Let`s enjoy English Ⅹ
I hope I can contribute my thread here this time, though I`m wondering if I expressed this remarks last time.
Whenever I tried to establish my English thread, there is an error and the error prevents me from expressing my English. I don`t know why.
SIM card isn`t inserted into my ipad, so I can`t communicate with the one who manages this bulletin board. I find it complicated.
When starting a new thread, I have to express something in English here, though no one asks me to do.
There is space of 800 letters, so it`s so so, comparing it with 600 letters. Except for headline or sub headline, it`s nearly 500 letters.
However when trying to express something, nothing special occurred to me.
It is hot everyday,it`s unusual. Lots of the old were dead because of this heat wave.
アッチョンプリケ
新しいレスの受付は終了しました
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Japanese military force monopolized〉
...so Australia cooperated with Holland which controlled West Timor and two of them made their military force advance East Timor.
Japan also planed to attack Indonesia which was a colongy belonged to Holland and to monopolize the colony belonged to the foreign country.
Japna tried to attack West Timor as well, but didn`t to do East Timor, for it belonged to Portugal, and Portugal was neutral in the World War Ⅱ.
However the military force of both Holland and Australia....
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Japanese military force monopolized〉
However the military force in both Australia and Holland advanced into East Timor, and the situation changed. Both Australia and Holland were enemy for Japan.
Attacking a land monopolized by the enemy, Japanese military force thught of an excuse like that, so the Japanese military force monopolized both Indonesia and East Timor without stopping.
East Timor became a foothold for Japan, and Japan attacked the mainlnad on Australia like that Australia was worried about.
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Japnanese military force monopolized〉
AS bombing more than sixty times continued, Australia was damaged seriously then. A memorial service in which they recall the deceased
Who were dead owing to by Japanese air raid has been held in Darwin which is northeast in Australi every year.
When Japan monopolized East Timor, the military force in Australia ran away to mountain range, and they developed activity of guerilla with local people.
Portugal of which troops stationed in East Timor was neutral, but when...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Japanese military force monopolized〉
...but whne Japanese military force monopolized East Timor,dissatisfaction among the residents in East Timor against Portugal which controlled East Timor for a long time exploded, and the residents attacked the Portugeses one after another, so Portugal asked Japan to protect the Portugeses.
While Japan fought against the unit of guerilla by Australia and the local people, Japan urged the residents in East Timor on force labor.
As Japanese military force of which number...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Japanese military force monopolized〉
As Japanese military force of which number were twenty thousand stationed in East Timor, a food shortage occurred, residents starved to death one after another.
It isn`t clear when Japanese military force stationed there, how much the resident were dead. The established theory is forty thousand of residents died,according to the Allied force. This was the second dark age.
When the self-defense forces was dispatched from Japan to East Timor as PKO by the United Nations...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Japanese military force monopolized〉
...then there was voice from a part of the residents in East Timor that they were opposed that the self-defence force was sent owing to the history in the past.
『Column, difference between guerilla and terrorists』
Guerilla is originally a Spanish language, and is not a regular military unit, but the one which is composed small number of soldires, and fighting against an enemy, trying to unsettle the enemy.
There is a way of saying, a guerilla who fights among the sea of...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
『Colunm, difference between a guerilla and a terrorist』
As there is a way of saying, a guerilla who fights among the sea of people, though it`s a translation word for word with my own, but the phrase has positive image.
The guerilla who is supported by the people and fights with the people.
On the other hand, a terroirst has a negative image, it`s a hired killer who isn`t supported by the people.
As a result while the one who fights against a government wants to call itself a guerilla, the government wants...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
『Column,difference between a guerilla and a terrorist』
... the government wants to call it a terrorist. There is a tendency like that.
〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉
Japna was defeated in the war in 1945. Indonesia achieved its independence completely from Holland in 1949, but East Timor was controlled by Portugal again.
Japan said it monopolized East Timor during the World War Ⅱ thanks to self-defense. It doesn`t always mean that Japan infringed the sovereignty of Portugal.
Portugal also said it`s seized...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Portugal left, but Indonesia...〉
Portugal also said it seized the sovereignty of East Timor all the way. Its position is controlling East Timor by Portugal continued, but a military coup d` etat occurred in the mainland of Portugal April in 1974, being controlled by Portugal for forty years was over.
A new political power which adopted a line of socialism announced democratization on its politics and economy, and started a plan of giving up colony in foreign countries.
East Timor started to move for its...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉
East Timor started to move for its independence led by Portugal. Political parties by local residents were born one after another, includig the one which took position of anti Portugal, and Portugal supported their activity, for Portugal wanted to establish a new nation and to withdraw from East TImor as early as possible.
If Portugal withdraw, there would be a temporary vacuum in the political world, so Indonesia of which territory was West Timor aimed at possessing East Timor.
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉
Main political parties in East Timor then were three. Independent one, pro-Portugal and pro-Indonesia.
The people who continued a movement of anti Portugal formed an Independent revolutionary front in East Timor, and it appealed that East Timor should be independent from Portugal at once and got support from lots of residents.
As to its ideology, people of various way of thinking like racialism, Marxism, socialims, humanism of Catholic gathered.
On the other hand, United...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉
On the other hand, United Democaracy in Timor was a political party formed by the people who cooperated with management colony by Portugal.
Its plan was maintained relation with Portugal and moved to independence step by step.
Third one insisted on a combination with Indonesia, but it was minority.
In the beginning, the individual revolutionary front in East Timor and United Democracy in Timor formed a coalition government and tried to establish nation, but it was destroyed.
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉
United Democracy in Timor destroyed cooperation with the independent revolutionary front in East Timor, and caused a coup d` etat August in 1975, and attacked the independent revolutionary front in East Timor.
It is said Indonesia which hated the independent revolutionary front in East Timor incited the united democracy in TImor.
On the other hand, the independent revolutionary front in East Timor counterattacked. It came into power in military way against the united...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉
The independent revolutionary front in East Timor came into power in military way against the united democary in Timor and controlled the whole nation on East Timor in two weeks.
When controlling East Timor as colony, Portugal formed a military force of colony, and adopted the youth from local place as soldiers.
The soldiers who received military training joined the independent revolutionary front in East Timor, so it demonstrated its strength in military way.
As Portugal
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉
As Portugal was at a loss what to do against the coup d` etat and the civil war which occurred one after another, and fled to an islnad opposite shore of a central city of Dili.
Independent revolutionary front in East Timor who controlled the whole East TImor declared East TImor was independent November in 1975. Then its new flag was put up.
However then the black which means that a dark age was occupation by both Portugal and Japan, but one more meaning was added. It was an ...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉
It was an invasion by Indonesia. Military force in Indonesia invaded East Timor both from sky and sea completely next month.
Indonesia received a request of help from local people in East Timor who were confused with the civil war, it`s a formal reason for the invasion, but actually it was a one-side invasion.
Then lots of residents were killed indiscriminatley. Roughly speaking it is said two thousand people were killed in Dili alone which was the central city in East Timor...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉
...and said no less than one hundred thousand people were dead in the whole islnad.
All of foreign people withdrew immediately before Indonesia invade, but an Australian journalist stayed in East Timor but he was also killed by military force of Indonesia. It`s an indiscriminate murder.
Indonesia changed the whole Timor island into its territory because of ambition by Suharto who was a dictator.
The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that Indonesia should....
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Portugal left but Indonesia...〉
The United Nations General Assembly adopted a revolution that Indosnesia should withdraw at once.
