party any more.

When Kanemaru resigned from the vice-president in the Liberal Democratic Party, a chairperson in the socialists party who had been intimate with Kanemaru said in a meeting on the socialsts party like the next.

As to his resignation, I`m very sad as individual, but not sentimental about it as a government official.

The chairperson in the socialist party who should investigate the Liberal Democratic Party...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Introduction on the small-sized constituency〉

The chairperson in the socialist party who should investigate the Liberal Democratic Party and Kanemaru didn`t try to hide intimate relation with Kanemaru.

The chairperson received severe criticism inside the socialist party and forced to resign from the chairperson.

It means that the ruling party forever always corrupts and the opposition party forever always depraves.

〈Adding the small-sized constituency to the proportional representation system〉

A candidate alone is elected from the electorial district in...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Adding the small-sized constituency to the proportionanal representation system〉

A single candidate alone is elected from the electorial district in the small-sized constituency. Some candidates run from the lots of political parties, and a candidate who gets more votes than any other candidates in other political parties.

It is said it`s an advantageous system for a big political party.

A cooperation from the opposition party is necessary so as to realize the system, but the cooperation isn`t got because it`s the samll-sized constituency which is...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Adding the small-sized constiutuency to the proportional representation system〉

... but the cooperation isn`t got because it`s the small-sized constituency system which is advantageous for a big political party alone.

So merging the small-sized constituency into the proportional representation system in which a candidate from a small and medium-sized political parties can be elected.

Number of the elected candidates which are in proportion to the number of votes by the political party is decided.

Both of two election of small-sized constituency and the...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Adding the small-sized constituency system to the proportional representation system〉

Carrying out the two type of election of the small-sized constituency and the proportional representation system at the same time.

〈Then the Prime Minister Miyazawa who made a promise on the political reform on TV〉

The Prime Minister Kaifu who tried to carry out the reform on the electorial system failed to do it owing to an objection inside the Liberal Democratic Party.

Without carrying it out, the entire Kaifu Cabinet resigned.

Instead of Mr.Kaifu, Mr. Miyazawa who...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Then the Prime Minister Miyazawa who made a promise on the political reform on TV〉

Instead of Mr.Kaifu, the Prime Minister Miyazawa who took office appeared on TV program, and was asked whether or not he would do the political reform, and answered like the next.

The politics has to be changed. We have to change it, otherwise distrust on the politics from the people was desperate, so we have to do it in this national assembly at any cost.

An emcee asked, do you carry it out absolutely?

Mr.Miyazawa answered, without reforming the politics this time...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Then the Prime Minister Miyazawa made a promise on the political reform on a TV program〉

Mr.Miyazawa. Without doing the political reform this time, Japanese democarcy will fall into a critical crisis.

The emcee. Excuse me for repeating myself, but can you do the political reform in the national assembly this time really? The rest of the days don`t seem to be many.

Mr.Miyazawa. I`ll do it with my own responsibility.

The emcee. If you can`t do it, do you resign from the Prime Minister?

Mr.Miyazawa answered. I`ll do it at any cost. I`ve never told any lie!

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Then the Prime Minister made a promise on the political reform on a TV program〉

However as there was lots of objectiona against the plan of political reform on the electorial system so much that then the chief secretary in the Liberal Democratic Party said the Cabinet was forced to give up the form on the political reform.

As a result, Mr.Miyazawa broke his promise on the TV program, and was criticized that he was the Prime Minister who told a lie.

The scene on which Mr.Miyazawa said he would carry it out absolutely was often broadcast on TV. Whenever it...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Then the Prime Minister made a promise on the political reform on a TV program〉

Whenever his image was broadcast, his image on the Prime Minister who told a lie was fixed.

『Column, no-confidence against the Cabinet and a dissolution on the House of Representatives』

No-confidence against the Cabinet is a notice that the House of the Representative which chose the Prime Minister said they couldn`t trust the Prime Minister any more, and told it to give up the Prime Minister.

If the majority of the member of the House of Representatives who were at present...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

『Column, no-confidence against the Cabinet and dissolution on the House of Representatives』

If the majority of the House of Representatives who were at present at the national assembly were for the no-confidence against the Cabinet, the Prime Minister in the Cabinet has two options.

