Let`s enjoy English Ⅹ

【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈At last independence but a tragedy happened before it〉

If being independent from Indonesia, they would return East Timor to the situation in the past. It was a theory by the people who opposed the independence.

When the author visited East Timor April in 2002, lots of buildings which were burned black were left there.

『A case on the thirtieth day September』

The truth on the case has never been clear but it`s a coup d` etat that bodyguards on the President killed six generals who were staff officer in the army.

• 共感2

【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

『Column, a case on the thirtieth day September』

Indonesian government concluded that it was a coup d` etat by the communist party in Indonesia, and the army attacked the communist party.

As the communist party in Indonesia then was close relation with the communist party in China led by Mao Zedong, the Indonesians of Chinese ancestry were doubt they were sympathy of the communist party and were killed one after another.

It is said a half million who were relatives on the Chinese communist party and others who...

• 共感2

【A first nation in the 21th century was born and East Timor has been independent】

『Column, a case on the thirtieth day September』

It is said a half million who were relatives on the communist party in China and others who were suspicious that they were killed, and others of seven hundred thousand people were sent to a concentration camp for a long time without bringing the case into court.

After that, a book written by Chinese characters wasn`t allowed to bring because it had a possibility that it was a direction from communist party in China.

Using the Chinese characters was forbidden ...

• 共感2

【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

『Column, a case on the thirtieth day September』

Using the Chinese characters was forbidden in Chinatown each place in Indonesia, so the Chinatowns in Indonesia is the most strange one in the world which have no sign board written by Chinese characters.

〈The United Nations controlled East Timor for a while〉

The United Nations which were shocked at the terrible sight sent the international military force made up with Australia, Thailand, and New Zealand,and maintained the peace.

The military force in a...

• 共感2

【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈The United nations controlled for a while〉

The military force in multinational force developed in the actual place and Indonesian military force withdrew from East Timor, and the attack by the people who were opposed to the independence was over at last.

After the independence on East Timor was decided October in 1999, temporary government of East Timor under the United Nation was set up in order to build a new nation.

A new nation needs a new constitution, and representatives are needed to be chosen from...

• 共感2

【A new nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈The United Nation controlled for a while〉

The representatives have to be chosen from the people, and the representatives have to establish the constitution, but the constitution decides how the representatives should be chosen.

The United Nations supported the people in East Timor to build a new nation. The United Nations protected East Timor under the United Nations and a new national organization will be created under the United Nations.

However under this situation, nothing would be progressed at all.

• 共感2

【A new nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈The United Nation controlled for a while〉

There is a discussion, which is earlier, a egg or a chicken? Nothing will go ahead like the discussion, and national organization would never be born forever.

So the United Nation built a temporary government. The people in East Timor chose the people for the member of a temporary national assembly by an election.

They established the constitution March in 2002 and became formal member in national assembly.

As being based on the constitution, a first presidential was...

• 共感2

【A new nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈The United Nation controlled for a while〉

As being based on the new constitution, a presidential election was done and Xanana Gusmao became the President.

〈Two official languages and two other practical languages〉

In a new constitution which was born March in 2002, the Portugese and Tetum were designated as official language, and the Indonesian and the English were done as practical ones.

The official language is used for official documents like the ones for government.

On the other hand, the practical...

• 共感2

【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Two official languages and two other parctical languages〉

On the other hand, the practical languase is used as long as it needs for service in residents. The constitution prescribed like that.

East Timor is forced to use two kinds of languages for official and practical, so they have to use four kind of languages in total.

East Timor became a colony for Portugal in the 16th century, and as a result by being controlled as colony for about four century, lots of the people can speak the Portuguese.

Though they...

• 共感2

【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Two official languages and two other practical languages〉

Though they aren`t forced to use the Portuguese, the Portuguese has been used in class at school, and lots of the people whose age is more than fifty can understand the Portuguese.

On the other hand, the Tetum was a resistant language.

The people in Fretilin who tried to resist against invasion by Indonesia were overwhelmed by the force in the military force in the government and were fled into a mountainous area and developed guerilla activity.

• 共感2

【The first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Two official languages and two other practical languages〉

Then the Tetum was common language for guerillas, and is one of dialects which were more than 30 and was used than any other dialect in East Timor by lots of people in Fretilin.

On the other hand staff in government, soldiers in the military force, and the secret police in Indonesia couldn`t understand the Tetum at all, so the guerillas who aimed at being independent adopted the Tetum as cipher.