However both America and Japan were in a position in which they support Indonesia and were opposed to the revolution. They supported the invasion by Indonesia.
Japan did economic support for Indonesia than any other country, so Japan was in position in which Japan use influence over Indonesia, but Indonesia was the important one which sold Japan crude oil and natural liquefied gas.
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Portugal left, but Indonesia...〉
Japan had priority over consideration for its economy,and Indonesia ignore an advice of withdrawal from East Timor at once, and made East Timor be the 27th state in Indonesia. Then third dark age started in East Timor.
〈Occupation by Indonesia was permited tacitly〉
The United Nations asked Indonesia to withdraw right away over its invasion and occupation, but Indonesia continued to ignore, and America and Australia permited it tacitly.
Why did they overlook on the invasion?
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Occupation by Indonesia was permited tacitly〉
There was the opposition between East and West behind the tacit permission. West side of which center was America and East side of which center was Soviet were opposed in the world then, the Cold War between East and West.
America and Australia wanted a nation which was close to them, so they permitted tacitly Indonesia invaded East Timor.
Independent revolutionary front in East Timor was called Fretilin, and as Fretilin had nothing to do with Soviet as its name...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Occupation by Indonesia was permitted tacitly〉
As Fretilin had nothing to do with Soviet as its name showed, but Ameirca doubted it`s an organizaton of anti America and pro Soviet, and thought Indonesia would be better than a birth of nation controlled by Fretilin.
The time when East Timor moved to be independent in 1975, in particular,there was a situation in which America felt a sense of impending crisis.
Phnom Penh which was a capital in Cambodia fell by military force in communist party of Cambodia then.
【A first nation in the 21th century was born.East Timor has been independent】
〈Occupation by Indonesia was permitted tacitly〉
Moreover Saigon which was a capital of South Vietnam fell by the military force in North Vietnam after that. To make matters worse, Loos was under control by commninst party, so it was in 1975 when three countries in Indochina were under control by the communist party one after another.
Then American believed in theory of domino. When a nation adopted the commnism, other nations around it adopt the communism one after another as if it were dominoes were fell.
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Occupation by Indonesia was permitted tacitly〉
Then America and Australia were worried about an independent nation which had a possibility under communism was born between Indonesia and Australia.
They thought it important to maintain relation with Indonesia which is a big country in Asia and declared anti communism, so invasion on the human right by Indonesia was overlooked.
East Timor was a victim on the Cold War between East and West.
〈A battle over the independence continued〉
In the middle of control...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Occupation by Indonesia was permitted tacitly〉
In the middle of control by Indonesia, Fretilin fled to mountainous area and continued its struggle, but Indonesia used weapons assisted from America and attacked Fretilin. Residents who resisted against them were often tortured.
As mass media overseas were shut out from Indonesia, the situation in Indonesia was hardly informed overseas. Indonesia banished International Red Cross as well, information from Indonesia stopped.
After East Timor became a part of...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Occupation by Indonesia was permitted tacitly〉
After East Timor became a part of Indonesia, using the language of Indonesia was required in school as duty. The Indonesian moved from each place to East Timor, and a policy of making East Timor be Indonesia was made a progress.
A policy of carrot and stick was adopted by Indonesia. The carrot was development. Schools were constructed each place. Paved roads were constructed right and left in East Timor as well where an automible hardly passed then.
However...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Occupation by Indonesia was permitted tacitly〉
However some people say that the military force in Indonesia would take action easily in emergency, so the paved roads were constructed.
Stick was an oppression. Big military unit from Indonesia stationed in East Timor, and secret policy watched the residents. Residents who were suspected that they had a relation with Fretilin were taken and were tortured. After being taken, some of them were missing.
Fretilin was almost destroyed completely by Indonesia once....
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Occupation by Indonesia was permitted tacitly〉
...but Fretilin revived in 1980s by Xanana Gusmao. He became the first President in new East Timor. He gathered influence from in various areas, and formed a political party by illiterate people.
Independent movement in East Timor was supported by Roman Catholic Church. Roman Catholic Church was brought by Portugal.
While 90% of the people are Islam in Indonesia,90% are Catholic in East Timor. As the Roman Catholic Church supported the independent movement, lots...
【A first nation in 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Occupation by Indonesia was permitted tacitly〉
...lots of people became Roman Catholics.
There are lots of the poor as a whole, but wherever they go to East Timor, the Roman Catholic Church has a wonderful building. It shows their fervent religious beliefs.
『Column, Xanana Gusmao』
He was born into a family of teacher June in 1946. His father is a Portuguese, and his mother was the one from East Timor. He was a second among eight siblings.
After graduating from a theological seminary on Catholic, he went...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
『Column,Xanana Gusmao』
...and he went through various jobs and served in the military force in Portugal for three years, and after that he started a movement of anti colony. United democracy in Timor caused the coup d` etat, and after that he became a captive, but Fretilin rescued him.
After invasion by Indonesia, he hid in the mountainous range and continued a resitant movement but was arrested by the military force in Indonesia November in 1992, and was sentenced to imprisonment for life in the next year.
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
『Column, Xanana Gusmao』
...but he was reduced to twenty years` imprisonment by a pardon of a President. He served at prison in Jakarta of Indonesia, but was released September in 1999.
〈Did the Pope kiss?〉
The Pope, John Paul visited East Timor October 1989, for he was invited by the government of Indonesia.
Indonesia thought it let the Pope visit East Timor where there are lots of Catholics overwhelmingly, making the Catholic think the Pope recognized East Timor belonged to Indonesia.
As to visiting East...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Has the Pope kissed?〉
Visiting East Timor where there are lots of Catholics overwhelmingly , the government in Indonesia wanted to show to the residents in East Timor that the Pope also admitted East Timor belonged to Indonesia.
A thing which lots of the people paid attention to the visit by the Pope was kissing by the Pope.
When visiting a nation for the first time, kissing on the earth where he arriving is a custom for the Pope.
Before arriving East Timor, he kissed the earth of the airport at Jakarta...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Has the Pope kissed?〉
...the Pope kissed the earth on the airport in Jakarta which is a capital in Indonesia, so the mass media took interest in whether or not the Pope would kiss on the earth of East Timor.
If he kissed it means that it`s the first nation where he visited for the first time. In short, the Pope admitted East Timor as independent nation.
On the other hand, if he didn`t kiss, there would be interpretation that the Pope admitted East Timor belonged to a part of Indonesia.
A group of reporters...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Has the Pope kissed?〉
A group of reporters who rushed to East Timor from each nation watched the Pope and readied their cameras to the Pope when he arrived the airport of Dili in East Timor.
However he didn`t kiss when he got off the plane, but after the parade from the airport, when he ascending a platform on the hall where a mass was done, he kissed in front of the platform.
A Japanese news reporter who watched the scene guessed the Pope made much of the position on the residents in East Timor.
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timmor has been independent】
〈A carnage broke out in a cemetery〉
After being paid attention by the visit of the Pope, it was a cruel event made East Timor be appeared on TV program in the world.
A carnage by the military force in Indonesia broke out at Santa Cruz cemetery in Dili which is a central city in East Timor November in 1991.
A memorial service on local youths who were killed by the military force in Indonesia there two weeks before. Thousands of the people gathered at the cemetery and they put up a banner of appealing ...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈A carnage broke out in a cemetery〉
...and they put up a banner appealing independence in front of the cemetery. Then soldiers got down from a truck parked outside the cemetery and suddenly fired at the crowds.
