Science,English,and math 4th

【Doubting is a start to science】

《Do you know the meaning on the probability on raining is 30%?》

We have to understand from how our society is, how the international society is and to the future on the earth with our own brain, and to think it over sufficiently.

《What is science in the first place?》

At first what is science?

When hearing of the word on science, it may remind some people of a law or theory, for example, the law of universal gravitation when learning in school, or the principle of relativity. We are apt to think the law and theory is right completely and absolutely, but...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《What is the science at first?》

...but scientific law and its theory aren’t an absolute truth at all.

A TV program frequently said that a shocking truth is revealed. If hearing of the way, viewers thought there is an absolute truth which is correct with probability of 100%.

The author asked the staff who were in charged of the 週間こどもニュース not to use the way of saying, for a way of seeing a thing by us the human race isn’t perfect, so we can’t grasp the truth which is correct with probability of 100%. Otherwise we are an almighty God.

Science is the same.

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《What is science at first?》

Science is the same. Possibly there may be the truth, if so we want to approach there as nearer as possible.

The author said he thought science is a work of approaching the truth with a limited recognized way little by little.

Then how do we approach the truth with science? The author said its first step is starting from doubting.

All of others think it’s true, but is it so? Or why does it happen?

Without swallowing opinions around himself or herself, the one who has a scientific attitude doubts whether or not it’s true and...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《What is science at first?》

...and issued a question, why? After issuing the question, then framing a hypothesis for the question so as to demonstrate the question.

Each of scientists frames the hypothesis in science and examines it whether or not it’s true, for the hypothesis is a theory which is built temporality, so the scientists have to make sure whether or not it’s right. They have to verify the hypothesis.

Verification has various ways. The one which is easy to understand is to make an experiment. When making the experiment, the hypothesis has an...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《What is science at first?》

When making an experiment and the experiment has an evidence to support the hypothesis, it turns out that the hypothesis is an explanation which is near the truth, but a result from the experiment is sometimes different from the hypothesis.

Then the scientists have to amend the hypothesis and verify whether or not the amended hypothesis is right. Thus hypothesis and verification are repeated and trying to approach the truth as nearer as possible. It’s the work on science.

《How do we make sure the hypothesis?》

When verifying...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《How do we make sure the hypothesis?》

When verifying the hypothesis, even if a single person succeeded in an experiment, it doesn’t always mean that the hypothesis is true.

In other words, if everyone takes the same procedure and reaches the same result in the experiment, the hypothesis is right.

Therefore even if insisting that there is STAP cell, other scientists all over the world can’t succeed in the experiment with the same procedure, it means that the hypothesis is in the wrong

Needless to say, a first experiment will be done by a single person alone

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《How should we make sure a hypothesis?》

If succeeding in the experiment by the single person alone, clarifying conditions and procedures on the experiment, and making everyone make an experiment is possible.

When making the experiment over and over again, there was the same result, then the hypothesis is formed as truth temporarily. Its the scientific truth or its law.

There are lots of scientific laws and its theories in a textbook, but it doesn’t always mean that everyone recognized it as truth from the beginning. Lots of people verified it over and...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《How should we make sure a hypothesis?》

Lots of people repeated verifying over and over again, the hypothesis has learned to be recognized its true gradually.

As to the law of universal gravitation by Newton, it had been recognized as truth for a long time since it was discovered by Newton, but it has been replaced by a theory on gravitation proposed by Einstein in the beginning of the 20th century.

Einstein doubted the law of universal gravitation that every one thought it was right, and made science make progress...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《How should we make sure a hypothesis?》

In short Einstein doubted the truth which everyone thought and made progress science more forward. Truth isn’t absolute but temporary.

《What is abstract?》

Then how do scientists frame the hypothesis? When framing the hypothesis, it is important to make a thing become abstract.

Abstract means that selecting common elements from a concrete thing. We need to cut away extra minor points in order to select the common elements.

In short when scientists observe a thing, they cut away extra elements and make elements...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《What is abstract?》

When scientists watch a thing, they cut off side issues and make elements which become the hypothesis abstract.

For example, when an apple fell from the tree, an ordinary person thought the apple fell from the tree, it was natural, and didn’t stop so as to think over the phenomenon at all, but the scientists like Newton thought why a thing fell from the upper place to lower place, and framed a hypothesis on the reason why the thing fell.

Then the scientist paid attention to a movement that the apple falls, so cut off side issues on...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《What is abstract?》

...then scientists cut away side issues on the color or the perfume of the apple. With that scientists paid attention to movements that various things fell and thought over their reason. Why did they fell?

