Let`s enjoy English Ⅹ

【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈A judge who rejected to break a law starved to death〉

Which one should the Japanese adopt, death or law? The Japanese were forced to be solemn.

The Japanese were famished so much then. A murder case showed us it clearly. It was called Kodaira murder case.

A male named Yoshio Kodaira whose age was forty called females that he knew a good place to get the food, and took the females in local areas,raped and murdered them. Young females who were his victims reached seven.

〈The economy collapsed and inflation was progressed〉

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈The economy collapsed and inflation was progressed〉

Plenty of the Japanese returned to Japan where there was nothing from overseas. In spite of being short of supplies, the people increased suddenly extremely in Japan. In short a demand increased.

On the other hand lots of cash alone spread out in Japan. Retirement money were paid to servicemen and the ones who were engaged in the military force all together because they were out of job, for Japan was defeated in the war. Unpaid money was paid to munitions industry.

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈The economy collapsed and inflation was progressed〉

In spite of being short of supplies, there were lots of people who wanted to buy supplies and they had cash alone.

Then prices went up rapidly, in short inflation occurred and progressed. A retail price in Tokyo in 1946 was six times as much at the previous year. It was 2.7 times as much as in the next year. The prices went up more and more.

『Column, both the nation, companies, and family budgets were in the red』

Economic white paper was announced in 1947. Then both...

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

『Column, both the nation, companies, and family budges were in the red』

Both the nation, companies, and family budgets were in the red, the economic white paper expressed like that. It was such an exact expression that it became a word on everyone`s lips.

A process in which we`ll start to revive for hopeful reconstruction, the ones who work should connect direct each other, even if facing a hard life, we have to receive it in order to greet our good future.

Roughly speaking, the economic white papaer expressed like that.

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

『Coumn, the nationa, companies and family budgets were in the red』

Real situation on economy was expressed well to the people and it was easy to understand. It is said it`s a model of the economic white paper. It was written by an economic scholar, Shigeto Turu, and it was also called Turu white paper.

〈Changing the money into a new yen so as to wipe out the inflation〉

The government took emergency measure in order to wipe out the inflation.

The people who had money at hand tried to buy a thing, the inflation would accelerate.

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Changing the money into new yen so as to wipe out the inflation〉

Then the cash which appeared on the market was a large amount, so the government thought it tried to decrease the amount of money whcih appeared on the market forcibly. It was changing the money into new yen.

The government made the people deposit all the old bills unitl at the end of February in 1946, and all the deposits were blockaded, the people couldn`t withdrew their own deposit.

The head of a household could withdraw three hundred yen a month, and each ....

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Changing the money into new yen in order to wipe out inflation〉

...and each of family member could withdraw a hundred yen. Both of the head of the house and each of the family member could as long as the new yen from the next month of March.

Monthly salary was paid by the new yen until five hundred yen, but other monthly salary was made to blockade deposit by force.

Decreasing the cash which appeared on the market and consumption by the people forcibly. About fifty billion yen were collected by financial institutions then.

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Changing the money into new yen in ordre to wipe out the inflation〉

Average monthly salary on a worker in a city was 1724 yen then. Average disbursements a month was 2125 yen, so the Japanese were 401 yen were in the red.

Changing into new yen isn`t only wiping out the inflation but defending the financial institutions.

When being in inflation, the worth of mondy drops, it is advantageous for us to buy products rather than possessing the money.

As a result, the people tried to withdraw their money from the deposit and to...

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Changing the money into new yen so as to wipe out the inflation〉

As a result the people tried to withdraw their money from the deposit and to buy products. Then plenty of money flow out of the financial institiutions, and there was fear that some of the financial institutions went bankrupt.

The government protected the financial institutions by strong measures of blockading the deposits, but couldn`t stop progressing the inflation entirely.

As a result,without withdrawing their deposit at will, the people were forced to...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Changing the money into new yen so as to wipe out the inflation〉

...and the people were forced to watch the value of their deposit drop. The government protected the financial institutions at the cost of the people`s money.

After the bubble economy collapsed in the latter half in 1990s, the government protected the financial institutions which fell into management crisis at the cost of the people`s fund.

The people were always forced to be victims,I`m wondering.

『Column, GHQ』

The headquarters of GHQ was at Hibiya in Tokyo.

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

『Colunm, GHQ』

As the occupation prolonged, the people who thought they made the occupational situation finish quickly and realize Japanese independence increased.

They often said GHQ was an abbreviation of go home quickly as a joke.