Some people ran around that and this trying to escape from the soldiers. The others sat down at the back of tombs and crosses as shields, but the soldiers shot at them relentlessly.
This scene was recorded on a video camera, and an image on the video camera was brought overseas in secret and was...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈A carnage broke out at a cemetery〉
...and an image on the video camera was brought overseas and was broadcast all over the world through TV each nation.
The people all over the world were surprised at an image on unresisting and disarmanented youths fell down covered with blood.
East Timor where even an occurrence on the case sank into oblivion until then, but the government in Indonesia was confronted with a proof of image on TV and vindicated with their all mighty.
After the case, the international...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈A carnage was broke out at a cemetery〉
After that, the international opinion was severe to Indonesia.
The author said it`s shameful of him to know the existence on independent movement on East Timor for the first time by the tragedy .
How many people were dead on the carnage in East Timor then? Indonesian government announced that the deceased were fifty and missing were ninety.
The missing was strange, for it didn`t bring about on the sea but in Dili which was a central city in East Timor in broad daylight.
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈A carnage brought about at a cemetery〉
As for the total in victims, the deceased were 273, the missing 255, and the injured 376, according to the local people.
There was the missing because there were lots of people who were taken from the cemetery by truck and were missing after that.
It seemed that after the carnage at the cemetery, witnesses were taken from the place and were killed in other place so as to hide the case.
The author visited the actual place of slaughter April in 2004. He said it was a ...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈A carnage brought about at a cemetery〉
The author said it was a quiet cemetery where various shapes of crosses were arranged. It was a corner of a residential area near a high school and was surrounded by deep green.
A female who used to go to high school near the place said like the next. She heard a violent shots from the direction on the cemetery suddenly, and couldn`t believed it.
〈Receiving Nobel prize for peace〉
It was a Nobel prize for peach when the independent movement on East Timor was paid a....
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Receiving Nobel prize for peace〉
It was receiving the Noble prize for peace autumn in 1996 when the independent movement on East Timor was paid attention .
Two people who supported the independent movement received the prize, and the world paid attention to East Timor again. International criticism was heightened to Indonesia which continued to suppress East Timor.
When hearing the news on Nobel prize for peace, the author said he thought it surprising, for without giving any consideration to be given in the...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Receiving the Nobel prize for peace〉
Without giving any consideration to East Timor any more, East Timor was about to be forgotten from the world then.
The author thought the people in a committe who selected the Nobel prize for peace cheered the independent movement of East Timor. The author said he thought he had a glimplse a situation how the Nobel prize was decided politically.
At the same time, when thinking that East Timor moved toward its independence greatly, the Nobel prize for peace moved the history.
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Receiving the Nobel prize for peace〉
No! The Nobel prize for peace pushed the back of people who tried to create the history, the author said he thought like that.
Then the Cold War between the East and West was over, and both America and Australia didn`t have to be worried about that even if East Timor was independent, a government of communist party was born.
Then they mustn`t overlook a violation against human rights by Indonesia any more.
〈At last independence, but a tragedy happened before independence〉
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
『Soekarno』
Soekarno who was the first President in Indonesia which was independent from Holland in 1949 formally was longed from the people as father of building the Indonesia.
The President Megawati in Indonesia was the first daughter from Soekarno.
By the way, Mrs.Dewi who has been familiar with us TV talent used to be the third wife for Soekarno. Muslim makes up for 90% in the Indonesian people, and Soekarno was Muslim as well.
Getting married to four women is allowed in Islam, and the four wives are equal.
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
『Suharto』
Soekarno lost his position owing to a case the thirtieth day September.
Suharto who was a commander in the army controlled the situation and held the full power and became an acting President, and became the President formally in 1968.
He had reigned over Indonesia for thirty years. He promoted a plan of despotims by development. Liberty on the people was to restrict thanks to development on economy, and Indonesian economy has been developed.
On the other hand, Suharno`s relatives made use of...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
『Column, Suharto』
On the other hand, Suharto`s relatives made used of the relation with the President and advanced into all the fields and controlled the rights and interests.
It was called a family business and was synonymous with corruption in politics.
〈At last independence, but a tragedy happened before it〉
It was May in 1998 when the situation moved decisively. President Suharto who controlled Indonesia for a long time was forced to resign on account of movement by students who asked for his resignation.
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈At last independence, but a tragedy happened before it〉
A President who took over Suharto allowed to hold local referendum so as to listen to the opinion from the residents in East Timor.
The local referendum against the residents on the government`s plan of giving a wide range of autonomy to the residents in East Timor was put into practice August in 1999.
Indonesian government started a plan that if there were lots of residents who were against the autonomy in East Timor, the Indonesian government allowed...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈At last independence, but a tragedy happened before it〉
...Indonesian government allowed East Timor to be independent. As to result of the referendum, its ratio of voting was no less than 98.6%. It`s a marvelous number.
The residents stood in a long line in front of a polling station before the voting started.
It is said half of the eligible voters stood in a line before the voting started. Actually when the voting started, almost all of the people finished voting in a few hours.
It turned out that how many...
【A first naiton in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈At last independence, but a tragedy occurred before it〉
It proved that how many people had been waiting for the day by their own action.
No less than 78.5% of the people who voted were against the government`s plan of giving autonomy. In short, the residents showed they didn`t want their autonomy but wanted to be independent, but a tragedy started from there.
When being aware that majority on the residents were for their independence overwhelmingly, the people who were opposed to being independence attacked...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈At last independence, but a tragedy happened before it〉
...the people who were opposed to be independence attacked the peoople who approved the independence.
The people who were opposed set on fire every kind of buildings and residential house and killed the residents. Even the ones who fled into church were killed.
A rifle which the people who opposed used when attacking was the same type as the one which the military force in Indonesia possessed.
The Indonesian military force which stayed in East Timor...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈At last independence,but a tragedy occurred before it〉
Indonesian military force which stayed in East Timor didn`t try to protect the residents. It is said that the Indonesian military force were against the independence, and it gave the opposed people weapons and supported them positively secretly.
Lots of the people who were opposed to the independence were moved from other places when being controlled by Indonesia.
East Timor has been developed and lots of buildings were built due to Indonesia. If being...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈At last independence but a tragedy happened before it〉
If being independent from Indonesia, they would return East Timor to the situation in the past. It was a theory by the people who opposed the independence.
When the author visited East Timor April in 2002, lots of buildings which were burned black were left there.
『A case on the thirtieth day September』
The truth on the case has never been clear but it`s a coup d` etat that bodyguards on the President killed six generals who were staff officer in the army.
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
『Column, a case on the thirtieth day September』
Indonesian government concluded that it was a coup d` etat by the communist party in Indonesia, and the army attacked the communist party.
As the communist party in Indonesia then was close relation with the communist party in China led by Mao Zedong, the Indonesians of Chinese ancestry were doubt they were sympathy of the communist party and were killed one after another.
It is said a half million who were relatives on the Chinese communist party and others who...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born and East Timor has been independent】
『Column, a case on the thirtieth day September』
It is said a half million who were relatives on the communist party in China and others who were suspicious that they were killed, and others of seven hundred thousand people were sent to a concentration camp for a long time without bringing the case into court.
After that, a book written by Chinese characters wasn`t allowed to bring because it had a possibility that it was a direction from communist party in China.
Using the Chinese characters was forbidden ...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
『Column, a case on the thirtieth day September』
Using the Chinese characters was forbidden in Chinatown each place in Indonesia, so the Chinatowns in Indonesia is the most strange one in the world which have no sign board written by Chinese characters.