The mountainous area was a base for the guerilla, and...

• 共感2

【A new nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Two official language and two other practical languages〉

...and the Tetum established a position as common language, especially in the mountainous area.

Being able to speak the Tetum language means being able to talk with guerillas who resisted against the government in Indonesia, so the Totem language became a symbol for resistance.

As a result of invasion by Indonesia, the people in East Timor were forced to use the Indonesian. All the classes in school were taught by the Indonesian.

Considering practical...

• 共感2

【A new nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Two official languages and two other practidcal ones〉

Considering practical use alone, it was convenient for them to change the Indonesian into the official language, being accompanied with East Timor`s independence.

However the Indonesians was the language by the rulers for the people in East Timor, and they couldn`t receive it a bit.

In a point of view of language by rulers, the Portuguese was also the same, but after giving up controlling East Timor as colony, Portugal supported East Timor to be independent.

• 共感2

【A new nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Two official languages and two other practical ones〉

Thus the Tetum and Portugese won a glorious position as official language.

To tell the truth, when deciding the officila language, there was an opinion, how about the English?

It`s from a way of thinking that being able to speak English which has won a position as international language would be beneficial in the future, wouldn`t it?

However Australia which is a big sphere for using the English was south to East Timor.

If the English was official language...

• 共感2

【A new nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Two official languages and two other practical ones〉

...and if all the people would be able to speak the English, they would be under cultural and economic control by Australia. The people in East Timor were worried about it.

Thus the English was removed from the official language, but considering the practical use, it has been designated as practical language with the Indonesian. It was a compromise with a reality.

In fact, the Tetum language is a spoken language, so it`s hard to become a written language.

• 共感2

【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Two official languages and two other practical ones〉

Some people have pointed out that the Tetum language has few vocabulary on technical terms, and when teaching it in class at school, it would have a limit.

The Tetum language has to adopt lots of words from the Portugese and the Indonesian as a word of foreign, so if they adopt the Tetum as official language, various problems lie ahead of the language.

However even if there is an obstacle in front of the language, the people in East Timor who adopted the...

• 共感2

【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Two official languages and two other practiacl ones〉

Even if there is an obstacle in front of the language, for the people in East Timor who adopted the Totem as weapon with resistant to being controlled their country, the language is the one which is related with their dignity.

It resembles that they adopt the black as dark age, red as a struggle for their liberty.

〈Though it`s independent...〉

They achieved the long-awaited independence at last, various problems lie in front of them.

As the nation was ...

• 共感2

【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Though it`s independent...〉

As the nation was controlled by both Portugal and Indonesia for such a long time that there are lots of the people who can`t understand ruling their own nation for themselves.

When being independent from Indonesia was decided, teachers in school and policemen who were sent from Indonesia withdrew, so they started to train teachers and policemen originally, so they need a fund.

However unemployment rate in East Timor is no less than 80%, lots of the people don`t work, so their...

• 共感2

【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Though it`s been independent...〉

...their income is little and almost no one can pay the tax. Without getting any tax, a job in government isn`t done, and any salary for public employee isn`t paid.

There was an announcement May in 2002 immediate before East Timor was independent the standard of living on East Timor was the lowest in Asia by the United Nations.

As to every respect like economy, medical treatment and education, the United Nation has pointed out East Timor is one of the poorest nation in the world

• 共感2

【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Though it`s been independent...〉

Its average life expectancy is age of 57, and it`s lower than that of Indonesia of which the average life expecatncy is 65, and 30% of children don`t go to school at all, and its literacy rate doesn`t reach 50%.

Everything has started from scratch. Even if they feel hard, having their own independent country is related to the dignity of the people.

At the same time, being independent on East Timor was a valuable experience for the international society.

What is needed when...

• 共感2

【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Though it`s been independent...〉

What is needed when establishing a new nation from scratch? The experiences and lessons which the international society got in East Timor was reflected on support for reestablishing the nation in Afghanistan.

When accomplishing independence or rebuilding devastated national land, building East Timor going ahead smoothly meaning it`ll bring a hope to other nation following after East Timor.

Being independent on a small nation is a big hope for the world.

〈After that, what`s...〉

• 共感2

【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈What`s happened after that?〉

East Timor which has been celebrated with the international society once and started as new nation, but establishing its nation hasn`t gene ahead smoothly.

Servicemen who were from western area started a demonstration parade for asking for improving their treatment in 2006, and it caused a riot by the youths.

