science,math and English

>> 499 【Deep blue plateau changed into the plateau!】


About 6 thousand big buffaloes what is called American bison used to inhabit in the plateau.There were also a lot of wolves and koyotes which predate the buffaloes,or plenty of other animals like prairie dogs,rabbits or weasels there.🐰


However,the area has turned into the gigantic desert.The area isn't what it used to be in the old days.What has made the plateau change into the desert?Did the buffaloes increase so much and eat up all the grass?🐮


As far as the wolves and koyotes which eat the buffaloes inhabited there,the buffaloes wouldn't increase extremely.


《The human race who hunted up all the bisons.》


White people started to hunt the buffaloes from the end of the 18 century.They used to kill the bisons so as to make use of them as food or raw material for clothes then.🍖


However,they learned to hunt the animals as only a recreation.By the way,I made a mistake.The number of the bisons wasn't 6 thousand,but 60 million.😳

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>> 498 【Balance in the biocommunity.】


『Commentary.』


Roughly speaking,there had been 4 thousand deer there until 1905.There had never been sharp change,but the human race started to hunt plenty of pumas and koyotes which ate the deer.☝


In consequence,the deer began to increase rapidly.To my surprise,they reached the number of 0.1 million in 1925,but a tragedy broke out after that.😱


About 60% of the deer starved to death in two years,for the predatory animals like pumas and koyotes died,and the deer increased extremely in a short term.The deer ate up all the grass.😣


Its answer is ②


Food chains of creatures are so complicated that we the human race can't control easily.Even if some creatures are harmful for us,they are some of the members which form the food chains.Thdy play an important part in the balance of the biocommunity.🐸


【Deep blue plateau changed into a desert!】


Deep blue plateau had spread over the middle western area in the U.S.A.until around the 19th century.🍀

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>> 497 【An imaginary pyramid of habits of living things.If a chain food is expressed in numbers…】


To put it in an extreme way,if a person tries to gain its weight just 1 kilogram,eating only with tuna,it needs to eat the amount of 10 kilograms of the tunas.♓


When figuring,the tunas should eat mackerels 鯖 by 0.1 ton,the mackerels have to do sardines by a ton.♓


【Balance in a biocommunity.】


The numbers of both the producers and consumers in the natural world is fixed through the food chain,though the numbers increase and decrease at one time.😃


The more herbivorous animals which eat some plants increase,the more flesh-eating ones which eat the herbivore do.As a result,the herbivore will decrease.Moreover the flesh-eating ones will.💡


『Question.』


No less than 60% of deer died in a plateau of the U.S.A.Why?


『Choices.』


①It had little rain,and the grass withered.


②The deer increased too much.

③The people let other herbivorous ones run there.


Please wait for its answer.💦

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【An imaginary pyramid of the habits of living things.If the food chain is expressed in numbers…】


As for the food chain,roughly speaking,if it's a pyramid,it'll be composed of four classes like the next.😃


The fourth class is made up with green plants.The third one is herbivorous 肉食 animals.The second one is small flesh eating ones.The top one is large flesh eating ones.😃


The more going upward,the bigger the creatures's body become,the less their numbers are on the pyramid.All amount of food which the creatures eat don't form their bodies.


All amount of food which the creatures ate don't change into the creatures' body.It's just a tenth.Other nine-tenths is consumed for some activities of the creatures like breathing,other and so on.🐯


Let's think over a marine food chain of which top is tuna.The tuna is such a big fish that it's 3 meters long,and its weight is 400 kilograms.It has to eat lots of mackerels 鯖 so as to maintain its huge body.♓

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>> 495 【Side view of food chain.】


《Biological concentration.》


Why did the cats and we human suffer from the methyl molecule? Considering biological history,the methyl molecule is artificial poisonous thing which has been recently invented by we human.☝


Therefore,none of any creatures have any mechanism which breaks down or discharge the methyl molecule.As a result,once beginning to being taken in the body,the artificial poisonous thing continues to being accumulated in the body little by little.💀


Both the cats and people went on eating the fishes including the methyl molecule everyday,if comparing with the fishes,they ended up taking in hundredth times of amount of the poisonous thing.😨


We call the phenomenon that specific material like the methyl molecule is taken in the body,and continues to being enriched biological concentration.If watering the poisonous thing down,and washing away,then is it all right? Far from it! We must correct its recognition.⚠

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>> 488 【Side view of the food chain.】 《A tragedy which was caused with a bi… 【Side view of food chain.】


《Methyl molecule began to hurt the people's brains.》


When the methyl molecule has a bad effect on our brain cell which controls the sense of sight,we'll learn to unable to see gradually.👀


When having a bad effect on our brain which controls motor nerves for our limbs,both our arms and legs are paralyzed,or convulsed.When having been harmful to our brain which controls our language,we won't be able to speak.👄


《Biological concentration.》


The methyl molecule in the Minamata bay was taken in phytoplankton or in seaweed.After that,the methyl molecule was accumulated in the fishes through the food chain.Finally,cats and we human ate the fishes and fell ill.😿


If we could recognize something unusual on the fishes,no one would eat the fishes,nor give the fishes to the cats.Fishermen and their family members ate the fishes,for the fishes looked ordinary,and safe.♓


While anything unusual appear didn't appear on the fishes,both the cats and we humans…

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>> 493 ほーい🙋先生もネ

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>> 490 先生、こんばんは もうかれこれ３年ですね。なかなか頑張ってますね！ To 中学生さん


Good evening,and thank you for your message.


こんばんは。メッセージありがとう。😃

I've not seen you for a long time.How are you?


久しぶりだね。元気!?🙋


This thread approaches an end,but I'm going to build the next one at once if it's over.


このスレは終わりに近づいてるけど、終わったらすぐ次のスレを立てるつもり。☀


Have a nice dream.

良い夢見ろよ。🌉

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>> 489 Minamata disease is awful. We learned about it when we were in primar… To 高校生365さん。
Hello,and thank you for your message.😃


As you told,I also find the disease is terrible.😥


In those days,we the Japanese seemed to enjoy blesseing of the rapid economic growth.On the other hand,we are forced to pay high price for our prosperity.💀


Science is a thing like a double-edged sword,I'm wondering.Science doesn't always make us happy.😠


Have a good night!🌠

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>> 489 Minamata disease is awful. We learned about it when we were in primar… To 高校生365さん。
Hello,and thank you for your message.😃


As you told,I also find the disease is

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先生、こんばんは
もうかれこれ３年ですね。なかなか頑張ってますね！

• << 493 To 中学生さん Good evening,and thank you for your message. こんばんは。メッセージありがとう。😃 I've not seen you for a long time.How are you? 久しぶりだね。元気!?🙋 This thread approaches an end,but I'm going to build the next one at once if it's over. このスレは終わりに近づいてるけど、終わったらすぐ次のスレを立てるつもり。☀ Have a nice dream. 良い夢見ろよ。🌉

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Minamata disease is awful.
We learned about it when we were in primary school and junior high.

• << 491 To 高校生365さん。 Hello,and thank you for your message.😃 As you told,I also find the disease is
• << 492 To 高校生365さん。 Hello,and thank you for your message.😃 As you told,I also find the disease is terrible.😥 In those days,we the Japanese seemed to enjoy blesseing of the rapid economic growth.On the other hand,we are forced to pay high price for our prosperity.💀 Science is a thing like a double-edged sword,I'm wondering.Science doesn't always make us happy.😠 Have a good night!🌠

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>> 487 【Side view of the food chain.】


《A tragedy which was caused with a biological concentration.》


The old man kept the cat.The cat's behaviors had been strange for several weeks.😺


It learned not to move ahead straight at first.Before long its hind legs fell into a convulsion so often.Sometimes it learned to turn round and round as if it had gone insane.In addition,it also learned to go on dribbling よだれを流す.And at last,it was dead.😹


A number of 121 cats were kept at the Minamata city then.To my surprise,no less than 79 cats died mad.What made them be dead?None of the people could guess what's happened in the fishing village.😹


《Methyl molecule began to hurt the people's brains.》


While the people had been anxious about the cats,plenty of the people began to fall down because of disease of which origin was unknown.Minamata disease broke out.💀


The Minamata disease was caused by methyl molecule which was included in industrial waste water of the factosy

• << 495 【Side view of food chain.】 《Methyl molecule began to hurt the people's brains.》 When the methyl molecule has a bad effect on our brain cell which controls the sense of sight,we'll learn to unable to see gradually.👀 When having a bad effect on our brain which controls motor nerves for our limbs,both our arms and legs are paralyzed,or convulsed.When having been harmful to our brain which controls our language,we won't be able to speak.👄 《Biological concentration.》 The methyl molecule in the Minamata bay was taken in phytoplankton or in seaweed.After that,the methyl molecule was accumulated in the fishes through the food chain.Finally,cats and we human ate the fishes and fell ill.😿 If we could recognize something unusual on the fishes,no one would eat the fishes,nor give the fishes to the cats.Fishermen and their family members ate the fishes,for the fishes looked ordinary,and safe.♓ While anything unusual appear didn't appear on the fishes,both the cats and we humans…

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>> 486 【Side view of the food chain.】


Almost all of the animals eat not only single one kind,but lots of things as food in the natural world.As a result,the food chain spreads as if it were lattices of a net.They are very complicated.😲


The more complicated the lattices are,the more stable the existence of the creature becomes.If the food chain is made of a single line,as if it were a single rope for tightrope walking.⚠


If the single line is cut down,all the creatures which are connected with the line will be dead.💀


《A tragedy which was caused with a biological concentration.》


An old man said to himself one day.“My cat died as if it had gone mad.”It was in Kumamoto prefecture in the 1950s.There is the Minamata bay in the Kumamoto prefecture.😺

The Minamata Bay is a kind of inland sea,and its waves are so calm that it had a good fishing ground.The old man was a good fisherman.Whenever returning from the fishing,he gave his cat plenty of little fishes which weren't suitable for sale.😺

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>> 485 【A food chain,the relation between the one which eat and the other which is eaten.】


There are food chains wherever creatures inhabit.As for the food chain,if tracing the creature which is eaten,we will always reach green plants.🌱


A starting point from the food chain is green plants which synthesize organic matters from inorganic one by photosynthesis 光合成,so we call the green plants producers in the natural world.🍀


A flesh-eating animal eats herbivore one 草食動物 as food in order to use nutriment which is produced from the green plants.🐯


In short,it's just that the animals use the nutriment.They eat direct or indirect the nutriment which was produced from the green plants,so we call the animals consumers in the natural world.♌


Both the fungi and bacteria break down thoroughly the organic matter like the carcass of animal,dung,,urine, fallen leaves,or withered branch into the inorganic one,so we call them the ones which resolve the one other into another in the natural world.🍄

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>> 484 【What's genetically recombination?】

《What's the problem on a vegetable which is genetically recombined?》


In this way,the marvelous technology of genetic recombination will be put to practical use in various fields,but we have to recognize deeply that we've artificially operated the gene which is essence for creatures,and we always need to consider the technology may cause something dangerous.⚠


【Connections among creatures.】


When inhabiting,a creature is always related to others,in particular animals,for without eating other ones they'll be dead.☀


What's a relation between the one which eats and other which is eaten?What does mean protecting natural world?It means the environment around us.☝


【A food chain,the relation between the one which eats and the other which is eaten.】


In a paddy field 水田,a grasshopper eats a rice plant,a frog eats the locust,a snake eats the frog,and a hawk eats the snake.The relations are the ones which eat and the others which are eaten.

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>> 483 【What's genetically recombination?】

《What's the problem on the vegetable which was genetically recombined?》


However,without being resolved in the least,the protein is absorbed in the intestinal wall 腸壁 as molecule,some set off allergy because of the protein.⚠


Modern scientific technology hasn't solved what kind of the protein causes the allergy very much.Even if being absorbed the same protein,some suffer from the allergy,others don't.🚨


Therefore,even if the Ministry permits to sell it because of its safety,all of us aren't safe.⚠


However,the technology of genetic recombination has been prospered not only in agricultural but medical scientific field.For instance,insulin,which is used for patients who have suffered from diabetes 糖尿病.☝

The medical supply has also been created with the technology of the genetic recombination.A DNA which creates the insulin for the human body is recombined into germs,and we make the germs increase,so we can produce plenty of them quickly.🎉

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>> 482 【What's the genetic recombination?】

《Difference between the genetic recombination and non genetic recombination.》


Even if the weed-killer makes the weed wither,the soybean which was recombined genetically hasn't been affected by the weed-killer at all,the soybean grows rapidly.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]


《A problem on the vegetable which is recombined genetically.》


Even if comparing the soybean which was recombined genetically with other one which wasn't,we can't distinguish difference between them at all,for both of their appearance,and taste aren't different a bit.What is a problem on the vegetable which was genetically recombined？☝


There are two different things between them.A recombined DNA and protein which was created by the DNA.The Ministry of Healthy,Labor and Welfare has inspected whether or not the vegetable which was genetically recombined is safe for the human body.🙋


Both the DNA and protein are used as nutriment,and there is no problem as far as they were resolved.🙆

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>> 481 【What's genetic recombination?】


《Difference between the genetic recombination and non genetic recombination.》


Difference of some crops between the genetic recombination and non genetic recombination is a protein which is made by the gene,it means what is called a DNA.😃


For example,as for the soybean of which gene was recombined,some gene which was taken out from the bacteria in the soil was recombined into it.☝


In this way,we call the way of taking out some genes from a creature and recombining it into other creature the genetic recombination.Some weed-killers don't make the soybeans into which some bacteria were recombined wither.The weed-killer usually prevents an amino acid which is indispensable for growth of the plant from functioning.🍂


However,the soybeans into which the bacteria in the soil was recombined never wither by the weed-killer,for the enzyme which is made from the bacteria in the soil isn't affected by the weed-killer at all.😲

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>> 480 【What's genetic recombination?】


The maker continues.

“We make use of fermentability 発酵性,and process the soybeans,change them into soy sauce.It takes about from 6 to 8 months.Then all the proteins in the soybeans are decomposed into amino acid or peptide.”


“As a result,any soybeans can't be detected from the soy sauce.Even if we use the soybeans in which genetic recombined ones are adopted,we don't have any obligation to announce it.”😚


“However,consumers demand us to show clearly whether or not we use the soybeans in which the genetic recombined ones are used so much that we've announced we don't use any soybeans in which any genetic recombined ones.”


Neither the fermented soybeans nor bean curds are decomposed into the amino acid or peptide.Therefore if we use the soybeans in which genetic recombined ones as raw material,we have to indicate it clearly,being based a food hygiene law 食品衛生法.🙋


As for soybean fiber おから,green soybean,fermented soybean,we're obliged to show it.😃

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>> 479 【Mutation.】


Lots of the mutations occur automatically,but some of them are caused by chemical materials or large quantities of radioactive materials.If reproductive cells like a sperm or ovum 卵子 mutate,some unfamiliar nature appear.They'll be quite different from Mendel's law.😲


【What is genetic recombination?】


When trying to buy some fermented soybeans 納豆,or bean curds 豆腐 in a supermarket,we happen to see some phrases on a wrapping paper of the supermarket.They say like the next.😃


“We don't deal with any soybeans in which genes are recombined.”


Our country Japan imports almost all of the soybeans from foreign countries such as America,Canada,or Brazil.We process the soybeans and the raw materials change into cooking oil,fermented soybean paste 味噌,or soy sauce.One of their makers has a comment like the next.😃


“The soybeans are raw materials of soy sauce.They're crops for genetic recombination,but Japanese ministry of health,labor and welfare has proclaimed they're safe.”👍

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>> 478 【If making the disguise of inheritance throw off…】


In the low,a A faces a T,and a C is opposite a G.The combinations doesn't seem to be changed,for neither the A faces the G,nor the C is opposite the T.😃

In short,if an arrangement of one side is GGCTAGC,the other one will surely be CCGATCG.If cutting the ladder in the center,and composing them,the two same DNAs of the same arrangement of the base are.We call the phenomenon self-reproduction of the DNA.💡


When a cell divides into two,and two of them have the same genes,it's connected with the arrangement of the bases.😚


【Mutation】


The DNA is usually reproduced precisely,according to the law of the arrangement,but the arrangement makes a mistake though it seldom occurs.Then the function of the genes is out of order.😱

For example,if one of the bases changes its combination,a shape of a red blood corpuscle 赤血球 changes.Its tip becomes sharp.😚


We call the structure of the DNA changes mutation.The mutation occurs automatically,but…

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>> 477 【If making the disguise of inheritance throw off…】


Varied ways of taking out of the gene have been reported at internet.When looking at its experiment,someone said like the next.☝


“It's as if it were starch syrup 水飴.”for it saw the DNA twined around a stick made of glass.Other said the DNA resembles the white of an egg.I'm wondering if it's connected with the experiment in which the chicken's liver was adopted.🐔


It was in 1953 when the gene has proved to be substance of the DNA for the first time in the world.About 90 years had passed since Mendel discovered the law of the gene.😃


We call the molecule of the DNA double helix 螺旋,for it's as if a ladder was twisted.There are 4 kinds of chemical compound on the things which are equivalent to steps of the ladder.We also call them bases 塩基.☀


We call each base A,T,G,C.Two bases face each other on a thing like a stair.It stands in a line on a thing like the ladder.It extends on and on.😃


Its combinations seem to have some laws.😃

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>> 476 【What's heredity?】


《Inheritance concerning a person's earwax.》


If your earwax is dry,it means that you have two of『w』in your cell. You've received the genes from each of your parents.They are expressed with ww.👂

On the other hand,if your earwax is wet,it means that you have two of『W』or one w and one W.Then your gene is WW,or Ww,but even if we watch our earwax zealously,we can't recognize whether it's WW,or Ww.😂


If either of your parents has dry earwax,your gene is Ww.If both of your parents have wet ones,without getting married to others,no one can't acknowledge what kind of gene you have.😚


If you have a child who has dry earwax,your gene prove to be Ww,but there is possibility that the ones who have wet earwax happen to be born one after another,so it doesn't always mean that we can surely recognize.👂


《If making the disguise of a gene throw off…》


If using a chicken's liver or broccoli,everyone learns to take out the DNAs easily and to look at them with naked eyes.

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>> 475 【What's heredity?】


《Inheritance concerning a person's earwax.》


I'm afraid it's impolite of me to ask like the next,but is your earwax white and dried out,or blown and wet? Roughly speaking,as for the earwax,it is said no less than 85% of the whole Japanese have dry earwax,the rest of brown wet ear earwax.👂

New cell always appears and old ones come loose and fall from the lower part in the skin which covers all over our body.The old ones are mixed with sweat,fat and dust from the outside.They are the earwax.👂
　　　　　　　　　
The hole in the external ear is covered with the skin which has glands.The glands 腺 secrete 分泌 sweat or fat.If the more sweat and fat are secreted in the external ear,the wetter the earwax becomes,the less the drier it becomes.👂


Whether it's drier or wetter depends on heredity.While a gene which makes the earwax become wet is dominant,other one which makes the earwax become dry is recessive.We call the dominant one W,the recessive one w.👂

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【What's heredity?】


《Question》


When crossing tall pea and low one,their children are all tall ones.Then if crossing only tall children,what kind of grandchildren become? Please select right answer from the next options.😁


① Only tall peas.
② Tall peas and low ones.The two of them are the same number.


③ Tall peas and low ones.The ratio of the tall ones to the low ones is 2 to 1.


④ Tall ones and low ones.The ratio of the tall ones to the low ones is 3 to 1.


《An explanation.》

When crossing parents in which dominant gene,AA,appears and other ones in which recessive gene,aa,appears,their children are all dominant,Aa.😃


However,when crossing the children in which genes of Aa,as to the ratio of the gene,the grandchildren is the next.

AA:Aa:aa=1:2:1.


As a result,the ratio of the dominant gene to the recessive one is 3:1,for both the AA and Aa are dominant,so the nature becomes clear on the appearance.

The right answer is ③.

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>> 473 【What's heredity?】


《Ways of expressing genes.》


We call a pair of the chromosomes 染色体 of which size and shape are altogether same what's called 相同染色体.There is a pair of the 相同染色体 which make the pea become tall among the others.🐵

Therefore,when expressing parents'genes,we describe like AA,or aa,but when cells of sperm or embryo are produced,the number of chromosomes become half,for each one of the chromosomes goes ininto the cells of the sperm or embryo.😃


When the cells of the sperm or embryo are produced,cell division also happens,the number of the chromosomes.We call it reduction division 減数分裂.Then the chromosomes become half.🐰


When expressing the genes of the sperm or embryo of the cells,we use a single letter,like A,or a.🐸


By the way,when expressing something concerning science,I'm often used to adopt some technical terms like chromosome,chlorophyll and so on.I'm wondering when I use the technical terms.😚


The more we use a word,the more we are familiar with it but…😔

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>> 472 【What's heredity?】


《When parents' colors are yellow and green,their child's color isn't always yellowish green.Why?》


The thing which Mendel thought like a grain is a gene.In this way,he'd discovered the next law.😃


When crossing the one in which dominant nature appears and other one in which recessive nature appears,dominant nature surely appears in their child.We call it a law of prepotence 優性遺伝.🙋


《Ways of expressing genes.》


When expressing a gene's dominant nature,we make it rule to describe it with the alphabet's capital,as for the gene's recessive nature,we use a small letter.☝


For example,we call a gene of tall pea A,other one of low pea a.Furthermore,we call the parent's gene which certainly makes the pea tall AA,and other parent's gene which surely makes the pea low aa.🐯


The gene is above the chromosome 染色体 in the nucleus of a cell.As for the pea,there are 14 chromosomes.There is a pair of genes of which size and shape are same,so we describe like AA,or aa.💡

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>> 471 【What's heredity?】


《While its parents' colors are yellow and green,its child isn't always yellowish green.Why?》

In those days,they believed that parents' natures were mixed,and the mixed one was passed to their child.☝


However,to Mendel's surprise,when he crossed a pea of which pod さや was green and other pea of which pod was yellow,only the peas of which pods were green grew.There were none of the peas of which pods were yellowish green.😲


He also crossed low peas and high ones,but only the high ones grew.Then Mendel thought about the phenomena.💡
　　　　　　　　　
“The heredity of the pea may be caused like a grain.I'm wondering if every pea has two hereditary grains.If the grain which causes yellow pod exists with other one which causes green pod,it hides its nature.💡”


“I'm going on call the one of which nature appeared on the surface dominance,other one of which nature hides recessive.☝”


He repeated his experiments so as to make sure his thought was right,and…

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【Creatures' heredity.】


A child has sometimes different form,and nature from its parents.It's a Austrian clergyman,Mdndel who cleared up the mystery of heredity for the first time in the world.It was in 1865.