〈The United Nations controlled East Timor for a while〉
The United Nations which were shocked at the terrible sight sent the international military force made up with Australia, Thailand, and New Zealand,and maintained the peace.
The military force in a...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈The United nations controlled for a while〉
The military force in multinational force developed in the actual place and Indonesian military force withdrew from East Timor, and the attack by the people who were opposed to the independence was over at last.
After the independence on East Timor was decided October in 1999, temporary government of East Timor under the United Nation was set up in order to build a new nation.
A new nation needs a new constitution, and representatives are needed to be chosen from...
【A new nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈The United Nation controlled for a while〉
The representatives have to be chosen from the people, and the representatives have to establish the constitution, but the constitution decides how the representatives should be chosen.
The United Nations supported the people in East Timor to build a new nation. The United Nations protected East Timor under the United Nations and a new national organization will be created under the United Nations.
However under this situation, nothing would be progressed at all.
【A new nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈The United Nation controlled for a while〉
There is a discussion, which is earlier, a egg or a chicken? Nothing will go ahead like the discussion, and national organization would never be born forever.
So the United Nation built a temporary government. The people in East Timor chose the people for the member of a temporary national assembly by an election.
They established the constitution March in 2002 and became formal member in national assembly.
As being based on the constitution, a first presidential was...
【A new nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈The United Nation controlled for a while〉
As being based on the new constitution, a presidential election was done and Xanana Gusmao became the President.
〈Two official languages and two other practical languages〉
In a new constitution which was born March in 2002, the Portugese and Tetum were designated as official language, and the Indonesian and the English were done as practical ones.
The official language is used for official documents like the ones for government.
On the other hand, the practical...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Two official languages and two other parctical languages〉
On the other hand, the practical languase is used as long as it needs for service in residents. The constitution prescribed like that.
East Timor is forced to use two kinds of languages for official and practical, so they have to use four kind of languages in total.
East Timor became a colony for Portugal in the 16th century, and as a result by being controlled as colony for about four century, lots of the people can speak the Portuguese.
Though they...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Two official languages and two other practical languages〉
Though they aren`t forced to use the Portuguese, the Portuguese has been used in class at school, and lots of the people whose age is more than fifty can understand the Portuguese.
On the other hand, the Tetum was a resistant language.
The people in Fretilin who tried to resist against invasion by Indonesia were overwhelmed by the force in the military force in the government and were fled into a mountainous area and developed guerilla activity.
【The first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Two official languages and two other practical languages〉
Then the Tetum was common language for guerillas, and is one of dialects which were more than 30 and was used than any other dialect in East Timor by lots of people in Fretilin.
On the other hand staff in government, soldiers in the military force, and the secret police in Indonesia couldn`t understand the Tetum at all, so the guerillas who aimed at being independent adopted the Tetum as cipher.
The mountainous area was a base for the guerilla, and...
【A new nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Two official language and two other practical languages〉
...and the Tetum established a position as common language, especially in the mountainous area.
Being able to speak the Tetum language means being able to talk with guerillas who resisted against the government in Indonesia, so the Totem language became a symbol for resistance.
As a result of invasion by Indonesia, the people in East Timor were forced to use the Indonesian. All the classes in school were taught by the Indonesian.
Considering practical...
【A new nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Two official languages and two other practidcal ones〉
Considering practical use alone, it was convenient for them to change the Indonesian into the official language, being accompanied with East Timor`s independence.
However the Indonesians was the language by the rulers for the people in East Timor, and they couldn`t receive it a bit.
In a point of view of language by rulers, the Portuguese was also the same, but after giving up controlling East Timor as colony, Portugal supported East Timor to be independent.
【A new nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Two official languages and two other practical ones〉
Thus the Tetum and Portugese won a glorious position as official language.
To tell the truth, when deciding the officila language, there was an opinion, how about the English?
It`s from a way of thinking that being able to speak English which has won a position as international language would be beneficial in the future, wouldn`t it?
However Australia which is a big sphere for using the English was south to East Timor.
If the English was official language...
【A new nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Two official languages and two other practical ones〉
...and if all the people would be able to speak the English, they would be under cultural and economic control by Australia. The people in East Timor were worried about it.
Thus the English was removed from the official language, but considering the practical use, it has been designated as practical language with the Indonesian. It was a compromise with a reality.
In fact, the Tetum language is a spoken language, so it`s hard to become a written language.
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Two official languages and two other practical ones〉
Some people have pointed out that the Tetum language has few vocabulary on technical terms, and when teaching it in class at school, it would have a limit.
The Tetum language has to adopt lots of words from the Portugese and the Indonesian as a word of foreign, so if they adopt the Tetum as official language, various problems lie ahead of the language.
However even if there is an obstacle in front of the language, the people in East Timor who adopted the...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Two official languages and two other practiacl ones〉
Even if there is an obstacle in front of the language, for the people in East Timor who adopted the Totem as weapon with resistant to being controlled their country, the language is the one which is related with their dignity.
It resembles that they adopt the black as dark age, red as a struggle for their liberty.
〈Though it`s independent...〉
They achieved the long-awaited independence at last, various problems lie in front of them.
As the nation was ...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Though it`s independent...〉
As the nation was controlled by both Portugal and Indonesia for such a long time that there are lots of the people who can`t understand ruling their own nation for themselves.
When being independent from Indonesia was decided, teachers in school and policemen who were sent from Indonesia withdrew, so they started to train teachers and policemen originally, so they need a fund.
However unemployment rate in East Timor is no less than 80%, lots of the people don`t work, so their...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Though it`s been independent...〉
...their income is little and almost no one can pay the tax. Without getting any tax, a job in government isn`t done, and any salary for public employee isn`t paid.
There was an announcement May in 2002 immediate before East Timor was independent the standard of living on East Timor was the lowest in Asia by the United Nations.
As to every respect like economy, medical treatment and education, the United Nation has pointed out East Timor is one of the poorest nation in the world
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Though it`s been independent...〉
Its average life expectancy is age of 57, and it`s lower than that of Indonesia of which the average life expecatncy is 65, and 30% of children don`t go to school at all, and its literacy rate doesn`t reach 50%.
Everything has started from scratch. Even if they feel hard, having their own independent country is related to the dignity of the people.
At the same time, being independent on East Timor was a valuable experience for the international society.
What is needed when...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈Though it`s been independent...〉
What is needed when establishing a new nation from scratch? The experiences and lessons which the international society got in East Timor was reflected on support for reestablishing the nation in Afghanistan.
When accomplishing independence or rebuilding devastated national land, building East Timor going ahead smoothly meaning it`ll bring a hope to other nation following after East Timor.
Being independent on a small nation is a big hope for the world.
〈After that, what`s...〉
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈What`s happened after that?〉
East Timor which has been celebrated with the international society once and started as new nation, but establishing its nation hasn`t gene ahead smoothly.
Servicemen who were from western area started a demonstration parade for asking for improving their treatment in 2006, and it caused a riot by the youths.
The government in East Timor couldn`t suppress it, and military force for maintain peace of which center was Australia was sent. They can`t maintain their peace with their...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
The people in East Timor can`t maintain their own peace with their own military force and police.
After being independent, a Presidential election was done for the first time April in 2007, Jose Ramos Horta who received Nobel prize for peace was elected as President.
Xanana Gusmao who was the President until then became the Prime Minister, but the President Horta was attacked by a group who armed themselves and was seriously damaged February in 2008.