The government in East Timor couldn`t suppress it, and military force for maintain peace of which center was Australia was sent. They can`t maintain their peace with their...

• 共感2

【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈After that, what`s happened?〉

The people in East Timor can`t maintain their own peace with their own military force and police.

After being independent, a Presidential election was done for the first time April in 2007, Jose Ramos Horta who received Nobel prize for peace was elected as President.

Xanana Gusmao who was the President until then became the Prime Minister, but the President Horta was attacked by a group who armed themselves and was seriously damaged February in 2008.

Even if accomplishing...

• 共感2

【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈After that, what`s happened?〉

Even if accomplishing independence, they can`t do away with their poverty and dissatisfaction among them has been heightened.

By the way, a book of which title, そうだったのか！現代史パート２ was over, so I`m going to start, Japanese modern history from now on. Both of the books were written by Akira Ikegami.

I`m going to start from its preface. Here we go.

【Preface】

When talikg with a student in university, he said on a war, so the author thought it was the Pacific War, but it`s the Gulf war.

• 共感2

【Preface】

On the other hand when the people who lived in Kyoto said a war which caused before, it means that it was what is called 応仁の乱.

Thus, an idea and a sensation on history is different, but how much do we know on the Japanese history after the World War Ⅱ was over?

Whenever a rape incident happened by an American soldier in Okinawa, a phrase that being worried about influence on structure of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty always appears.

It is said the military base of U.S.A.in Okinawa exists for the structure of the U.S.-Japan Secutiry Treaty. What does it mean?

• 共感2

【Preface】

How many people do they know a group of demonstrators who shouted an objection against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty surrounded the national assembly? And a female student died in the demonstration. Do they know it?

Japanese Red Army and Yodo Issue which emerges in a news on TV program suddenly from the darkness in the past.

How many youths do they know those things in the past?

After a phrase that the war was already over appeared in an economic white paper, several decades passed, but a way of saying that it`s the for the first time after the war appears in the news just now.

• 共感2

【Preface】

The Cold War between the East and West which started after the World War Ⅱ was over, but after that the world can`t establish a new stable structure.

After the 1955 system which was a reflection by the Cold War in Japan collapsed, Japan can`t establish a new political structure as well.

What is a kind of nation where we live? Recognizing its history means that recognizing ourselves.

By the way, as to the preface, some of them are omitted, and what I wanted express in English alone was described.

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈A strange person became the Prime Minister.〉

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈A strange person became the Prime Minister〉

Junichiro Koizumi assumed the office of the Prime Minister April in 2001. A strange prson became the Prime Minister then. Immediately before it he was chosen as a president by general election of Liberal-Democratic Party, supporting by the local member in the Liberal-Democratic party overwhelmingly.

As three political parties like the Liberal-Democratic party, New Komeito, and the New Conservative party formed a colition and made up for majority in the national assembly. If being chosen as the president in...

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈A strange person became the Prime Minister〉

If being chosen as the president of Liberal-Democratic party, it means that he was chosen as the Prime Minister with voting by the members in the national assembly.

When forming his own Cabinet, Mr. Koizumi carried out a selection on ministers which had nothing to do with any intraparty faction 派閥.

In the Cabinet by the Liberal-Democratic party until then, each intraparty faction handed over a list for a recommending candidate on minister. Considering a balance within the Liberal Democratic party, the Prime...

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈A strange person became the Prime Minister〉

Considering a balance withing the Liberal-Democratic party, the Prime Minister appointed the minister, but Mr. Koizumi ignored the custom completely and formed his Cabinet with his own way.

Its typical example, he promoted Makiko Tanaka to the Minister of Foreign Affairs.

The Minister of Foreign Affairs is an important post in the Cabinet like the Ministry of Finance, so an influential person in the Liberal-Democratic party took up the position as a custom. Instead, Mr. Koizumi adopted Makiko Tanaka there.

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈A strange person became the Prime Minister〉

Ms.Makiko is a daughter of Kakuei Tanaka who used to be an ex Prime Minister succeeded her father and was elected as a member of the House of Reperesentative in 1993, and hadn`t belong to any intraparty faction since then.

Her spiteful tongue which wasn`t afraid of her senior was well-known, and she was popular among the Japanese.

At first it was Ms Tanaka who named Mr. Koizumi a strange person.

Ryutaro Hashimoto resigned from his post as the Prime Minister in 1998, for the Liberal-Democratic Party suffered...

