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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Seizuring lands from landowners〉

However as approaching in the rapid economic growth, main workers in farmland went to Tokyo so as to find a job, so the farmhouse was forced to be what is called 三ちゃん農業. The ones who were engaged in agriculture were かあちゃん、ばあちゃん、and じいちゃん.

However the farmhoused didn`t try to sell the farmland then. Expanding the scale on the farmhouse wasn`t progressed.

〈Zaibatsu was dissolved〉

Zaibatsu means a family which possesses a fortune. A family of the rich possesses stocks of numberless subsidiary...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Zaibatsu was dissolved〉

A family of the rich owned stocks on numberless subsidiary companies which spread around all the industries and grasped the rights on their management. Some members in the family or a head clerk of mercantile were in charge of the management.

GHQ thought the Zaibatsu had a big responsibility which drove Japan to the war, and tried to dissolve the Zaibatsu of big organizations which controlled Japanese industry.

Not only the big four zaibatsu such as Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, and Yasuda, but other medium,,,

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【Japan was a defeated nationl. A revival from the ruins】

〈Zaibatsu was dissolved〉

Not only the big four zaibatsu of big organizations like Mitsui,Mitsubishi,Sumitomo and Yasuda, but other medium and small zaibatsu were dissolved and restructed. Their numbers were 83 in total.

Family members in zaibatsu were banished from management on companies. Most of the fortune were confiscated from zaibatsu then.

Mitsui Products were divided into about 170 companies, Mitsubishi Business Company was done into about 120. Other eleven companies like 日本製鉄 and 大日本麦酒were also divided and restructed.

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Zaibatsu was dissolved〉

日本製鉄 was divided into four companies like 八幡製鉄 and　富士製鉄. As日本製鉄 was divided, a condition that 川崎製鉄 and 住友金属 which used to be companies of small scale developed.

大日本麦酒 was divided into Asahi and Sapporo, and the division made kirin progress remarkably.

As monopolistic companies were dissolved and restructed, severe competitions among the companies were developed, so Japanese economy grew by leaps and bounds. Japan had a strong economic power.

However after the occupation was over, but the old zaibatsu like...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Zaibatsu was dissolved〉

After the occupation was over in 1952, but the old zaibatsu like Mitsui and Mitsubishi was reorganized as a group of companies, and their mark or symbol of three diamonds of Mitsubishi and the one of Mitsui which were prohibited were allowed to be used again.

As a voice that a scale of companies should be big in order to have an international competitive power was heightened,八幡製鉄　and 富士製鉄 which were once divided were merged again, and the two companies becomes a new company, 新日鉄. Merging among companies have...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Zaibatsu was dissolved〉

Merging among companies have progressed at present.

『Column, a third grade director』

With a dissolution on zaibatsu by GHQ,managers were banished from big companies. Banishment from the business world.

As a result, as managers from before the war retired, young employees promoted as manager. Executives on management from thirties to forties were born one after another.

Young managers did their job in relaxed mood in surrounding where there were no seniors who had more experiences than the young managers.

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

『Column, a third grade director』

No one cut in when doing their jobs. The young managers tackled the management on companies dauntlessly. As the managers became young, companies developed.

A writer named Keita Genji of businessman wrote the situation in a novel of a third grade director, so the phrase of the third grade director became famous then.

It means that the one who wasn`t thought to be the director was the third grade person, but it became the director, but actually it did its job well.

After retiring from a president or...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

『Column, a third grade director』

After retiring from a president or a chairperson of the board of directors, clinging to a company as counselor, and cut in a job of a president who was a junior for the counselor.

It revealed a trouble caused by the old people. The old people should know the historic fact that young employees promoted managers, the author said like that.

〈Raising a labor union〉

All the Japanese labor unions were made to disband during the war in 1940. The labor union was an obstacle so as to accmoplish the war.

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Raising labor unions〉

GHQ recommended the Japanese form a democratic labor union as a part of economic democracy, and laws on labor union was established December in 1945.

About no less than twelve thousand of labor unions were formed in the next year, and the member of the labor unions reached three million six hundred eighty thousand. Rate of organizing the labor union by labors was 41.5%.

Movements on labor union was active and a steep rise in wage increase and improvement on labor condition were done.

Establishment on the ...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Raising labor unions〉

The movement on labor union demanded economic ones like an establishment on system of the lowest wage or abolition on discriminal treatment in the beginning.

However when going on negatiation with the government, it changed into a political struggle gradually, and put up a demand that then the Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida should retire.