The one is the Prime Minister has to obey what the House of Representatives and resigned the Prime Minister.

The other is making the House of the Representatives dissolute and listening to the opinion from the people. Whether the Prime Minister is right or the House of...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

『Column, no-confidence against the Cabinet and dissolution on the House of Representatives』

Asking the people whether the Cabinet was right or the House of Representatives were right.

If the people judged that the Pirme Minister was right, they made the member in national assembly who were for the no-confidence against the Cabinet defeat in the next election.

And lots of the member in national assembly who supported the Prime Minister were elected again, and the same one would be elected as the Prime Minister, and it would continue the Prime Minister again.

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

『Column, no-confidence against the Cabinet and dissolution on the House of the Representatives』

It`s the House of Representatives alone which can issue the no-confidence against the Cabinet, and the House of Councilors doesn`t have the authority to do it.

The House of Councilors can resolve seeking for taking responsibility, but it doesn`t have any lawful binding force.

Superiority on the House of the Representatives is allowed there. In short, the House of Representatives has more authority than the House of Councilors.

〈No-confidence against the...〉

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈No-confidence against the Miyazawa Cabinet was adopted〉

As receiving distrust against the Miyazawa Cabinet was heightened, the opposition party resolved to submit no-confidence against the Miyazawa Cabinet.

39 members in the House of Representatives in the Liberal Democratic Party like Ichiro Ozawa, Tutomu Hata,were for the no-confidence, and it was approved June in 1993.

After Kanemaru resigned in the previous year, there was confrontation in Takeshita faction of which president used to be Kanemaru over a successor on Kanemaru, and Takeshita faction was...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈No-confidence against the Miyazawa Cabinet was adopted〉

...and the Takeshita faction was divided into two groups. The one of which center were Keizo Obuti and Seiroku Kajiyama, and the other of which center were Ichiro Ozawa and Tutomu Hata.

After division, the group of which center was Ichiro Ozawa strengthened its insistence that the political reform is necessary, and criticized the Miyazawa Cabinet which failed to reform and was for the no-confidence against the Miyazawa Cabinet.

There was a criticism inside the Liberal Democratic Party that without...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈No-confidence against the Miyazawa Cabinet was adopted〉

There used to be a criticism against Mr.Ozawa inside the Liberal Democratic Party that without allowing his own resposibility, Ozawa who used to be a faithful follower for Kanemaru insisted on the political reform. It`s in the wrong.

However Mr.Ozawa had made his image who reformed the politics inside the Liberal Democratic Party for himself.

〈The Liberal Democratic Party was below the majority in the election on the House of the Representatives〉

The Prime Minister Miyazawa who was adopted the...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈The Liberal Democratic Party was below the majority in the election on the House of Representatives〉

The Miyazawa Cabinet which was adopted the no-confidence against the Miyazawa Cabinet made the House of Representatives disband.

Masayoshi Takemura and other members in national assembly who insisted on the political reform separately from Ichiro Ozawa weren`t for the no-confidence against the Miyazawa Cabinet.

However after the House of Representatives was disbanded,he didn`t thought he could carry out the political reform in the Liberal Democratic Party...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈The Liberal Democratic Party was below the majority in the election of the House of the Representatives〉

...and he and the other members in national assembly left the Liberal Democratic Party as a group and formed a new political party, Sakigake then.

Other group led by Ichiro Ozawa of 44 members in national assembly quitted the Liberal Democratic Party and formed Shinseito.

The division made the Liberal Democratic Party be below the majority and an election on the House of Representatives started.

Nihon shinto was added to the Sinseito and Sakigake, and...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈The Liberal Democratic Party was below the majority in the election on the House of the Representatives〉

...and candidates ran from each of new political party, so all sorts of the new political parties jumped into the election on the House of the Representatives.

A fresh image on the Nihon shinto caused its boom.

Before the election, the number of seats on the member of the Liberal Democratic Party was 227, but it decreased still more to 223 which was below the majority.

On the other hand, as to the number of seat on the socialist party, it used to be...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈The Liberal Democratic Party was below the majority in the election on the House of Representatives〉

...its number of seat decreased from 137 to 70. It reduced by half. The socialist party was a humiliating defeat.