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈A strange person became the Prime Minister〉

...for the Liberal-Democratic party suffered a crushing defeat at an Upper House election in 1998, and Ryutaro Hashimoto took his responsibility as Prime Minister then.

At an election of choosing a president for the Liberal-Democratic party which competing a successor of Mr. Hashimoto, three people
announced their candidacy for the next Prime Minister, Keizou Obuchi, Seiroku Kajiyama, and Junichiro Koizumi.

Ms.Tanaka said there was no splendid person for the next Prime Minister, so she called Mr. Koizumi a...

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈A strange person became the Prime Minister〉

...so she called Mr.Koizumi a strange person then, but at an election for the president, she supported him, and made him be elected as the president.

A strange person is 変人 in Japanese, and the Chinsese character of 変 is used, but the 変 is also used for other Japanese phrase,　変革.

Mr.Koizumi said so and developed a campaign of presidential election on the Liberal-Democratic party with Mr.Tanaka.

When being the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr.Tanaka put up changing the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and tried to...

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈A strange person became the Prime Minister〉

...and her attitude was confronting the bureaucracy in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs completely, and it raised her popularity among the Japanese.

The percentage of the supporting Cabinet was over 80% and was close to 90% according to an opinion poll by each newspaper company immediate after the Koizumi Cabinet was born. It was the best record in the successive Cabinets.

The Japanese expected that the new Cabinet would break down the blockaded situation and go ahead with a reform.

〈Aimed at the reform〉

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Aiming at a reform〉

Before being the Prime Minister, he answered at an interview by each newspaper company like the next.

I`ve thought there were lots of the Prime Ministers who didn`t use his reasonable authority until at present.

If the Prime Minister is supported by the people and demonstrates its authority, it can do various things a lot.

What is a source of leadership on the Prime Minister? It`s a support from the nation.

Thus Mr.Koizumi tried to proceed with the reform at the back of the support from the Japanese overwhelmingly.

The author said...

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Aimed at a reform〉

The author said when looking at Mr.Koizumi, it reminds him a Prime Minister who tried to go ahead with the political reform supporting by the people overwhelmingly in the past.

He started talking about August in 1993.

〈The people were surprised at a press conference by then the Morihiro Hosokawa Prime Minister〉

We the Japanese were surprised at the press conference immediate after Mr. Hosokawa became the Prime Minister.

Without sitting down, the Prime Minister Hosokawa was at an interview as successive Prime Minister for the first time.

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈The people were surprised at a press conference by then the Prime Minister Morihiro Hosokawa〉

It`s natural recently, but none of the Prime Minister was at the press conference without sitting down until then, but his posture became bad, and a TV camera looked down him from upper place.

It means that the Prime Minister cast an upward glance at the camera, and we can`t say he impressed the people favorable then, and Mr.Hosokawa was aware of it.

Without sitting down,Presidents and high offiecers in America were at interviews. Mr.Hosokawa adopted it.

When he...

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈The people were surprised at a press conference by the Prime Minister Hosokawa〉

When he answered a question from a reporter, the people were surprised at the Prime Minister again.

When the reporter raised his hand, the Prime Minister called on him with a ballpoint in his right hand.

We the Japanese were amazed at his behavior newly, for none of the Prime Minister who was from the Liberal-Democratic party did it, so we expectd a new time came at last.

After that his behavior was broadcast over and over again on TV, and the people thought a refined Prime...

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈The people were surprised at a press conference by the Pirme Minister Hosokawa〉

...and we the Japanese thought a refined Prime Minister showed up in Japan as if he had been a President in the U.S.A.

Then percentage of supporting the Hosokawa Cabinet was over 70%, and was the best record among successive Prime Ministers then.

Forming the Hosokawa Cabinet made a coalition government come to an end, and at the same time it means the 1955 system was over, but what was the 1955 system?

Before adopting it, let`s look back at immediate before the movement on...

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈We the Japanese were surprised at a press conference by the Prime Minister Hosokawa〉

...let`s look back at immediate before movement on the formation of the Hosokawa Cabinet.

『Column,what is callled ワリシン』

Shin Kanamaru possessed unregistered securities in secret. It was discount securities issued from a financial institution before it went bankrupt.

He bought them below par, and when they fell due, they would paid back at par, we call them ワリシン.

The exact name of the finanacial institution was日本債権信用銀行,and it was called ワリシン,I`m wondering.

When buying...