On the other hand, the moon doesn’t fall, so the scientists thought over its reason. They made concrete things abstract and reached the law of universal gravitation.

In this way it is said Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation when looking at the apple fall, but is his episode of this true? When verifying, it turned...

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【What I’ve thought】

I’ve tried to continue my response on science, but I was hungry, I’ve wanted to eat something, and my concentration is about to run out, in addition the battery on my iPad is also in the same situation.

I have to work tomorrow. I can’t take the day off until Thursday in this week, though it’s my own option. No one forced me to work like that, it can’t be helped, but I want to rake a rest just now. I want to drink a little.

I’ll come here Thursday as long as we take day off.

When being hungry, I feel like drinking. Without studying English at all, I’ll be alcoholic.

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《What is abstract?》

When verifying it turned to be very unclear.

Newton taught science at Cambridge University and there is a tree at the gate of the university at present, and the tree bears apples. It’s the descendant of the tree when Newton looked at the apple fall, and it’s a noted place for tourists, so the episode on Newton and the apple is an air of reality.

But when investigating, no one heard from Newton direct he discovered the law of universal gravitation because he looked at the apple fall from the tree. In fact the source of the informations...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《What is abstract?》

The source of the information were the ones who listened to the niece of Newton. It isn’t sure whether or not Newton said so actually. After Newton was dead some people may have said it humorously.

《If having a breakfast, its scholastic ability improves?》

Thus, scientific attitude is looking at a thing with a doubt and a question, and after observing the thing, making it abstract and framing a hypothesis. It’s a first step to science, but when framing the hypothesis, there is a mistake which we are apt to make. We confuse a relative...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《If having a breakfast, our scholastic ability improves?》

We frequently confuse a correlation with a casual relationship. The correlation is simply that the one thing has anything to do with the other, and the casual relation is two things connect with a cause and a result.

A researcher on educational policy in national organization announced on the result from a study that a child who had a breakfast enough everyday gets a good grade in school in 2003. Why did he know it?

The Ministry of Education has carried out a test on scholastic ability all over...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《If having a breakfast, our scholastic ability improves?》

The Ministry of Education has carried out a test on scholastic ability all over Japan every year, and at the same timer takes a questionnaire, and when checking the result against the questionnaire, it turned out that lots of children who got a good grade in school had had a breakfast enough. The result made some people insist that if having a breakfast enough, it would get a good record in school. They seemed to think like the next.

If having a breakfast enough, the nutrition spreads over the body...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《If having a breakfast enough, our scholastic ability improves?》

...and an energy is sent to the brain, so it makes children concentrate on its attention on studying enough from the morning, then its scholastic ability improves.

In short they thought that there was a casual relationship between the breakfast and the scholastic ability.

It is certain actually to have a breakfast enough is better, but can we call it the casual relationship actually?

Having a breakfast enough every day means that it leads everyday life regularly. If staying up until late...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《If having a breakfast enough, it improves our scholastic ability improves?》

If staying up until late at night and getting up in the morning barely in time, then children would go to school without having a breakfast.

Then what kind of children are they who lead every day life regularly? Probably the children have their parents who makes them lead the every day life regularly, don’t they?

Those parents not only make their children have a breakfast enough but may have had anything to do with their children on education positively, for example they order...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《If having a breakfast enough, our scholastic ability improves?》

...for example the parents order their children to study or make their children go to a cramming school. Then we need to think of the casual relation a home training by parents and the scholastic ability.

Or if teachers in school guide their children to have a breakfast enough, how about it? As those teachers devote themselves to education on their students so much that they teach their student the study enthusiastically, don’t they?

Then there is a possibility that there is the casual ...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《If having a breakfast enough, our scholastic ability improves?》

Then there is a possibility that there is the casual relationship between the enthusiasm on education by teachers and the scholastic ability on children.

In short we can say there is a correlation between having a breakfast and high scholastic ability, but we can’t always say there is the casual relationship because that having a breakfast enough makes the children improve their scholastic ability.

In the same example, OECD has carried out a test. Children whose age of 15 in several...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《If having a breakfast enough, our scholastic ability improves?》

Children whose age is 15 at several countries in the world take the test once three years. Children who read a newspaper have a high scholastic ability was led from analysis on the result from the test.

Newspaper companies are pleased with it very much, but if happening to say, reading the newspaper makes children improve their scholastic ability, it is far from being scientific attitude. In this case, they confuse the correlation with the casual relation.