Even if accomplishing...
【A first nation in the 21th century was born. East Timor has been independent】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
Even if accomplishing independence, they can`t do away with their poverty and dissatisfaction among them has been heightened.
By the way, a book of which title, そうだったのか！現代史パート２ was over, so I`m going to start, Japanese modern history from now on. Both of the books were written by Akira Ikegami.
I`m going to start from its preface. Here we go.
【Preface】
When talikg with a student in university, he said on a war, so the author thought it was the Pacific War, but it`s the Gulf war.
【Preface】
On the other hand when the people who lived in Kyoto said a war which caused before, it means that it was what is called 応仁の乱.
Thus, an idea and a sensation on history is different, but how much do we know on the Japanese history after the World War Ⅱ was over?
Whenever a rape incident happened by an American soldier in Okinawa, a phrase that being worried about influence on structure of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty always appears.
It is said the military base of U.S.A.in Okinawa exists for the structure of the U.S.-Japan Secutiry Treaty. What does it mean?
【Preface】
How many people do they know a group of demonstrators who shouted an objection against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty surrounded the national assembly? And a female student died in the demonstration. Do they know it?
Japanese Red Army and Yodo Issue which emerges in a news on TV program suddenly from the darkness in the past.
How many youths do they know those things in the past?
After a phrase that the war was already over appeared in an economic white paper, several decades passed, but a way of saying that it`s the for the first time after the war appears in the news just now.
【Preface】
The Cold War between the East and West which started after the World War Ⅱ was over, but after that the world can`t establish a new stable structure.
After the 1955 system which was a reflection by the Cold War in Japan collapsed, Japan can`t establish a new political structure as well.
What is a kind of nation where we live? Recognizing its history means that recognizing ourselves.
By the way, as to the preface, some of them are omitted, and what I wanted express in English alone was described.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈A strange person became the Prime Minister.〉
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈A strange person became the Prime Minister〉
Junichiro Koizumi assumed the office of the Prime Minister April in 2001. A strange prson became the Prime Minister then. Immediately before it he was chosen as a president by general election of Liberal-Democratic Party, supporting by the local member in the Liberal-Democratic party overwhelmingly.
As three political parties like the Liberal-Democratic party, New Komeito, and the New Conservative party formed a colition and made up for majority in the national assembly. If being chosen as the president in...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈A strange person became the Prime Minister〉
If being chosen as the president of Liberal-Democratic party, it means that he was chosen as the Prime Minister with voting by the members in the national assembly.
When forming his own Cabinet, Mr. Koizumi carried out a selection on ministers which had nothing to do with any intraparty faction 派閥.
In the Cabinet by the Liberal-Democratic party until then, each intraparty faction handed over a list for a recommending candidate on minister. Considering a balance within the Liberal Democratic party, the Prime...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈A strange person became the Prime Minister〉
Considering a balance withing the Liberal-Democratic party, the Prime Minister appointed the minister, but Mr. Koizumi ignored the custom completely and formed his Cabinet with his own way.
Its typical example, he promoted Makiko Tanaka to the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
The Minister of Foreign Affairs is an important post in the Cabinet like the Ministry of Finance, so an influential person in the Liberal-Democratic party took up the position as a custom. Instead, Mr. Koizumi adopted Makiko Tanaka there.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈A strange person became the Prime Minister〉
Ms.Makiko is a daughter of Kakuei Tanaka who used to be an ex Prime Minister succeeded her father and was elected as a member of the House of Reperesentative in 1993, and hadn`t belong to any intraparty faction since then.
Her spiteful tongue which wasn`t afraid of her senior was well-known, and she was popular among the Japanese.
At first it was Ms Tanaka who named Mr. Koizumi a strange person.
Ryutaro Hashimoto resigned from his post as the Prime Minister in 1998, for the Liberal-Democratic Party suffered...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈A strange person became the Prime Minister〉
...for the Liberal-Democratic party suffered a crushing defeat at an Upper House election in 1998, and Ryutaro Hashimoto took his responsibility as Prime Minister then.
At an election of choosing a president for the Liberal-Democratic party which competing a successor of Mr. Hashimoto, three people
announced their candidacy for the next Prime Minister, Keizou Obuchi, Seiroku Kajiyama, and Junichiro Koizumi.
Ms.Tanaka said there was no splendid person for the next Prime Minister, so she called Mr. Koizumi a...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈A strange person became the Prime Minister〉
...so she called Mr.Koizumi a strange person then, but at an election for the president, she supported him, and made him be elected as the president.
A strange person is 変人 in Japanese, and the Chinsese character of 変 is used, but the 変 is also used for other Japanese phrase, 変革.
Mr.Koizumi said so and developed a campaign of presidential election on the Liberal-Democratic party with Mr.Tanaka.
When being the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr.Tanaka put up changing the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and tried to...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈A strange person became the Prime Minister〉
...and her attitude was confronting the bureaucracy in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs completely, and it raised her popularity among the Japanese.
The percentage of the supporting Cabinet was over 80% and was close to 90% according to an opinion poll by each newspaper company immediate after the Koizumi Cabinet was born. It was the best record in the successive Cabinets.
The Japanese expected that the new Cabinet would break down the blockaded situation and go ahead with a reform.
〈Aimed at the reform〉
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Aiming at a reform〉
Before being the Prime Minister, he answered at an interview by each newspaper company like the next.
I`ve thought there were lots of the Prime Ministers who didn`t use his reasonable authority until at present.
If the Prime Minister is supported by the people and demonstrates its authority, it can do various things a lot.
What is a source of leadership on the Prime Minister? It`s a support from the nation.
Thus Mr.Koizumi tried to proceed with the reform at the back of the support from the Japanese overwhelmingly.
The author said...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Aimed at a reform〉
The author said when looking at Mr.Koizumi, it reminds him a Prime Minister who tried to go ahead with the political reform supporting by the people overwhelmingly in the past.
He started talking about August in 1993.
〈The people were surprised at a press conference by then the Morihiro Hosokawa Prime Minister〉
We the Japanese were surprised at the press conference immediate after Mr. Hosokawa became the Prime Minister.
Without sitting down, the Prime Minister Hosokawa was at an interview as successive Prime Minister for the first time.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The people were surprised at a press conference by then the Prime Minister Morihiro Hosokawa〉
It`s natural recently, but none of the Prime Minister was at the press conference without sitting down until then, but his posture became bad, and a TV camera looked down him from upper place.
It means that the Prime Minister cast an upward glance at the camera, and we can`t say he impressed the people favorable then, and Mr.Hosokawa was aware of it.
Without sitting down,Presidents and high offiecers in America were at interviews. Mr.Hosokawa adopted it.
When he...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The people were surprised at a press conference by the Prime Minister Hosokawa〉
When he answered a question from a reporter, the people were surprised at the Prime Minister again.
When the reporter raised his hand, the Prime Minister called on him with a ballpoint in his right hand.
We the Japanese were amazed at his behavior newly, for none of the Prime Minister who was from the Liberal-Democratic party did it, so we expectd a new time came at last.
After that his behavior was broadcast over and over again on TV, and the people thought a refined Prime...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The people were surprised at a press conference by the Pirme Minister Hosokawa〉
...and we the Japanese thought a refined Prime Minister showed up in Japan as if he had been a President in the U.S.A.
Then percentage of supporting the Hosokawa Cabinet was over 70%, and was the best record among successive Prime Ministers then.