【What's an inheritance?】


The heredity is the next phenomenon. Creature's form,and nature are passed from their parents to their children,or the form and nature are passed from a cell to the next one.🐙


Mdndel was born in a poor tenant farmer in 1822.He earned his own school expenses,and became a clergyman.He tried to promote agricultural chemistry in his region.🌽


Then he made up his mind to study heredity on the plant,as part of the promotion for the agricultural chemistry.💡

He changed a part of courtyard into a field,and grew plenty of peas in the religious house.He sorted them by each character such as colors,and height of the stems.🍀


He counted them precisely by each character,and figured out each rate.Then the fact turned out to be clear unexpectedly.❗

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>> 469 《How does a plant increase?》


The whole ovule 胚珠 becomes a seed.When around condition of growing is arranged,the seed sprouts,and changes into a root,stem and leaf.🌱


While lots of seed plants increase with sexual production,some of them does with asexual production.For example,as for a potato,part of its bud transforms other potato,and the other one comes into bud,and goes on increasing.🍟


Yams 山芋 comes into bud on the surface of the stem,It's like a little yam,and the little one continues to increase.😃


A tulip increases with a bulb.We adopt other way.We make some hydrangeas 紫陽花,and azaleas つつじ increase with what is calldd plant a cutting 挿し木.🌼


We cut off each branch,stem,and leaf,and plant them on the ground.It's also a kind of asexual reproduction.😃


By the way,to tell the truth,I have little knowledge on the plants.It's shameful of me to say it,but I'm not sure the way of plant a cutting makes the branch,and stem come into bud.😳

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>> 468 【How does an animal increase?】


《As to a person,does its kind of egg change into a baby?》


However,we haven't understood yet very much how the differentation developes.A lot of scientists have tackled this problem.😃


As I've told before,roughly speaking,a grown-up is made up with 60 billion of cells,but it starts from only a single cell.😲


《How does plants increase?》


There are varied plants around us.Many of them are seed plants.As to the seed plants,wind or an insect carry its pollen to a pistil めしべ of a stigma 柱頭,as a result,its flower is pollinated 受粉.🌹


The pollen starts to grow a thing like a tube.The tube extends for its ovule 胚珠 through the pistil.When the nucleus of a thing which equivalent to a testis 精巣 in the pollen reaches the ovule,it's united with other nucleus of the ovule and forms an egg in the ovule.🎀


In this way,a fertilized egg of the seed plant is produced.The fertilized egg repeats segmentations like the animal,and become an embryo 胚.🌼

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>> 467 【How does an animal increase?】


《As to a person,does its kind of egg change into a egg?》


The fertilized egg of just only the single cell repeated the segmentation,and became a group of the cell of which numbers are over 100.😃


Then the cells cling to the wall of the womb of its mother.Until then,they'd lived,using their own nutriment,but they learn to be able to win enough nutrition and oxygen from its mother's body through her placenta 胎盤 from then.👩


At the same time,plenty of the cells repeating the segmentation divides into others which have different natures.Some of them change into the base of its skin,others become into the ones of the bone,and another ones the muscle.😃

The cells repeat the segmentation,and continue to change like that.We call the phenomenon of changing into other nature the cell's differentation.🐵


Without the differentation,our bodies are just a mass of flesh.Neither it has a backbone,limbs,face,nor hair.Therefore the differentation is very important.

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>> 466 【How does an animal increase?】


《As to a person,dods its kind of egg change into a baby?》


We'd already spend about 270 days until our birthdays in our mother's bodies,as a result,to be exact,our birthdays go back about 270 days from the days when we were born.👶


Precisely,each of us used to be a fertilized egg of which diameter is just 0.2 millimeter before 270 days from the birthdays.It was only a single cell.👶


An ovum 卵子 and sperm were united to form the fertilized egg.The ovum usually comes from its ovary once a month,and if it meets with the sperm within 24 hours,it'll be dead.☝


Contrary to it,about 0.1 billions of sperms come from a testis 精巣 at a time.About 100 sperms reach near the ovary,and only one is united to the ovum.😲


Only after a day,the fertilized egg starts to segment.It splits into 2,they change into 4,8,16…They continue to increase like that.Those cells don't separate.They cling each other.After the fertilization,the number of the cells are over 100.😺

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>> 465 【How does an animal increase?】


As to a simple cell like an ameba,its parent's body splits into two when increasing.It's also the reproduction,but not being done by a male and female.We call it asexual reproduction 無性生殖.😃


Except for the ameba,all the creatures have both the male and female.The female has an ovary 卵巣 in the body,the male a testis 精巣.😚


An egg is created in the ovary,and a sperm in the testis.Both the egg and sperm are the cells.The egg stores plenty of nutriment so much that it's bigger than an ordinary cell.☀


Contrary to it,the sperm is by far smaller than the egg,and it moves active.The sperm's head is almost occupied with a nucleus.The cells like the ovary and sperm exist in order to increase their descendants.We call them generative 生殖 cells.⛄


Bearing their young by male and female is sexual reproduction.🔞


《As for a person,does its kind of egg change into a baby?》


A birthday is the day when a mother gives birth to its child.👶

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>> 464 【How does the cell increase?】


《How long is a life span of a cell?》

A cell in which takes nutriment on the surface of the small intestine 小腸 dies in about 36 hours.As for numbers of the cell which dies per a second within the body,it's said that they are about 50 million.😲

However,other 50 million cells are produced newly.Some cells have long life span exceptionally.They are nerve cells,or the ones around the heart muscle.💓


Those cells sometimes continue to live more than 1 century,but many of the cells die halfway.If a lot of brain cells die,we forget what we've memorized,or we learn to be unable to do a thing which we can do until then.😱


While the cells of both the brain and heart live long,neither they segment 分裂 nor increase at all.They are different from others like a liver.😥


As a result,medical treatments for the heart or brain are hard.☝


《How does an animal increase?》


An animal certainly has its parents.All the creatures can create the same race.It's reproduction

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>> 463 【How the cell increases.】

《What kind of thing is the cancer cell?》
　　　　　　　It continues increasing limitlessly,and survives in varied internal organs.It's the cancer cell.😨


Comparing an ordinary cell with the cancer one,the cancer one has different peculiarity remarkably,for example,it's bigger than the ordinary one,its nucleus of the cell is also bigger than that of the ordinary one.⚠


《How long is the life span of the cell?》

If taking a bath,and washing ourselves,some grimes 垢 appear from the bodies.Without washing a head,its hair is full of dandruff ふけ.Both the grime and dandruff are dead cells.😚


Cells of the surface of the body die one after another because various stimulations damage them from its outside.💀


Other cells within the body also die or are destroyed by other ones when they can't play their roles.How long are the life span of the cells which are dead?😃


Roughly speaking,as for a person,its red blood corpuscle 赤血球 is 4 months,white blood one 2 weeks,in addition,…

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>> 462 【How the cell increases.】


It is said that the human body has plenty of cells.They are about 6 billion.If reckoning simply,segmentation 細胞分裂 repeats 46th times from a fertilized egg,it will become a human body of a grown-up.👨


《What kind of thing is the cancer cell?》


The cancer starts at the moment when a normal cell changes into cancer one.After segmentation repeats several time,the normal one will be dead,for it has a life span.😃


Contrary to it,the cancer one has such a longer life span that it isn't dead easily.Furthermore it repeats the segmentation so frequently that without stopping the cancer cell goes on increasing.⚠


The cancer cell has other feature.We cal it metastasis 転移 in medical terms.☝


The normal cell repeats the segmentation and is dead at a place where it was born.On the other hand,the cancer one can survive even if it's away from a place where it was born.🆘


The cancer cell change any places into other ones which are suitable for them.😨

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>> 461 《An animal and its cell.》


If comparing with a slim person,a stout one not only have much more fat cells,but the cell itself swells with the fat.😂


I'm going to express on a cell which creates a bone.The cell produces collagen of which shape looks like a fiber.The cell ejects the collagen outside the cell.The blood conveys calcium phosphate リン酸他カルシウム.☝


When the collagen is connected with the calcium phosphate,it becomes a hard bone.It doesn't mean that there is the calcium in the cell which produces the bone.💡


Anyway,all the phenomena which happens in the body of the creature such as saving fat,sweating,producing the bone,and resolving alcohol are being done by the cell.🐶


【How the cell increases.】


Whenever the cells split,they become double.If the split happens tenth times,the number of the cell will be 1.024.When twentieth times,1.048.576,thirtieth times,1.073.741.824 and so on.😃


In a word,whenever the cells split ten times,their numbers also increase to ten times.

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>> 460 【Structure of a cell.】


《A simple cell and other.》


The epithelium cells 上皮細胞 forming a mucous membrane 粘膜 gather on the most inner part of the stomach,and they form an aggregate 集合体 of epithelium tissue of which thickness is just a few millimeters.😃

Cells of stomach gland 腺 which produces gastric juice 胃液 gather here and there on the epithelium tissue.Muscle cells gather and form muscle tissue is formed outside the epithelium tissue.😚


《An animal and its cell.》


Very minimum cells of which each size is just a dozen of micrometers repeat segmentation 分裂 and increase to huge numbers.In addition,each cell makes a contact each other,and plays a role respectively.We are forced to say a creature's body is marvelous.😲


By the way,micrometer is equal to one-thousandth of 1millimeter.☀


By the way,if eating too much,extra nutrition becomes fats,and it's saved within our body.Then the fat is saved in the fat cell.😺

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>> 457 【Structure of a cell.】 《The cell membrane 細胞膜 .》 Its thickness is … 【Structure of a cell.】


《What is called 液胞.》

When a plant grows,some wastes are released.They are saved in a thing like a bag.It's the 液胞.Pigment 色素 which is base of color of the flower is also stored there.🌷


《A simple cell and other.》

We call a creature made of only thing a like ameba and paramecium 草履虫 simple cell.Contrary to it,we call other one in which plenty of cells gather like us humankind,earthworm,and onion what we call 多細胞生物😃


As for the 多細胞生物,some cells of which shapes and functions are same gather and become a tissue 組織.Some tissues gather and become an organ which plays a part.Some organs gather and become an individual.💡

It's said that the body of a person is made from no less than cells of 6 billion.The cells are classified into about 200 kinds of cells which have different nature respectively.😲


I'm going to take the case of a stomach,and to express on the cells which form the stomach.🙋


I hope this response of mine succeeds in sending to the bulletin board.🙏

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>> 458 【What's happened?】


I've just responded to my thread,but to my surprise,it's a few lines which appeared on the screen of my cellphone.It took about 1hour to express my response.It's a waste of time.😚


I've wanted to fill this response with my complaints,but I'm afraid it's not worth reading,so I'm going to express other story.😚


While I've loved English and studied it for years,my English ability isn't so good as I expected,for when expressing myself,we have to take account into its place,occasion,and objective.☝


Whether or not it's formal,it's also so important that after due consideration,we have to,but to my sadness,I can't.😫


I'm sure I can make myself understand in English,but it's not enough.I'm not sure how I continue to study English.The best way is to communicate with as much people as I can in English,especially with English native speakers.🔤


The trouble is that I'm not good at associating with others.What should I do?💧

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>> 457 【Structure of a cell.】


《What is called a 液胞.》


It's a thing like a bag in which some

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>> 456 【Structure of a cell.】


《The cell membrane 細胞膜 .》


Its thickness is only a 0.1 millionth.The cell membrane doesn't only divide the outside and inside the cell,but plays more important role.While the cell membrane takes in what the cell needs,it emits what the cell doesn't need.💡


The functions in which choosing substances,taking in,and ejecting materials make the cell be alive.If the cell membrane didn't take in anything like a vinyl,or it takes in everything even if it needs or not like a paper,the cell will be dead.💀


《What we call the 細胞壁.》


The cell membrane is covered with the 細胞壁 in vegetation.The cell membrane is a thing like a soft film.It's filled with liquid.If the soft cells are piled up high,they'll crushed instantly.🌱


The plants don't have any skeleton like animals.Instead,they have what is called 細胞壁 each solid cell membrane.The plant supports its body as if it heaped up some concrete blocks.🍀

• << 460 【Structure of a cell.】 《What is called 液胞.》 When a plant grows,some wastes are released.They are saved in a thing like a bag.It's the 液胞.Pigment 色素 which is base of color of the flower is also stored there.🌷 《A simple cell and other.》 We call a creature made of only thing a like ameba and paramecium 草履虫 simple cell.Contrary to it,we call other one in which plenty of cells gather like us humankind,earthworm,and onion what we call 多細胞生物😃 As for the 多細胞生物,some cells of which shapes and functions are same gather and become a tissue 組織.Some tissues gather and become an organ which plays a part.Some organs gather and become an individual.💡 It's said that the body of a person is made from no less than cells of 6 billion.The cells are classified into about 200 kinds of cells which have different nature respectively.😲 I'm going to take the case of a stomach,and to express on the cells which form the stomach.🙋 I hope this response of mine succeeds in sending to the bulletin board.🙏

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>> 455 【Structure of a cell.】


I'm going to try to express how the cell is,and how the human body is made from each single cell.🙋


While its appearance is different,minimum unit which consists of creature's body is the cell.It's just the cell which forms all the creatures such as an earthworm,human,elephant,and whale.The cell's size is almost the same.🐳


Plants and animals have common cells.They are a nucleus,the cell membrane 細胞膜,and cytoplasm 細胞質.We call a combination of the nucleus and cytoplasm protoplasm 原形質.😃


There are things which the plants have,but the animal doesn't.They are chloroplast 葉緑体,what we call 細胞壁,and 液胞.🌱


The 細胞壁 is mainly made of cellulose and pectin which is surface of the plant.The cell's components are chiefly water and protein.
① The nucleus and cytoplasm.


There is a gene in the nucleus.Things the inside the cell membrane which are except for the nucleus are cytoplasm.🐘

② The cell membrane.

The cell membrane is very thin.It's thickness is only…

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>> 454 【Creatures which don't have backbones.】


《An insect's feature.》


Roughly speaking,the insects have common feature like the next.🐝


① The body is divided into three parts such as a head,breast,and body.


② There are three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings on the breast.


③ There is what is called a 気門 on the side of the breast and body.The insect breaths with the 気門.The 気門 are small holes.


Sensory organs like an ocellus 単眼,compound eyes,and antennae gather on the insect's head.If information is sent from the sensory organs to the brain,it will be delivered to its muscles which make its legs and wings function.🐛


Not only organs for movements like legs and wings,but developed muscles collect on the breast.There are 気門 both sides of the body and breast.😃


The air which is taken from the 気門 reaches through the trachea 気管,and spreads the whole tissue.🐞


By the way,while there are a great variety of creatures,they have common structure each other.😚

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>> 453 【Creatures which don't have backbones.】


《Arthropod.》


It's main reason is the framework outside the body has developed.Surface of the body changed into hard and close so much that various problems were settled with regard to inhabiting on the ground.👍


The framework outside the body prevents the body's water from dehydrating when inhabiting on the ground.Gravitation didn't use to any problems as long as they inhabited in the water.☝


The framework outside the body can support its body against the gravitation on the ground.Besides,as for structure,the framework outside the body is so solid that it can protect inside the body enough.Moreover it has learned to own muscles in order to take into action quickly.🎊


《An insect's feature.》


The insect belongs to the arthropod,so its body is covered with the framework,inside the framework has developed muscles so much that it can go into action swiftly.🐞


The insect's kinds are by far more than any creatures on the earth,and…🐜

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>> 452 【Creatures which don't have backbones.】


《A baby necked clam 浅利》


The clam has a heart,stomach,and bowel.The internal organs are covered with the shells.The shell is made from calcium carbonate 炭酸カルシウム like limestone,if acids are pouring into it,it'll melt.😱


The shells function as armor in order to prevent the clam from eating with its enemies.It belongs to a mallusc 軟体動物 like an octopus, squid,and snail on the ground.🐌

By the way,the clam has several names like a short-neck clam,a baby-necked one,and littleneck one.All three names have necks,but where is the neck in the clam in the world?😚


《Arthropod 節足動物.》


A crab,lobster,and insects like a spider,tick ダニ,and centipede 百足 belong to the arthropod.The arthropod means every joint of the body has each leg.♋


The arthropods' kinds are so much in the creatures that we can come across them everywhere like on beach,near freshwater lake,on the ground,or in the air.Why have they thrived so far?☝

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>> 451 【Creatures which don't have backbones.】


《A short-neck clam.》


The single short-neck clam purifies about water of 1 liter by filtering everyday.By the way,the short-neck clam isn't a spiral shell,but a bivalve 二枚貝.Therefore 🐚 is in the wrong to be exact.It cannot be helped.😂


The short-neck clam has a thing which is equal to a leg,but judging from its shape,it resembles a tongue rather than a leg.I'm sure there should be more proper way of calling,but I'm not sure of it,so I call it the leg for the sake of convenience.☝


When moving,the short-neck clam continues to expand and contract the leg as if the tip of the foot hooked the sand into some extent.The two shells are connected with a thing like a hinge 蝶番.It's a ligament 靭帯.🐚


When feeling it's in a dangerous situation,it shuts up with two shells tightly,using its strong muscle.The adductor muscle of the shellfish is so strong that it can't be easily opened by human power.If trying it,we can recognize it easily.😁

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>> 450 【Creatures which don't have backbones.】


【An earthworm.】


However the ground is dry,as a result,even if the earthworm can run away from the mole,it's forced to come across other formidable enemy.It's the dried ground.🆘


Though it's simple,the earthworm has not only a heart,blood tube,but also digestive organs from a mouth to anus,and nervous system.😃

A thing which is different from other creatures is that a single earthworm has both sex organs for a male and female.We call the creature hermaphroditism 雌雄同体😚


《A short-neck clam 浅利.》


The short-neck clam inhabits in the sand of shallow sea.Its adductor muscle 貝柱 is vertical in the shell,and a thing which is equivalent to a foot of other creatures' is below the shell.The clam sticks out two water pipes on the sand.It absorbs some seawater with the one water pipe,and exhausts with the other one.🐚


At first,the short-neck clam absorbs some seawater with some sand which contains lots of microbes,and takes nourishment in its body.🐚

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>> 449 【Creatures which don't have backbones.】


《An earthworm.》


The earthworm inhabits in a place on which the sun doesn't shine direct such as being within damp soil or under a leaf.☀


While it doesn't move in a dug hole in daytime,it appears on the ground and eats an organic matter like a dead leaf,and swallows other organic matters with soil at night.🌠


Without digesting,soils are discharged from the earthworm's body as excrements like a dumpling 団子.It's said that oxygen and water so easily pass through the soil that the soil is the best for a plant.👍


The earthworm has no skeleton.When moving,it's just its muscles expands and contracts,it's very slow.While it doesn't have any eyes,it has cells which can detect light on the surface of the body.Therefore it can avoid the sunshine,and protect itself from being dried.☀


A mole is the worst enemy for the earthworm.It's said that the earthworm feels the mole's vibrations,so when detecting it,the earthworm escapes on the ground,but…

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>> 448 【Creatures which don't have any backbones.】


《An earthworm.》


Darwin learned to take interest in an earthworm after finishing sailing around the world.He caught and dissect 解剖 some of them.☀


He clarified a process that swallowed soils were broken into pieces.Besides he got some excrement 排泄物 in definite areas.He leveled them and measured its thickness.😃


He dug up the meadow where he scattered kinds of chalk 30 years before.The chalk is limestone including some shells.It's white and small stick.When writing something on a blackboard,we usually adopt it.😃
　　　　　　　　　　
He concluded like the next.A speed that the worm buries the piece in the even ground,it means that amoun of soils cultivated with the worm a year,is 6milimeters.


The worm inhabits in a place which isn't exposed to direct rays of the sun,for example,in soils becoming moist,or under dead leaves.🍂


It's doesn't move very much in daytime.It's in a hole of the soil where it dug up by itself then.

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>> 447 《Living fossils―Lungfishes and coelacanthes.》


We think the Amphibia 両生類 had evolved from ancestors of lungfishes and coelacanthes a half billion years ago.🐸


【Creatures which don't have any vertebrates.】


All the big animals inhabiting on land are the vertebrates at present,but invertebratas are by far more than the vertebrates in the world in relation to their numbers and kinds.🌏


It's said that about 3.8billion years have passed since the creatures were born,but it's 5billion years ago when the vertebrates like fish appeared in the creatures' histories.🐡


Let's suppose that the 38billion years of the creatures' history shortened only a day,24hours.The vertebrates appeared at p.m9：00 on the day,to my surprise,we humankind at p.m11:57😲


How long the world of the invertebrates continued then! In addition,there were minute form of lives like bacteria on the earth then.☝


I'm going to express on some invertebrates in the next responds.👍

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>> 446 【History of the vertebrates.】


《Living fossils―a lungfish and coelacanth.》


After that,long long years had passed,some fishes which were suitable to inhabit in rivers and marshes.They had both gills えら and lungs.They adopted gills in rainy seasons, lungs in dry seasons.🐠


Some lungfishes in Africa secrete 分泌 something which makes a thing hard.They strengthen some muds around them with the secretions and creates things like cocoons 繭 and survive in the dry seasons.🐡


On the other hand,other fishes which had stable bones and muscles on their pectoral fin 胸ビレ.Even if they landed on shore,they could support their bodies with their pectoral fins.Their Offsprings are coelacanthes.🙋


They had caught about 200 coelacanthes until the middle of 1990s.They've displayed the coelacanthes' replicas and stuffed animals in museums all over the world.😃


It's the Comoro Islands between the South Africa and Madagascar where they caught or saw plenty of the coelacanthes.