About four million of labors planned to do a strike all together the first day February in 1947. It was called a general strike.

The general strike was all the members in...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Raising labor unions〉

The general strike was all the members in the labor unions not only on a single industry but all the industries joined the strike.

Not only public service like trains, electric trains, postal service and telephone, but lots of private enterprises planned to do the strike.

When looking at the movement, lots of the people thought a revolution on socialists may happen in Japan, with a hope or a fear, but immediate before the strike, GHQ issue an order to stop the strike.

The labor unions were forced to obey the...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Raising labor unions〉

Labor unions were forced to obey the order from GHQ which was the strongest power of the military office in occupation.

A leader in the strike appeared on a program of radio and said like the next, weeping.

I remember a phrase of retreating a step and go ahead two steps.

He declared a stop on the strike.

〈America changed the plan〉

America had raised the labor unions in Japan until then but when judging the labor unions were more than a limitation, it started to suppress the labor unions, for there was a...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈America changed the plan〉

...for there was a background that an opposition between America and Soviet, what is called the Cold War between east and west started.

America feared Japanese labor union would change a movement which aimed at being the socialism, and changed the plan.

After the general strike, rights of doing a strike on public employees were taken away. If the public employee does a strike, it`s against the law.

It was George Kennan of the Secretary of the State who thought of American policy against Soviet in the...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈America changed the plan〉

It was George Kennan of the Secretary of the State who thought of Ameircan policy against Soviet in the Cold War between east and west after the World War Ⅱ. He faced Soviet with a policy of containment.

He inspected Japan and interviewed with MacArthur and asked him to change the policy on occupation against Japan in 1948.

He advised America should keep Japan in the liberal camp rather than Japanese democratization and disarmanent in order to proceed the policy of containment on Soviet in Asia.

Thus the...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈America changed the plan〉

Thus the movement on labor unions and socialism were suppressed and democratization in politics stopped. A storm of red purge raged from 1949 to 1950.

America called a communist a red. It`s a disparaging word for the communists. The ones who were suspected as communists and their sympathizers were banised from their workplaces.

It is said its numbers were fifty thousand or thirty thousand.

On the other hand, the ones who were banished from a public office as militalists were allowed to return to the...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈America changed the plan〉

On the other hand the ones who were banished from public office as militalists were allowed to return to the political workd, or the business world. Then the mass madia called it a reverse course.

Japan was also forced to be connected with the opposition among the Cold War between east and west, and was twisted around changing the plan by America.

『Column, Japan was age of twelve』

MacArthur who ruled over Japan as the supreme commander in GHQ which occupied Japan returned to America in 1951.

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

『Column, Japan was age of twelve』

The Japanese of two hundred thousand who yearned for MacArthur appeared on a roadside and were reluctant to part from him.

However after returning to America, he said Japan was as if it had been a boy whose age was just twelve at a hearing in national assembly in America.

When comparing the people in other countries with age of a person, as to Germany which was also a defeated nation like Japan, its age was forty five and the German was a mature grown-up.

On the other hand, Japan was a boy whose...

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【Jpan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

『Column, Japan was age of twelve』

On the other hand, Japan was a boy whose age was just twelve. The Japanese was immature and needed a guidance. The context expressed like that.His remark made the Japanese worship MacArthur stopped all together.

〈All the power to producing coal〉

An effort to economic revival by the Japanese government itself started under occupation by GHQ, especially a priority production system started from 1947, and it was famous.

Making all the economic policy incline to producing coal, so it was named like that

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈All the powers to producing coal〉

Expanding on producing of industry has to be done so as to revive the economy. It`s indispensable for the Japanese to increase production on coal which was the most source of energy then.

Maintainance for coal mine is necessary so as to increase the coal, but then the coal mine had fallen into ruin on account of irresponsible mining during the war.

Iron and steel are necessary to maintain the coal mine, so the steel industry had to be revived. Coal is necessary as energy for the furnace of the steel.

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オッハー🙂　マユミちゃん

【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈All the powers to producing coal〉

However the coal mine fell into ruins. Japanese industry was up against the wall, so Japan asked America to help on heavy oil.

Taking advantage of the heavy oil as fuel and revives the steel industry, and maintains the coal mine.

If increasing the amount of producing coal, being able to make use of the coal as fuel and it is posssible to increase the product on the steel, using the coal as fuel, and to generate electricity. Product of fertilizer also increases and agriculture develops.

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈All powers to producing coal〉

Japan hoped like that. Producing steel and coal had priority over all other things and reconstructed economic policy in Japan then. It was the priority production system then.