Forming the Hosokawa Cabinet made a coalition government come to an end, and at the same time it means the 1955 system was over, but what was the 1955 system?
Before adopting it, let`s look back at immediate before the movement on...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈We the Japanese were surprised at a press conference by the Prime Minister Hosokawa〉
...let`s look back at immediate before movement on the formation of the Hosokawa Cabinet.
『Column,what is callled ワリシン』
Shin Kanamaru possessed unregistered securities in secret. It was discount securities issued from a financial institution before it went bankrupt.
He bought them below par, and when they fell due, they would paid back at par, we call them ワリシン.
The exact name of the finanacial institution was日本債権信用銀行,and it was called ワリシン,I`m wondering.
When buying...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
『Column, what is called ワリシン』
When buying lots of securities at a teller, the one who tried to buy didn`t have to be clear its identity then, so it was pointed out that ワリシン was adopted so as to keep a fund when eavading a tax, and it was true.
After that a phrase ワリシン、ワルシン、カネマルシン was frequently spoken among the people for a while as buzzword.
〈Gold bars had been found at the office of Kanemaru〉
An ex vice president of the Liberal-Democratic party was arrested with a suspicion of tax evasion, and his house was searched. Then hidden fortune like...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Golden bars had been found at the office of Kanemaru〉
Then his hidden fortune like unregistered securities and golden bars were found. Its total was three billion six hundred million yen.
We were surprised at an image that they carried away a safe from the office whose powerful man in the political world. It was done by officials in charge of the Public Prosecutor`s Office in Tokyo.
An ex-president of transportation business, Sagawa, was indicted owing to a misappropriation of public funds, and kanemaru received a political contribution of five hundred...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Golden bars had been found at the office of Kanemaru〉
...and Kanamaru received a political contribution of five hundred million yen from the ex-president of the transportation business, and it came to light, so Kanamaru resigned his position as the vice president.
Receiving five hundred million yen in secret was against the Political Fund Control Law, so the Public Prosecutor`s Office in Tokyo tried to investigate Kanemaru, but Kanemaru refused it, it`s juts that he submitted a written report.
However the Public Prosecutor`s office in Tokyo didn`t search...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Golden bars had been found at the office of Kanemaru〉
However the Public Prosecutor`s office in Tokyo didn`t investigate Kanemaru any more, and prosecuted him informally, and his sentence was paying penalty of two hundred thousand yen.
As a result, the Japanese were got angry at it, for the Public Prosecutor`s Office in Tokyo din`t research his house, nor Kanemaru himself, and in spite of receiving five hundred million yen illegally, it`s just that he paid only two hundred million yen, and it was all right.
A way of saying was popular among the people...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Golden bars had been found at the office of Kanemaru〉
A way of saying was popular among the Japanese like the next.
If the police and the prosecution want to investigate us,it`s all right as long as we submit a wriiten report.
In addition some people carried it out actually, and the police and prosecution at the actual place were worried about it.
Confidence for the prosecution from the people was completely ruined then.
There was criticism from inside the prosecution against the attitude of the Public Prosecutor`s office in Tokyo, and there was a ...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Golden bars had been found at the office of Kanemaru〉
...and there was a criticism on the newspaper of Asahi from the head of prosecution in high public proecutor`s office in Sapporo.
A special person mustn`t be handled special way in judicial world.
Kanemaru could avoid being investigated from the prosecution and being judged by a trial, but the people`s anger and criticims were so severe that there was a voice of criticism from inside the Liberal Democratic Party, and he was forced into a position in which he must resign at last.
The special...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Golden bars had been found at the office of Kanemaru〉
The special investigation department of the Distric Public Prosecutor`s office in Tokyo which received severe criticism from the people found other case of Kanemaru, a tax evasion,by cooperation of the Regional Taxation Bureau in Tokyo, and could arrest Kanemaru at last.
As a result, it showed us the actual situation of bottomless corrupted power of money on influential people in the Liberal Democratic Party.
Besides, as a result of the investigation, it turned out that major componies in the ...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Golden bars had been found at the office of Kanemaru〉
As a result of the investigation, it proved that major companies in counstruction business, what is called general contractors, offered Kanemaru a large amount of money.
It developed from the investigation on the general contractors to corruption cases by other council members on the Liberal Deomcratic Party and a head of a local self-governing body.
〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency system heightened〉
The case of Kanemaru and the corruption case of general contractors made the voice of...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency system heightened〉
The case of Kanemaru and the corrupted case by the general contractors made the voice of realizing politics without using money strengthened in order to solve a problem on politics and money drastically.
As a result an opinion that changing the system on elections is indispensable became strong, and it was called a political reform and was became a big theme in politics.
The political reform has sometimes varied meanings, but it was often used as synonym of the reform in the system on elections.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency system heightened〉
A report of changing the present medium-sized constituency system into adopting both small one and the proportional representation system was submitted in the Kaifu Cabinet, and it was paid attention again, and a movement of realizing the report strengthened.
The report pointed out like the next.
Some candidates run for the same electorial district from the same political party as long as aiming at getting lots of seats in the council and being a political party coming into the power in election.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency heightened〉
Its tendency is apt to strengthens under the present medium-sized constitency system.
The election is forced to be a struggle between individuals rather than the one between political parties or policies for the candidates.
As a result, elections and political activities tend to be dependent on personal connection between the candidates and eligible voters under Japanese society, and the fund on the election would expand.
Furthermore, influential situation among the political parties for a long...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency heightened〉
Furthermore, influential situation among the political parties for a long time had been fixed under the medium-sized constituency, and the political power didn`t change, so the tension on politics loses and corruption on the politics is easy to cause.
If trying to say the sentences easier to understand, it`s like the next.
From two to five are elected in an electorial district under the medium-sized constituency as usual.
As to a big political party like the Liberal Democratic Party, it has to make...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency strengthened〉
As to a big political party like the Liberal Democratic Party, it has to make some candidates run for the single electorial district so as to secure majority as whole.
Then even if the candidates from the same political parties, they are enemies each other in the electrorial district, and are forced to develop a severe struggle on the election.
However as the policy is the same as the political party, the candidates from the same political parties are apt to struggle a point except for the policy.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency heightened〉
Then an electrical campaign tends to patronage.
Listening to petitions from eligible voters, and falling into services for the eligible voters each other. For example, constructing a road here, a bridge there. It`s far from a political dispute on an image of the state in the future.
Moreover, instead of a competition among political parties which have different policies, it`s the electorial campaign by the candidate itself, so its main point is how an election committee is made for the candidate itself.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency heightened〉
Its main point on the electrical campaign is how the candidate makes its election committee and how he keeps his supporters. A large amount of fund is indispensable so as to maintain the election committee and an election campaign.
In short, it`s politics on which they have to spend lots of money, and the candidates are forced to be worried about how they should collect money.
Members in a national assembly are human too. They aren`t always ones of noble characters. They are apt to be weak on a talk...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency heightened〉
Candidates are apt to be weak on a talk of money. Avoiding corruption on politics seeks for noble character on an individual alone isn`t realistic.
Besides if candidates who competed in an electorial district each other as emeny belonged to the same political party, some groups were born in the same political party. They are intraparty factions.
For example, there is a member in national assembly belonged to an intraparty faction, and other member in natioanl assembly who competed in the same ...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency heightened〉
For an instance, when there is a member in natioanal assembly who belonged to an intraparty faction, and there is other member in national assembly who belonged to the same intraparty faction competed in the same electorial district, they belong to different intraparty facton each other.
