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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Japanese military force monopolized〉

...so Australia cooperated with Holland which controlled West Timor and two of them made their military force advance East Timor.

Japan also planed to attack Indonesia which was a colongy belonged to Holland and to monopolize the colony belonged to the foreign country.

Japna tried to attack West Timor as well, but didn`t to do East Timor, for it belonged to Portugal, and Portugal was neutral in the World War Ⅱ.

However the military force of both Holland and Australia....

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Japanese military force monopolized〉

However the military force in both Australia and Holland advanced into East Timor, and the situation changed. Both Australia and Holland were enemy for Japan.

Attacking a land monopolized by the enemy, Japanese military force thught of an excuse like that, so the Japanese military force monopolized both Indonesia and East Timor without stopping.

East Timor became a foothold for Japan, and Japan attacked the mainlnad on Australia like that Australia was worried about.

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Japnanese military force monopolized〉

AS bombing more than sixty times continued, Australia was damaged seriously then. A memorial service in which they recall the deceased
Who were dead owing to by Japanese air raid has been held in Darwin which is northeast in Australi every year.

When Japan monopolized East Timor, the military force in Australia ran away to mountain range, and they developed activity of guerilla with local people.

Portugal of which troops stationed in East Timor was neutral, but when...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Japanese military force monopolized〉

...but whne Japanese military force monopolized East Timor,dissatisfaction among the residents in East Timor against Portugal which controlled East Timor for a long time exploded, and the residents attacked the Portugeses one after another, so Portugal asked Japan to protect the Portugeses.

While Japan fought against the unit of guerilla by Australia and the local people, Japan urged the residents in East Timor on force labor.

As Japanese military force of which number...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Japanese military force monopolized〉

As Japanese military force of which number were twenty thousand stationed in East Timor, a food shortage occurred, residents starved to death one after another.

It isn`t clear when Japanese military force stationed there, how much the resident were dead. The established theory is forty thousand of residents died,according to the Allied force. This was the second dark age.

When the self-defense forces was dispatched from Japan to East Timor as PKO　by the United Nations...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Japanese military force monopolized〉

...then there was voice from a part of the residents in East Timor that they were opposed that the self-defence force was sent owing to the history in the past.

『Column, difference between guerilla and terrorists』

Guerilla is originally a Spanish language, and is not a regular military unit, but the one which is composed small number of soldires, and fighting against an enemy, trying to unsettle the enemy.

There is a way of saying, a guerilla who fights among the sea of...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

『Colunm, difference between a guerilla and a terrorist』

As there is a way of saying, a guerilla who fights among the sea of people, though it`s a translation word for word with my own, but the phrase has positive image.

The guerilla who is supported by the people and fights with the people.

On the other hand, a terroirst has a negative image, it`s a hired killer who isn`t supported by the people.

As a result while the one who fights against a government wants to call itself a guerilla, the government wants...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

『Column,difference between a guerilla and a terrorist』

... the government wants to call it a terrorist. There is a tendency like that.

〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉

Japna was defeated in the war in 1945. Indonesia achieved its independence completely from Holland in 1949, but East Timor was controlled by Portugal again.

Japan said it monopolized East Timor during the World War Ⅱ thanks to self-defense. It doesn`t always mean that Japan infringed the sovereignty of Portugal.

Portugal also said it`s seized...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Portugal left, but Indonesia...〉

Portugal also said it seized the sovereignty of East Timor all the way. Its position is controlling East Timor by Portugal continued, but a military coup d` etat occurred in the mainland of Portugal April in 1974, being controlled by Portugal for forty years was over.

A new political power which adopted a line of socialism announced democratization on its politics and economy, and started a plan of giving up colony in foreign countries.

East Timor started to move for its...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉

East Timor started to move for its independence led by Portugal. Political parties by local residents were born one after another, includig the one which took position of anti Portugal, and Portugal supported their activity, for Portugal wanted to establish a new nation and to withdraw from East TImor as early as possible.

If Portugal withdraw, there would be a temporary vacuum in the political world, so Indonesia of which territory was West Timor aimed at possessing East Timor.