It is certain that reading the...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《If having a breakfast, our scholastic ability improves?》

It may be certain that reading the newspaper makes the children improve their scholastic ability, but we can interpret it from an opposite direction.

In short, children who have high scholastic ability take interest in a news or in the newspaper.

When it turned out alone that children who have high scholastic ability are interested in news very much, it doesn’t always lead to the casual relationship that taking interest in the news makes them improve their scholastic ability.

《Even Aristotle...》

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《Even Aristotle framed a wrong hypothesis》

Thus we tend to take the correlation with the casual relationship by mistake, so if judging something by its appearance, we are apt to frame a wrong hypothesis. It was the same with Aristotle who is a great philosopher in the Ancient Greece.

He was aware that sound is slower than light with regard to the speed in the fourth century B.C. Why was he able to be conscious of it?

For example, from the time that a lightning shines to it thundered, there is a time lag then. Though we see a lightning, it takes a time....

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《Even Aristotle framed a wrong hypothesis》

Though we see a lightning, it takes time until it thunders.

Or when someone rows a boat with oar far away from us, the oar hits the water and we can see it instantly, but it takes time until the sound that the oar hit the water reach us.

When observing those things, Aristotle thought the speed on sound is by far slower than that on light.

There wasn’t any instrument which they could measure the speed on light then, so no one couldn’t know its concrete speed, but we know the hypothesis which is led from the ...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《Even Aristotle framed a wrong hypothesis》

...but we know the hypothesis from which Aristotle led from the observation is right, but observation alone sometimes leads a mistake.

He had a doubt why a thing fell. After thinking it over, he thought the thing had originally nature to move to lower direction.

For example, when dropping some soil, it fell to the ground, for it was natural for the soil to be on the lower part, so it was going to the natural place, he analyzed like that.

There was an opposite interpretation.

Spark flies toward upper direction...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《Even Aristotle framed a wrong hypothesis》

Spark goes up toward the sky, for it’s natural for the spark is in the sky, so it does like that, Aristotle established the theory like that.

It looks strange for us, for we who know gravitation and the law of universal gravitation .

Aristotle analyzed various natural phenomena in the 4th B.C.and framed each of hypothesis. While some of them are right like a relation between light and sound from the viewpoint on the modern science, as to the movement on a thing, he decided with his own way.

But neither of them...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《Even Aristotle framed a wrong hypothesis》

But neither of them reached the procedure of verification. We can frame varied hypothesis as long as we observe, but without demonstrating whether or not it’s right through a verification, it means that it’s just that a decision with its own way like the author expressed before.

《Science and theology》

But scientific way and its imagination were plentiful in the Ancient Greece when Aristotle played in active part. For example, natural philosophers like Socrates and Platoon observed nature and thought over and...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《Science and theology》

...they were wondering what kind of materials made up with the world around them. They framed in a variety of hypothesis, the world was made up with water, it was made from atoms and so on.

But the Ancient Roman Empire controlled the place where the Ancient Greece was, since then they learned to neglect the scientific attitude rapidly in the Middle age.

It is said that it has anything with that the Ancient Roman Empire adopted the Christianity as state religion in 392 A.D.

The world on the Ancient Greece is polytheism ...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《Science and theology》

The Ancient Greece was the world on polytheism 多神教, we know it from the Greek mythology in which various Gods appeared, but Christians thought the polytheism as a heathen 異教徒, and the way of thinking on the polytheism was in the way when the Christians thought of the God.

As a result, the Christians ordered to eliminate the Greek imagination and its learning and to think over the God on the Christianity alone.

In the Middle Age, learning on the Christianity itself became a way of rising in the world. Excellent students learned...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《Science and theology》

Excellent students learned a theology in Christianity then. Reaching the extremely truth in Christianity and being a scholar on Christianity, and the excellent students open the way of success in church.

Even if thinking of something scientific, no one can succeed, nor they become wealthy, as a result they learned to neglect science gradually. It seemed the people who believed in Christianity went through the process.

The author said he felt it actually when going to Iran.

There is a religious city called Qom in Iran. Khomeini who...

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【Doubting is a start to science】

《Science and theology》

The revolution in Iran and Iraq was under the control of Khomeini, and he used to study at a theological school in Qom. When visiting there, excellent people who are at the top in Iran gathered.

The Shiites シーア派 account for the majority of Islam in Iran. Learning on the Shia is the most excellent thing in Iran, and the Iranian have learned the theology in Shia deeply and assemble a minute theory on the Shia.