The coal was called a black diamond and was handled as valuables. As the coal industry was treated so well that the Japanese were shoced at revolution on energy later on, but the author said he was going to express it later on.

〈Cut the feet of bamboo stilts〉

GHQ thought development on Japanese economy was indispensable so as...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Cut the feet of bamboo stilts〉

GHQ thought development on Japanese economy was indispensable in order to keep Japan in the liberal camp. It feared if the economy was bad, movements on labor or socialism would be active in Japan.

GHQ started new two plans so as to develop the economy in Japan. Doing away with inflation and establishment on exchanging rate for yen.

It was Joseph Dodge of a minister who led of doing away with inflation. He was sent from America as expert on economy in 1949. He used to be a president of a bank in Detroit

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Cut the feet of bamboo stilts〉

Dodge spoke on the economy in Japan at the press conference like the next.

Without standing on the ground with its own feet, Japanese economy was as if it had been on bamboo stilts. One feet was a help from America, and the other was various subsidies from the Japanese government.

If the feet of the bamboo stilts were too high, there was a fear of falling down from the bamboo stilts and breaking its neck.

He expressed a weakness on Japanese economy with a good metaphor. In short he suggested Japan...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Cut the feet of the bamboo stilts〉

In short he suggested Japan cut the feet of the bamboo stilits, so he asked the Japanese government to cut the subsidies and expenditures from the Japanese government severely.

We call the severe policy by Dodge Dodge line. The line means a plan or policy.

Thus various subsidies were cut from budget in Japanese government, so its finance was cut down extremely. Financial deficit continued until then, but changed into in the black for the first time.

However as the financial expenditures were cut...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Cut the feet on the bamboo stilts〉

However as the financial expenditures from the government were cut down so extremely that the Japanese economy fell into a severe deflation.

Trying to suppress the inflation, but it was too much. Japan was attacked by depression then.

『Column,a strange story that 1 dollar is 360yen』

Why was 1 dollar 360yen? Its ground had been unclear for the Japanese then.

When Kakuei Tanaka became a minister of finance, he expressed like the next.

Yen 円 also means a circle, and addition of interior angle on...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

『Column, 1 dollar was 360yen』

As addition of interior angles on the circle is 360 degrees, so the yen is 360yen.

He said like that and lots of people were convinced of it, but it was far-fetched so as that he tried to entertain the others.

〈1 dollar became 360yen〉

After suppressing the inflation, America tried to develop Japanese economy through exporting goods, so they had to decide an exchanging rate. How much should they exchange yen with dollar?

The exchanging rate between Japan and America used to be 1 dollar was 1 yen...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈1 dollar became 360yen〉

The exchanging rate between Japan and America used to be 1 dollar was 360yen before the war, but as the Japanese economy was destroyed due to the war, and weak yen progressed so much that they had to decided it again.

An investigating group led by Young came to Japan from America in order to set up the exchanging rate.

After researching an ability on Japanese economy,he recommended its base was 1 dollar was three hundred yen, and set up the value around three hundred yen from above 10% to below 10%.

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈1 dolloar became 360yen〉

MacArthur received it and thought 1 dollar was 330yen in the beginning, but American government set up that 1 dollar was 360yen so as that Japanese economy was advantageous.

360yen was weaker yen than 330yen, so when exporting Japanese products, their price became low. There was a consideration for the Japanese economy so as to make ability to compete strong among international society.

America aimed the economy in Japan developed well, for it thought Japan should be in the Liberal camp during the Cold War...

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【Jpan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈1 dollar was 360yen〉

...for America thought Japan should be in the liberal camp during the Cold War between east and west.

〈A misfortune in neighboring country made Japanese economy revive〉

A war occurred in neighboring Korean peninsula June in 1950. It was Korean War. After the World War Ⅱ, northern half of the Korean peninsula was occupied by Soviet, and southern half was done by America. Its border was north latitude 38 degrees.

In this situation, North Korea and South Korea were formed. It was also an incident during the Cold War

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈A misfortune in neighboring country made Japanese economy revive〉

Kim Il Sung in North Korea was given a permission from Stalin in Soviet, and aimed at the unification in the Korean peninsula by military force and attacked South Korea.

The U.S.army which withdrew from south Korea rushed the Korean peninsula so as to help South Korea in a hurry.

As the whole Korean peninsula became a battlefield, America bought both daily and military necessities from Japan which was near from the Koeran peninsula.

Tremendous demand generated in...