Thus some intraparty factions are born in the Liberarl Democratic Party, and expand.
Members of the national assembly in intraparty faction want their boss to be the Prime Minister, and they also wanted to be a minister.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency heightened〉
Thus a competition among the different intraparty faction in the same political party starts. Number is the force in the intraparty faction.
So the intraparty faction tries to increase its member and to make a candidate for member in national assembly run from a local place from all over Japan.
An executive in the intraparty faction rushes to an electorial district where there is a candidate from the same intraparty faction so as to support. The executive supported the candidate for the fund.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Criticism on the medium-sized constituency heightened〉
A member in natioanl assembly who was supported and was elected felt indebted to the intraparty faction and have an awareness of doing its best for the intraparty faction.
Then instead of competition among the political parties, but an election is the competition among the intraparty faction.
『Column,a small-sized constituency』
It doesn`t always mean that the area on the small sized constituency is smaller than the medium-sized one.
All the members in national assembly are elected in a single...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
『Column, a small sized constituency』
All the members in national assembly are elected all together in a single electorial district is the large constituency system.
Some elected candidates from the electorial district is called the medium-sized constituency system.
And the electorial district where there is only a single elected candidate is called the small sized-constituency system.
As the one alone is elected from the small-sized constituency system, getting votes from majority is indispensable is a misunderstanding.
It can be elected as long as it...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
『Column, the samll sized-constituency system』
It can be elected as long as it got the most voters among other candidates.
〈Introduction on the small-sized constituency〉
Member in national assembly who thought it`s an introduction for the small-sized constituency system which solved the problems increased.
Moreover, if adopting the small-sized constituency,when there is a slight movement on votes in the election, there is a possibility that an incumbent member in national assembly until then defeats in an election.
If a political party which comes into a...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Introduction on the small-sized constituency〉
If a political party which comes into a power makes a terrible mistake and is criticized from the people, it`s possibility tha making the votes move in the small-sized constituency all over the Japan, and every member in national assembly defeats in the election, and a change on the political power breaks out without stopping.
When the same political party is in charge of the political party for a long time, it`s covered with rights, interests and scandal absolutely.
As a result, a sense of tension is...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Introduction on the small-sized constituency〉
So the sense of tension that a change on the political power may happen is indispensable in order to avoid right, interests and scandal.
A voice seeking for an electorial system in which a change on the political power was done easily heightened so as to prevent a scandal on the power of the money.
An argument that the small-sized constituency system was necessary so as to avoid the scandal on the power of the money arose.
If adopting the small-sized constituency system, the opposition party could make a...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Introduction on the small-sized constituency〉
If adopting the medium-sized constituency, the opposition party could make a candidate be elected as long as the opposition party made a candidate run in each electorial district one by one.
It means that securing the majority is hard,but maintaining members in national assembly to some extent.
Some people pointed out that if the situation continued for a long time,the opposition party would be content with a position of the opposition party, and any desire and ability for changing the political power wouldn`t...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Introduction on the small-sized constituency〉
...any desire and ability for changing the political power wasn`t born from the opposition party any more.
When Kanemaru resigned from the vice-president in the Liberal Democratic Party, a chairperson in the socialists party who had been intimate with Kanemaru said in a meeting on the socialsts party like the next.
As to his resignation, I`m very sad as individual, but not sentimental about it as a government official.
The chairperson in the socialist party who should investigate the Liberal Democratic Party...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Introduction on the small-sized constituency〉
The chairperson in the socialist party who should investigate the Liberal Democratic Party and Kanemaru didn`t try to hide intimate relation with Kanemaru.
The chairperson received severe criticism inside the socialist party and forced to resign from the chairperson.
It means that the ruling party forever always corrupts and the opposition party forever always depraves.
〈Adding the small-sized constituency to the proportional representation system〉
A candidate alone is elected from the electorial district in...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Adding the small-sized constituency to the proportionanal representation system〉
A single candidate alone is elected from the electorial district in the small-sized constituency. Some candidates run from the lots of political parties, and a candidate who gets more votes than any other candidates in other political parties.
It is said it`s an advantageous system for a big political party.
A cooperation from the opposition party is necessary so as to realize the system, but the cooperation isn`t got because it`s the samll-sized constituency which is...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Adding the small-sized constiutuency to the proportional representation system〉
... but the cooperation isn`t got because it`s the small-sized constituency system which is advantageous for a big political party alone.
So merging the small-sized constituency into the proportional representation system in which a candidate from a small and medium-sized political parties can be elected.
Number of the elected candidates which are in proportion to the number of votes by the political party is decided.
Both of two election of small-sized constituency and the...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Adding the small-sized constituency system to the proportional representation system〉
Carrying out the two type of election of the small-sized constituency and the proportional representation system at the same time.
〈Then the Prime Minister Miyazawa who made a promise on the political reform on TV〉
The Prime Minister Kaifu who tried to carry out the reform on the electorial system failed to do it owing to an objection inside the Liberal Democratic Party.
Without carrying it out, the entire Kaifu Cabinet resigned.
Instead of Mr.Kaifu, Mr. Miyazawa who...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Then the Prime Minister Miyazawa who made a promise on the political reform on TV〉
Instead of Mr.Kaifu, the Prime Minister Miyazawa who took office appeared on TV program, and was asked whether or not he would do the political reform, and answered like the next.
The politics has to be changed. We have to change it, otherwise distrust on the politics from the people was desperate, so we have to do it in this national assembly at any cost.
An emcee asked, do you carry it out absolutely?
Mr.Miyazawa answered, without reforming the politics this time...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Then the Prime Minister Miyazawa made a promise on the political reform on a TV program〉
Mr.Miyazawa. Without doing the political reform this time, Japanese democarcy will fall into a critical crisis.
The emcee. Excuse me for repeating myself, but can you do the political reform in the national assembly this time really? The rest of the days don`t seem to be many.
Mr.Miyazawa. I`ll do it with my own responsibility.
The emcee. If you can`t do it, do you resign from the Prime Minister?
Mr.Miyazawa answered. I`ll do it at any cost. I`ve never told any lie!
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Then the Prime Minister made a promise on the political reform on a TV program〉
However as there was lots of objectiona against the plan of political reform on the electorial system so much that then the chief secretary in the Liberal Democratic Party said the Cabinet was forced to give up the form on the political reform.
As a result, Mr.Miyazawa broke his promise on the TV program, and was criticized that he was the Prime Minister who told a lie.
The scene on which Mr.Miyazawa said he would carry it out absolutely was often broadcast on TV. Whenever it...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Then the Prime Minister made a promise on the political reform on a TV program〉
Whenever his image was broadcast, his image on the Prime Minister who told a lie was fixed.
『Column, no-confidence against the Cabinet and a dissolution on the House of Representatives』
No-confidence against the Cabinet is a notice that the House of the Representative which chose the Prime Minister said they couldn`t trust the Prime Minister any more, and told it to give up the Prime Minister.
If the majority of the member of the House of Representatives who were at present...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
『Column, no-confidence against the Cabinet and dissolution on the House of Representatives』
If the majority of the House of Representatives who were at present at the national assembly were for the no-confidence against the Cabinet, the Prime Minister in the Cabinet has two options.
The one is the Prime Minister has to obey what the House of Representatives and resigned the Prime Minister.
The other is making the House of the Representatives dissolute and listening to the opinion from the people. Whether the Prime Minister is right or the House of...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
『Column, no-confidence against the Cabinet and dissolution on the House of Representatives』
Asking the people whether the Cabinet was right or the House of Representatives were right.