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

『Column, what is called ワリシン』

When buying lots of securities at a teller, the one who tried to buy didn`t have to be clear its identity then, so it was pointed out that ワリシン was adopted so as to keep a fund when eavading a tax, and it was true.

After that a phrase ワリシン、ワルシン、カネマルシン was frequently spoken among the people for a while as buzzword.

〈Gold bars had been found at the office of Kanemaru〉

An ex vice president of the Liberal-Democratic party was arrested with a suspicion of tax evasion, and his house was searched. Then hidden fortune like...

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Golden bars had been found at the office of Kanemaru〉

Then his hidden fortune like unregistered securities and golden bars were found. Its total was three billion six hundred million yen.

We were surprised at an image that they carried away a safe from the office whose powerful man in the political world. It was done by officials in charge of the Public Prosecutor`s Office in Tokyo.

An ex-president of transportation business, Sagawa, was indicted owing to a misappropriation of public funds, and kanemaru received a political contribution of five hundred...

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Golden bars had been found at the office of Kanemaru〉

...and Kanamaru received a political contribution of five hundred million yen from the ex-president of the transportation business, and it came to light, so Kanamaru resigned his position as the vice president.

Receiving five hundred million yen in secret was against the Political Fund Control Law, so the Public Prosecutor`s Office in Tokyo tried to investigate Kanemaru, but Kanemaru refused it, it`s juts that he submitted a written report.

However the Public Prosecutor`s office in Tokyo didn`t search...

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Golden bars had been found at the office of Kanemaru〉

However the Public Prosecutor`s office in Tokyo didn`t investigate Kanemaru any more, and prosecuted him informally, and his sentence was paying penalty of two hundred thousand yen.

As a result, the Japanese were got angry at it, for the Public Prosecutor`s Office in Tokyo din`t research his house, nor Kanemaru himself, and in spite of receiving five hundred million yen illegally, it`s just that he paid only two hundred million yen, and it was all right.

A way of saying was popular among the people...

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Golden bars had been found at the office of Kanemaru〉

A way of saying was popular among the Japanese like the next.

If the police and the prosecution want to investigate us,it`s all right as long as we submit a wriiten report.

In addition some people carried it out actually, and the police and prosecution at the actual place were worried about it.

Confidence for the prosecution from the people was completely ruined then.

There was criticism from inside the prosecution against the attitude of the Public Prosecutor`s office in Tokyo, and there was a ...

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Golden bars had been found at the office of Kanemaru〉

...and there was a criticism on the newspaper of Asahi from the head of prosecution in high public proecutor`s office in Sapporo.

A special person mustn`t be handled special way in judicial world.

Kanemaru could avoid being investigated from the prosecution and being judged by a trial, but the people`s anger and criticims were so severe that there was a voice of criticism from inside the Liberal Democratic Party, and he was forced into a position in which he must resign at last.

The special...

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Golden bars had been found at the office of Kanemaru〉

The special investigation department of the Distric Public Prosecutor`s office in Tokyo which received severe criticism from the people found other case of Kanemaru, a tax evasion,by cooperation of the Regional Taxation Bureau in Tokyo, and could arrest Kanemaru at last.

As a result, it showed us the actual situation of bottomless corrupted power of money on influential people in the Liberal Democratic Party.

Besides, as a result of the investigation, it turned out that major componies in the ...

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Golden bars had been found at the office of Kanemaru〉

As a result of the investigation, it proved that major companies in counstruction business, what is called general contractors, offered Kanemaru a large amount of money.

It developed from the investigation on the general contractors to corruption cases by other council members on the Liberal Deomcratic Party and a head of a local self-governing body.

〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency system heightened〉

The case of Kanemaru and the corruption case of general contractors made the voice of...

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency system heightened〉

The case of Kanemaru and the corrupted case by the general contractors made the voice of realizing politics without using money strengthened in order to solve a problem on politics and money drastically.

As a result an opinion that changing the system on elections is indispensable became strong, and it was called a political reform and was became a big theme in politics.

The political reform has sometimes varied meanings, but it was often used as synonym of the reform in the system on elections.

• 共感2

【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】

〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency system heightened〉

A report of changing the present medium-sized constituency system into adopting both small one and the proportional representation system was submitted in the Kaifu Cabinet, and it was paid attention again, and a movement of realizing the report strengthened.

The report pointed out like the next.

Some candidates run for the same electorial district from the same political party as long as aiming at getting lots of seats in the council and being a political party coming into the power in election.

• 共感2