『Column,the first bestseller after the war』

A pocket notebook on conversation between the Japanese and the American was published September in 1945 the next month Japan was defeated.

Occupation force of the Ameircan would come to Japan, so the Japanese had to talk with them, so it was published.

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

『Column, a first bestseller after the war』

The first printing of three hundred thousand copies were sold out right away, and the book became a bestseller of which three million and six hundred thousand copies were sold out at the end of the year.

Its record wasn`t broken for thirty six years until 窓際のトットちゃん written by Tetuko Kuroyanagi excelled in 1981.

〈Allied force came to Japan〉

Douglas MacArthur got out of a plane at an airport of Atugi in Kanagawa prefecture August in 1945. He had his favorite corn pipe in hand, and...

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Allied force came to Japan.〉

He was in shirt and had his favorite corn pipe in hand. He was General Headquarters of the supreme commander for the allied powers.

The General Headquarters were abbreviated into GHQ, and the Japanese call so. MacArthur was the strongest powerful person in Japan for six years until he was dismissed.

As to Germany which fought with Japan against the allied force, as its national organization collapsed and was defeated, the allied force occupied direct.

On the other hand, national organization...

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Allied force came to Japan〉

On the other hand, as the natioanl organization functioned in Jaapn, the allied force adopted indirect occupation of lying above the Japanese government.

Japanese government ruled over Japan as it was, but as to a plan which the Japanese government adopted, it had be allowed from GHQ.

Okinawa was occupied by the U.S.army before Japan was defeated, and direct rule by America continued until 1972 when Okinawa was returned to Japan.

The center of the allied force which occupied Japan was the...

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Allied force came to Japan〉

The center of the allied force which occupied Japan was the military force in Ameirca. America occupied Japan actually. Its exception was the military force in Commonwealth of Nations イギリス連邦 which stationed four prefectures in Shikoku area and five prefectures in Chugoku area.

Concretely, the military force of England, India, Australia, and New Zealand. Its headquarters was at Kure in Hiroshima prefecture.

Germany was divided and occupied by the allied force, after that divided into east and west.

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈The allied force came to Japan〉

On the other hand, Japan could avoid a tragedy that the nation was divided.

〈Allied force investigated a war crime〉

GHQ which occupied Japan had a duty that investigating responsibility on the war by Japan, and rebuilding Japan which won`t bring about the war again through the society and economic democratization.

Arresting the suspects on war crime started from the next month when Japan surrendered. International military court in the Far East started May in 1946. It`s what`s called Tokyo trial

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈GHQ investigated war criminals〉

In a world map of which center was Europe, Japan was far east, so they called like that.

As the Potsdam Declaration was done, so the Tokyo trial was also done.

Three leaders in three countries like England, America, and Soviet Union gathered at Potsdam in Germany before one month Japan didn`t surrender yet.

They demanded Japan to surrender and announced a condition on Japanese surrender. It`s the Potsdam Declaration. There was an article among the condition like the next.

Punishing war...

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈GHQ investigated war criminals〉

Punishing all the war criminals severely including abusing captives.

Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration and surrendered and GHQ thought Japan accepted the article as well.

In short, being based on article which Japan recognized when surrendering, investigating war criminals was done.

A class-A war criminals were judged in the Tokyo trial. It means that they were serious criminals on the war.

The people who were arrested on the suspect reached more than a hundred, but the ones who were...

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈GHQ investigated war criminals〉

...but the ones who were actually prosecuted and judged in the trial was no more than twenty eight people, including Hideki Tojo who decided to the outbreak on the Pacific War as Prime Minister.

The defendants were prosecuted on three crimes. The first was against peace, the second was murder, and the third was an ordinary crime on the war and humanism.

When ruling over Japan, MacArthur thought of making use of the Emperor system of Japan, so he decided not to investigate responsibility on...

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈GHQ investigated war criminals〉

...so he decided not to investigate responsibility on Showa Emperor in the war, and the Showa Emperor wasn`t in the trial.

Eleven Judges were chosedn from each country in the allied force, and presiding judge was an Australian. There were lawyers of both the Japanese and American for a defendant.

Judgement was done after two years in 1948, and two were dead from illness during the trial, the one avoided prosecution owing to mental disease, and the judgement was done to the rest of 25 people.

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【Japan whihc was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈GHQ investigated war criminals〉

The judgement concluded that the Japanese leaders on the war conspried in cooperation and brought about the invasive war, and sentenced all the defendants were guilty.