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉

Main political parties in East Timor then were three. Independent one, pro-Portugal and pro-Indonesia.

The people who continued a movement of anti Portugal formed an Independent revolutionary front in East Timor, and it appealed that East Timor should be independent from Portugal at once and got support from lots of residents.

As to its ideology, people of various way of thinking like racialism, Marxism, socialims, humanism of Catholic gathered.

On the other hand, United...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉

On the other hand, United Democaracy in Timor was a political party formed by the people who cooperated with management colony by Portugal.

Its plan was maintained relation with Portugal and moved to independence step by step.

Third one insisted on a combination with Indonesia, but it was minority.

In the beginning, the individual revolutionary front in East Timor and United Democracy in Timor formed a coalition government and tried to establish nation, but it was destroyed.

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉

United Democracy in Timor destroyed cooperation with the independent revolutionary front in East Timor, and caused a coup d` etat August in 1975, and attacked the independent revolutionary front in East Timor.

It is said Indonesia which hated the independent revolutionary front in East Timor incited the united democracy in TImor.

On the other hand, the independent revolutionary front in East Timor counterattacked. It came into power in military way against the united...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉

The independent revolutionary front in East Timor came into power in military way against the united democary in Timor and controlled the whole nation on East Timor in two weeks.

When controlling East Timor as colony, Portugal formed a military force of colony, and adopted the youth from local place as soldiers.

The soldiers who received military training joined the independent revolutionary front in East Timor, so it demonstrated its strength in military way.

As Portugal

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉

As Portugal was at a loss what to do against the coup d` etat and the civil war which occurred one after another, and fled to an islnad opposite shore of a central city of Dili.

Independent revolutionary front in East Timor who controlled the whole East TImor declared East TImor was independent November in 1975. Then its new flag was put up.

However then the black which means that a dark age was occupation by both Portugal and Japan, but one more meaning was added. It was an ...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉

It was an invasion by Indonesia. Military force in Indonesia invaded East Timor both from sky and sea completely next month.

Indonesia received a request of help from local people in East Timor who were confused with the civil war, it`s a formal reason for the invasion, but actually it was a one-side invasion.

Then lots of residents were killed indiscriminatley. Roughly speaking it is said two thousand people were killed in Dili alone which was the central city in East Timor...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉

...and said no less than one hundred thousand people were dead in the whole islnad.

All of foreign people withdrew immediately before Indonesia invade, but an Australian journalist stayed in East Timor but he was also killed by military force of Indonesia. It`s an indiscriminate murder.

Indonesia changed the whole Timor island into its territory because of ambition by Suharto who was a dictator.

The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that Indonesia should....

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉

The United Nations General Assembly adopted a revolution that Indosnesia should withdraw at once.

However both America and Japan were in a position in which they support Indonesia and were opposed to the revolution. They supported the invasion by Indonesia.

Japan did economic support for Indonesia than any other country, so Japan was in position in which Japan use influence over Indonesia, but Indonesia was the important one which sold Japan crude oil and natural liquefied gas.

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Portugal left, but Indonesia...〉

Japan had priority over consideration for its economy,and Indonesia ignore an advice of withdrawal from East Timor at once, and made East Timor be the 27th state in Indonesia. Then third dark age started in East Timor.

〈Occupation by Indonesia was permited tacitly〉

The United Nations asked Indonesia to withdraw right away over its invasion and occupation, but Indonesia continued to ignore, and America and Australia permited it tacitly.

Why did they overlook on the invasion?

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Occupation by Indonesia was permited tacitly〉

There was the opposition between East and West behind the tacit permission. West side of which center was America and East side of which center was Soviet were opposed in the world then, the Cold War between East and West.

America and Australia wanted a nation which was close to them, so they permitted tacitly Indonesia invaded East Timor.

Independent revolutionary front in East Timor was called Fretilin, and as Fretilin had nothing to do with Soviet as its name...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Occupation by Indonesia was permitted tacitly〉

As Fretilin had nothing to do with Soviet as its name showed, but Ameirca doubted it`s an organizaton of anti America and pro Soviet, and thought Indonesia would be better than a birth of nation controlled by Fretilin.