When looking at them, the author thought if they were in America or in Europe, those excellent students would have gone ahead...

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【Doubting is a way to science】

《Science and theology》

...they would have moved up to the way to science, the author said. If they major in the faculty of science or the faculty of engineering, they would contribute to development on science and technical skill from various points.

Instead that the excellent talent don’t go to science, it has been absorbed in theology in Iran.

Natural science developed in Islam world more than Europe in the Middle Age, but development on science and technical skill has been delayed after modern times. Its reason may have been there.

《But the earth rotates》

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【Doubting is a way to science】

《But the earth rotates》

To return to the main topic and I’ll start again.

The Ancient Roman Empire adopted Christianity as state religion and after that the theology in Christianity was the way to a success, so they neglected to think scientifically, but Copernicus turned up in the 16th century, and changed the situation drastically.

The earth was the center in the universe, and the sun and other stars went around the earth.
The earth was the center in the universe in the world of Christianity, but Copernicus doubted it.

He thought the earth went around...

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【Doubting is a way to science】

《But the earth rotates》

Copernicus thought the earth went around the sun actually. We call the change from the Ptolemaic theory to Copernican theory the change by Copernicus. It means that a way of thinking changes by 180 degrees.

The Christianity thought the earth was the center in the universe, on the other hand, Copernicus insisted that the earth went around the earth. The phrase of the change by Copernicus is originated from it.

The opinion on Copernicus was developed more still by Galileo who was born in the middle of the 16th century.

A telescope ...

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【Doubting is a way to science】

《But the earth rotates》

A telescope was invented in the 17th century, and Galileo used the telescope at once and started astronomical observation.

When he looked at the moon with the astronomical telescope, the way of seeing the moon was different from the way of seeing until then altogether.

They’d thought the moon was a round ball, but when looking at it with the telescope, it’s uneven all over the surface.

Besides Galileo discovered that the Venus is full and is on the wane and a satellite of the Jupiter.

If thinking over the result on the observation...

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【Doubting is a way to science】

《But the earth circles around》

But if thinking over the result of the observation with the Copernican theory, we can explain it to others smoothly. If framing the hypothesis that the earth goes around the sun, without any contradiction, we can understand the Venus is full and is on the wane, or the satellite on the Jupiter.

As a result, Galileo learned to be convinced that his thought was right.

Catholic in Christianity has a way of orthodox thinking, and the one who insisted against it was brought into a religious court, we call it an inquisition 異端審問.

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【Doubting is a way to science】

《But the earth circles around?》

Eventually Galileo was brought into the religious court and was sentenced to imprisonment for life, though it’s just that he was confined leniently.

It is said that Galileo whispered that but the earth goes around the sun at the religious court, but was it true? Who heard of his whisper? If whispering such a thing in the middle of the religious court, he would be sentenced more heavily than the imprisonment for life.

As to the historical event like that, we should think, wait a minute, who heard of it? The scientific idea is...

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【Doubting is a way to science】

《But the earth circles around?》

The scientific idea is significant, the author said like that.

There has never been any record that Galileo whispered like that, and some people say other people invented it after Galileo was dead, but there was none of record which supported the opinion.

There may have been the people like that truly or there may not have. There was none of the record, so we’re forced to say we can’t understand.

The episode on Galileo continued until recently. Catholic Church recognized that the religious court on Galileo was in the wrong...

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【Doubt is a way to science】

《But the earth circles around?》

Catholic Church recognized the religious court on Galileo was in the wrong in 1992. The author said he impressed the Pope who recognized that the church was in the wrong favorably.

After Galileo was dead, 350 years have passed. Very long time has passed, and his innocence was fixated at last.

《At the time until he shouted he discovered》

After the time of Copernicus and Galileo, the one who turned up was Newton.

The author said his episode that when looking at an apple fall, he discovered the law of universal gravitation, but ...

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【Doubt is a way to science】

《At the time until he shouted he discovered》

...but it’s unclear whether or not the episode is true, like the episode on Galileo when he was brought into the religious court.

Whether the episode is true or not, whenever Newton looked at something fall, he always continued to think why it fell, so he could frame the hypothesis of the law of universal gravitation.

Needless to say, lots of other people could have looked at the apple drop, but Newton alone thought, why didn’t the moon fall? from the phenomena, and reached the law of universal gravitation. What ...

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【Doubting is a way to science】

《At the time until he shouted he discovered》

What difference is there between ordinary people and Newton?