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>> 445 【History of the vertebrates 脊椎動物.】


《What is called ナメクジウオ is the ancestor of the vertebrates.》


While the ナメクジウオ has both a mouth and digestive organs,it has no jaw.After absorbing the seawater in,it filters out impurities.It takes only planktons as nutriment.😃

The ナメクジウオ has a name of ウオ,but it doesn't belong to fish.It doesn't have any backbone,it's just there is a notochord 脊索 せきさく through from its head to its tail like a stick.😚

The vertebrates always learn to have the notochord when a fertilized egg changes into adult.We humankind used to have notochord when being unborn children.👶


As to the ナメクジウオ,in a process of vertebrae 脊索 is created,the notochord is absorbed in bones of the vertebrae,but the ナメクジウオ has the notochord which is an origin of the vertebrae,so we've regarded the creature as the ancestor of the vertebrates.😃


《A living fossil―a lungfish and coelacanth.》


Fish appears in the sea about half a billion years ago.We can recognize it with its fossils.🐡

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>> 444 【Creature which have each backbone.】

《Numbers of some vertebrates 脊椎動物 laying eggs or bearing their young.》

Some goshawks lays a few eggs once,and some elephants bear only one young once.🐘


After laying their eggs in the water,they don't take care of their young with regard to the frogs and snakes.As a result,almost all of the eggs are eaten with other creatures.While no less than thousands of eggs are laid,no more than a few ones can survive.😱


Any snakes don't protect their eggs,but they lay their eggs in places which are by far safer ones like on a dead tree,or under a big stone,so the numbers of which they lay their eggs become more less than the frogs and salmons.🐍


【History of the vertebrates.】


《What is called a ナメクジウオ is ancestor of the vertebrates.》


What we call a ナメクジウオ live in the seabed,and is very thin as if it were a toothpick.It's just about from 3 to five centimeters,and comparatively white.While it has nerves,it has no brain.😃

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>> 443 【Creatures and their histories.】

《Creatures which have backbones.》　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　A lobster,crab,and insects’bodies are covered with their frameworks.We call the frameworks 外骨格.As to the vertebrates,possessing the 内骨格 is their remarkable feature.♈
　　　　　　　　　
Temperatures around the poikilotherms 変温動物 such as the amphibians 両生類,fish,reptiles change their bodies' temperature.They don't need any energies which maintain their bodies' temperatures,so comparing a homoiotherm 恒温動物,they can live with little food.It's a strong point for the poikilotherms.🐍


However,the poikilotherms' actions and spheres of inhabitants where they live are greatly influenced with the temperatures around them.🐢


『Numbers of which the vertebrates lay eaggs,or other numbers of which other vertebrates bear their young.』


As for numbers of laying eggs,or bearing their young once are varied.A salmon which belongs to fish lays from 1000 to 5000 eggs.Some frogs from 1800 to 3000.Some snakes from 4 to 17.🐡

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>> 442 【Animals and their histories.】


I'm going to express splendid structures and histories of their bodies.🐗


《Animals which have backbones.》


『Vertebrates.』

A vertebrate is a backbone.We call an animal which has backbone within its body the vertebrate.As for the vertebrate,there is a skull on the backbone,and the skull has a brain.🐍


Sense organs gather around the brain,and the brain adjusts its body's function so approximately that the animal catches its preys quickly when finding them.🐢


Developed muscles stick to the bones,so the animal can move actively.The vertebrates are classified in mammals,birds,reptiles,amphibians 両生類,and fish.🐡

The mammals,birds,reptiles,amphibians, and fish have the backbones,so we call them the vertebrates.The vertebrates have not only the backbones,but the skulls which defend their soft brains,and lots of other bones.The other bones support and function their bodies smoothly.🐬


Their bones are inside their bodies,so we call the bodies 内骨格.😃

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>> 441 【The nervous system,which is the headquarter of the body.】


《What is 低体温症 which robs a mountaineer of its life？》


If our body can't adjust our temperature,it's just that we'll be dead.💀


First symptom of the 低体温症 is trembling.It looks like the one of a fatigue,so we are apt to think we'll recover as long as we take a rest enough,but if neglecting proper treatments,lower and lower,the temperature of our bodies go down,to make matters worse,adjusting the temperature becomes hard.🆘


If the temperature of human body becomes under 30℃,even trembling of our bodies stopping.We suffer from mental derangement 精神錯乱.For example,making noise in loud voice,or starting to take off our clothes.😨


Finally,we become unconscious,and die from cold.💀


【Animals and their histories.】


If comparing with structures of plants,animals' ones are great varieties,for their ways of catching food are also varied.They've adapted severe circumstance and survived so far.🐫

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>> 440 【The nervous system,which is the headquarter of the body.】


《What is a reflex?》


When reacting,we aren't conscious of our reactions then.We react before the receiving stimulation is sent to our cerebrums 大脳.😃


In this case,except for the cerebrum,other central nerves like a spinal cord 脊髄 issues orders to the motor nerves.👀


Thus,we call the reactions caused with the orders from the central nerves except for the cerebrums reflexes.The time from receiving the stimulation to the reaction is so quick that we can protect ourselves from the harm.🙌


《What is 低体温症 which robs a mountaineer of its life?》


Several mountaineers lost in the mountains of Hokkaido prefecture at summertime in 2009.No less than 10 mountaineers were killed.At least,six of the ten mountaineers were dead with the 低体温症.💀


The temperature of our bodies is always maintained evenly,from 36 to 37℃,for cells of the brain stem 脳幹 in the central nerves watch and adjust the temperature without a break.😲

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>> 439 【The nervous system,which is the headquarter of the body.】


《The autonomous nervous.》


The autonomous nervous controls circulation,breathing,digestion,perspiration,regulation of body temperature,and internal secretion 内分泌.😃


Our bodies judge situations around us,and conditions in our bodies with what is called the 体性神経系,and the nervous autonomous exactly,and maintain our better conditions.🙋

《What is a reflex 反射?》


An attack of a flesh-eating animal for its prey,or running away of a herbivore 草食動物 from a dangerous thing are reactions of which the animals are conscious.🐮


Then stimulation is sent to the cerebrums 大脳,and the cerebrums judge the situations,and we react.Except for the reactions,all the animals sometimes react instantly.🐵


For example,we close our eyes when something comes flying at us unexpectedly,or we withdraw our hands when touching a hot kettle instantly.😚


Then our bodies react before we recognize what we touch,or what kind of thing came flying at us.☝

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>> 438 【The nervous system which is the headquarter of a body.】


〔Explanation.〕


In the central nerves,being based on information which arrived,orders are issued to some organs like muscles through motor nerves.☝

For instance,if finding a cake which looks delicious in front of us,we take and eat it.🍰


Right choices are ②,③,⑤.


《The autonomous nervous 自律神経系.》

The action of taking the cake which looks tasty in our hands and eat it is done with our own will.We call it a voluntary reaction.🍰

Contrary to it,some other nerves control some other functions which have nothing to do with our own wills.For instance,we can't control circulation,breathing,digestion,perspiration 発汗,controlling one's temperature,internal secretion 内分泌 with our own wills at all.Then we call the functioning 体性神経系 😣


We call the nerves which control the functions of having nothing to do with our own wills the autonomous nerves.😚

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【The nervous system which is headquarters of the body.】

〔A question.〕

Please choose right ones from the next sentences.


〔Options〕

①A grown-up's cerebrum 大脳 is made up with about a million of cells.


②The central nerver means a brain or spinal cord 脊髄.


③A peripheral nerves 抹消神経 are composed of motor ones and sensory ones.

④We call a nerve which conveys information from sense organs like eyes or ears to the central nerves a motor ones.


⑤We call a nerve which delivers information from the central ones to sensory ones motor ones.


〔Explanation.〕


It's said the grown-up has about 14 billion of neurons in its cerebrum.The neurons are in liaison 連携 with each other,and function,so we can maintain our health.👍


The information from the sensory nerves throuh the sensory organs such as the eyes or ears is conveyed to peripheral ones like cerebrum, cerebellum 小脳, medulla oblongata 延髄 or spiral cord through sensory organs.

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>> 436 【The effect of immunity.】


《Discovery of antibody.》


The bacteriologist discovered a laboratory animal.Even if poisonous substance of the illnesses was injected into the animal,it didn't become sick.😃


When investigating its blood,he detected an antibody which supresses an effect of the poisonous substance in its blood serum 血清.💡

What is the blood serum? The blood has a factor which congeals 凝固 itself.When getting rid of the factor from the blood plasma 血漿,we call it the blood serum.☺


In this way,Shibazaburo Kitazato read a thesis of immunity on the diphtheria and tetanus 破傷風 with a joint signature of one of his colleagues in 1890,The thesis received the Nobel Prize of physiology and medical science for its achievement in 1901.🎊


However,strange to say,instead of the Japanese bacteriologist,it's only his colleague who received the prize.😱


By the way, everyone is limited to write within 1000 letters,but originally we can express more 24 letters here.I've thought I lose.😒

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>> 435 【The effect of immunity.】


《The system of immunity by antibody.》

The mucus 鼻水,tears,and saliva include substance which weaken functions of the alien substance,therefore animals lick their wounds.🐻


As I've expressed so far,the animals have functions which always maintain their health.We call them 免疫 in a Japanese word.The Chinese character of 疫 means a plague.In this case,it's an epidemic.Other Chinese one of 免 means escaping from something.💡


In a word,if saying other words,the immunity is the function of escaping from epidemics.🙋


On the other hand,when contracting HIV,its virus ties with the lymphocyte which functions of the immunity.It prvents the lymphocyte from protecting its body,The virus hinders immunity.💀


《Discovery of the antibody.》


It was one of typical Japanese bcteriologist,Shibazaburo Kitazato who discovered the antibody.As for diphtheria,or tetanus 破傷風,their poisonous substances generated from their germs cause the illnesses.⚠

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>> 434 【The effect of immunity.】


《The system of immunity by an antibody 抗体.》


When having a cold,we sneeze,or have fever.Why? Plenty of symptoms of the cold are caused by virus.👹


A lymphocyte which is kinds of the white blood corpuscles fights against the virus.The lymphocyte creates a substance of the antibody,and attacks the virus with the substance.🆚


The antibody ties with the virus and deprives the virus of its function,or it helps the white blood corpuscles to digest the alien substance.😃


Why do we have fever when catching cold? When our bodies recognize invasions of the virus,our brains order our bodies to raise their temperatures.☝


The order makes activities of the lymphocyte so active that our bodies become easy to remove the alien substance.😃


When beginning to have the cold,we are apt to cough or sneeze,in fact the symptoms play roles as barriers which drive the alien substance away.👍


Moreover,mucus 鼻水,tears,and saliva also take part in the immunity.👀

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>> 433 【The effect of immunity 免疫.】


《System by immunity of white blood corpuscle 白血球 and lymphocyte リンパ球.》


However,if an alien substance is too much,the white blood corpuscle takes it in as much as possible,and dies.Pus 膿 is dead bodies of plenty of the white blood corpuscles.There may be a fight between the alien substance and the white blood corpuscle somewhere in our bodies just now.🆚


Without getting rid of the alien substance well,we'll be sick,if worst comes to worst,we'll be dead.💀


For instance,when the number of the white blood corpuscles decrease because of being given anticancer drug or receiving radiation treatment,if pathogens 病原体 invade in the blood from lungs then,the pathogens will spread over the whole body,and we'll end up having high fever,or suffering from labored breathing 呼吸困難 and so on.🆘


Then our whole bodies deteriorate rapidly,and our lives are in danger,so we have to cure ourselves as early as possible.🚨

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>> 432 【Mechanism of throwing away some waste from the body.】

When the symptom becomes worse,we suffer from being convulsed 痙攣,or 意識障害.Then we have no choice.We must undergo artificial dialysis 人工透析,or we may be dead.⚠


【The effect of immunity 免疫】


《The system of immunity by white blood corpuscle 白血球 and lymphocyte リンパ球》


When a zebra is attacked with a lion or a person falls down,they are injured,a microbe 微生物 or virus invade their bodies from gaping wounds.Then white blood corpuscles start to fight with the invaders in order to protect their bodies.😃


The white blood corpuscles on the blood always travel around the whole body.Even if the invaders make a raid on the body from any open sore like a mouth or nose,the white blood corpuscles prepare for fighting with them.🆚


When the white blood corpuscle recognizes the invaders break into the body,it begins to fight with them instantly,takes the invaders into the cell,and digests the invaders.👍

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>> 431 【Mechanism of throwing away some wastes from the body.】

The kidney doesn't only filter some wastes in the body,but adjusts an amount of water in the body so as to maintain moderately,about 60％ of its weight.😃


We call the water which is filtered from 糸球体 to ボーマンのう in the kidney 原尿,and an amount of the 原尿 reaches no less than 160liter a day,but all amount of the 原尿 isn't discharged from the body.🙅


Some water,sodium ナトリウム,grape sugar,and amino acid are absorbed in capillaries again before the water is discharged.As a result,it's about 16 liter which is actually released from the body as urine.It's just that one-hundredth of the 原尿.😲

Thus,our bodies take in things what we need throug the complicated procedures,and maintain ingredients of the blood regularly,but instead of releasing,what if some waste remains in the body?😨


In the first symptom,we are easy to be tired.When its condition becomes worse,we suffer from decreasing appetizing,nausea,headache,and become inattentive.😥

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>> 430 【Mechanism of throwing away some wastes from the body.】

Cells made of creatures' bodies have been active in varied ways,using nutrients and oxygen conveyed with the blood.😃


For example,a heart's cells continue to expand and shrink,a liver's ones resolve a toxin into other thing.Thus,when the cells are in activities,the activities generate some wastes such as carbon dioxide,ammonia and so on.😚


The carbon dioxide melts into what is called 組織液 which flows around cells,goes into the blood through capillaries.The carbon dioxide in the blood reaches a lung,and comes out from a mouth or nose with breath.💨


The activities generated ammonia as the toxin when protein is dissolved.The blood with ammonia is conveyed to liver,then the ammonia changes into less poisonous matter like urea 尿素☝

The urea melts into the blood and is carried away to a kidney,and it is filtered there,and transferred to the bladder 膀胱😃


The kidney's size is a fist.Its shape resembles a broad bean 空豆😃

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>> 429 【Is the blood red or blue?】


There is a pigment 色素 called hemocyanin in the arthropod 節足動物 or in the mollsuc 軟体動物.The hemocyanin makes the blood look blue.♋


The hemocyanin is colorless and transparent,but when connecting with oxygen,it changes into blue.It conveys the oxygen like the hemoglobin.It's not in the blood but in the lymph fluid.🐙


By the way,hemoglobin has some atoms of iron,so it's originally dark red,but when combining with the oxygen,it turns into scarlet.♋

【Mechanism of throwing away some wastes from the body.】

All the animals digest foods and take in the nutrients from the digestive organs to the blood vessels.If fibrous thing isn't digested,it will be sent to the large intestines.😃


There are some germs in the intestines,and some parts of the wall of the intestines come off.Those things are also conveyed with the fibrous things which isn't digested to the big intestines.They are discharged from excretory organs 排泄器官.💩

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>> 428 【Secrets of blood and blood vessels.】


In addition to the ones which have the shapes,nutrients like sugar content,fat,amino acid,and alubumin also flow in the blood vessels.


The red blood corpuscle 赤血球 makes hemoglobin convey oxygen.


The white blood corpuscle 白血球 kills germs which invade in the human body.

When bleeding,the blood platelet 血小板 helps to stop bleeding.


The blood plasma 血漿 is made of liquid,and transports some nutrients,carbon dioxide,and some wastes.It oozes from openings of a capillary 毛細血管,and becomes what is called 組織液 which surrounds a circumference 周辺 of the tissue.☝


The blood gives oxygen and nutrients to the cells,and carries away carbon dioxide,and some wastes to excretory organs 排泄器官.💩


【Is the blood red or blue?】


All the creatures don't have red blood.Some of them have blue blood.For instance,arthropod 節足動物 like a lobster,and crab,and mollsuc 軟体動物 like a squid,and octopus correspond to the blue blood.🐙

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>> 427 【Mechanism and function of the lungs.】


《Continuation of the explanation.》


Therefore,even if there is carbon monoxide 一酸化炭素 in the air,we can't recognize it.Moreover,it's easy to connect with the hemoglobin.☝


As for combination with the hemoglobin,comparing with oxygen,the carbon monoxide is as hundredth times easily as the oxygen.😲


Even though,little amount of the carbon monoxide,if we take it in our bodies,the amount of the oxygen which is conveyed decreases.As a result,we'll be exposed danger of death.💀


Answers are ①.②


【Secrets of blood and blood vessels.】


It's said that total length of the blood vessels in human body is 90 thousand Kilometers.Making around the earth is about 40 thousand kilometers.The total the blood vessels are two and quarter times as long as that one.🌏


Varied things flow in the blood vessels,for example the ones which have shapes such as red blood corpuscles 赤血球,leukocytes 白血球,blood platelets,血小板,blood plasma 血漿,and nutrients like… 😃

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>> 426 【Mechanism and function of the lungs.】


Some people seem to die from carbon monoxide 一酸化炭素 poisoning every winter.If going on using a heating system like a kerosene fan heater in a room of which door is closed,oxygen in the room will continue to decrease,and incomplete combustion 不完全燃焼 will be caused.⚠


As a result,if there is a person in the room then,it'll be dead because of the carbon monoxide. 💀


【Question】


Please choose the right ones from the next sentences.


【Options】

①A faculty that the carbon monoxide connects with hemoglobin is from two hundredth to three hundredth times as strong as oxygen.


②The carbon monoxide is gas of colorless and odorless.


③In the carbon monoxide poisoning of light illness,no one suffers from a headache,giddiness めまい,or buzzing its ears 耳鳴り.


④The carbon monoxide is heavier than the air.


【
Explanation.】


The carbon monoxide is nearly as heavy as the air.It's colorless and odorless.👍

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>> 425 【A chicken's heart.】

The coronary veins carry away carbon dioxide and some wastes from the heart.If the blood tubes are stopped up,brain infarction happens.😨


While the herat makes the blood circulate through the body,it uses some 5 percent of the blood as its own nutrients.☝


Roughly speaking,the coronary veins are parallel to the coronary arteries,and finally reach what is called 冠動脈洞 at the back of the heart.The 冠静脈洞 is directly connected with the right atrium 右心房.Venous blood 静脈血 returns from the whole body and joins the 冠静脈血.💓


When cutting the heart of the chicken and looking at its inside,we find the right and left ventricle of the heart 左右心室 there.The left one is made of thick mustle,and the right one is thin mustle.Why?😲


While the right venticle sends some blood for lungs which are near the heart,the left one must deliver plenty of blood from the left atrium through the body,so it needs the strong muscle.🐔

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>> 424 【The heart's mechanism and circulation of blood.】


Roughly speaking,there seems to be two kinds of blood tube.The one is an artery,and the other is a vein.😃


All the blood circulate through the body.Some of them start from the herat and others return to the heart.We call the former blood tube the artery,and the latter the vein.💓


There are some valves here and there in the vein.The valves keep the blood from flowing backward.💡


The blood in the artery has plenty of enzyme,and the color of the blood is bright red,contrary to it,the blood in the vein has little enzyme,and the color of the blood is dark red.💓


【A chicken's heart.】


We can buy a chicken's heart at a butcher's shop with a reasonable price.Let's strain our eyes to see the surface of the heart.💓


We can recognize some blood tubes on the surface.The ones are the coronary arteries 冠動脈 which give some nutrients and enzyme for the heart itself,and the others are coronary veins.💓


To be continued.😃

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>> 423 【After being absorbed in the body,how are the nutrients used?】


When running short of minerals such as calcium or phosphorus 燐,it's difficult for us to have both healthy bones and teeth.😥


【A heart,lung,and blood circulation】

Without stopping,hearts beat,and send some blood all ouer the body.How many times does the internal organ of which size is equivalent to the one of a clenched fist beat a day?💓


If beating 80times per a minute,4.8 thousandth times per an hour,and 115.2 thousandth times a day.In short,without stopping at all,our hearts continue working more than 100 thousandth times a day.How hard our hearts work!💓


However,if our hearts stop beating for just five minutes,we'll be dead perfectly,for essential nutrients and oxygen are never sent over each place in our bodies.💀


【The heart's mechanism and circulation of the blood.】


The heart of the human is made of 4 rooms like two atriums 心房 and two ventricles 心室.The two kinds of the rooms go slack and shrink by turns.💓

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>> 422 【After being absorbed in the body,how are the nutrients used?】


Then some energy generate.When using the energy,all the creatures become active.For instance,the energy make us see something,or think over a variety of things.👀


We call the mechanism of generating energy within cells what is called 内呼吸.After the energy,carbon oxygen and water are emitted.💨


When the amino acid is taken in the cells,it changes into materials which create proteins.Both the skin,nail,hair, and muscle are made of the protein.☝

Even the enzymes and blood which play active parts in the body are also made of the protein.Old protein is broken down.It changes into an waste like ammonia.😚


Creatures also need vitamin and mineral so as to exist.For example,as for vitamin A,it's taken in some protein,and functions at the retina 網膜 in eyes as a sensor for light.👀


When we are short of the vitamin A,we end up being a night blindness,which is when being in a dark place,its eyesight falls extremely.👀

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>> 421 【Absorption of nutrients】


Some grape sugar and amino acid are stored in the liver,and others change into fat or glygogen,and are sent all over to the body through the heart.❤


Contrary to it,fatty acid and glycerin go into a lymph vessel within downy hair,and two of them are united.They turn into the fat.🐷

The fat flows with lymph fluid around the place below the neck and join the blood,and is delivered all over the body through the heart.❤


Scarlet arterial blood contained lots of nutrients and oxygen starts from the main artery and reaches the capillary 毛細血管,then the blood gets each internal organ.🙋


By the way,the speed of the blood in the capillary like a fingertip is very slow.It's no more than at a speed of 1milimeter per second.😃


Therefore,when we get a scratch on the fingertip,the place never bleeds so badly.💡


【After being absorbed,how are the nutrients used?】


After the grape sugar and fat are taken into the cell,they are resolved with the enzymes 酵素,and …😃

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>> 420 【Is an enzyme a magician?】


It is said that hundreds of enzymes have been active within a human body.Every enzyme is the most active under temperature of 36 or 37℃.😃


The enzyme is made of protein,so if being under hot temperature,its nature changes.In addition to the digestive enzyme,a man and worm have in common in relation to other enzymes.😲


By the way,bile 胆汁 is secreted 分泌 from gallbladder 胆嚢,and doesn't include any digestive enzymes.It functions like a soap.It has a surface active agent 界面活性剤.☝

The surface-active agent makes the oil disperse around the water as minimum grains.Then it's easy to be digested.👍


【Absorption of nutrient】


The digestive enzyme changes the starch and protein other things.The former is a grape sugar,and the latter is an amino acid.🙋


The two of them are absorbed in a capillary 毛細血管 from downy hair inside a small intense.They are carried away to a liver.💨


Some of them are stored in the liver,and others change into fat or glygogen,and…

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>> 419 【Digestive organs of a man.】


All the food have to be changed into the tiny molecules which is easy to melt into the water in order that the molecules are taken from the digestive organs to inside the cells.😃


Molecules of fat and starch are very tiny,but it's said oil and water are out of harmony.The oil can't be melted into the water.Therefore the oil have to be turned into the one which can be melted into the water.We call it a digestion.💡


For example,some rice on which we live is a lump of starch.The starch is combination made of thousands of grape sugar.🍚


On the other hand,a meat's main constituent is protein.The protein is a combination of thousands of amino acids.🍖

【Is an enzyme 酵素 a magician?】


When putting some rice in our mouths,we find it sweet somehow,for an amylase of digestive enzyme in the saliva makes us feel that the rice is sweet.Without any amylase,the starch never changes into a malt sugar 麦芽糖,even if we bite it plenty of times harder.🍚

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>> 418 【Answers and explanations】


If a protein is resolved,it'll change into about 20 kinds of the amino acid.The bodies of all of the creatures on the earth are combination of the 20Kinds of the amino acids.🐨


Besides,carbon,oxygen,and hydrogen,atoms of nitrogen are also included in the amino acid.The nitrogen's atoms are absorbing in plants with water from the soil by root.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]

The right answers are ① and ③


【Digestive organs of a man.】


We call a way through a gullet 食道 from a mouth to anus what is called 消化管.A man's 消化管 is a long tube which is connected with the mouth,stomach,small and large intenses,and anus in turns.😃


Salivary glands,liver,and pancreas are also closely connected with the mans' digestion,and absobing some food as nutrient.All those organs which play important parts are generically called the digestive organs.