The time when East Timor moved to be independent in 1975, in particular,there was a situation in which America felt a sense of impending crisis.

Phnom Penh which was a capital in Cambodia fell by military force in communist party of Cambodia then.

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born.East Timor has been independent】

〈Occupation by Indonesia was permitted tacitly〉

Moreover Saigon which was a capital of South Vietnam fell by the military force in North Vietnam after that. To make matters worse, Loos was under control by commninst party, so it was in 1975 when three countries in Indochina were under control by the communist party one after another.

Then American believed in theory of domino. When a nation adopted the commnism, other nations around it adopt the communism one after another as if it were dominoes were fell.

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Occupation by Indonesia was permitted tacitly〉

Then America and Australia were worried about an independent nation which had a possibility under communism was born between Indonesia and Australia.

They thought it important to maintain relation with Indonesia which is a big country in Asia and declared anti communism, so invasion on the human right by Indonesia was overlooked.

East Timor was a victim on the Cold War between East and West.

〈A battle over the independence continued〉

In the middle of control...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Occupation by Indonesia was permitted tacitly〉

In the middle of control by Indonesia, Fretilin fled to mountainous area and continued its struggle, but Indonesia used weapons assisted from America and attacked Fretilin. Residents who resisted against them were often tortured.

As mass media overseas were shut out from Indonesia, the situation in Indonesia was hardly informed overseas. Indonesia banished International Red Cross as well, information from Indonesia stopped.

After East Timor became a part of...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Occupation by Indonesia was permitted tacitly〉

After East Timor became a part of Indonesia, using the language of Indonesia was required in school as duty. The Indonesian moved from each place to East Timor, and a policy of making East Timor be Indonesia was made a progress.

A policy of carrot and stick was adopted by Indonesia. The carrot was development. Schools were constructed each place. Paved roads were constructed right and left in East Timor as well where an automible hardly passed then.

However...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Occupation by Indonesia was permitted tacitly〉

However some people say that the military force in Indonesia would take action easily in emergency, so the paved roads were constructed.

Stick was an oppression. Big military unit from Indonesia stationed in East Timor, and secret policy watched the residents. Residents who were suspected that they had a relation with Fretilin were taken and were tortured. After being taken, some of them were missing.

Fretilin was almost destroyed completely by Indonesia once....

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Occupation by Indonesia was permitted tacitly〉

...but Fretilin revived in 1980s by Xanana Gusmao. He became the first President in new East Timor. He gathered influence from in various areas, and formed a political party by illiterate people.

Independent movement in East Timor was supported by Roman Catholic Church. Roman Catholic Church was brought by Portugal.

While 90% of the people are Islam in Indonesia,90% are Catholic in East Timor. As the Roman Catholic Church supported the independent movement, lots...

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【A first nation in 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Occupation by Indonesia was permitted tacitly〉

...lots of people became Roman Catholics.

There are lots of the poor as a whole, but wherever they go to East Timor, the Roman Catholic Church has a wonderful building. It shows their fervent religious beliefs.

『Column, Xanana Gusmao』

He was born into a family of teacher June in 1946. His father is a Portuguese, and his mother was the one from East Timor. He was a second among eight siblings.

After graduating from a theological seminary on Catholic, he went...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

『Column,Xanana Gusmao』

...and he went through various jobs and served in the military force in Portugal for three years, and after that he started a movement of anti colony. United democracy in Timor caused the coup d` etat, and after that he became a captive, but Fretilin rescued him.

After invasion by Indonesia, he hid in the mountainous range and continued a resitant movement but was arrested by the military force in Indonesia November in 1992, and was sentenced to imprisonment for life in the next year.

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

『Column, Xanana Gusmao』

...but he was reduced to twenty years` imprisonment by a pardon of a President. He served at prison in Jakarta of Indonesia, but was released September in 1999.

〈Did the Pope kiss?〉

The Pope, John Paul visited East Timor October 1989, for he was invited by the government of Indonesia.

Indonesia thought it let the Pope visit East Timor where there are lots of Catholics overwhelmingly, making the Catholic think the Pope recognized East Timor belonged to Indonesia.