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【Japan was a defeated naiton. A revival from the ruins】

〈A misfortune in neighboring country made the Japanese economy revive〉

A tremendous demand generated in Japan suddenly which suffered from severe deflation by Dodge Line.

Deflation is a situation that demand isn`t enough for supplies of goods, so the deflation would be done away with as long as the demand increases.

The special demand caused by the Korean War is called a special procurements.

A large amount of orders that cloth which was necessary for military uniform of soldiers, blankets for soldiers, and a bag made of hemp a麻...

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【Japan was a defeated naiton. A revival from the ruins】

〈A misfortune in neighboring country made the Japanese economy revive〉

Lots of orders of cloth which was necessary for military uniform of soldiers, blankets for soldiers, and a bag made of hemp which covers war materials were asked in Japan. The textile industry came back to life at first in Japan.

Moreover it extended to heavy industries like a truck for military use, an oil drum, a barbed wire, and an iron pole.

Soldiers in the U.S.army who fought in Korean peninsula spent their day off in Japan regularly, so the consumption by...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈A misfortune in neighboring country made the Japanese economy revive〉

...and the consumption by the soldiers in the U.S.army increased all of a sudden.

A misfortune in neighboring country brought growth to the Japanese economy exactly.

〈It wasn`t after the war〉

A good phrase that it wasn`t after the war was born in an economic white paper in 1956.

Needless to say, the Japanese economy was still weak and the Japanese felt repelled by such the remark, for we thought the Japanese economy had never revived, and we couldn`t escape...

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【Japan was a defeated naiton. A revival from the ruins】

〈It wasn`t after the war〉

...and we couldn`t escape from poverty then, but the main point on the sentence was that Japan escaped from a process of economic revival after Japan was defeated in the war, and reached into other stage of real economic growth at last.

The economic white paper said like the next.

As Japan is poor, if comparing our country with others in the world, our potential demand for consumption and investment may be still high, but if comparing it with at one time after the war, our fierce desire has reduced clearly.

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈It wasn`t after the war〉

So, it isn`t after the war. We are about to face a different situation. A growth through a restoration was over. After that our growth will be supported by modernization.

〈After that what`s happened?〉

It was the reform by GHQ which founded a basis made the Japanese economy jump in a large scale after the war, but the structure on the Japanese economy changed before long.

Monopolistic enterprises vanished by dissolution on zaibatsu, serious competition among companies happened, and Japanese economy developed.

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈After that what`s happened?〉

However it is said that strong companies are indispensable so as to win the competition among international society, and merging companies happened one after another.

A holding company has been permitted at present. Instead of aiming at investing, aiming at controlling a project on the company and possessing stocks of other companies. It`s the holding company.

It`s a modern zaibatsu, and a group of companies whose name is holdings are born one after another.

On the other hand, a movement on labor...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈After that what`s happened?〉

On the other hand, movements on labor union have declined more and more. Almost all of members in labor unions in Japan are regular employees.

Temporary staff and the ones who are engaged in part-time job increase, so the ratio on the member in labor union of the company drops, and causes no voice in the members.

A struggle against wage increase has never been active, and a pay level hasn`t risen as well,

Some managers said they need to raise their employee`s income so as to expand domestic demand.

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【The Self-Defense forces was born. A dispute over the constitution started】

〈The Japanese guarded an American aircraft carrier〉

As synchronized terrorist attacks broke out in New York and Washington in 2001, an American aircraft carries left the Yokosuka port. Its foothold was Yokosuka base which belonged to American navy.

Escort ship and minesweeper which belonged to Japanese navy secorted the American aircraft carrier until it was out of Japanese territorial waters.

The Defense Agency said it`s just that Japanese Self-Defense Forces watched around Japan for Japanese safety, but the...

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【The Self-Defense Forces was born. A dispute over the constitution started】

〈The Self-Defense Forces escorted an American aircraft carrier〉

...but actually te Self-Defense Forces escorted the American aircraft carrier.

As to the activity, some people said as terrorism against the military force in America has been expected in Japanese territory, guarding America in Japanese territorial waters is naturral.

On the other hand others said it means cooperating with military movements by America actually, and the activity is against the constitution, isn`t it?

The Self-Defense Force has...

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【The Self-Defense Forces was born. A dispute over the constitution started】

〈The Self-Defense Forces escorted American aircraft carrier〉

The Self-Defense Forces have been in a delicate position in Japane, so the activity by the Self-Defense Forces are apt to cause a big problem.

By the way why has the Self-Defense FOrces beem in a delicate position?