Shinseito won 55 seats, and Nihon shinto secured 35 seats from zero all at once. Sakigake 13 seats.

The election made the Liberal Democratic Party be below zero, but after the division, the number of the seat on the Liberal Democratic Party didn`t changed very much.

The number of seat on the Socialist Party decreased greatly, and the ones on ...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈The Liberal Democratic Party was below the majority in the election on the House of Representatives〉

...and the number of seat on the new political parties increased.

The chairperson in the Socialist Party took the responsibility on the election and resighed. Tomiichi Murayama was elected the chairperson as a successor.

〈A remarkable progress on the Nihon shinto〉

35 of newcomers were elected from the Nihon shinto, and 17 of the newcomers were done with more voters which were than any other candidates in the electorial district, especially progressed...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Nihon shinto progressed in remarkable way〉

...especially progressed in metropolitan in remarkable way. They could win lots of the swing vote in which they didn`t have any supporters in the city. They could win the heart of the eligible voters who were disappointed with the esisting political parties.

The candidates were plenty of newcomers who sympathized with Hosokawa`s political idea and plunged into the political world, but any of them couldn`t get official recognition and changed its own course or repeating being defected in elections until then.

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈The Nihon shinto progressed in remarkable way〉

It was no exaggeration to say that anyone could be elected as long as it had the Nihon shinto in name only.

It was formed May in the previous year, and succeeded in making four people be elected in an election of the House of Councilors immediately after the political party was formed.

Morihiro Hosokawa was born in the eighteenth head of a feudal lord of the Hosokawa family in Kumamoto prefecture.

His grandfather on his mother`s side was Fumimaro Konoe who was the Prime Minister before the World War Ⅱ.

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

『Seven executives in the Takeshita faction』

Takeshita faction was proud of a solid unit until division, especially seven executives of central figures like Keizo Obuchi, Ryutaro Hashimoto, Seiroku Kajiyama, Keiwa Okuda,Kouzo Watanabe, Tutomu Hata, and Ichiro Ozawa were influential people.

Mr.Obuchi often called some of them like the next.

Ozawa who was an influential, Hata who was good at policies, Hashimoto who was popular among the people, and Obuchi who had a good character.

After division, three of Obuchi, Hashimoto, and Kajiyama were Obuchi faction...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

『Column,seven executives in Takeshita faction』

...and the rest of four like Hata, Watanabe, Okuda, and Ozawa were Hata faction, though it was actually Ozawa faction, the Takeshita faction broke off the relations.

〈Ichiro Ozawa wrote its outline〉

As the Liberal Democratic Party was below majority, a movement for establishing a new political power by political influence of anti the Liberal Democratic Party started.

Except for the communist party and the Liberal Democratic Party, if other political parties gathered together, it would reach a majority in number.

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Ichiro Ozawa wrote the outline〉

It was Ichiro Ozawa who wrote the outline.

Making Hosokawa who was popular among the people become the Prime Minister, and gathering anti the Liberal Democratic and grasping the real power, and tried to establish a new political power for himself.

It is said after four days from the general election, Ozawa met Hosokawa in secret June in 1993 and persuaded him like the next.

It was you alone who could become the Prime Minister.

The Socialist party was indispensable to unite the influential power of anti-Liberal Democratic...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈It was Ichiro Ozawa who wrote the outline〉

...but Takako Doi was critical to join the group led by Ozawa inside the Socialist Party then, so Ozawa proposed Doi was a chairperson in the House of Representatives.

It was his strategy to set her up as the chairperson of honorary post which didn`t have any real power, trying to take the teeth out of the plan on the Socialist Party, and it was successful in an admirable way.

Seven political parties agreed to an establishment on the coalition government, and adding one more political party to them and an ...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈It was Ichiro Ozawa who wrote the outline〉

...and an alliance of eight political parties was formed then.

Instead of the Liberal Democratic Party,the Socialist Party which was fomred after the World War Ⅱ aimed at coming into a power by being majority itself.

However there was a chance to become a part of leaders in political power by being defeated in the election. It was irony in history.

〈The Hosokawa Cabinet was born〉

Hosokawa was nominated as Prime Minister and then the political power which continued by the Liberal Democratic Party was over.