While we humankind take in some food as organic matters,we can't make use of the food as they are.Then the digestic organs plays the important part.🍖

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>> 417 【Main nutrient】


③Protein

It's the main constituent of cells and lots of amino acids are connected with each other within the cells.😃


The one in which several amino acids are connecting with each other is peptidic,the other in which dozens of amino acids are linked to each other is what we call ポリペプチド😃


【Question】

Please choose the correct ones from the next sentences.

①A hen's egg contains plenty of protein.

②A cucumber doesn't include any protein a bit.

③When the protein is resolved,it changes into the amino acid.

④There are no less than 100 kinds of amino acids.

⑤Any amino acids are made up with three kinds of atom like carbon,oxygen,or hydrogen.


Bodies of all the creatures have certainly the protein.In short,without the protein,any creatures don't exist.Whether it's a planet or animal,any creature has the protein.🐗

As for the amount of the protein,the cucumber is less than the hen's egg.When the protein is resolved,it turns into about 20kinds of amino acids.

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>> 416 【Main nutrient】


Each of the living cell breathes so as to get the energy.The next organic matters like carbohydrate,fat and protein become source of breathing,and creatures' bodies are composed of the three organic matters.😃

①Carbohydrate

It's grape sugar that plants create first organic matter.They make the organic matter from water and carbon dioxide with a photosynthesis 光合成🌱


When plenty of the grape sugar is connected with each other,they become starch,cellulose and so on.The starch is main constituent of bread or rice which are our staple food.🍚


On the contrary,the cellulose is constituent of some trees or some paper.If a way of connecting is different,different things of different nature are made.😲


②Fat

Plants also make oil from the grape sugar when photosynthesis is doing.All of the oils of sesame,rapeseed 菜種 or olive are generated from the grape sugar with the photosynthesis.🍀


③Protein

To be continued.🙋

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>> 415 【Digestion and absorption of nutrient】


I'm going to express on organic matters' nature,but to my sorrow,I have little knowledge on the organic matters,so my expression ends up being word for word.I'm sorry for it.💧
　　　　　　　　　
Organic matter's framework are atoms of carbon.Other kinds of atoms such as hydrogen,oxygen,and nitrogen are connected with the frame.😃


When trying to kindle the organic matters,they are charred 焦げる,and start to burn.Some of them give off light.🔥


While heating sugar or agar 寒天,they are charred,heating iron or salt,they aren't.The charred matter is a lump of carbon.The atoms of carbon which form the sugar or agar appeared when being heated two of them.🔥


【Main nutrient】


All the creatures need energy in order to live.Their cells take in oxygen from the outside.The cells use the oxygen and make the organic matter be oxidized.At the same time,water and carbon dioxide are generated as disused article.In general,we call the phenomenon a breathing.👆

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>> 414 【Homo sapiens】

It's said that the Homo sapiens is our direct ancestor.Its brain reaches no less than about 1500 centimeter cube.🐵


【Digestion and absorption of nutrition】

Carbohydrate 炭水化物,protein タンパク質,and fat.We call them of three main nutrients.They have common points.When we make them burn,they'll be scorched.Then carbon dioxide and some water are generated.😃


It means the three of them include atoms of carbon.The carbohydrate,protein and fat belong to organic matters.😃


There are plenty of atoms of the carbon in the center of the organic matter.Other atoms like hydrogen,oxygen and nitrogen surround the carbon ones.They are united each other.😚


Without absorbing the organic matters in its body,any creature can't live.While vegetables can create the organic matters like the protein or fat from inorganic matters like the carbon dioxide or water,animals can't.Therefore the animals have to take the organic matters into their bodies so as to live.😤

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>> 413 【When walking,learning to stand up straight,and changing its cerebrum 大脳 into a large-scaled one】


When being distinguished between we humankind and other creatures,what are the most obvious peculiarities?The one is when walking, standing with only our own two feet being and upright,and the other is having a bigger brain.💡

When walking upright and going ahead with two feet,two hands are free to use.It's said we human race have learned to use our hands at will,and created useful tools,for example,an ax made of stone,and a fishing hook made of bone.🎣


It seems that using our hands with our wills freely makes our cerebrum develop.☝

It's said the Australopithecus was a humankind in the early days.Roughly speaking,its capacity of the brain is 500 centimeter cube.In the next,ホモハビリス appeared.Its brain about 650 centimeter cube.🙈


Then ホモエレクトス like Javanese or Beijing primitive men appeared.Each their brain was about 1.000 centimeter cube.🙊

In the end,a Homo sapiens turned up.🙉

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>> 412 《Question》

⑤Both of the eyes which are on the face side by side.


《Answers and explanation》

If our ancestor were not the monkeys,neither we could have grasped a thing tightly,nor played baseball.⚾


It's said the monkey is an animal with four hands,for it can hold a thing not only with the hand,but with a foot.🙈

In addition,its palm of the hand has even fingerprints.When trying to catch a thing,the fingerprints prevent its hand from slipping.💡

Some monkeys which live on the trees move from one branch to others easily,and get a food.Their favorite ones are ripen fruits,nuts, berries and so on.🍇


When moving through a wood,from a branch to others,they need hands which grasp the thing tightly,and both of the eyes which are side by side on the face.They can judge the distance between the branches exactly with the both of the eyes.👀


The right answers are ②,④,and⑤

By the way,number of letters allowed to write decreases in this bulletin board.It's not convenient for me.😥

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>> 411 《Claws of the mammal》

Other mammal doesn't have any nails.Some have a claw like hook,and others hoof.Including our nails,they play different roles.✋


Our nails protect tips of the fingers which grasp a thing.Contrary to it,claws like the hook of the flesh-eating animals play a part of a wedge.When catching its prey,the claw is useful.🐯

On the other hand,when kicking against the ground vigorously,and moving forward,the hoof is effective.Plenty of the herbivore have developed their hooves so much that they can run in the plain,mountainous range,or even in cliff at full speed.As a result,they can protect themselves.🐎

《Peculiarity of the body of the humankind》

《Question》

It's said the ancestor of we the humanrace used to be a monkey on the tree.When starting to live on the ground,what kind of abilities did it get?Please select the right ones from the next.

①The brain became big.

②Fingerprints

③When walking,it stood up

④Hands which can catch a thing.

Oh!One more option!

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>> 410 《Options》

③The distance in which the gnu can run with full speed is by far longer than the one of a lion.

④The gnu has cuspids 犬歯

⑤We call watching a thing with both eyes what is called 両眼視.As for the range of the 両眼視,the gnu is larger than the lion.


《Answers and explanation》

The gnu is even-toed ungulates 偶蹄類,,it means having two hooves,and belongs to the cattle.🐮

The hoof used to be a hard claw of an end of the leg of an herbivore 草食動物 of which size is middle or large.😃

If the number of the claws are odd,we call the one odd-toed ungulates,or if being even,the even-toed ungulates.☝

A horse,tapir 獏,or rinoceros 犀 belong to the odd-toed ungulates,and the cattle,giraffe,deer,camel,or wild boar 猪 belong to the even toed ungulates.🐗
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　② and ③ are correct.　　　　　　　　
《Claws of the mammal》

Claws and nails play important part of protection of a soft tip of a hand,or leg of the mammal.Roughly speaking,there are sort of nail and others which are equal to the nails.😱

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>> 409 《An answer and explanation》


The birthes of the gnu are done intensively during about three weeks from January to March every year.🐮

After being born in a few minutes,the young of the gnus stand up,some of them can even run around after a few hours.Needless to say,almost all of them open their eyes instantly after the birth.👀

The young grow up and learn to travel with the adults around July,and then a herd of the gnus start to move,looking for the grass.🐮

It's not easy for even the gnus to cross a swift current,for even if they reach the bank of a river,they never try to do easily.🐮


As a result,sometimes hundreds or thousands of the gnus gather in the bank of the river,but once one of them begins to cross the river,others will follow it all together.🐮

① and ⑤ belong to the answers.

《Question》

Please choose the right ones from the next sentences.🙋

《Options》

①Hoof of the gnus are separated into four.

②The gnu belong to the cattle.

There are still other options…💦

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>> 408 《Mechanism and life of the herbivorous animal 草食動物》

Plenty of people seems to have looked at the herd of gnu swimm across a river on a TV program.,Why do the gnus continue a large-scale movement?🐮


African savannah has dry and rainy seasons.In dry seson,the plant which belong to rice plant withers.The gnu eats it as a feed.😃


Therefore,the herdr of gnus are forced to move other place where the rice plant grows.We know the gnus at Tanzania in the eastern Africa move no less than about 2000 kilometers every year.🐮

The distance is equal to the one from Hokkaido prefecture to kyushu area.😲

《A question》

Please choose a right one among the next sentences in regard to the gnu.

①When bearing a young,it's just only one which the gnu has.

②The young gnu doesn't open its eyes until ten days pass after being born.

③The gnu is such a good swimmer that it can swim cross easily even in a swift current.

④The gnu is never eaten by a crocodile.


⑤Lions move after the herds of gnu.
♌

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>> 407 《A skull shows its nature》

Once starting attack,the lion doesn't stop.It's said the speed of flinging itself on the prey is almost 80kilometers per an hour.It's just one of scenes that the lion drove a zebra to bay.♌

The lion caught the zebra on the back with the sharp front paw,pulled it down on the ground, mobilizing whole of the muscles.Then it bit the zebra on the throat fiercely.♌


Nerves of the zebra's neck were cut down with the lion's sharp fangs,so the zebra was dead,for its trachea 気管 was crushed.💀


The lions fangs are so sharp that they are suitable for cutting up the prey's body into pieces.In addition,the bone of its jaw supporting its teeth are thick and strong.♌

When looking at the teeth,we can recognize whether it's an herbivore 草食動物 or a flesh-eating animal.💡


《Mechanism and life of herbivorous animal》


A gnu belongs to the cattle.It inhabits in the African savannah as a herd from dozens to hundreds ones.🐮


Though,it doesn't resemble the cow at all.😳

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>> 402 《The lion doesn't always lead carefree?》 The young males of the … 《Positions of the eyes》

Roughly speaking,without looking back,we can't our back,but some animals can.👀


We call looking at a thing at the same time 両眼視.We humankind and lions have wide field vision for the 両眼視,but deer or zebras had narrow.♌


To my sorrow,I can't express why the field visions are different with regard to the 両眼視 any more.The book of 『大人のやり直し・中学生生物』says like the next.😳


The eyes of we humankind and the lions face the front,so we have wide field vision.Aren't the eyes of the deer and zebras side by side?😚

I have little chance of watching a structure of animal face.I've never seen any actual zebras at all,so I can't express the structure of the animal face any more.😂


We humankind can grasp how far a thing is away from us with the use of the 両眼視.We can't with only one eye.For example,we can't catch a ball flying at us with the one eye.☝


《The skull shows its nature》


When stalking to its prey, curling itself up,a lion springs on the prey from a lower position.♌

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>> 405 【To 中学生さん】

Even if it's over,I've never closed the thread.


終わったけど、スレはまだ閉じてない。😃

If you have something to ask me,without hesitating,please make use of it.Good night

聞きたい事があれば、遠慮しないで使ってね。お休み😪

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>> 404 終わったのかそっか……
私の方はこれからが見頃ですよ🌸

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>> 403 【To 中学生さん】

Good evening.I've never seen you for a long time.How are you?

こんばんは、久し振りだね。元気？😃

You mean《An English lecture for a beginner》,don't you?

《初心者英語講座》の事だよね。？


I'd expressed myself in English there,being based on a reference book,and I'd finished expressing its all the contents.

あそこでは、参考書を基に英語で述べていたけど、その内容は記述し終わった。👍


I have nothing special to express any more there with regard to the English beginner.


英語の初心者に関して、あそこではこれ以上記す事が特に無い。💦


By the way,it seems that spring has come,though it's still cold both in the morning and night.


ところで、もう春だね、まだ朝晩は寒いけど。


Cherry trees will be in full bloom soon at the place where I live,I'm wondering.How about your place?

俺の住んでる所では、直に桜も満開だろうな。中学生さんの所はどう!?🌸

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先生こんばんは
あっちのスレはどうしたの？

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>> 401 《The lion doesn't always lead carefree?》

The young males of the lion who were driven away from the pack inhabit without any lionesses for a while.The pack is made up with only the young males.♌


Without succeed in hunting,they are forced to starve to death.The immature male which have few experiences for hunting act as the pack,they end up being difficulty.♌


Each young male which got over the difficulty and survived approaches other pack including lionesses soon and challenges a fight with a mature lion which takes a command of the pack.♌


In short,the young male tries to take over the pack.If the mature one is very old and weak,its plan will be successful.Otherwise its behavior involves a risk for the death.💀

《Positions of the eyes》

While there are two eyes on the front part of the face in regard to we humankind,the eyes are each side of the face in relation to a rabbit,deer,and zebra.👀

The difference between we humankind and the animals is a visual field 視野👀.

• << 407 《Positions of the eyes》 Roughly speaking,without looking back,we can't our back,but some animals can.👀 We call looking at a thing at the same time 両眼視.We humankind and lions have wide field vision for the 両眼視,but deer or zebras had narrow.♌ To my sorrow,I can't express why the field visions are different with regard to the 両眼視 any more.The book of 『大人のやり直し・中学生生物』says like the next.😳 The eyes of we humankind and the lions face the front,so we have wide field vision.Aren't the eyes of the deer and zebras side by side?😚 I have little chance of watching a structure of animal face.I've never seen any actual zebras at all,so I can't express the structure of the animal face any more.😂 We humankind can grasp how far a thing is away from us with the use of the 両眼視.We can't with only one eye.For example,we can't catch a ball flying at us with the one eye.☝ 《The skull shows its nature》 When stalking to its prey, curling itself up,a lion springs on the prey from a lower position.♌

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>> 400 《Hunting of the lions》


It was one of the three lionesses which killed a gnu.It ran around a savanna,but the three lionesses ambushed for the game.♌


All the members of the pack such as the lion,lionesses,and cubs eat the killed game,but when the lionesses eat their game,the lion happens to come across,the lion drive the lionesses away.♌

The lionesses and cubs are forced to wait for their turns until the lion eats heartily.Surprisingly,the successful rate for the hunting are no more than 20%.Besides,they can't always come across the game.♌


Sometimes they can't get any game for no less than two weeks,so,a lot of the cubs which eat the game after the other adults will be dead from sickness,and starvation.💀


It's said that no less than 80% of the cubs will be dead before they become two years old.♌

《The lion doesn't always leads a carefree 気楽?》


The cubs of the lion become mature among the whole pack.When being 3years old,male of the cubs are driven away from the pack.😱

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>> 399 【Classifications of animals】

《Answers》

The lions can't catch their game 獲物 easily.When not hunting,the wild ones need to take a rest as plenty of time as possible.♌


Successful percentage are 20%.

The death rates are 80%

《Hunting of the lions》


It's only the lions which live with the pack 群れ.They belong to the cat family.As to almost all of the animals which belong to the cat family such as a tiger or leopard,they live and hunt independently.😺


The lions' pack is composed from several ones to dozens ones,including a lion,lionesses,and cubs,but when hunting,the lionesses take a command of it.♌

After dark,the hunting starts.Then some lionesses form a pack.This is one of scenes when hunting.♌

The pack of the lionesses discovered a herd of gnus.Five lionesses separated into two packs.The one is two lionesses,the other is three.♌


The two lionesses rushed into the herd of the gnus.The gnus who took a rest got flustered so much that they fell into a great confusion.😱

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>> 398 【Classification of the animals】


《Answers》


The short-neck clam belongs to the mollusk 軟体動物,ameba the protozoan 原生動物,the crab arthropod 節足動物,the sea anemone echinoderm 棘皮動物,the whale vertebrate 脊椎 animal,the earthworm what we call the 環形動物,the sea amemone ウニ echinoderm,the sponge sponge.


【A way how a flesh eating animal lives and mechanism of its body】


Let's think of a life of flesh eating animal which eats others.For example,a lion.♌


《A question》

The lion is called the King of beasts.Please choose the right answer among the options.♌


Ⅰ When hunting,how much successful percentage does the lion have?

'①20% ②40% ③60% ④80%


Ⅱ How much dead percentage does its cub 子ライオン have?


①20% ②40% ③60% ④80%

When looking at the lions in the zoo,they usually stretch themselves out leisurely.They seem to have plenty of spare time.How about a wild lion?♌


When hunting,the wild one spends a lot of energies,for it chases for large animals which are quick to run away like a zebra or gnu…

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>> 397 【Classification of the animals】


What we call a 環形動物.It has both the mouth and anus,and they are connected with a digestive organ.A lugworm belongs to what is called the 環形動物.😃

A mollusk 軟体動物 and echinoderm 棘皮動物.Their digestive organs are separated into a stomach and intentine 腸.☝

The body of the mollusk is soft,and plenty of others of the echinoderms have spines とげ on the surface of its body.A squid belongs to the mollusk,and a starfish 人手 the echinoderm.🐙


An arthropod 節足動物 and vertebrates 脊椎 animal have complicated stomach and bowel.The arthropod has a skeleton outside the body,and the vertebrates animal has the skeleton inside the body.😃

An ant belongs to the arthropod.A tortoise,dog,killifish メダカ,and we humanrace belong to the vertebrate animals.👨

《Question》
When being based on the classification,what kinds of the classification do the next creatures belong to?


《Options》

A short-neck clam 浅利,crab,ameba,sea amemone イソギンチャク,whale,earthworm,sea urchin うに,sponge 海綿.