As to visiting East...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Has the Pope kissed?〉

Visiting East Timor where there are lots of Catholics overwhelmingly , the government in Indonesia wanted to show to the residents in East Timor that the Pope also admitted East Timor belonged to Indonesia.

A thing which lots of the people paid attention to the visit by the Pope was kissing by the Pope.

When visiting a nation for the first time, kissing on the earth where he arriving is a custom for the Pope.

Before arriving East Timor, he kissed the earth of the airport at Jakarta...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Has the Pope kissed?〉

...the Pope kissed the earth on the airport in Jakarta which is a capital in Indonesia, so the mass media took interest in whether or not the Pope would kiss on the earth of East Timor.

If he kissed it means that it`s the first nation where he visited for the first time. In short, the Pope admitted East Timor as independent nation.

On the other hand, if he didn`t kiss, there would be interpretation that the Pope admitted East Timor belonged to a part of Indonesia.

A group of reporters...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Has the Pope kissed?〉

A group of reporters who rushed to East Timor from each nation watched the Pope and readied their cameras to the Pope when he arrived the airport of Dili in East Timor.

However he didn`t kiss when he got off the plane, but after the parade from the airport, when he ascending a platform on the hall where a mass was done, he kissed in front of the platform.

A Japanese news reporter who watched the scene guessed the Pope made much of the position on the residents in East Timor.

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timmor has been independent】

〈A carnage broke out in a cemetery〉

After being paid attention by the visit of the Pope, it was a cruel event made East Timor be appeared on TV program in the world.

A carnage by the military force in Indonesia broke out at Santa Cruz cemetery in Dili which is a central city in East Timor November in 1991.

A memorial service on local youths who were killed by the military force in Indonesia there two weeks before. Thousands of the people gathered at the cemetery and they put up a banner of appealing ...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈A carnage broke out in a cemetery〉

...and they put up a banner appealing independence in front of the cemetery. Then soldiers got down from a truck parked outside the cemetery and suddenly fired at the crowds.

Some people ran around that and this trying to escape from the soldiers. The others sat down at the back of tombs and crosses as shields, but the soldiers shot at them relentlessly.

This scene was recorded on a video camera, and an image on the video camera was brought overseas in secret and was...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈A carnage broke out at a cemetery〉

...and an image on the video camera was brought overseas and was broadcast all over the world through TV each nation.

The people all over the world were surprised at an image on unresisting and disarmanented youths fell down covered with blood.

East Timor where even an occurrence on the case sank into oblivion until then, but the government in Indonesia was confronted with a proof of image on TV and vindicated with their all mighty.

After the case, the international...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈A carnage was broke out at a cemetery〉

After that, the international opinion was severe to Indonesia.

The author said it`s shameful of him to know the existence on independent movement on East Timor for the first time by the tragedy .

How many people were dead on the carnage in East Timor then? Indonesian government announced that the deceased were fifty and missing were ninety.

The missing was strange, for it didn`t bring about on the sea but in Dili which was a central city in East Timor in broad daylight.

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈A carnage brought about at a cemetery〉

As for the total in victims, the deceased were 273, the missing 255, and the injured 376, according to the local people.

There was the missing because there were lots of people who were taken from the cemetery by truck and were missing after that.

It seemed that after the carnage at the cemetery, witnesses were taken from the place and were killed in other place so as to hide the case.

The author visited the actual place of slaughter April in 2004. He said it was a ...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈A carnage brought about at a cemetery〉

The author said it was a quiet cemetery where various shapes of crosses were arranged. It was a corner of a residential area near a high school and was surrounded by deep green.

A female who used to go to high school near the place said like the next. She heard a violent shots from the direction on the cemetery suddenly, and couldn`t believed it.

〈Receiving Nobel prize for peace〉

It was a Nobel prize for peach when the independent movement on East Timor was paid a....

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Receiving Nobel prize for peace〉

It was receiving the Noble prize for peace autumn in 1996 when the independent movement on East Timor was paid attention .

Two people who supported the independent movement received the prize, and the world paid attention to East Timor again. International criticism was heightened to Indonesia which continued to suppress East Timor.