Seven of them were death penalty, and the maximum penalty was excused in the next month.

〈A crime on the war was disclosed and the Japanese were shocked at it〉

Cruel acts during the war by the military force in Japan were exposed one after another in the Tokyo trial, especially when the military force in Japan occupied then the...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈A crime on the war was disclosed and the Japanese were shcoked at it〉

...especially when the military force in Japan occupied Nanjing 南京 then the capital in China during the war between Japan and China December in 1937, the military force in Japan slaughtered residents indiscriminately in Nanjing.

Testimonies of survivors or witnesses on the slaughter were done one after another, and the Japanese were shocked at it.

A proof of slaughtering residents in Philippine more than ninty thousand by the military force in Japan was submitted.

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈A crime on the war was disclosed and the Japanese were shocked at it〉

Both of the slaughters in Nanjin and in Philippine weren`t informed to the Japanese during the Pacific War, and then the Japanese were shocked at testimonies and proof which were showed from the prosecution one after another.

After the seven Japanese were executed, GHQ planed to try a case of 19 people into the court in the next day. They were a Class-A war criminals. Nobusuke Kishi and Yoshio Kodama were among them, but they weren`t prosecuted.

The Tokyo trial...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈A crime on the war was disclosed and the Japanese were shocked at it〉

As the Tokyo trial dragged on and the Cold War between the east and west progressed, America lost eager for investigating war criminal.
It wasn`t judge on the law but the one from politics.

Nobusuke Kishi who was released became Prime Minister later.

『Slaughter in Nanjin』

As to the number of deceased in the slaughter in Nanjin, judgement in the Tokyo trial was like the next.

After occupying Nanjin by Japan, at least more than ten thousand of peopel who...

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【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

『Column, slaughter in Nanjin』

After occupying Nanjin by Japan, at least more than ninty thousand Chineses who weren`t combatants were indiscriminately slaughtered, after a month from the occupation, twenty thousand of females were raped, twenty thousand of males who were regarded as the military force in China were murdered, and thirty thousand of captives were murdered.

Moreover more than fifty seven thousand residents were forced to accommodate by the military force in Japan, and lots of them died due to starvation or torture.

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マユミちゃん、元気か(^-^)

【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

『A slaughter in Nanjin』

However China has announced there has been the victims of about three hundred thousand in Nanjin during the war between Japan and China.

As to the numbers of victims, various numbers have been announced accroding to the studies of historians after that.

Some people have said that there were a little victims in Nanjin, and there was no slaugher there.

In a textbook screening system in Japan, the number of victims in Nanjin has been always a problem.

A textbook has expressed lots of...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

『Column, a slaughter in Nanjin』

A textbook has expressed lots of the people have been slaughtered then, and others have said a hundred thousand people have been slaughtered, and another expressed a dispute has been continued on the actual situation.

〈There used to be three kinds on the war criminals〉

It was a Class-A war criminal which was brought into the court, and there were a Class-B war and a Class-C war, three kinds in total.

The number of people who were arrested as a Class-A war criminal were more than a hundred.

Adding...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈There used to be three kinds on the war criminal〉

Adding B to C reached about twenty five thousand in total.

As to the a Class-A war criminal, they planed the war and put it into practice in Japan, and were persons concerened in the military force in Japanese government who were responsible for slaughters on ordinary citizens and abuse on captives in the front.

On the other hand, as to a Class-B and C war criminals, they slaughtered ordinary citizens who weren`t soldiers and abused captives actually. They committed a war crime,and...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈There used to be three kinds on the war criminal〉

...and they were brought into the court.

It was a Class-B war criminal who committed an ordinary war crime, and it was a Class-C who committed a crime against humanity. They were distinguished formally, but without distinguished, they were brought into the court actually, so the Class B and C were put together and were called the Class-B and C.　

The Class-A war criminal was brought into court by the allied force in Tokyo.　

The Class-B and C were judged by each law of seven ...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈There were three kinds on the war criminal〉

The Class-B and C war criminal was judged by each law of seven countries in allied forces. 49 law courts were open in seven countries such as America, England, Australia, Philippine, France, Australia, and China in total.

In France, the activity of the military force in Japan at Vietnam in Indochina which belonged to France was judged, and in Holland , the one in Indonesia which belonged to Holland was done.

About five thousand and seven hundred were prosecuted in total in judgement of...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈There were three kinds on the war criminal〉

About five thousand and seven hundred of the Japanese were prosecuted in trial of the Class-B and C war criminal by seven countriesj, and 984 people were sentenced to death penalty, and it is said fifty of their sentences were reduced after that.