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>> 396 【The ways how the animals live and mechanism of their bodies】


Animals can't make an organic matter such as nutriment of sugar content and protein from water and carbon dioxide like plants,so they must eat other creatures so as to live.🐯


Let's learn how the animals live and what kind of mechanism their bodies are.🐮


【Classification of animals】


I'm going to express how animals take in food,and their digestive organs.😃

A protozoan 原生動物.It has neither any mouth nor anus.It takes in nourishment from the surface of the body.A paramecium ゾウリムシ belongs to the protozoan.😃


Sponge 海綿動物.It has a hole which absorbs in sea water included its foods,and other one which discharges sea water from its body.A flower-basket カイロウドウケツ belongs to the sponge.😃


What is called a 刺胞動物.It has a mouth and a thing for digestion like a bag.A jellyfish belongs to the what we call 刺胞動物😃

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>> 395 【Fungi which propagates by spore,a mold and mushroom.】


In short,both of the mold and mushroom are made of hyphas 菌糸,and belong to the same sort.It's just that the places where each spore is produced is different.🍄


While the mushroom's spore is produced on the surface of the mushroom itself,the fungi's spore is created on the surface of its body,but the fungi doesn't create a thing like the mushroom itself.😃


As for the fungi,the mold especially exists everywhere on the earth,and plenty of the spores of the mold are flitting in the air.😚


However,the hyphas are too thin to recognize with the naked eye,so we don't notice until the spore is formed at the tip of the hypha and changes its color.😚


A lot of spores have toxins,and we are sometimes poisoned with them.On the other hand,there are some useful molds like bluish green mold 青カビ.😃


For example,we've produced an antibiotic,penicillin,from the mold.Besides,when producing foods ,we make use of it greatly.🙋

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>> 394 【Fungi which propagates by spore 胞子,a mold and mushroom】

A fungus is clearly different from an animal which has been active positively,so we used to classify it as a plant,but it has no chloroplasts 葉緑体,and is a parasite,strictly speaking,it's different from the plant.😃


In general,the fungus propagates by spore.Spores of fern and moss are produced within what we call 胞子のう,on the other hand,plenty of the fungi produce the spores on the surface directly.☝


When the fungi sprout,a thing like a thin thread spreads out.We call it hypha 菌糸.When comparing the fungus with mushroom,they seem to be different sorts,but both of the bodies are made of hyphas.They are composed of things like thin thseads.🍄


The mushroom makes the mushroom itself as a place for making the spores.I'm afraid it's hardly distinguishable.Speaking of the mushroom,the food occurs to us,but it seems to mean…⁉


I've tried to express it clearly,but to my sorrow,I can't.😳

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>> 393 【A seed plant】


A vascular bundle 維管束 has highly developed in a seed plant.It means mechanism of carrying nutrition produced in its leaves away,or transporting inorganic nourishments absorbed from its roots other places.🌱


The seed plant can put up with dry,and doesn't need water when being fertilized because of the vascular bundle.👍


The first plant which produced a seed is a gymnosperm 裸子植物.Except for a pine tree,the present gymnosperms are a ginkgo 銀杏,cedar 杉,and cycad 蘇鉄.🍀


The gymnosperm's ovule 胚珠 is unwrapped,so comparing with an angiosperm 被子植物,the gymnosperm is easy to be influenced with temperature and humidity from the outside.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]


The ovule is covered with an ovary 子房,so it becomes hard to receive the influence from the outside.It's the angiosperm.Its seed is created within a thing like a fruit.😃


When sprouting 芽生える,a morning glory 朝顔 spreads double leaves in the beginning among the angiosperm.We call it what is called 双子葉類,contrary to it,only a sigle leave extends like a rice plant is 単子葉類.

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>> 392 【The body of moss】


Its sperm has to move in the water so as to reach its ovum 卵子,so many of the moss grow in damp a place.🌱


【A fern シダ】


A fern belongs to real plants which adapt themselves to the land.A bracken 蕨,flowering fern ぜんまい,and こごみ which are food as edible wild plants,and ｳﾗｼﾞﾛ which has been used for a new year's decoration are ferns close to our everyday life.🍀


We can recognize its root,stalk,and leave.In general,its stalk is a subterranean stem 地下茎. Its root comes up from the stem.There is a route for nutritions like some water and other thing which was produced with photosynthesis光合成.We call it a vascular bundle 維管束[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]


There are plenty of things which include spores on the back of a leaf in some bracken.A lot of spores are produced there,when being matured,they scatter.😃


The spores which fell on the ground sprout,and change into things of which shapes are hearts.We call them 前葉体.

When being fertilized in the 前葉体,some water is indispensable for its sperm so as to reach its ovum.

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>> 391 【Moss】

The クックソニア's tip separated into two.The tip had a thing which had a spore 胞子.It was a simple plant.Typical moss belongs to a liverwort 銭苔,and hair moss 杉苔.🌱


Some theories insist that a fern シダ degenerated 退化 into the moss.To be exact,the クックソニア is different from the moss.It had no vascular bundle 維管束,so it didn't belong to the fern.The theory says it's a ancestor of the fern.☝


【The body of the moss】


We can't distinguish its root,stalk,and leave in regard to the moss,but Some moss and algae have temporary roots.🌱

The algae clings to a rock with its temporary root,and the moss also mainly use its root in order to stick.The ability of absorbing isn't so strong.The temporary roots are different from those of ferns or seed plants.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]


We can distinguish a male and female between the moss.It propagates with spores 胞子.Its pollination 受粉 needs some water.🍀


The water is indispensable for the moss to propagate,for…

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>> 390 【The algae's 藻類 features】


All the algae have chlorophyll 葉緑素,do photosynthesis 光合成,and produces their own nutrition for themselves.Therefore they can inhabit only in a place where sunlight can reach in the sea.☀

The algae does the photosynthesis with its whole body,and absorbs water and nourishment with the surface of the whole body,so we can't recognize difference between its root,stalk,and leave.🌱

Marine algae have a thing like a root.Its shape resembles the root,but the marine algae sticks to a rock with it.They can't absorb neither the water nor inorganic nourishment with the thing like the root.🍀

【Moss】


In the beginning of the Paleozoic era 古生代,the marine algae had advanced to the waterside,some of them reached on land.They seemed to be close to the moss.Roughly speaking,it's from 0.5billion and 50million to 0.2billion and 50million years ago.😃


It is クックソニア which has left as a fossil of a plant which reached on land for the first time.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]

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【Group and history of plants】


Roughly speaking,no less than 0.5 billion years have passed since creatures began to live on lands.It seemed that all the creatures used to live in the sea,there were no creatures on the lands,which used to be desolate.🌏


Let's learn group and history of the plants in accordance with botanical evolution.The creatures have gone to the lands from under the water.🌱


《The algae 藻類 which is a group of the plants and lives under the water》

Long long ago,the group of the plants who lived in the water seemed to be equivalent to modern algae.🍀


The algae was a little single cell in the beginning,but other algae in which plenty of cells gathered appeared.Its shape became big.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]

There are sea tangles 昆布,and seaweeds in the sea,duckweeds 青味泥 which belongs to the algae in the fresh water like a pond or river at present.🌱


《The algae's feature》


The algae's color are varied.Some are green,others brown,anothers red.😃

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>> 388 【The mechanism and work of a flower and seed】


《When looking at a fruit itself,we can recognize remainss of the flower》

In short,the things like hair are remains of stigma 柱頭 of the pistil.🌽


《Pollination 受粉》

I'm going to express a process of creating a seed from a flower.😃


At first,a pollen 花粉 which comes out from anther 葯 やく in its stamen 雄しべ needs to stick to stigma 柱頭 in its pistil.Thus,we call the pollen stick to the stigma pollination.🌼


Some insects carry pollens from some flowers away.We call them entomophilous flowers 虫媒花.Their petals are so large and vivid that the insects can notice them with ease.🐝

Furthermore,the flowers give off sweet fragrance,and produce plenty of nectar so as to attract the insects.Trees which belong to beech ブナ and rice plant 稲 are anentomophilous flowers 風媒植物 of which pollens are carried away by wind.🌱


Those flowers don't need the insects' help,so they have no petals at all.Their flowers aren't noticeable in the least.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]


By the way,the beech bears acorns 団栗.😃

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>> 387 【Mechanism and work of a flower and seed】


《A tulip and potato》


The tulip and potato used to flower and propagate 繁殖 with their seeds.As for the plants,the flower is the sexual organ which creates its seeds and propagates its species.🌷

《When looking at a fruit itself,we can recognize remains of the flower.》


After some flowers have fallen,can we recognize remains of the flower on the fruit? When looking at pea,we can see remains of a pistil 雌しべ at the tip of the pea.As to its root,we can recognize a stamen 雄しべ or calyx 萼 がく.🌱


The pea itself is the one of which ovary 子房 swells,and an ovule 胚珠 changes into a seed in the ovary.☝


As for an apple,when looking at the center of the fruit which is dented,there are remains of stamen and calyx.The part which we usually eat isn't equivalent to its ovary.Its core is equal to the ovary.🍎


Before removing the husks 皮 of a corn,there are plenty of things like hair on the corn.When looking at them carefully,the hairs are connecting with each grain.🌽

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>> 386 【A mechanism and work of a flower and seed】


《Correspondence of a flower and seed in regard with the angiosperm》


As a rule,the angiosperm comes out,its fruit is produced from its ovary of the pistil 雌しべ,and seed is also produced from its ovules of the ovary.Excep for the ovary,some other parts change into another ones like seeds.🍓


《A tulip and potato》


A tulip increases by bulb.Its ovary of the ovule becomes a bulb after finishing flowering,its seed is produced in the bulb.🌷


How about the potato which increases by seed potato?🍟


We human race have chosen a specific potato which bears more potatoes than others,and grown.As a result,almost all of the potatoes have flowers,but the flowers don't have nothing to do with their seed potatoes at present.🍟


However,if looking for the potato carefully in its field,we can be able to find some potatoes like a cherry tomato ミニトマト🍅


In this way,while the tulip increases by bulp,the potato propagates by seed potato,but…🍟


To be continued.😃

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>> 385 【Mechanism and work of a flower and seed】


《An angiosperm 被子植物 and gymnosperm 裸子植物》


Oh,I've made a mistaken again.I've confused 子房 ovary and ovule 胚珠.I've adopted the the word of 胚珠 two times in the last response.The first one means the ovary,and the second one ovule.I'm sorry for it!😳

The ovule is covered with the ovary like a rape アブラナ or pea in the seed plant,and some plants produce their seeds inside the fruit.We call them angiosperm.☝


Contrary to it,others have no ovary at all,and their ovules are unwrapped like a pine.We call them gymnosperm.Except for the pine,a ginkgo 銀杏,cedar,and cycad 蘇鉄 belong to the gymnosperm.😃


Flowers of the gymnosperm have neither petal nor calyx,their male and female flowers are out respectively.The gymnosperm's ovules are unwrapped,compared with the angiosperm,they are vulnerable to influences of outside like temperature and humidity.😚

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>> 384 【A mechanism and work of a flower and seed】


《A question》


Which plant does produce seeds among the next four?


《Choices》


①A tulip

②A potato

③A lawn

④A cedar 杉


A flower is a sex organ of a seed plant.The sex organ is the one which leaves behind its descendants.The flower usually has a pistil 雌しべ in its center.There are a stamen 雄しべ,petal,and calyx がく around the pistil.The tip of the pistil which is the center of the flower is a stigma 柱頭,and the root of the pistil which swells is an ovary 子房🌻


There are several tiny grains inside the ovary.We call them 胚珠.We can discover a tiny bag at the tip of the stamen.We call it an anthur 葯・やく.Pollens are produced inside the anthur.🎀

If being the seed plant,it always has pistil,stamen,and ovary,for it's necessary for the plant to produce the seed.🌷


When the flower falls,both of its fruit and seed are produced before long.In addition,the tulip,potato,lawn and cedar produce seeds.🌸


Its answer is all the four produced the seeds.😃

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>> 383 【Is dead cells more than living ones in a tree?】


Dead cells are by far more than living ones in the trunk of a tree.The dead ones need neither nutritions nor oxygen in a bit.Therefore even if it's so cold that they can't do photosynthesis enough in the tree in winter,the living cells can wait for springs,for the dead ones protect them from the cold.⛄


【Mechanism and work of roots】


A root not only support the plant itself,but absorbs inorganic matters from root hair.Sometimes the root stores up nutrition.🍀


The nutrition usually changes into starch which doesn't dissolve in water.It's saved as nourishment.Perennial plants 多年草 like a dandelion grows quickly,using its nutrition even though its stem falls down or it's reaped.🌼


Plants' important nourishments are nitrogen,phosphorus 燐,and potassium カリウム.We call them three elements of fertilizers.The fertilizers compensate for plants' nourishment which are apt to run short.😃

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【Mechanism and work of a stem】


A stem supports the part of a plant on the ground.Both inorganic and organic matters are carried from the roots to several places through some pipes.😃

We call the pipe where the inorganic matters are carried away 道管,and the other where the organic matters produced in the leaves are carried away 師管.We call the two of them a vascular bundle 維管束.The vascular bundle leads to the roots,leaves,and stems.🌵


【Is dead cells more than living ones in a tree?】


When looking at a section 断面 of a tree,we find the 師管 which is a route for the nutrition just inside the bark of the tree.🌱


There is a formative layer 形成層 inside the 師管.The formative layer is literally forming organization that a cell divides into two from the one.☝


When the cell is divided into the two,the one is dead and piled in 細胞壁 as lignin.The lignin connects with cellulose and becomes hard.We call an aggregate 集合体 of the dead and hard cell 心材.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]


To be continued.☀

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>> 381 【Photosynthesis and breathing】


The right answer is ①


When the plants don't get the sunshine,it's just that they only breathe.In a word,they get oxygen from the air,and emit carbon dioxide in the air.When they get the sunshine,they not only start breathing,but do the photosynthesis.☀
　　　　　　　　　
When getting enough sunlight,and the photosynthesis is done well,the carbon oxygen taken in their bodies with the photosynthesis is more than other which release with the breathing.☀


On the other hand,when the photosynthesis is well done enough,the oxygen released with the photosynthesis is more than other taken in with the breathing.🌱


In short,the more the photosynthesis is done,the more the plants relese the oxygen,and take the carbon dioxide.☝

Thus,even when receiving the sunlight,the work of breathing that using the oxygen and resolving the nutrition,and absorbing energy continues.👍

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>> 380 【Mechanism of a leaf】


Change of a water pressure in the cell makes the pore open and shut.Water is released from the pore.We call it transpiration.🍀


When transpiring,water in the plant decreases,but then amount of absorbing water and fertilizer increases.The pore isn't only an entrance for the water,but for carbon dioxide and oxygen.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]

【Photosynthesis and breathing】


Creatures need an energy in order to live.They spend their energy when catching for their games,or running away from their enemies.💨

When recognizing the place where there are their games,or the time when their enemies approach,even growing the creatures themselves,the energies are indispensable.They create the energy so as to live.We call it breathing.🍀


【Question】


Please choose a correct one from the next.😃


①Plants breathe both during day and night.


②It's only at night when the plants breathe.


③Without breathing,the plants can live.


I'm going to show you its correct interpretation in the next weekend.See you later.🙋

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>> 379 【Difference between a tree and grass】


Needless to say,there are a lot of undergrowth 下草 in the wood,but it's different from the one in a prairie.If we leave an empty lot alone for dozens of years,it'll change into a wood in Japan where it's warm,and has plenty of rainfall such as Japan.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]


Therefore,it's hard to maintain turf in a golf course.By the way,the turf in the golf links or stadium for soccer is perennial 多年生植物,and belongs to a rice plant 稲.Without mowing regularly,we can't maintain the turf.⛳


【Mechanism of a leaf】


A leaf transpires 蒸散,and does photosynthesis 光合成.There are plenty of chloroplasts 葉緑体 on the face of the leave.On the other hand,there are a lot of pores 気孔 on the reverse side.🌱


However,a water lily has pores on the face of the leave,for the reverse side of its leave is on the surface of the water.The pore is a tiny hole where water or air come in and out.😃


The pore is made of two cells.We call each them 孔辺細胞.🌵

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>> 378 【Difference between a tree and glass】


As a result,the grass grows tall more quickly than the tree,and as to receiving plenty of the sunlight,the glass has the advantage over the tree then.Thus the vacant field is filled with the grass.🌱


On the other hand,many other ones who were beaten in the competition of receiving the sunlight will die,but some of them can survive.Dozens of seasons pass and the spring came to a grass which were left alive several times.☀


The grass starts to grow from the surface of the ground every year.It puts forth buds from its seed,or umderground stem 地下茎,and grows tall.🍀


Contrary to it,comparing with the grass,the tree will learn to grow from taller position gradually.The tree becomes bigger and taller little by little every year,and becomes taller than the grass soon,the time when it win more the sunlight than the grass comes.☝


If anyone doesn't take care of the vacant field covered with grass at all,it'll change into a wood before long.😲

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>> 377 【Difference between a tree and glass】


The part such as their stalks and leaves on the ground of plenty of glasses wither in winter,but the tree doesn't.Even if some trees drop their leaves,they remain their trunks.🌵


Glasses are classified into an annual 一年草,biennial 二年草,or perennial 多年草,according to their living period,but in fact,there are the ones between the glass and tree like a bamboo.I'm wondering if a cactus サボテン belongs to the middle one.🌵


《Answers》


The persimmon is the tree,and the others are glasses in relation to the question1.😃


Its answers are ①,④,⑥,in regard to the question②


A lot of seeds of the glasses and trees put forth buds at a vacant land in spring.Both the glasses and trees do photosynthesis,receiving the sunlight.☀

While the glass spends its nutrition more and more so as to grow its stem tall,the tree has also other aims.It uses its nutrition in order to grow its stalk and roots hard,firmly,thickly.🌱

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>> 376 【The dogtooth violet】


It has so little time for photosynthesis that it's said that it takes no less than eight years to bloom.🌼


【Difference between a tree and glass】


《Question 1》


Let's classify the next fruits into a tree and glass.


《Choice》


①a persimmon 柿

②a banana

③a pineapple


《Question 2》


What is correspondent to a tree between the next sentences?


《Choice》


①It grows so long that it'll live from dozens to hundreds of years.


②It grows so short that it'll live for a year,at most a few years.


③Cells composed of its body are almost all alive.


④Cells made up with its body are almost all dead.


⑤A part on the ground withers in winter.


⑥The part on the ground doesn't die even in winter.


I'm going to express its details before the answers.😃


In general,a glass grows rapidly,a tree slow.While the glass creates a soft stem,and soft roots,the tree makes hard ones when growing.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]
　　　　　　　　　
To be continued.🙋

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>> 375 【Dogtooth violet かたくり】


A part on the ground of the dogtooth violet withers in early summer when other trees around the dogtooth violet stretch their leaves.Underground only rhizome 根茎 and seed of the dogtooth violet continues to grow in the rest of all other seasons.🌱


We also call the vegetation spring ephemeral owing to its transitory はかない life.The ephemeral is a short life like a mayfly かげろう as if it disappeared instantly it appeared,so we should call it a fairy in spring.👼


If the dogtooth violet grows in the glaring summer sunlight like a dandelion or sunflower,it will create a great amount of nutrition,but it has never done.Why?😚


The little dogtooth violet of which part on the ground is no more than 20cm has to store its nutrition and prosper,for it needs to survive in a forest or wood where tall trees grow before the trees grow their leaves.🍀


Flowers of the dogtooth violet bloom,and the plant makes its seeds only in a few month and dies after finishing preparation for the next year.🍂

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>> 374 【Vines】


The kudzu does photosynthesis and stores up plentiful nutrition during summer,its reddish purple flowers bloom in autumn,and its seeds are created.Its part on the ground dies in winter.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]


We Japanese have dug out up the roots of the kudzu in winter.We've crushed the roots into pieces,and soaked them in water,and made kudzu starch from ancient times of what is called Manyo 万葉😚


The kudzu starch is continued to make even at present,but it needs a lot of time and labor,so it's expensive.💸


As a result,instead of genuine kudzu starch,we take advantage of other kinds of starch like a potato or wheat for a kudzu starch cake.🍡


【Dogtooth violet かたくり】


A dogtooth violet inhabits north of middle area in main island in Japan.It belongs to lily,and grows in woods of deciduous tree 落葉樹 like an oak.🌵


Few trees spread its leaves enough in early spring,but the dogtooth violet grows its stalk and leave,and its reddish purple flowers bloom then,but…

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>> 373 【Competition of receiving the sunlight and varied plants.】


Thus,the rosette type which is suitable for the competition of receiving the sunlight makes use of its character that its stalks are short,and inhabit the place where other type of plants can't grow.🙆


【Vines】


Kudzu 葛 entwined with an utility pole 電柱,and wire netting of a wall,and spreads upward more and more in the height of summer.It's as if it spread like the ones of magic bean tree in English folktale,『Jack and a bean tree.』Kudzu belongs to the bean.😃


After kudzu put forth buds at the end of spring,its vine twined around high trees,and its leaves spread out.🌱


It doesn't need strong stalks supporting its own body,so it can spread upward faster than other plants of upright.It's also suitable for the competition of receiving the sunlight.☀


However,it has to continue to spread its vines to a place where its leaves can receive the sunlight.Therefore it needs nutrition for the long vines.The nutrition is stored up in its roots.🍀

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>> 372 【Competition of receiving the sunlight and varied plants】


When temperature is low like a winter,being able to spread its leaves near the ground is one of strong points.👍


However,the type of rosette spread its leaves near the ground,so when other plants surround it,it can't get enough sunlight.It's one of weak points.😩
　　　　　　　　　
Then,the type of rosette tries to erect its leaves so as to get more sunlight as thoroughly as it can,but if there are plenty of high plants around it,it'll wither.😭


Therefore,the type of rosette is apt to inhabit in the place being frequently trampled underfoot,but its stems are so short that even if being trampled underfoot,they don't break easily.😤


As long as its stalks are firm,it can spread its new leaves,even though its leaves are damaged a little.🙌


On the other hand,other type of upright can't imitate,for if being trampled underfoot,its stalks will be broken,and die.😭

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>> 371 【Foliage are in charge of producing,and others handle consumption】


A lot of plants have tall stems with leaves.The leaves spread upward as if someone stretched its hands,for they need to receive the sunlight as thoroughly as possible they can.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]


Roots absorb water and nutrition,it means inorganic matter like nitrogen,from the ground,and support their stems.🌱


【Competition of receiving the sunlight and various plants】


While all the plants have the same botanical features in relation to the next point that green leaves spread,and do the photosynthesis,their mechanism are classified into several types.I'm going to express them one by one.😃


A dandelion is a type of rosette.When looking down at the leaves of the dandelion,they are flat and spread radially.The leaves have a merit like the next.☝


As long as nothing blocks off the sunlight,they can receive plenty of the sunlight.Temperature on the ground is a little higher than that in the air,so it's convenient of the plants,for…🌼

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>> 370 【Living things which do photosynthesis have changed the earth's whole environment.】


In this way,the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreased sharply,moreover the oxygen released from the living things which do photosynthesis continues increasing in the atmosphere,as a result,21% of the oxygen is in favor of the atmosphere at present.🌏


Some of the oxygen have changed into the ozone layer over the earth.Thus the photosynthesis has made our earth change into other planet where various creatures can live.🌏


【Foliage are in charge of producing,others handle consumption.】


Roughly speaking,a planet is composed of a leaf,root,stem,and flower.The leaf creates nutrition,and others use the nutrition.🌱


While a green stem or flower do hardly the photosynthesis,almost all of the photosynthesis have been done in the leaf,so the leaf makes the nutrition,and others consume the nutrition.🍀

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【Living things which do photosynthesis have changed the earth's whole environment.】


Living things which were born on the earth for the first time couldn't create organic matter in the least.If only there had not been other kinds of living things,all of the organic matter on the earth would have been eaten up,and there would not have been any creatures.😃


Appearance of living things which use energy of sunlight and can produce organic matter with abundant water and carbon dioxide on the earth have changed our earth into other plentiful planet where varied creatures can live.👍


Furthermore,the living things which absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen have greatly changed components of atmosphere on the earth.🌏


Carbon dioxide,nitrogen,and vapor used to account for components of the atmosphere on the primitive earth,but the living things do the photosynthesis changed the carbon dioxide into organic matter,and preserved part of the organic matter underground as fossil fuel.☝

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【Condition on the photosynthesis】


Amount of the photosynthesis,which means an amount of grape sugar and starch with the photosynthesis,and its surroundings have relations like the next.