When hearing the news on Nobel prize for peace, the author said he thought it surprising, for without giving any consideration to be given in the...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Receiving the Nobel prize for peace〉

Without giving any consideration to East Timor any more, East Timor was about to be forgotten from the world then.

The author thought the people in a committe who selected the Nobel prize for peace cheered the independent movement of East Timor. The author said he thought he had a glimplse a situation how the Nobel prize was decided politically.

At the same time, when thinking that East Timor moved toward its independence greatly, the Nobel prize for peace moved the history.

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈Receiving the Nobel prize for peace〉

No! The Nobel prize for peace pushed the back of people who tried to create the history, the author said he thought like that.

Then the Cold War between the East and West was over, and both America and Australia didn`t have to be worried about that even if East Timor was independent, a government of communist party was born.

Then they mustn`t overlook a violation against human rights by Indonesia any more.

〈At last independence, but a tragedy happened before independence〉

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

『Soekarno』

Soekarno who was the first President in Indonesia which was independent from Holland in 1949 formally was longed from the people as father of building the Indonesia.

The President Megawati in Indonesia was the first daughter from Soekarno.

By the way, Mrs.Dewi who has been familiar with us TV talent used to be the third wife for Soekarno. Muslim makes up for 90% in the Indonesian people, and Soekarno was Muslim as well.

Getting married to four women is allowed in Islam, and the four wives are equal.

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

『Suharto』

Soekarno lost his position owing to a case the thirtieth day September.

Suharto who was a commander in the army controlled the situation and held the full power and became an acting President, and became the President formally in 1968.

He had reigned over Indonesia for thirty years. He promoted a plan of despotims by development. Liberty on the people was to restrict thanks to development on economy, and Indonesian economy has been developed.

On the other hand, Suharno`s relatives made use of...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

『Column, Suharto』

On the other hand, Suharto`s relatives made used of the relation with the President and advanced into all the fields and controlled the rights and interests.

It was called a family business and was synonymous with corruption in politics.

〈At last independence, but a tragedy happened before it〉

It was May in 1998 when the situation moved decisively. President Suharto who controlled Indonesia for a long time was forced to resign on account of movement by students who asked for his resignation.

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈At last independence, but a tragedy happened before it〉

A President who took over Suharto allowed to hold local referendum so as to listen to the opinion from the residents in East Timor.

The local referendum against the residents on the government`s plan of giving a wide range of autonomy to the residents in East Timor was put into practice August in 1999.

Indonesian government started a plan that if there were lots of residents who were against the autonomy in East Timor, the Indonesian government allowed...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈At last independence, but a tragedy happened before it〉

...Indonesian government allowed East Timor to be independent. As to result of the referendum, its ratio of voting was no less than 98.6%. It`s a marvelous number.

The residents stood in a long line in front of a polling station before the voting started.

It is said half of the eligible voters stood in a line before the voting started. Actually when the voting started, almost all of the people finished voting in a few hours.

It turned out that how many...

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【A first naiton in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈At last independence, but a tragedy occurred before it〉

It proved that how many people had been waiting for the day by their own action.

No less than 78.5% of the people who voted were against the government`s plan of giving autonomy. In short, the residents showed they didn`t want their autonomy but wanted to be independent, but a tragedy started from there.

When being aware that majority on the residents were for their independence overwhelmingly, the people who were opposed to being independence attacked...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈At last independence, but a tragedy happened before it〉

...the people who were opposed to be independence attacked the peoople who approved the independence.

The people who were opposed set on fire every kind of buildings and residential house and killed the residents. Even the ones who fled into church were killed.

A rifle which the people who opposed used when attacking was the same type as the one which the military force in Indonesia possessed.

The Indonesian military force which stayed in East Timor...

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【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】

〈At last independence,but a tragedy occurred before it〉

Indonesian military force which stayed in East Timor didn`t try to protect the residents. It is said that the Indonesian military force were against the independence, and it gave the opposed people weapons and supported them positively secretly.

Lots of the people who were opposed to the independence were moved from other places when being controlled by Indonesia.

East Timor has been developed and lots of buildings were built due to Indonesia. If being...

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