It is said it was 920 people who were actually executed. The ones who were declared they weren`t guilty were over a thousand.

On the other hand, the information on a trial of the war criminal which was done in Soviet Union wasn`t open in detail.

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈There were three kinds on the war criminal〉

It is said about the ten thousand Japanese were convicted of guilty, then Soviet abolished the capital punishment, and it was said no one was sentenced to death, but there was an estimate that about three thousand were executed in trial in secret.

〈A dispute over the Tokyo trial〉

There were various disputes over the Tokyo trial. How should we judge it?

Opinions on judgement were divided among eleven judges. Guilty which was done on defendants were decided by majority of eleven judgements.

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【Japan was a defeated naiton. A revival from the ruins】

〈A dispute over the Tokyo trial〉

Few of minority on eleven judges insisted that a part of defendants were innocent or others did all of the defendants were innocent, especially ラダビノッド　バル who was a representative in India criticized wholly the sentence on judgement by majority. It had been known of sentence on judgement by バル.

He referred to a lawful problem in the sentece of the Tokyo trial and criticized the establishmenet of the trial itself.

The author said he was going to leave judgement on the trial to the readers, and to said...

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【Japan was a defeated naiton. A revival from the ruins】

〈A dispute over the Tokyo trial〉

...and to put some of points at issue in order on the dispute simply.

❰The trial in which the winner judged the defeated❱

Even if it was the winner, it isn`t always in a position of justice. The Tokyo trial was a selfish one which the winner in the war judged the loser.

It may be surely so, but if so, the Japanese should have investigated the responsibility on the war and judged for themselves.

Actually Germany which was a defeated nation like Japan judged the war criminals for themselves after ...

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マユミちゃん、オッハー☀️

【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈A dispute over the Tokyo trial〉

❰A trial in which the winner judged the defeated❱

Germany which was a defeated nation like Japan investigated the responsibility in the war and judge the war criminal after the war.

❰An ex facto the trial was done❱

MacArthur established regulations on the international military affair in the Far East January in the next year that Japan was defeated, and the Tokyo trial was done.

Judging a crime against the peace, ordinary war crime, a crime against the humanism in the regulations...

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【Japan was a defeated nation】

〈A dispute over the Tokyo trial〉

❰Ex post facto the trial was done, wasn`t it?❱

Judging a crime against the peace, an ordinary war crime, a crime against humanism in regulations were decided, but there was no a general idea of the crime against the peace and the crime against the humanism during the war.

Later on making a law that something was a crime and judging it. It`s against a principle that a one who was against an existing law was judged. It`s the ex post facto the trial was done, wasn`t it?

A counterevidence. The crime which was judged in the...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈A dispute over the Tokyo trial〉

❰An ex post facto that the trial was, wansn`t it?❱

A counterevidence. The crime judged in the Tokyo trial was universal for a civilized nation, and the trial was legitimate.

❰Can we blame a responsibility on an individual?❱

The war was an action as nation, so it`s doubtful whether or not we can blame a responsibility on an individuality.

A counterevidence. Even if an order from a senior officer, or from the nation, obeying something which isn`t forgiven as human is a crime, so showing an universal...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈A dispute over the Tokyo trial〉

❰Can we blame a responsibility on an individuality?❱

A counterevidence...so showing the universal principle as human was done, the trial was significant.

There is other argument that without being bringing into court on Showa Emperor in the Tokyo trial, and he wasn`t blame the responsibility on the war anything.

As to the Tokyo trial, an international symposium was held in Tokyo May in 1983. Judges who were in chagre of the Tokyo trial joined it.

Some people who were in a position of evaluating...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈A dispute over the Tokyo trial〉

Some people in a position who evaluated the Tokyo trial highly, and other poeple in a different position who criticized the Tokyo trial paticipated in the symposium.

Its situation has been put together in a book, asking on the Tokyo trial.

There was a criticism that in the trial the winner judged the defeated was that the one who stole judged other one who stole. A Chinese professor in an university answered the criticism in the book like the next.

The ones who stole China for the first time was...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈A dispute over the Tokyo trial〉

The one which stole China for the first time was Englnad for the Chinese, but England was the one which judged in the Tokyo trial. Others are Holland, France, and America. The others were also the ones which stole for the Chinese. As a result the one who stole judged the other who stole. It`s unfair partly.