He doubted all the things in the universe and always continued to think it over, why? It’s significant. Without thinking anything nor having any doubt originally, nothing will flash into our mind. The principle on Archimedes is the same.

He was ordered to research how much a crown included gold. He had to do it without breaking the crown. He continued to think it for a long time but was not sure what to do.
One day when he took a bath and see the...

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【Doubting is a way to science】

《At the time until he shouted he discovered》

When taking a bath one day, he saw the hot water overflow from the bath tub, then something flashed into his brain and he shouted he discovered at last.

Both of Newton and Archimedes went on thinking a single thing for a long time, then something made them reach an idea which solve the mystery.

By the way, when Newton taught in Cambridge university, the plague had spread over England, so the university was closed.

As the university was closed and Newton was released from his duty of teaching students science.

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【Doubting is a way to science】

《At the time until he shouted he discovered》

After that he went back to the house of his parents and could devote himself to his study enough. As a result it is said he could reach the law of universal gravitation.

《When a scientist say, I got it, excitedly, science developed》

Why did scientists continued to think over difficult problems? When scientists discovered various things, they have made our life wealthy, but it doesn’t always mean that a single discovery connects with a practical use at right away.

Actually there have been lots of researches...

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【Doubting is a way to science】

《When a scientist says, he got it, science develops》

In fact there have been lots of researches which aren’t useful in our everyday life. In spite of it, scientists continue to study. Why?

Solving problems gives them a reward of a sense of satisfaction, doesn’t it?

Observing a natural phenomenon, and framing a hypothesis, then trying to challenge. When being able to express a thing in the world wonderfully with the hypothesis, each of the scientists would think, I did it! like Archimedes, and got a sense of satisfaction.

Various scientists studied for the...

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【Doubting is a way to science】

《When a scientist says excitedly, I got it, science develops》

Various scientists have studied for the sense of satisfaction. Even if the scientist studied something, anyone doesn’t give it any money, but the sense of satisfactory that when the scientist expressed a thing in the world perfectly with its hypothesis is the driving force which makes science develop, isn’t it?

It’s not always mean that it is limited to natural science alone. In the world of economy, when an economist established a theory and he could express the movement on economy well, he...

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【Doubt is a way to science】

《When a scientist says excitedly, I got it, science develops》

...the economist must have thought then, I got it.

The author suggested we the readers have a doubt at every scene in everyday life, why is it? and framing a hypothesis for ourselves and if being able to express lots of things well with the hypothesis, each of us must have thought, I got it. If enjoying the sense of satisfactory, it leads us to be used to and to be familiar with a scientific thought.

《Six subjects on modern science》

The author said he had commented on the scientific thought until now

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【Doubt is a way to science】

《Six subjects on science》

If being able to master the weapon, we draw various knowledge on science near us and we can think them of as things at hand.

By the way, what is the science which we should draw near us who have lived at present age?

We have to understand the way that our society exists, the situation on international society, and in the future on the earth for ourselves. We need to think them over carefully. Then what is useful scientific information?

The author said the next six items is modern science which he’s thought of.

1『Physics』

From the...

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《Six subjects on modern science》

1『Physics』

From the time of the Ancient Greece, we the human race continued to think, what was an ultimate element which made up our world? And we have framed various hypotheses. The question has reached the discovery on elementary particles 素粒子 with the development on physics.

The elementary particle is smaller one than an atom. If breaking down the atom more minutely, what happens? The elementary particle has been found from the doubt, and it’s a clue to solve a problem why the universe was born.

But at the same time, the particles which are smaller...

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《Six subjects on modern science》

1『Physics』

...the particle which is smaller than the atom has hidden an incredible power in itself. We the human race got out of the power and made an atomic bomb, after that established a nuclear power plant.

America dropped the atomic bomb on Japan, and a serious nuclear power plant disaster broke out at Fukushima prefecture.

We the Japanese used to be damaged from the atomic bomb long ago, and we were forced to be exposed to danger from the nuclear power. Why did the situation break out?

The energy form the atomic bomb learned to be used for a...

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《Six subjects on modern science》

1『Physics』

An energy from the atomic bomb has learned to be used for a nuclear power planet. Why?

If verifying it historically, a lesson will be clearly brought out when taking advantage of the energy of nuclear power.

2『Chemistry』

While materials become minute less and less in physics, paying its attention to diversity in chemistry.

There are various chemical elements like hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and so on. What kind of nature does each of chemical elements have? If making each of the chemical...

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