①The sunlight：the stronger the sunlight is,the more photosynthesis is done,but the phenomena has limit.☀


②Carbon dioxide：the denser the carbon dioxide is,the more active the photosynthesis is done,but the phenomena also has limit.🌱

③Temperature：There is proper temperature in order to make the photosynthesis be active.Neither below nor above the temperature,activity of the photosynthesis becomes weak.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]


【Grape sugar and starch which are produced by photosynthesis】


Plants of which color are green make the grape sugar directly by photosynthesis.A lot of the grape sugars are united,and they change into starch.🍀


Besides,the plants of which color are green compose protein and fat from carbohydrate 炭水化物 like the grape sugar or starch which are produced by photosynthesis,and from subtle manure like nitrogen,or phosphoous.

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【Why colored leaves 紅葉 happen?】


Leaves of some plants turn into red or yellow in fall.We call it the colored leaves in general.Mechanism of changing colors is a little different concerning the next two.Changing into red or yellow.😃


Leaves of a maple or dogwood 花水木 turn into red in fall when temperature goes down,for chlorophylls in the leaves are resolved,its color of green disappears.💨


Then supplying water for the leaves decreases.Grape sugar is produced in the leaves.It's sent to its roots and stems through its 師菅,but the 師菅 is cut down.I'm going to express its detail in the future.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]


As the result,the grape sugar remain collected in the leaves.Red pigment,アントシアニン is made from the grape sugar.🍁


As for yellow leaves like ginkgo 銀杏,its chlorophylls are resolved,and its color of green vanishes like colored leaves,but the アントシアニン is never made.🍁


Vanishing the color of green in the chlorophyll makes yellow pigment,carotinoid,lying originally in the leaves appear clearly,so the leaves turn into yellow.

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>> 364 【Plants make nutrient by photosynthesis.】 In other words,energy of t… 【Plants make nutrients by photosynthesis】


Leaveas are green,for there are plenty of chlorplasts 葉緑体 including chlorophyll 葉緑素 in the leaves.🍀


The sun emits sunlight like red,orange,yellow,green,blue,deep blue,and purple.The chlorophyll mainly absorbs the blue and red light,and does the photosynthesis with the energy of the sunlight.☀


However,it absorbs little green light between blue and red ones,as a result,when the green light is shining on the leaves,the leaves reflect the green one.☀


We see the green one which is reflected from the leaves,so we recognize the leaves are green.☀

There are also chlorophylls in a beefsteak plant 紫蘇 and sea tangle 昆布.Let's put them into alcohol of which degree from 40 to 50℃.Then chlorophylls in the two of them begin to melt in the alcohol,so its color changes into green.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]


Its right right answer is ②.


By the way,the more we use words,the more they become familiar with us,I'm sure,but I have little chance for using the chlorophyll,or chlorplast in daily life.😂

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>> 365 《To 高校生さん》


Hello! Thank you for your response.😃

You are right.It's ②.I make it a rule to express this thread on Saturday basically,so please wait for its detail until weekend.🙏


Neither I'm good at science.I've expressed my English on the plant,being based on a book,『大人のやりなおし 中学生物』,written by左巻健男、左巻恵美子, published from softbank Creative.It costs \952,it's reasonable.👍


If you are interested in it,I recommend you should read it,for it's easy to understand.🙋


Have a good night,and have a nice dream.🌉

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>> 364 Hi,good afternoon!

I thought the answer of the question was ②.
Did I choose correct answer? Lol

I used to poor at studying science including about
the plants.
So forgive me.

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>> 360 【Plants make nutrient by photosynthesis 光合成】 《A question》 When summ… 【Plants make nutrient by photosynthesis.】


In other words,energy of the sunlight is shut in the organic matter.It is only the plant which can the organic matter from inorganic substance.👍


Without being exposed to the sun,plants can't do the photosynthesis.If using up nutrient as store,no plants will grow.😱
　　　　　　　　　
Its right right answer is ①　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
【Question】


There are some plants of which color aren't green like red beefsteak plant 紫蘇 and sea tangle 昆布.Do the plants have the chlorophyll 葉緑素?☝


《Choices》


①They don't have the chlorophyll,but other matter substitutes in place of the chlorophyll.


②They have the chlorophyll,but other pigment 色素 hides the chlorophyll.


③They have chlorophyll,but the it combines to other matter,so it's not the chlorophyll any more.


Chloroplast 葉緑体 is a grain which includes pigments of of the photosynthesis in a cell of the plants.It's the place for the photosynthesis where grape sugar ブドウ糖 or are created.🌱

• << 367 【Plants make nutrients by photosynthesis】 Leaveas are green,for there are plenty of chlorplasts 葉緑体 including chlorophyll 葉緑素 in the leaves.🍀 The sun emits sunlight like red,orange,yellow,green,blue,deep blue,and purple.The chlorophyll mainly absorbs the blue and red light,and does the photosynthesis with the energy of the sunlight.☀ However,it absorbs little green light between blue and red ones,as a result,when the green light is shining on the leaves,the leaves reflect the green one.☀ We see the green one which is reflected from the leaves,so we recognize the leaves are green.☀ There are also chlorophylls in a beefsteak plant 紫蘇 and sea tangle 昆布.Let's put them into alcohol of which degree from 40 to 50℃.Then chlorophylls in the two of them begin to melt in the alcohol,so its color changes into green.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ] Its right right answer is ②. By the way,the more we use words,the more they become familiar with us,I'm sure,but I have little chance for using the chlorophyll,or chlorplast in daily life.😂

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>> 362 《To 高校生さん》


In fact,I hate it.I would be happy if a lot of people read my English in this bulletin board,but I can't help it.😚


I hope my thread will be registered at a site which is paid attention with plenty of people some day,but to my sorrow,I find it impossible!😂


When expressing myself in English here,I'm forced to use plenty of unfamiliar words like chlorophyll,chloroplast and so on.Without them,I can't.It prevents the others from reading,I'm wondering.😥


However,exposing my English to plenty of people makes my English improve,I hope so,even if it's just that few people read.😚


I have little chance to talk with others in English,so my expression is apt to be long…💦


I'm going to go to a factory from now,for I don't have a day off today.Have a nice day!🙋

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You're welcome.(^o^)
But most of people living here don't understand this science,I guess.You okay even they can't read?
Anyway your english skill is enough.Haha

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>> 359 WHAT THE FUCK IS GOING ON HERE!! LOL I am tired to read what y… Thank you for your message.😃


I'm not a science teacher at all.It's just that I happen to be interested in science which is comparatively easy to understand.💦


To tell the truth,I used to hate study in my teens,but when starting to learn English,I've tried to express plenty of things in English in order to improve my English abilities.😳　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 I find it interesting,to express myself in English,except for math.😚

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>> 358 【An experiment of ヘルモント in relation to an willow tree】 Roughly speak… 【Plants make nutrient by photosynthesis 光合成】

《A question》


When summer grass grew thick,I put a cardboard box ダンボール箱 of which lid was covered with aluminium wheel in order to prevent sunlight from shining on the summer grass.🌱


The air came in and out from the cardboard box,and I left it alone for about three weeks.How did the plant blocked from the sunlight change?😁


『Choices』


①Almost all of the summer grass died.

②Neither the grass grew nor died.


③It grew a little.

Plants of which color is green make use of the sunlight's energy,and compose carbohydrates 炭水化物 like sugar content 糖分 and starch,mainly with tiny grains of chloroplast 葉緑体.The chloroplast includes green pigment 色素.We call it chlorophyll 葉緑素.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]


When creating the carbohydrates,the plants also produces oxygen.We call the activity of the plants photosynthesis.The photosynthesis is a reaction in which the plants take advantage of the sunlight's energy,and create oxygen and organic matter from water and carbon dioxide.☀

• << 364 【Plants make nutrient by photosynthesis.】 In other words,energy of the sunlight is shut in the organic matter.It is only the plant which can the organic matter from inorganic substance.👍 Without being exposed to the sun,plants can't do the photosynthesis.If using up nutrient as store,no plants will grow.😱 　　　　　　　　　 Its right right answer is ①　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 【Question】 There are some plants of which color aren't green like red beefsteak plant 紫蘇 and sea tangle 昆布.Do the plants have the chlorophyll 葉緑素?☝ 《Choices》 ①They don't have the chlorophyll,but other matter substitutes in place of the chlorophyll. ②They have the chlorophyll,but other pigment 色素 hides the chlorophyll. ③They have chlorophyll,but the it combines to other matter,so it's not the chlorophyll any more. Chloroplast 葉緑体 is a grain which includes pigments of of the photosynthesis in a cell of the plants.It's the place for the photosynthesis where grape sugar ブドウ糖 or are created.🌱

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WHAT THE FUCK IS GOING ON HERE!!

LOL


I am tired to read what you are talking.
Sir,what do you actually do?
Science teacher?

• << 361 Thank you for your message.😃 I'm not a science teacher at all.It's just that I happen to be interested in science which is comparatively easy to understand.💦 To tell the truth,I used to hate study in my teens,but when starting to learn English,I've tried to express plenty of things in English in order to improve my English abilities.😳　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 I find it interesting,to express myself in English,except for math.😚

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>> 357 【An experiment of ヘルモント in relation to an willow tree】


Roughly speaking,plants are composed of water.The water from 80 to 90% account for the plant.Contrary to it,other from 10 to 20% is substance except for the water.🌱


If calculating simply,the willow increased the substance from 7 to 14kilograms except for the water.Did weight of soil decrease the same amount? No!It's just slight,no more than 0.0056kilograms.🍀


ヘルモント insisted that it was only the water which he gave the plant,so the water absorbing from the soil with the roots increased the willow's weight.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]


We recognize his idea was in the wrong,but his experiment made us know difference between the plant and animal.Without his precious experiment,we may not have recognize it.🌵


It was in 1804 after some 150 years passed when absorption carbon dioxide makes the plant grow was clear.Besides,it was 1862 when the carbon dioxide absorbing from the plant changed into starch でんぷん.😃

• << 360 【Plants make nutrient by photosynthesis 光合成】 《A question》 When summer grass grew thick,I put a cardboard box ダンボール箱 of which lid was covered with aluminium wheel in order to prevent sunlight from shining on the summer grass.🌱 The air came in and out from the cardboard box,and I left it alone for about three weeks.How did the plant blocked from the sunlight change?😁 『Choices』 ①Almost all of the summer grass died. ②Neither the grass grew nor died. ③It grew a little. Plants of which color is green make use of the sunlight's energy,and compose carbohydrates 炭水化物 like sugar content 糖分 and starch,mainly with tiny grains of chloroplast 葉緑体.The chloroplast includes green pigment 色素.We call it chlorophyll 葉緑素.[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ] When creating the carbohydrates,the plants also produces oxygen.We call the activity of the plants photosynthesis.The photosynthesis is a reaction in which the plants take advantage of the sunlight's energy,and create oxygen and organic matter from water and carbon dioxide.☀

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【An experiment of ヘルモント in regard to a willow 柳 tree】


There is a willow tree in a pot.It weighs 2.27 kilograms.It has been raised with only water.After five years,it weighs 76.74 Kilograms.How much does the soil decrease in the pot?[ｸﾛｰﾊﾞｰ]


Aristotle who was a philosopher in ancient Greece used to say a plant was a creature which is upside-down.🌱


It means that the vegetation take nutrition from root,so the root is equivalent to a mouth of an animal.We'd accepted the idea for a long time.🌵


A Belgian doctor,ファン・ヘルモント thought like the next in 1648 when about two thousand years passed from the period of Aristotle.😃


“If a plant absorbs all the nutrition from the soil,the more it grows,the less the soil decreases.”☝


He had observed the willow's growth for five years.It was only some water which he gave to the plant.When the experiment started,the willow weighed only 2.27kilograms.After 5 years it became no less than 76.74kilograms.Its weight increased more than 70kilograms in five years.😲

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>> 355 【Living things and vegetation】


The thing which we recognize the flower is its body's part in relation to the coral.The coral preys on tiny things like phytoplankton 植物プランクトン and zooplankton 動物プランクトン,some corals make the phytoplankton live inside the body,and take the remainder as nutrition from the plankton.🌴
　　　　　　　　　
【What is called 五界説 in biology which we learn in high school】


Roughly speaking,creature is classified in animal and vegetation in biology ,but we find it hard to place the fungi such as mold and mushroom,so the creature is classified in three like animal,vegetation,and fungi in junior high school.😃


Besides,the creature is classified in not only the animal,vegetation,fungi,but a proist 原生生物 like a single cell,and prokaryote 原核生物 which doesn't have a nuclear membrane 核膜 in the biology in high school.We call it 五界説.🐢


However,some scholars adopt other classifications,so strictly speaking,the 五界説 isn't always flawless.💦

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【What is a creature?】


A creature breathes,takes nourishment,and grows up.It'll be dead some day as long as it lives.It can't avoid its death,but it always has offsprings which succeeds to genes.😃


For instance,a lion,dandelion,coral,dragonfly,and whale belong to the creature,but the sun and a volcano doesn't.🌋


【Creatures and vegetation】


Living things are classified in a creature and plant.Both the lion and whale belong to the creature,but the dragonfly is an insect.Some people think so.It's not always in the wrong.🐳


Needless to say,it's the insect which lays an egg,but only the mammal like the lion and whale which raise their youngs with milk doesn't limit to the creature.♌


The dragonfly also goes into action,and preys on others 補食,so it belongs to the creature,but the coral?☝


We used to think it was classified in the plant before,for it adheres to the seabed,and blooms.It is about 1800s when biologists have regarded it as the creature,for the thing which we recognize a flower isn't.🌼

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【What I've thought】


I've started to express on math and arithmetic so as to understand them enough,but to my sorrow,it's not as effective as I expect.😂

I'm wondering if the book which I've chosen as textbook is bad or it's just that I'm stupid.😣

In any case,the more I try to continue to express on the theme,the more I come across questions.Needless to say,I can go on describing the math and arithmetic,being based on the book,even if I can't understand what I express.☝

However,I don't think I find it interesting,so I give up expressing on the book,but it doesn't always mean that I stop expressing math and arithmetic themselves.😃
　　　　　　　　　
When discovering a suitable book for me,it means an easy book to grasp,I'll try once more.😤


I'm going to express on creature,being based on a book,『大人のやりなおし　中学生物』.I wish to finish expressing the book completely in the next time.🐘


To tell the truth,I've wanted to express differential and integral calculus 微分積分,or trigonometric functions 三角関数 some day.😚

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>> 352 【An equation and identity 恒等式】


When the length of the rectangle is α,we can find its area with the next equation.By the way,I've said I'd use alphabet,but this thread is expressed in English,so I'm afraid the alphabets are misleading,so instead of it,I'm going to use the Greek alphabet.🔤


α（10－α）＝α－α squared＋10α＝－（α－5）squared＋25 square centimeters.😃


There are two ＝ in the above-mentioned equation.I can't understand the part behind the second ＝ at all.From where do both 5 and 25 appear? 25 is the number which is square of 5,I'm wondering.😳


When the sum of the length and width is β in the above-mentioned expression,and keep on describing,we can lead to the next conclusion.🐩


When the sum of the length and width is fixed among the rectangles,the one which has the largest area is the square.We can grasp how important using the alphabet,my crib says like it,though I'm not satisfied with it at all.😳

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【An equation and identity 恒等式】


I'm going to express an equation and identity at the same time,for some people who remain confused two of them go to high school or college.They aren't always rare.😃


Introduction of using alphabet,it means a mark except for numbers,seem to be the most importance lesson in mathematical education,for without using the alphabet,there is no equation.☝


I'm going to give a good example in order to recognize the effect of using the alphabet.💡


There are some rectangles.Let's suppose that sum of each length and width was 10centimeters.What is the largest rectangle among them?😃


When height is 1centimeter,its width is 9centimeters,so its area are 9 square centimeters.If its height is 2centimeters and width is 8centimeters,its area are 16 square centimeters,…when both its width and length are 5centimeters,its area are 25 square centimeters.💡


In short,the square of each side is 5centimeters are the largest one.When demonstrating it,we use the alphabet.🐨

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>> 350 【Multiplication and division including negative numbers】


After 1hour,the person moves eastward 3Kilometer,after 0hour,he doesn't move at all.It was westward 3kilometers one hour ago,being westward 6Kilometers 2hours ago.Then moving eastward,we think of it as plus,westward minus.😃


Then the next 5 equations are formed.

（＋3）×（＋2）＝6
（＋3）×（＋1）＝3
（＋3）×0＝0

（＋3）×（－1）＝－3

（＋3）×（－2）＝－6


On the other hand,if the person walks westward at the speed of 3kilometers per hour,after 2hours it moves westward 6kilometers,after 1hour at the same direction of 3Kilometers,after that I omit them.🐔


Instructions continue like that in my crib,but I find it tedious,to make matters worse,I can't understand why a product 積 of two different negative numbers multipled is plus at all.😱


I've wanted to express everything in English,but I make it a condition the next thing at least.I have to grasp it.I've tried,but I can't figure it out at all.I'm going to express the next chapter!😚


Without arithmetic,I can lead everyday life!🙎

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>> 348 【Multiplication and division including negative numbers】 We are goin… 【Multiplication and division including negative numbers】


（＋3）＋（－4）＋（＋7）＋（－2）＝3－4＋7－2


We can omit signs both of ＋ and（）at the same time in an addition,and it's all right if we leave out the sign,＋,of the first term or when its answer is positive number.It's a rule in math.😃


By the way,as I used a word of the term,it means the next.

○＋□＝◇＋△


The sign of ＝ is used in the equation.Two parts are tied together with the ＝.We call each part a term 項.💡


I'm going to express multiplication with both positive and negative numbers.There seem to be several ways in order to grasp that a negative number multipled by other negative one is equal to positive another.🐮


The most proper one is using the next equation,according to my crib あんちょこ😳.


Speed multipled by time is equal to distance.


For example,let's suppose that there was a person who walked eastward from a starting point.If it walks eastward at a speed of 3 kilometers per hour,after 2hours it'll move eastward 6kilometers from the starting point.🐷

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>> 348 【What I've thought】


By the way,I've had a hard time trying to express arithmetic or math in my poor English so far,for I've thought the one who is excellent at math can think a thing logically.I've wanted to be like that for a long time.😃


While I find it hard to do,but I'm going to go on expressing the book,『算数・数学が得意になる本』,I've just started to express math in junior high school.Various problems lie ahead of me,I'm wondering.💦


However,once trying to do it,I think I have to accomplish it.Even if ending up betraying my ignorance concerning math,I won't give it up!…maybe😳


When stopping expressing math,I have to announce it here,but I hate it,so I'll continue,even if no one is interested in it.It's my own choice!😤


I want to say something excellent,but to my sorrow,it doesn't occur to me anything at all.Proverb says“Silence isgold,eloquence is silver”but without speaking,I can't express anything in English.😚


My English is neither gold nor silver,it may be worthless,but I continue to express.🔤

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>> 347 【Multiplication and division including negative numbers】


We are going to adopt what is called the 数直線 from now on.😃


When adding a positive number,the position on the 数直線 moves to right,and if being negative one,the position moves to left.🐲


（＋3）＋（＋5）means that the position of ＋3 moves to right by 5,and it changes into ＋8 on the 数直線.💡


（＋3）＋（－5）means that the position of the ＋3 moves to left by 5,and it changes into －2.💡


In the next,in subtraction,we adopt the idea of transposition and understand the calculation.


When（＋4）－（＋6）＝□ is means ＋4＝□＋（＋6）,so we try to find a number which moves to right bx 6,and changes into ＋4.🐲
　　　　　　　　　
□＝（＋4）＋（－6）＝－2.


The important thing is（＋4）－（＋6）＝（4）＋（－6）

To tell the truth,I can understand the addition including the negative number,but to my sorrow I can't grasp the subtraction when the negative number is larger than the positive one.I'm sure I can't understand the idea of the transposition very much.😚

• << 350 【Multiplication and division including negative numbers】 （＋3）＋（－4）＋（＋7）＋（－2）＝3－4＋7－2 We can omit signs both of ＋ and（）at the same time in an addition,and it's all right if we leave out the sign,＋,of the first term or when its answer is positive number.It's a rule in math.😃 By the way,as I used a word of the term,it means the next. ○＋□＝◇＋△ The sign of ＝ is used in the equation.Two parts are tied together with the ＝.We call each part a term 項.💡 I'm going to express multiplication with both positive and negative numbers.There seem to be several ways in order to grasp that a negative number multipled by other negative one is equal to positive another.🐮 The most proper one is using the next equation,according to my crib あんちょこ😳. Speed multipled by time is equal to distance. For example,let's suppose that there was a person who walked eastward from a starting point.If it walks eastward at a speed of 3 kilometers per hour,after 2hours it'll move eastward 6kilometers from the starting point.🐷

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>> 346 【Multiplication and division including negative numbers】


The most children in a junior high school are apt to fail like the next when learning math.“When one negative number multipled by other negative one,why does it become positive one?”😱


Few people seem to point out,but,there is a possibility like the next.“In a word,the one who has failed in multiplication and division of negative numbers may not also have succeeded in addition and subtraction of the negative numbers.”☝


Please look at the next calculation.