〈The Self-Defense Forces which has eminent military power in the world〉

The Self-Defense Forces have grown up until it`s proud of its prominent equipment. If converting Japanese defending cost into dollars, Japanese defending cost was in...

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【The Self-Defense Forces was born. A dispute over the constitiution started】

〈The Self-Defense Forces which has an eminent military power in the world〉

If converting the Japanese defending cost into dollars, it`s in the second rate in the world which is next to America. In spite of it, Japanese government it wasn`t armed force at all, for Japanese constitution established a law of renunciation of war and prohibits to have war potential.

The fixed number in the Self-Defense Forces were about two hundred sixty two thousand. The most one is the Ground Self-Defense Forces. One hundred sixty...

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【The Self-Defense Forces was born. A dispute over the constitution started】

〈The Self-Defense Forces which has an eminent military strength in the world〉

About one hundred sixty seven thousand in the Ground Self-Defence Force. The next one is the Air Self-Defense Force, and about forty seven thousand soldiers. The third was the Marine Self-Defense Force, and about forty five thousand soldiers. About one thousand and six hundred in the Joint Staff Council 統合幕僚会議.

The Self-Defense Forces have such a big organization, but an explanation of not being war potential has got away with it.

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【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】

〈The Self-Defense Forces which had eminent military strength in the world〉

The Japanese government insists that the constitution doesn`t forbid to have the lowest ability so as to accomplish the right of self-defense. The government said the Self-Defense Forces don`t have military strength but ability.

How much ability are the Self-Defense Forces allowed to have? It changes according to a situation in the world.

There is a possibility that interpretation on the change in the situation of the wolrd makes the...

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【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】

〈The Self-Defense Forces which have eminet military force in the world〉

There is a possibility that an interpretation on change in the situation of the world makes an equipment on the Self-Defense Forces escalate so much.

The Self-Defense Forces continue to expand under the constitution which prohibits the military strength. There has been a strange contradiction.

〈A dispute over the constitution started in national assembly〉

A researching group on the constitution was formed January in 2000. Fifty members...

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【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】

〈A dispute over the constitution started in national assembly〉

Fifty members from the House of Representatives joined the researching group on the constitution, and 45 joined from the House of Councilors. A dispute over the constitution started.

The dispute spread over various directions. The big point at issue was article 9 of the constitution which prohibits to have the military strength,and a relation between the Self-Defense Forces and the article 9 of the constitution.

The Self-Defense Forces had a doubt...

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【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】

〈A dispute over the constitution started in national assembly〉

The Self-Defense Forces have a doubt that it`s against the constitution from it was born, for the constitution established renunciation of war, and the renunciation of war was the target of argument.

The military force continued to increase stadily in the middle of the argument.

I`m going to look at the argument and history over the Self-Defense Forces from the establishment on Japanese constitution, the author said like that.

〈MacArthur who asked...〉

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【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】

〈MacArthur asked an amendant on the constitution〉

Japan was defeated in the Pacific War in 1945, Kijuro Shidehara who became the Prime Minister in Japan paid a courtesy visit to MacArthur who was the supreme commander in the allied force October in 1945.

Then MacArthur asked him to leberalize on the constitution on the spot.

The constitution which was established in the Meiji era allowed the emperor to have absolute sovereignty, so MacArthur thought that the constitution should be changed into a democratic one,

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【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】

〈MacArthur who asked an amendant on the constitution〉

...which was the new constitution of the sovereignty of the people.

MacArthur was intended to ask the new Prime Minister in Japan to amend the constitution strongly with an expression of liberalizing the constitution, but Shidehara didn`t think amending the constitution was an impending issue at all. Then misunderstanding between America and Japan started.

Shidehara set up a researching committe on the constitution in which the Japanese examined on the...

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【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】

〈MacArthur who asked to amend the constitution〉

...with the form of accepting the demand from MacArthur, but there was no word of amendment in the committee.

The Shidehara Cabinet used to be negative on the amendment of the constitution, so it recognized it would start to examine on the constitution first of all.

However the issue on amendment of the constitution was argued in natioanl assembly November, so the committee started to form a plan on amendment of the constitution secretly.

〈A scoop of a newspape...〉

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【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】

〈A scoop of a newspaper company of Mainichi changed the situation〉

A newspaper company of Mainichi scooped February in 1946. There was a news story that a tentative plan on amendment of the constitution by the committee in the front page.

Actually the tentative plan wasn`t the amendment formed by the committee formallly, but one of the committee put it in together originally, but it wasn`t so different from the formal one.

GHQ was surprised at its content, for it asked Japan to amend drastically, but it wasn`t...

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