However, I`ve thought the Tokyo trial was judged on the one who stole in a limited period from 1928 to 1945. Which was the most terrible, cruel thief in the limited period?

『A column, a...』

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

『Column, a responsibility on the war』

A political scholar announced a thesis, a logic and psychology in urltranationalism. He said leaders in Nazis must have a clear consiciousness on determination against the opening war,though a reason why they caused it was other story.

On the other hand, as to our country, though the leaders brought about the disastrous war, they had no awareness anywhere that the ones who caused the war.

They thought they were pushed forward by something somehow, and the war which was done by the whole nation...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

『Column, a responsibility on the war』

...and the war which was done by the whole nation caused. What does the terrible situation mean?

He analyzed there is no responsibility in Japanese society.

〈Three economic reforms which founded a condition on Japanese development〉

GHQ which occupied Japan investigated the responsibility on the war, and at the same time, it made Japanese society go ahead with the democratization. It thought the democratization on economy like the next.

A situation of federal society was strong in Japan, and ...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Three economic reforms which founded a condition on Japanese development〉

...and there wasn`t enough producing power in Japan. It led to invasion in Asia by Japan. A basis in the federal society is a farming village.

There is a big landowner in the farming village and peasants cultivated their own little land. The federal relation between the big landowner and peasants is a basis in the federal society. It has to be dissolved, and it led to an agrarian reform.

Incomes on labors have been suppressed cheaply by powerful zaibatsu in...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Three economic reforms which founded a condition on Japanese developement〉

Lobors`s income had been suppressed cheaply by powerful zaibatsu in Japan, and enough markets had never been formed, so Japanese companies advanced in Asia for markest and it led to invasion by the military force in Japan.

Dissolving zaibatsu of powerful monopolizing companies and some corporations who compete each other would be born among each industry and wholesome competition would be unfolded, Japanese economy would develop.

Then Japanese market would...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Three economic reforms founded a condition on Japanese development〉

Then Japanese economy would also develop and Japanese market did and it would prevent Japanese companies from advancing overseas. It`s dissolving zaibatsu.

Moreover giving rights to Japanese labors, and urging Japanese laobr union form improving condition on labor, and raising income of the labors. It would make the Japanese purchasing power increase, and market within Japan exapnad.

Then Japanese companies would don`t have to advance in Asia by force, and Japan...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Three economic reforms founded a condition on Japanese development〉

...then Japan would have never invade again. It led to a reform in labor.

It doesn`t always mean that America put into the reform practice so as to make Japanese economy develop. It`s just it thought it made Japan be a country which would not bring about a war again.

As a result, the reform founded a condition for Japanese development.

〈Seisuring lands from landowners〉

The agrarian reform seisured all the lands from landowners who were absent. There was an...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Seisuring lands from landowners〉

There was an example that a landowner who had a huge farm land live in a city and made peasants in the farm land cultivate in a farming village before the war. We call the landowner an absent landowener.

There was a land which a landowner who lived in the farming village owned. It was limited within a hectare.

If the landowner possessed the land more than a hectare, the nation bought it by force, and sold it peasants cheaply.

Other landowners who cultivated for themselves weren`t allowed to own...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Seizuring lands from landowners〉

Even landowners who cultivated for themselves weren`t allowed to possess the fields more than three hectares.

The agrarian reform was proceeded from March in 1947 to September in 1950, but mountains and forests weren`t its objection.

Thus the peasant lands which used to make up for about a half in the whole farm land before the war decreased to no less than 9%.

A person seems to be calculating. Even if it`s the same farm land, if it`s own farm land, a desire to produce is born, for Japanese ...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Seizuring lands from landowners〉

...for agricultural production increased by leaps and bounds in Japan.

Seizuring farm land from the ones who were engaged in agriculture and made the farm land common, agricultural production dropped in socialist countries like China and Soviet. It was an exact opposition of Japan.

A movement by peasants who didn`t have any farm land was sometimes active in Japanese farming land before the war, but as having the farm land, they became conservative, and an existence which supported the Liberal ...

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【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】

〈Seizuring lands from landowners〉

...but as having the farmland, they became conservative and an existence which supported the Liberal Democratic Party after that.

On the other hand, a small-scale farmer increased. Some landowners possessed a large amount of land, but most of the lands were small ones, so sharing the lands for peasants, the small-scale farmers increased more and more.

After that, Japanese agricultural administration tried to expand a management scale on farmers and to raise a full-time farmer who had a huge farmland.

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