（＋2）－（－3）＝（＋2）＋（＋3）＝ ＋5


It's a simple but a good subtraction.When looking at it,we can recognize the children have a problem before learning the multiplication and division of the negative numbers.😃

At first,they have to learn the addition and subtraction with regard to both the positive and negative numbers enough.💡


Though we grown-ups find it natural,we need to teach the children who are worried about the marks in relation to addition and subtraction the next thing carefully.🐜

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>> 345 【Let's learn a transposition and 数直線 at first.】


There are several numerical values on the 数直線.The numerical value has each relation whether or not the one is equal to the other,and the one is larger or smaller than the other.😃


Its relations are expressed with four marks like ＜,＞,≦,or ≧.When using the ＞,or ＜,almost all the people can adopt them correctly,I'm sure.👍


However,there is a thing which I have to point out in regard to the latter two,≧,or ≦.It means the next.🐝


When learning math or arithmetic,a≦b means that both,a＜b and a＝b is formed.As a result,to be concrete,both 2≦4,and 2≦2 are right when learning the subjects.🐞


As not being able to understand the definition enough,we frequently end up failing in learning an expression of inequality 不等式,so we need to be careful about it.😃


【Multiplication,and division including negative numbers】


While the most children are worried about a division of fraction in an elementary school,other students in junior high school are apt to be worried about…

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>> 344 【Let's learn transposition and 数直線 at first.】


We need to learn the 数直線 at first before an introduction of the four basic operation of arithmetic,for we try to understand numbers visually.😃


However,instead of indicating the 数直線 at once,we should start from a daily topic like a temperature.A number of stories in a building is more proper as a teaching material,but there isn't any phrase of zero story in Japanese,so we can't make use of it.😱


Both of a deposit and debt,or average vertical distance of the surface of the sea like a sea level is also desirable,I'm not sure.🐗

In any case,we can't avoid instances with regard to positions like the next ones.It means that thinking of a point as a criterion of a starting position,and we regard the east as plus and the west as minus.🐍

Not only the idea itself is the 数直線,but it's the most effectively teaching material when a negative number multipled by other negative.The problem is whether or not I can understand it enough…😳

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>> 343 【Let's learn transportation and 数直線 at first.】


We should also learn the next two things,making sure with the concrete numerical value,besides we should learn other equations in which the one in right side is exchanged with other in left side.😃


⑤ When □＋△＝〇 is formed,△＋□＝〇,△＋□－□＝〇－□,△＝〇－□.


⑥ When □×△＝〇 is formed,△×□＝〇,△×□÷□＝〇÷□,and △ ＝〇÷□.

There are plenty of students who ask like the next.“When moving other side,why do we figure a reversed one?”They aren't only the ones in junior high school,but in high school.🐗


However,if they understand the variations from ① to ⑥ enough,they'll never ask like that.👍


The word of transposition is applied for ①,②,or⑤.


By the way,I can't grasp the way of transportation very well.Needless to say,I can recognize the variations are formed as equation,but I'm not sure why they have something to do with the transposition.😂


When expressing something in English,I hate do it seemingly,but to my sorrow,my mathematical ability can't keep up with its theory at all.😳

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>> 342 【Let's learn transposition and 数直線 at first】


There is a thing which we learn,serving for a review in an elementary school.It's a way of thinking for a transposition.😃


At first,there are four kinds of equations applied its principle for other ones.Let's learn them.Please make sure them with concrete numerical value,and follow the equations.🐎


Moreover,we need to learn another ones of which right side is replaced with left side at the same time.🐫


①When α＋β＝δ is formed,α＋βーβ＝δーβ,and α＝δーβ are also organized.


② When αーβ＝δ is formed,αーβ＋β＝δ＋β,and α＝β＋δ are also organized.


③ When α×β＝δ is formed,α×β÷β＝δ÷β,and α＝δ÷β,then the β is a numerical value except for zero.

④ When α÷β＝δ is formed,α÷β×β＝δ×β,and α＝δ×β,then the β is also the numerical value except for zero.


After that,let's make sure the next things.☝


While the commutative law 交換法則 is formed concerned an addition,or multiplication like α＋β＝β＋α,or α×β＝β×α,it doesn't in regard to subtraction,or division.

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>> 341 【Missteps in relation to math in junior high school】


Then we should make the children forget misunderstanding the math for a while.We should make them recognize that everyone can learn the math steadily,step by step,feeling at home.😃


I'm sure we should take some steps before the children's consciousness that they are good at arithmetic,but poor at math is set up,the author insists like that.😚


The author said he has wished children who was poor at arithmetic,but good at mtah increase.I'm wondering if his wish can reach me.😥


【Let's learn tarnsposition and 数直線 at first.】


When starting to learn math in junior high school,a lot of pupils are apt to confused with a negative number or equation including alphabets.😃


Even if some children who seemingly overcame the problems with difficulty are liable to not be able to understand them enough,so they would be worried that their mathematical ability didn't improve later.😫

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>> 340 【Missteps with regard to math in junior high school.】


Important general ideas like a negative number,equation, demonstration used figures are introduced into math in junior high school.😃

However, education that aims at development of individual talent rather than learning by rote used to make teaching load no more than 100hours every grade a year.☝


Comparing it with India or Singapore,the teaching hours are just half of theirs.We have to recognize it at first.The author insists that we should make the children study math with curiosity.😚


There is one more thing of which we should be careful.It's a misunderstanding of the word of arithmetic.😃


A student who has a habit of expressing an easy equation like a note with regard to a question composed of sentences,or applied ones 応用問題 learns not be able to set up the equation in the question made up of sentences,or express an explanation in other question of figures.😣

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>> 339 【Understanding of cubic figures with experiences】


Its author continued to recommend we actually cut a variety of cubic figure in regard to developments in his book.He said cutting a Japanese white radish 大根 with a fruit knife is the most effective.👍


We can prepare for the two things every household,and cut the white radish as we like. Each cross section 切断面 is the same color,but looking at its strings makes us recognize relations of those positions.😃


We can put together the cross sections and reconstruct the white radish to the former shape as it was.If using a grater 下ろし金,we can also make a sphere,or cone.💡


However,there is a thing to which we should pay attention.We grown-ups should actually show children a scene of cutting the radish slowly.👶


When cutting the white radish,we need to hold it with our hand,and we should be careful of how much we adjust our power.😃


By the way,I've expressed on the arithmetic until now,but I'll start to describe on the math next time.I'm wondering if I can.💦

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>> 338 【Understanding of cubic figures with experiences】


If using a compass and ruler,we'll be able to draw an equilaternal pentagon so as to make the equilaternal dodecahedron 正十二面体,if using a protractor 分度器,it'll be more useful.👍


The author of my crib recommend we should try to draw various figures as developments of cubic figures which have frequently been used for teaching material,or an entrance examination in junior high school.🐮

He emphasized that our making effort of trial and error and looking for each proper development for cubic figures.Whether or not we can list all the developments doesn't matter,he insisted that we should do it in his book.🐷


I've wanted to express everything in English,but I find it hard to do it without its illustrations.It's hard to understand,I'm sure.Therefore I'm forced to omit to express shapes of the developments,though I find it important to express the developments.😚


To my sorrow,I can't do it only with my poor English here,without using any illustrations.😳

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>> 337 【Understanding of cubic figures with experiences】


The author continues.“ As for music or athletics,their situations are the same.Contrary to it,another child who used to be good at figures aren't always good at it when going to junior high school or high school.The children learn to hate the figures are so many that I have to indicate it.”🐵


As being based on it,I'm going to show you several experiences which are measures against failures with regard to the development and cross sector of the cubic figures.Please refer to it and come up with something.🐰


I'm going to prepare for some drawing papers,a pair of scissors,and Scotch tape,and draw varied developments.Then I'll make the cubic figures with the developments.🐸


We can make a cone with a sector 扇形 easily,but when making an equilaternal dodecahedron 正十二面体,or icosahedron 正二十面体,we may find it hard to feel the shapes actually,but we can make other polyhedrons 多面体 an equilaternal tetrahedron 正四面体,hexahedron 正六面体,a regular octahedron 正八面体,etc pleasantly

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【Understanding of cubic figure with an experience】


It's a cubic figure which not only students learning arithmetic in an elementary school,but also teachers teaching math in a junior high school want to avoid.😃


Its tendency is remarkable,especially in relation to a cross sector 切断面,development 展開図,and projected figure.The cubic figure treated with an equation is included in math in high school,so the consciousness in which they aren't good at the cubic figure is apt to become weak then.😚
　　　　　　　　　
The author of my crib 虎の巻き『算数・数学が得意になる本』said in the bonk like the next.🐱


I've learned a variety of lessons through my experience as a tutor and education for the students in university.🐻

For example,a child who used to draw plenty of pictures in elementary school becomes a grown-up who is good at drawing pictures.🐼


As to the cubic figures,it's the same.Other child who used to experience of a lot of cubic figures becomes a grown-up who is good at them.🐯

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>> 335 【Not being able to use a formula precisely.】


An area of the rectangle is equal to that of the circle.The length of the rectangle is correspondent to the radius of the circle,and the width of the rectangle is equivalent to half of the circle's circumference 円周.😃


Therefore,we can find the area of the rectangle with the next formula.


The circumference divided by 2.Its numerical value multipled by the radius is equal to the area of the circle.🐱

The diameter multipled by pi 円周率 is equal to the circumference,but when finding the area of the rectangle,the cicumference divided by 2,so when finding the area of the circle,its formula is the next one.🐻


Pi multipled by radius squared.🐼


The way of thinking of finding the area of the circle is an idea itself of integral calculus 積分.Even children in an elementary school or junior high school who have never learned the integral calculus can arrive at answers of volume or surface area of a sphere,volume of a pyramid or cone,maybe.😚


I'll express them in the next

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>> 334 【Not being able to use a formula exactly.】


There is a circle.We divide it into twelve equal parts,so there are 12 sectors 扇形.Each center angle of the sectors is 30degrees.😃


We line up all the sectors like the next.When putting the first sector,a place which is equivalent to a center of the circle is bottom.Then we put the second sector upside down.The place which is correspondent to the center of the circle is top.😚

In the next,we put the sector like the first one,the fourth one like the second.We put all the sectors alternatively.Finally,there is a figure which resembles a rectangle.🐶


A length of the figure is equal to the radius of the circle,and a width of the figure is equal to half cicumference 円周 of the circle.💡


When its center angle is 15degrees,and there are 24sectors,or when its center angle is 7.5degrees,and there are 48sectors…🐱


In short,the less the center angle,the more the figure learns to be a rectangle.😃

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>> 333 【Not being able to use a formula precisely.】


Oh! I made a mistake again!It's the sixth line from the bottom in the last response of mine.I should have expressed like the next.😳

Each triangle's area is equal to half one of each little rectangle.For example,half area of little rectangle,①⑤⑨⑦ is equal to the area of the triangle,⑤⑦⑨.It's the upper left rectangle of the whole rectangle,①②③④.


There are three other rectangles.The one is in the upper right,the other lower left,and another lower right.Each rectangle also contains each triangle.

Therefore,the area of lozenge,⑤⑦⑥⑧ is equal to half one of the rectangle,①②③④.


I'm not good at explanation,so there may be some repetitions in my sentences.I'm sorry for it.💦


There is no expression on the formula of the lozenge,but we can understand how to find area of the lozenge,though I find it complicated a little.😚


I'm going to express how to find an area of a circle in the next.🙋

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>> 332 【Not being able to use a formula exactly.】


I'm going to express on an area of lozenge 菱形 from now on.😃


There is a rectangle.We think of each vertex 頂点 of the rectangle as ①,②,③,and④.Left upper one is ①,right upper ②,lower left ③,lower right ④.🐔


We are going to draw a straight line from a center point ⑤ between ① and ②,The straight line reaches other center point ⑥ vertically between ③ and ④.🐣


We are going to another straight line from a center point ⑦ between ① and ③.The straight line reaches other center point ⑧ between ② and ④.The straight line is parallel to other two,between ① and ③,and between ② and ④.🐤


We call a point of intersection of the two straight line ⑨,and as a result,there are four little rectangles.Besides,when connecting the four center points together,it's a lozenge.🐨


The lozenge is composed with four triangles like the one ⑤⑦⑨,⑤⑧⑨,⑦⑥⑨,and ⑥⑧⑨.Each area of the triangler is equal to the little rectangle.🐩

I recommend you draw the figure actually.You'll find it easier to grasp.🙏

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>> 331 【Not being able to using a formula precisely.】


Oh!I've forgotten to draw one more straight line.We draw an optional point ⑤ on the upper line from ① to ② on the trapezoid.🐭


The straight line reaches the lower line from ③ to ④ of the trapezoid.The straight line is vertical to both of the upper and lower lines of the trapezoid.🐮


We added the length of the upper and lower lines.Then the sum total multiple by the length of the vertical line.In the next,the value 値 divided by 2.It's the area of the trapezoid.🐷


In short,the process is what is called（上底＋下底）×高さ÷2.In this way,we can find the area of the trapezoid.💡


Though I hate to say and it's shameful of me,I've never understood why the area of the trapezoid was like that until just now.😳


Even if I can't grasp it at all,as long as I chant its formula,I've found its area correctly.I thought as if the formula had been a spell of devil.👿


“As long as I use the spell,I can find the area of the trapezoid!”I've thought like that for a long time.😂

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>> 330 【Not being able to use a formula precisely.】


As a result,we can create a quadrangle 四角形,④②③①.It's also a parallelogram.Area of the triangle,①②③ is half of the parallelogram,④②③①.△🐯


Therefore,when calculating an area of a triangle,the area of the quadrangle divided by 2.△💡

In the next,I'm going to express on a trapezoid 台形．At first,we draw from an optional point ① to other one ②.It's a straight line.🐵


Then,we draw an optional point of ③ to ④.It's also other straight line.The two lines are parallel each other,but the length of the straight line ①② is shorter than that of the other straight line,③④.🐵



When connecting the four optional line,from ① to ④ in turn,it's a trapezoid.Then we draw a diagonal line 対角線 from ③ to ②.🐰


The area of the trapezoid,①②③④ is equal to the sum total of those of the two triangles,①②③,and ②③④.🐸


Therefore,when finding the area of the trapezoid,the next formula is organized.💡


At first,we add the length of the upper line ①② to that of the lower line ③④.💡


To be continued.

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>> 329 【Not being able to use a formula of area exactly.】


At first,we draw two straight lines.The one is from ① to ②,the other is from ③ to ④.The other is under the one,and are parallel each other.When drawing another straight lines from ① to ③,and from ② to ④,we can make a parallelogram.😃


Then we extend the line between ① and ② from the point of ①,and we draw another straight line from ③ to the upper line vertically,the two lines cross each other.We call the point of intesection⑤.Then we make a triangle. 🙋

We make other triangle with the same work,using the point ② and ④.We call its point of intesection ⑥.The two triangles are congruent 合同.△😃


Therefore area of the parallelogram,①②③④ is equal to the rectangle,⑤⑥③④.☝


I'm going to express on an area of a triangle.There are optional 任意 points,①,②,③.When connecting them,we can create a triangle.△🐶


As the side of ①,② is a center,if rotating the triangle by 180 degrees,there is other triangle of ①,②,④.△🐱

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>> 328 【Not being able to use a formula correctly.】


A manager of professional baseball team used to say like the next.⚾


“When continuing to train of batting with the same speed plenty of times,it's just that the batter has a command of swings with the same speed.”☝


The manager made its team win the championship among the Japanese professional baseball teams in 2004.⚾


When learning arithmetic,it's important for us to find an area of ordinary parallelogram including all of its types,as remarks of the manager indicate to us.😃


I'm going to express how to find areas of the parallelogram,triangle,trapezoid 台形,lozenge ひし形,or circle from now on.As for a rectangle,I think it that we've already known it.🙋


I'm sure I should give you detailed expression for the figures,but thd space of this bulletin board is limited,my expressions are forced to be concise.I'm sorry for it.😚

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>> 327 【Not being able to use a formula of area correctly.】


There is a parallelogram 平行四辺形.Its length of longer side is 10centimeters.The one of other side is 5centimeters.We draw a straight line from its upper side of which length is 10centimeters to lower vertex 頂点 vertically.


The length of the vertical line is 4centimeters,and the area of the parallelogram is 4×10＝40,its 40 square centimeters.We can find it at first glance.👍


However,when rotating the parallelogram to right by 90 degrees,all the children don't find it correctly.😣


Some children are apt to find a wrong answer like 5×10＝50centimeters.They are more than we expect.😫
　　　　　　　　　
An effective measure in order to prevent the children from finding the wrong answer is that we make the children lead to the formula for themselves.😃


It's never easy for the one who learns arithmetic for the first time to lead the formula with an ordinary case,but the beginner can learn to deal with all the concrete question because of the ordinary case.😃

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>> 326 【Not being able to use a formula of area correctly.】


I'm going to express a bad example which shows us the next thing.When the children don't understand the formula completely,we can recognize it with the example easily.😃


It's just that we put some numerical values 数値 which we don't have to do in the question when applying for the formula.😃


If not understanding the formula exactly,the children who don't grasp the formula have a high possibility of misusing the formula then.😃


We can indicate it with a picture,figure,and so on.Looking at them is important,but no one can show us the figures with the cellphone or what's called smart phone,I'm wondering.📱


As a result,without any illustrations,I'm forced to express the bad example with my poor English.I'm going to do my best,though I'm not good at an explanation.😚


While I hate arithmetic,or math,I continue to recommend that the children study them,for the subjects may open a door which leads to a wonderful world.😃


I'll say it in other time.☀

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【Not being able to use a formula for area correctly.】


Calculating an area of basic figure exactly is one of very important lessons at arithmetic class in elementary school.😃

However,there are a lot of children who can't use formulae exactly,for there are several formulae for each figure.It makes the children confuse the formulae.They mistake the formula of circumference 円周 for the one for area of circle.😥


It's not always the children's fault,for grown-ups around them seem to be worried about not using the formulae correctly.They don't try to pay attention to processes which reach the formulae very much.😒


As a result,the children are apt to think about learning plenty of formulae by heart so much that they end up confusing.The phenomenon frequently continues from elementary school to university.😱

When learning area of figures in elementary school,if the children can reach the formulae for themselves,their mathematical abilities will improve in the future.Then the important thing is…💡

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>> 324 【Ratio and proportion.】


I'm going to express the answer with other way.😃


When thinking the whole amount of the 仕事 as 1,Taro does one-tenth of the whole amount a day,and Hanako does one-fifteenth.☝


If adding two of the whole amount of the 仕事 together,it's like the next,though it's just a repetition of the former equation.💦


One-tenth plus one-fifteenth equals one-sixth.


As the whole amount of 仕事 is 1,the work makes progress at the rate of one-sixth a day.


One divided by one-sixth equals six.


They can finish the work in six days.

Almost all of the people may think the former expression is a perfect score as arithmetic,but children should practice to write a composition,for its ability has been requested for the children so as to cultivate mathematical thinking power,or logical ability for the expression.😃


In particular,as to abstract general idea,it's important to expressing sentences for themselves and to recognize the idea.😺

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>> 323 【Ratio and proportion】


We are going to pick up a typical question made of sentences in regard to what's called 仕事算 this time.😃


The 仕事算 is different from a method of calculation based on figuring the numbers of cranes and tortoises from the totals of their legs.🐢


However, instead of an equation,it seems to be appropriate for us to solve a question of the 仕事算 with direct use of a way of thinking the ratio and proportion.💡


An essential of the 仕事算 is that we think the whole amount of the 仕事 as 1.This 1 means the base whole amount of what's called 仕事.It's the number as ratio.☝


I'm going to express two questions made of sentences with regard to the ratio.😃


There is a work.If Taro tries to accomplish it,it takes 10 days.If Hanako,it's 15 days.When they try to finish it together,how many days does it take?☝

One-tenth plus one-fifteenth is one-sixth.One divided by one-sixth is six.In short,when they try to carry it out together,it takes six days.💡

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>> 322 【Ratio and proportion.】


There is an expression in relation to a unit of decimal 小数 at the first part in the 大全塵劫記.There are some Chinese characters which express unit of the decimal such as 分、厘、毛.To my surprise,there is no 割 in the book.😲


It means that the 割 is the general idea which broke into our everyday life comparatively newly.😃


When expressing 0.01 as 1%,it's all right,but strictly speaking,if expressing 0.1 as 1割り,0.01 as 1分,or 0.001 as 1厘,they aren't always correct.😃


There is a Japanese expression like the next.『九分九厘成功する』To be exact,it means that it'll be successful with the ratio of 99%.💡

Schoolchildren who have started to study the proportion may think it troublesome,but when thinking it as Japanese history,it's interesting.😁


However,if looking at it from a different point of view,the episode may excite the children's curiosity so much that they work arithmetic hard……possibly.😚

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>> 321 【Ratio and proportion.】


One more thing is the next.We think thicknesses of the salt solution with the proportion of weight,but to my sorrow,I can't understand difference between them.😳


Oh!A nice idea suddenly occurred to me!👍


If the salt solution is thin,we only have to add some salt to the solution.When being thick,it's all right as long as we pour some water into the solution!😤


Without using an equation,I can solve the question.I don't have to adopt it at all.I hate both arithmetic and math!😚


I have to pull myself together 落ち着く.I'm sure I'm not suitable for math,but therefore I've try to study it,for the one who is good at math is the one who can think a thing logically.I have to be logically, though I find it hard,in particular in relation to the math.＼(☆o☆)／


By the way,there is a Japanese book in regard to the math.It's「大全塵劫記」It was expressed in Edo era.There is an interesting expression in it.I'm going to describe it in the next time.😃

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【Ratio and proportion】


I'm sure children need to memorize a definition of rate.