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈The Hosokawa Cabinet was born〉

Then Doi chairperson reported that we decided to nominate that Hosokawa was the Prime Minister. Then she said Hosokawa san.

Instead of the san, successive chairpersons used kun for its co-worker as honorific title until then.

The Japanese found it something fresh the way of saying it, and thought that a new time started then.

Thus the Hosokawa Cabinet started, and the Chief Secretary who supports the Prime Minister in the Cabinet was Masayoshi Takemura who belonged to Sakigake.

In the next day, Hosokawa was asked a ...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈The Hosokawa Cabinet was born〉

In the next day, Hosokawa was asked the recognition on the Pacific War in a press conference, and he said it was an invasive war and was in the wrong.

He was the first one among successive Prime Ministers who said like that. Then the Japanese thought a new time has come.

『Tele politics』

When gathering influential power of anti-Liberal Democratic Party, a phrase of tele politics was frequently used. It`s a politics through TV.

When establishing the new political power of influential power of anti-Liberal Democratic Party...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

『Column, tele politics』

...then Takemura belonged to Sakigake and Hosokawa in Nihon sinto were careful in the beginning.

After the election, they were asked from emcees in a news program some questions in the middle of the live broadcast.

How are you going to manage the new government?

They said gathering the influential power of anti-Liberal Democratic Party and it started to come true.

Remarks by politicians who appeared on TV program made the politics move actually, so the phrase was used then.

Some people called the Hosokawa government a coalition...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

『Column, tele politics』

Some people called the new political power a coalition government with Kume and Tahara, named after two emcees in the news programs.

However considering Ozawa wrote its outline behind their backs, it`s doubtful whether or not the TV moved the politics actually.

However after that, the politicians began to recognize influence on TV clearly.

〈A way of politics changed completely〉

Immediately after being the Prime Minister, Hosokawa began to be careful of making his own image.

When the new Cabinet started, its commorative photo was...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈The way of politics changed completely〉

When a new Cabinet started, its commorative photo was taken, and it was done on the lawn off an official residence for the Prime Minister in front of trees for the first time.

When facing the first press conference, without walking along a hallway of the official residence, he was outside from the official residence and went to a place where an interview was done.

When being taken a photo with a diagonal way, he forced himself to be taken his left profile, for he liked it.

If walking along the hallway of the...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet started】

〈A way of politics changed completely〉

If walking along the hallway of the official residence, when going into a place where the press conference was done, a phothograph on his right profile was taken.

On the other hand, if going into there from outside, his left profile was faced to cameras.

After that, considering both his position and cameras` position at a meeting or at a party, he devised his left profile was taken.

APEC was held at Seattle in America November in this year, and Hosokawa`s style in which he wore a long muffler in light brown around his...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈A way of politics changed completely〉

...and Hosokawa`s style in which he wore a long muffler in light brown around his neck was a big topic among the Japanese.

His style was more sophisticated than Clinton who was the host for the APEC wore a jumper.

No one remembered on the content of the meeting, but Hosokawa`s style became a topic among the reporters even at present.

The Japanese took pride in that the Japanese Prime Minister was equal to a leader in the world with regard to his fashinonable style.

He brought a prompter into a place where the press...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈A way of politics changed completely〉

He brought a prompter into a place where the press conference was done.

The prompter is an apparatus on which letters on manuscript were reflected on clear panel. The panel worked out like a magic mirror, and the one who gave a lecture could look at the letters, but the audience who was on the opposite position couldn`t see it.

A news caster can read a long manuscript facing in front of it, for this transparent panel is prepared for the caster in front of the lens of camera in the studio.

If taking advantage of the...

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【The Koizumi Cabinet started】

〈A way of politics changed completely〉

If taking advantage of the prompter, the caster doesn`t have to look at the manuscript at hand, so both the audience and viewers on TV had an impression that the Prime Minister faced them and spoke to them from right in front of them.

It has been made use of for a speech by the President as usual in American politics, so it`s an ordinary apparatus there, but it was Hosokawa who brought it into Japan for the first time.

〈The Hosokawa Cabinet made a racket at night〉

It was in a press conference at midmight November in...

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