Rate ＝ an amount compared with other ÷ basic amount.


However,there is more important thing than that.We grown-ups should look for a pleasant technical material 教材 which is close to and suitable for the children,for a proverb shows us a lesson.😃


What one like,one will do best.好きこそ物の上手なれ


Contrary to it,there are actually a lot of parents who want their children to solve question of concentration of a salt solution 食塩水の濃度 in an entrance exam of junior high school.😥


Needless to say,the thing which is compared with other is weight of salt,and the basic amount is the weight of the salt solution.☝


The weight of the salt solution is the one which salt is add to the water.☀

There are two other more important things which are easy to misunderstand for even we grown-ups.⚠


The one thing is the basic amount means that not only the water,but the one which water is added to the salt.😃

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>> 319 【Don't we misunderstand a technical term or definition?】


There is a teacher who teaches math.He has received フィールズ prize.It's equivalent to a Nobel prize in math.He asked some freshmen 一年生 in university a question like the next.😃


“「1 ＝ 0.9….」Is it correct or not?”

Strictly speaking,the infinite decimals 小数 of the right side in the equation is like the next.


0.9，0.99，0.999…

9 seems to continue forever in the numerical value.When expressing the place where it reaches finally as the numerical value,we do like 0.9,0.99,0.99….Therefore,it,s equal to 1.😲


We need to learn exactly a definition by heart in order to cultivate a sense of definition.Then instead of memorizing mechanically,we learn it by heart, imagining a concrete example which the definition means.😃


I've recognized one thing recently.Instead of understanding math,I can grasp a feeling of a person who isn't good at math at all.😂

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>> 318 【Don't we misunderstand a technical term or definition?】


When learning math,the most important technical term is ＝,so we should absolutely abstain from overusing it.😃


For instance,there is an equation like the next.


① milk ＋ cake ＝3

It's impossible,the right side which is the numerical value 数値 isn't equal to the left side which isn't the numerical value in the equation at all.In short,① is in the wrong.☝


On the other hand,even if it seems to be different,we need to have the courage to use ＝ in regard to the right object.We have to do it boldly.😤


There is a ratio which we can't avoid as its instance.


②2：3 ＝ 4：6


When replacing each number with Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,and Ⅳ in turn at the ①,ratio of Ⅰ and Ⅱ,Ⅰ：Ⅱ is equal to other one of Ⅲ and Ⅳ,Ⅲ：Ⅳ.😃


In addition,1.5 and two-thirds look different,but they are equal as the numerical value,so we absolutely express like the next.


1.5 is equal to two-thirds.😃

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>> 317 【Don't we misunderstand a technical term,or definition?】


For example,a trapezoid 台形 is a quardrangle which has two sides.The sides are opposite and parallel.😃


Let's suppose that there was a quardrangle and triangle.If we make the two figures put close together,we can create a new figure.It doesn't look like the trapezoid at first sight,but as long as its two sides which are opposite are parallel,it belongs to the trapezoid.👍


Needless to say,a square also belongs to the trapezoid.As to a student who can't understand it,we should doubt if it understand a definition of an isosceles triangle 二等辺三角形.☝


The isosceles triangle is the one of which sides are the same length.It means they're equal.It's the definition of the isosceles triangle.As long as the two sides' length are equal,we don't have to be worried about other one's length.🙆


A parallelogram 平行四辺形 is a quardrangle of which two pairs of sides are opposite each other.😃


A lozenge 菱形 is a quardrangle which has four sides.Their length are equal.😃

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【Don't we misunderstand a technical term,or definition?】


A student in high school said like the next.😃


“As long as it's a parabola 放物線,its peak should be on the upper part.When throwing something,I can't draw the parabola of which peak is on the lower part!”😤


It's just a joke,while the student can accept it as a joke,there is other thing which a schoolchild in an elementary school thinks a serious affair, especially in regard to a figure.😥


By the way,as for the joke,I can't recognize where I should think it funny!😳


Some people call a rectangle which schoolchildren in lower grade in the elementary school learn ながしかく.The rectangle has four angles.They are right angles.😃


A square also belongs to the rectangle,but the familiar word of ながしかく happens to get plenty of schoolchildren into trouble.They're forced to feel a sense of incongruity 違和感 that the square belongs to the rectangle.😣


If we express ながしかく exactly,we can prevent the children from being confused.It'll be useful.💡

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>> 315 【What's an average? After adding,it's divided by the number of articles, isn't it?Is it all right?💦】


In short,when introducing the word of average into us in the beginning,there has been a mistake of a way of saying.If doing like the next,it'll be just that we only have to use the word of average.😃
　　　　　　　　　
Averaging is a situation of being well proportioned as a whole.If there is uneven ground,we make the whole ground level in regard to the average.☝


As for the average,when moving in an automobile,we think we drive along the whole section with the same speed.When observing a situation in which something increases several times throughout every year, comparing it with the former year,we think it increases with the same proportion every year.It's the general idea of the average.🚗


While I can recognize the general idea,I can't solve a question made of sentence with regard to the average in math,I'm wondering.I'm afraid my brain is below the average.＼(☆o☆)／

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>> 314 【What's an average? After adding, and it's divided by the numbers of articles,isn't it?Is it all right?】


When researching the numbers of a living bird,a hundred of the bird increased to 150 in the first year,and the 150 increased to 400 in the next year.When calculating the average the two years,what times the first year is the second year?😃



The number of the birds became three-seconds in the first year,and eight-thirds in the next year in the question.When expressing it in an equation,it becomes like the next.🐤


Three-seconds multipled by eight-thirds is equal to 4.


Therefore,the average of the two years is two.


The expressions of my crib 虎の巻,「算数・数学が好きになる本」continues.


“The children who read the question and answer may try to find an answer like the next when coming across an situation like the next.💦


「When something became □times in the first year,and it changed into △times in the second year,the children are apt to think it's □ multipled by△,but…」


Oh!Isn't it right?😱

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>> 313 【What's an average? After adding,it's divided by the numbers of articles, isn't it? Is it all right?】


The one of answers is the next.


（30＋60）÷2＝45

It's just that both speed of going and coming added,and it's divided by two,so it's speed is 45km per hour,but unfortunately,it seems to be in the wrong.😚


The other is like the next.


60×2÷（2＋1）＝40
It's speed is 40km per an hour.It seems to be correct,though I can't understand why it's.😳


My crib「算数・数学が好きになる本」expresses like the next.😃


Even if the children can't answer it correctly,we don't have to be worried about it.The essential of making the mistake is that plenty of children think that there are two kinds of average.The one average is as a height,and the other is as the speed of going back and forth.☝


When asking them a question like the next,almost all of them will be confused.😚


By the way,I can't always understand correctly what I've expressed,but I've tried to do.I'm not good at math,but if I'm,I'll be happy,so I've expressed this.😂

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>> 312 【What's an average?After adding,and it's divided by the number of articles, isn't it?Is it all right?】


When asking children “What's an average?”almost all of them answer like the next.“After adding,it's divided by the number of articles.”😃


It's certain that it isn't always in the wrong.For example,let's suppose there were three men.The one's height is 140cm,the other 150cm,and another 142cm.😺


Their average is the next.


（140 ＋ 150 ＋ 142）÷ 3 ＝ 144cm.


We call the average 相加平均 in mathematical term.🙋


Contrary to it,there is other question like the next.


There is a distance of 60km.While going it with an automobile,it tooks 2 hours,returning 1 hour.Answer each speed of going,returning,and average speed of the two.🚗


Even if the children can answer the speed both of going and coming correctly that when going,it's 30km per hour, and coming,60km per hour,there are two answers in relation to the average speed of going back and forth between the distance.🚗

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>> 311 【Speed and は・じ・き】


I'm going to show you an example.😃


Except for a long rail and a point where a train changes from its one track to another,length of a rail used in the old railroad 在来線 is basically 25 meters.🚇


If hearing the sound of impact caused at a joint connecting two rails 60 times a minute in a train when being on board,it means we go ahead 1500 meters per a minute by train then.🚇


60×25=1500 meters.

As a result,the train goes at a speed of 90 kilometres per hour.💨


If hearing the sound 70 times per an minute in the train,it's at a speed of 105 kilometers per hour.When being travelling,if we have a talk like that,not only children but also grown-ups will be pleased.☺


By the way,one of reasons why I've expressed this thread is I've wanted to be logical,but to my sorrow,I find it may be impossible,for my brain is far from being logical at all!😳


It's shameful of me to say it,but I've never been satisfied with division of a fraction 分数.I can't understand it very much yet.😚

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>> 310 【Speed and は・じ・き】


We say the schoolchildren like the next.“Can you show me why speed multipled by time equals distance?If you can,how about showing me it with sentences?”☝


Even if the explanation is rough-hewn 荒削り,it's all right.We evaluate the children's constructive manners in which they make efforts against the question,and want the children to have a strong desire for writing an explanation for it.☺


When reading the explanations,we should take notice of a key more carefully.It means whether or not the children understand the distance per an unit.As long as they grasp it enough,it'll be all right even if we turn blind eyes to other things 大目に見る.👀


If the children grasp the key correcly,when trying to understand various things measured with each unit,they'll find it easy.For instance,price a kilogram,people a square kilometer,a gear's number for its revolution a minute,and so on.💡

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>> 309 【Speed and は・じ・き】


If repeating a way of studying that learning things like an equation or law by heart mechanically,we'll certainly make a blunder somewhere in the future.😫


A big-name national university used to make questions for its entrance exam of math like the next ones several years ago.Then a lot of people paid attention to the questions.They were the next.🙋
　　　　　　　　　
The university made its examinees arrive at a formula of an answer for a quadratic equation 二次方程式 in a question,or the additional theorem of trigonometric functions 三角関数の加法定理 in other question.We learn the one in a junior high school,the other at a high school.😚


The two questions seem to be good ones which point out an essential problem in which they continue to study algebra or math with the way of learning of only how to solve questions.It's a good lesson 教訓 for us,I'm sure.💡


If we make use of the lesson for guidance for schoolchildren who learn the speed,the next one will be desirable.👍

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>> 308 【Speed and は・じ・き】

The は・じ・き（み）means speed,time,and distance.When expressing them in Japanese,we say we say 速さ、時間、距離（みちのり）.When using each of them,it's just that we take first character from each words.😃


When using the は・じ・き,we do like the next.🙋


At first,we draw a circle,and do a horizontal line on the circle.We put a character of き or み in the upper semi-circle.😃


In the next,we drew a vertical line on the lower semi-circle.We put each character of は・じ in each quarter circle.It's a way so as to learn an equation,speed multipled by time is distance,by the heart.😺


As a rule,speaking of its speed,when wondering to ourselves how far we advance an unit of time,its answer will occur to us naturally,so we don't have to memorize the equation.😺


For example,going advance 40 kmiometers in 3 hours means going ahead 40 km in an hour.Then when verifying accounts 検算,we should choose plain numbers.We would rather concentrate our attention on essence of the speed than on complicated numerical value 数値.😃

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>> 307 【Not being able to set up an equation from a question composed of sentences.】


I've said that without using the theory of probability,or differential calculus,we can calculate,but I can't understand both the two theories at all,to my sorrow,I don't need them in the least.😂
　　　　　　　　　　
Without using a mark of the differential calculus,we can solve the question with only a division.Even if they are just the four basic operations of algebra,no one can make light of them.😒


【Speed and は・じ ・き】


As you know,I've expressed this thread,being based on a book of「算数・数学が得意になる本」😃

Its author says in his book like the next.☝


『When asking several other mathmaticians around me whether or not they recognize は・じ・き or み・は・じ.They answered they didn't.』


He continues.『If I ask some children who have prepared for an entrance exam in noted private junior high school the same question,needless to say,they'll make fun of me.』😳


By the way,what is the は・じ・き or み・は・じ?😚

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>> 306 【Not being able to set up an equation from a question composed of sentences.】


I'm sure plenty of people think an ordinary grown-up can usually understand the general idea of the four basic operations of algebra easily.😚


However,there are some situations in which we don't have to use a difficult equation as long as we understand addition,subtraction,multiplication,and division enough.😃


For instance,there is mathematics for insurance.It's one of fields in practical math.We calculate our life expectancy,rate of life insurance,and sum of money for pension with the theory of probability,and differential calculus 微分.😲


For instance,there is a question composed of sentences like the next.☝


It's 30 minutes which is average time of shopping for customers in a supermarket.3 customers come in and other three come out a minute at the supermarket.The situation continues.😃


We can find amount of the customers in the supermarket with the next equation.😃


30 minutes divided by 20 seconds is 90 people.

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>> 305 【Not being able to set up an equation from a question composed of sentences.】


When leading everyday lives,we need to make the children go through experiences in which an easy equation like 6×9 or 9×6 occur to them easily.💡


Needless to say,only the biscuits on the plate isn't enough.There are some concrete ways so as to recognize the four basic operations of algebra,for example…😃


Let's suppose there were a stick of which length is 6㎝.They were 9.When connecting an end of one stick with other end of other stick,and we do the same things with the other sticks.In short we connect all the 9 sticks.Then how long is it?😃


Let's suppose there were an exit.6 peopke come out of it a minute.When 9 minutes pass,how many people come out?😃

After repeating the practice a lot of times,and when the easy equation occurs to the children easily,then we can say they master the multiplication.👍


At the same time,when using ＋ or － in our everyday lives,and being able to adopt them at will,we can say they understand them.👍

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>> 304 【Not being able to set up an equation from a question composed of sentences.】


There are children who love to read books and are always capable of digesting long sentences,but when it comes to the question made up of sentences,many of them are liable to be confused,so the problem isn't the ability to understand the sentences.☝

The children who are able to calculate,but aren't good at the question composed of semtences grasp the meaning of the four basic operations of arithmetic vaguely.😃


In short,they recognize its way,and can deal with it,but they are extremely short of recognition of addition,subtraction,multiplication,and division with concrete examples close to them.😺


In the question composed of sentences,its key is whether the children can hit on the easy equation,6×9 or 9×6 or not.💡


For example,let's suppose there were 9 plates.6 biscuits are on each of the plates.When seeing them,if they occur the equation of 6×9,or 9×6 at once,it's very good.🍪


To be continued.

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>> 303 【Not being able to set up an equation from a question composed of sentences 文章題】


I used to express on the children who can say numbers from 1 to 100 in no time,but can't count number of articles or people.The next one resemble them😥

They can do an addition or subtraction of which answers below 100,or multiplication,multiplication table 九九, within their sphere,but second or third grade elementary school children who can't solve an easy question made up of sentences have increased.😣


『The hotel has nine guest room.6 people stay each room.How many people stay in the hotel?'』


They can't think of an easy equation of 6×9＝54 from the question,but they can understand the general idea of the scattered numbers,and say the multiplication table quickly and exactly.Why can't they solve the question composed of sentences?😃


Some people say the children's ability to understand the sentences aren't sufficient,but the children who grasp each word such as hotel,guest room,people,how many,fail in the question.😱

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>> 302 【It takes time to grasp the general idea of time.】


Secondary,modern children have disadvantageous point.I used to express two kinds of number.The one is the number of articles.It's scattered,and the the other is the number as amount,it's continuous.😃


To be concrete,when counting something,we do like that,1.2.3.…Then there are no numbers between 1．2 and 3.😃


While a digital watch is expressed with the scattered number,an analog one in which there are a short hand and long one is continuous number.⏰


Two kinds of watch are intermingled today,it makes the children feel the general idea of time is hard to grasp.If comparing understanding of the general idea of time with the ones several decades ago,the present one becomes harder to understand than before.💦


By the way,this thread of mine is changing into a thing algebra and children.I have little knowledge on algebra.Far from math!When trying to express,I'm forced to start from an elementary thing.I've wanted to express higher mathematics in the future…😂

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>> 301 【It takes time to grasp the general idea of time.】


Oh!I've made a mistake.I've forgotten putting a word of time at my thread title in the last response.It's shameful of me.😳


If the parents themselves recognize enough why the general idea of time is difficult to understand,it'll be useful.😃


The binary system 二進法 used to be taught for schoolchildren in the elementary school,or junior high school.Without understanding its meaning,the children learned how to change the binary system into the decimal one 十進法,or how to change the decimal one into the binary one,and the class was over.😣

It cannot helpe it,for the children can't understand the world of decimal system very much.The general idea of time is also same.😃


60 seconds are 1 minute.60 minutes are 1 hour,so the time's world is basically expressed with 60進法.Both the decimal system and 60進法 are difficult to understand,At first,we have to recognize it.☝

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【It takes to understand the general idea of time.】


There are some schoolchildren in the lower grades.Their parents seem to be concerned about them.Comparing them with others,the parents are apt to be worried about the next thing, especially.😃


『Does my child grasp the general idea of time enough?』

Therefore,if the parents don't think their children can understand the general idea of time,they'll feel stress.The parents' behavior affect their children.It pulls off the children's potentials in the bud.😔

Whatever it's,when trying to understand something,we find it hard.It's the general idea of time which is one of the hardest things to understand for the children.😃


『It's the general idea of time which we find it impossible to make them grasp.When being grown-ups,they'll learn to understand it.』

We should think like that,and make the children grasp the general idea little by little,diligently and efficiently in everyday life.👍

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>> 299 【What does mean that being divided by a fraction】


Oh! I made a mistake at a title in the last response of my own.😳

⭕ divided

❌ multipled

I'm sorry for it.💦

By the way,I've tried to express one more way of understanding the division of fraction,but I give it up,for I find it difficult and complicated to do.😚


I'm sure we can express everything with the English,but if we use numbers or illustrations,we can find it easy to express or understand, especially in regard to algebra or math.😩


To my sorrow,I can't do it with only my cellphone.😂


I've expected I could understand the division of fractions more clearly,but I can't. In short,I was forced to admit the theories of the division of fraction theoretically.It seems that the theories are right,but I've never been satisfied with it.😩


I still feel gloomy.I'm wondering if I'm just stupid…to my sorrow,I can't deny it.＼(☆o☆)／

Even if I can't understand it,I can lead my everyday lives,but it's regrettable.😚

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>> 298 【What does mean that being multiplied by the fraction?】

By the way,when showing the fractions with only alphabets,I'm afraid it may be hard to read,so please indicate them with numbers for yourselves.😃


To return to my main topic…


When both sides multiplied by seven fifths equally from the right hand,it's like the next.


Five-sevenths multiplied by seven-fifths is something multiplied by three-fourths multiplied by seven-fifths.


1 is something multiplied by three-fourths multiplied by seven-fifths.Something is four-thirds multiplied by five-sevenths.


Therefore,five-sevenths divided by three-fourths is five-sevenths multiplied by four-thirds which was replaced the denominator with numerator of the four-thirds.


Thus,we can understand an ordinary property that we relace its the denominator with numerator with regard to the fraction..💡


We use the general idea of reduction of fractions to a common denominator 通分,and of rectangular area.😃

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>> 297 【What does mean that being divided by a fraction?】


In this way,we can think it right that replacing its denominator 分母 with numerator and multipled it by something in relation to the division of the fraction.😃


The division with which we've treated are limited answers of integral numbers 整数,so I'm going to show you two ordinary way of understanding of the division of the fraction.Both of them are concrete divisions of the fraction.It's the next one.😃


Five-sevenths divided by three-fourths is five-sevenths multiplyed by four-thirds is twenty-twenty-first.

Let's suppose that three was like the next.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Five-sevenths divided by three-fourths is something.


Then if each side multiplied by three-fourths equally,it means five-sevenths divided by three-fourths multiplied by three-fourths is something multiplied by three-fourths,therefore five-sevenths is something multiplied by three-fourths.


In short,five-sevenths is something multiplied by three-fourths.

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>> 296 【What does mean that being divided by a fraction?】


By the way,what kind of ways make us understand that the fraction of division? It means that how do we understand when calculating it why we turn the numerator 分子 and denominator 分母 upside down.😃


I'm going to express it with several ways.It's possible with the instance of pizza to some extent.🍕


We ate a pizza.Then we divided the whole pizza into four pieces.If expressing it with an equation,it's the next.


One divided by a quarter is four.


In other words,it means the next.


One divided by a quarter means that one multipled by something.


It means that one multipled by something is four.


Therefore something is,so to speak,一分の四,four.


When divided the whole three pizzas by the three-fourths,we do like the same way.💡


Three divided by three-fourths is four.


In other words,it means that the three divided by the three-fourths is three multipled by something.


Therefore,three multipled by something is four.Something is four-thirds.

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>> 295 【What does mean that being divided by a fraction?】


① A quarter multipled by three is three-fourths.


② Three divided by the three-fourths is four.


Indicating a concrete example for children like that is useful for their understanding to arithmetic,I'm sure.😃

If using other numbers as amount,there is the next one.


One-fifths liter is 200 milliliters.


If the children understand the general idea of time or how to use a clock,the next one is also all right.


One-third hour is twenty mimutes.


A way of subsiding 細分化 a thing may be useful.We need to adopt several different ways.We aren't sure what kinds of hints are helpful to understand the fraction.It depends on.Everyone has its own best way!🙋


By the way,when expressing fractions, especially,a number below 1 like two-thirds,I'm wondering if we should treat it as plural number.It's shameful of me to say,but I have little confidence on it.😳

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>> 294 【What does mean that being divided by a fraction?】


For example,let's suppose there were circular cake or pizza which are easy to divide equally.If divided the pizza into four,there will be four pieces of the pizza.Its each size is a quarter.🍕


In short,one divided by a quarter is four.💡


It means the next one.If dividing the pizza into four pieces,we'll give each of four people each of four pieces of pizza.🍕


We can make the question,applying the sentence above like the next one.💡


There are circular three pizzas.They are the same size.We divided each of them into four equal parts.Then we put each three pieces on a plate.How many plates do we need?☝

If showing a picture of each pizza divided into equally with a calculation,“twelve divided by three is four”, children'll grasp it easily.😃

We are going to add other explanation including an equation of fractions in order to make even elementary school children understand.☝


To be continued.💦