If the people judged that the Pirme Minister was right, they made the member in national assembly who were for the no-confidence against the Cabinet defeat in the next election.
And lots of the member in national assembly who supported the Prime Minister were elected again, and the same one would be elected as the Prime Minister, and it would continue the Prime Minister again.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
『Column, no-confidence against the Cabinet and dissolution on the House of the Representatives』
It`s the House of Representatives alone which can issue the no-confidence against the Cabinet, and the House of Councilors doesn`t have the authority to do it.
The House of Councilors can resolve seeking for taking responsibility, but it doesn`t have any lawful binding force.
Superiority on the House of the Representatives is allowed there. In short, the House of Representatives has more authority than the House of Councilors.
〈No-confidence against the...〉
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈No-confidence against the Miyazawa Cabinet was adopted〉
As receiving distrust against the Miyazawa Cabinet was heightened, the opposition party resolved to submit no-confidence against the Miyazawa Cabinet.
39 members in the House of Representatives in the Liberal Democratic Party like Ichiro Ozawa, Tutomu Hata,were for the no-confidence, and it was approved June in 1993.
After Kanemaru resigned in the previous year, there was confrontation in Takeshita faction of which president used to be Kanemaru over a successor on Kanemaru, and Takeshita faction was...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈No-confidence against the Miyazawa Cabinet was adopted〉
...and the Takeshita faction was divided into two groups. The one of which center were Keizo Obuti and Seiroku Kajiyama, and the other of which center were Ichiro Ozawa and Tutomu Hata.
After division, the group of which center was Ichiro Ozawa strengthened its insistence that the political reform is necessary, and criticized the Miyazawa Cabinet which failed to reform and was for the no-confidence against the Miyazawa Cabinet.
There was a criticism inside the Liberal Democratic Party that without...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈No-confidence against the Miyazawa Cabinet was adopted〉
There used to be a criticism against Mr.Ozawa inside the Liberal Democratic Party that without allowing his own resposibility, Ozawa who used to be a faithful follower for Kanemaru insisted on the political reform. It`s in the wrong.
However Mr.Ozawa had made his image who reformed the politics inside the Liberal Democratic Party for himself.
〈The Liberal Democratic Party was below the majority in the election on the House of the Representatives〉
The Prime Minister Miyazawa who was adopted the...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Liberal Democratic Party was below the majority in the election on the House of Representatives〉
The Miyazawa Cabinet which was adopted the no-confidence against the Miyazawa Cabinet made the House of Representatives disband.
Masayoshi Takemura and other members in national assembly who insisted on the political reform separately from Ichiro Ozawa weren`t for the no-confidence against the Miyazawa Cabinet.
However after the House of Representatives was disbanded,he didn`t thought he could carry out the political reform in the Liberal Democratic Party...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Liberal Democratic Party was below the majority in the election of the House of the Representatives〉
...and he and the other members in national assembly left the Liberal Democratic Party as a group and formed a new political party, Sakigake then.
Other group led by Ichiro Ozawa of 44 members in national assembly quitted the Liberal Democratic Party and formed Shinseito.
The division made the Liberal Democratic Party be below the majority and an election on the House of Representatives started.
Nihon shinto was added to the Sinseito and Sakigake, and...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Liberal Democratic Party was below the majority in the election on the House of the Representatives〉
...and candidates ran from each of new political party, so all sorts of the new political parties jumped into the election on the House of the Representatives.
A fresh image on the Nihon shinto caused its boom.
Before the election, the number of seats on the member of the Liberal Democratic Party was 227, but it decreased still more to 223 which was below the majority.
On the other hand, as to the number of seat on the socialist party, it used to be...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Liberal Democratic Party was below the majority in the election on the House of Representatives〉
...its number of seat decreased from 137 to 70. It reduced by half. The socialist party was a humiliating defeat.
Shinseito won 55 seats, and Nihon shinto secured 35 seats from zero all at once. Sakigake 13 seats.
The election made the Liberal Democratic Party be below zero, but after the division, the number of the seat on the Liberal Democratic Party didn`t changed very much.
The number of seat on the Socialist Party decreased greatly, and the ones on ...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Liberal Democratic Party was below the majority in the election on the House of Representatives〉
...and the number of seat on the new political parties increased.
The chairperson in the Socialist Party took the responsibility on the election and resighed. Tomiichi Murayama was elected the chairperson as a successor.
〈A remarkable progress on the Nihon shinto〉
35 of newcomers were elected from the Nihon shinto, and 17 of the newcomers were done with more voters which were than any other candidates in the electorial district, especially progressed...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Nihon shinto progressed in remarkable way〉
...especially progressed in metropolitan in remarkable way. They could win lots of the swing vote in which they didn`t have any supporters in the city. They could win the heart of the eligible voters who were disappointed with the esisting political parties.
The candidates were plenty of newcomers who sympathized with Hosokawa`s political idea and plunged into the political world, but any of them couldn`t get official recognition and changed its own course or repeating being defected in elections until then.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Nihon shinto progressed in remarkable way〉
It was no exaggeration to say that anyone could be elected as long as it had the Nihon shinto in name only.
It was formed May in the previous year, and succeeded in making four people be elected in an election of the House of Councilors immediately after the political party was formed.
Morihiro Hosokawa was born in the eighteenth head of a feudal lord of the Hosokawa family in Kumamoto prefecture.
His grandfather on his mother`s side was Fumimaro Konoe who was the Prime Minister before the World War Ⅱ.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
『Seven executives in the Takeshita faction』
Takeshita faction was proud of a solid unit until division, especially seven executives of central figures like Keizo Obuchi, Ryutaro Hashimoto, Seiroku Kajiyama, Keiwa Okuda,Kouzo Watanabe, Tutomu Hata, and Ichiro Ozawa were influential people.
Mr.Obuchi often called some of them like the next.
Ozawa who was an influential, Hata who was good at policies, Hashimoto who was popular among the people, and Obuchi who had a good character.
After division, three of Obuchi, Hashimoto, and Kajiyama were Obuchi faction...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
『Column,seven executives in Takeshita faction』
...and the rest of four like Hata, Watanabe, Okuda, and Ozawa were Hata faction, though it was actually Ozawa faction, the Takeshita faction broke off the relations.
〈Ichiro Ozawa wrote its outline〉
As the Liberal Democratic Party was below majority, a movement for establishing a new political power by political influence of anti the Liberal Democratic Party started.
Except for the communist party and the Liberal Democratic Party, if other political parties gathered together, it would reach a majority in number.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Ichiro Ozawa wrote the outline〉
It was Ichiro Ozawa who wrote the outline.
Making Hosokawa who was popular among the people become the Prime Minister, and gathering anti the Liberal Democratic and grasping the real power, and tried to establish a new political power for himself.
It is said after four days from the general election, Ozawa met Hosokawa in secret June in 1993 and persuaded him like the next.
It was you alone who could become the Prime Minister.
The Socialist party was indispensable to unite the influential power of anti-Liberal Democratic...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈It was Ichiro Ozawa who wrote the outline〉
...but Takako Doi was critical to join the group led by Ozawa inside the Socialist Party then, so Ozawa proposed Doi was a chairperson in the House of Representatives.
It was his strategy to set her up as the chairperson of honorary post which didn`t have any real power, trying to take the teeth out of the plan on the Socialist Party, and it was successful in an admirable way.
Seven political parties agreed to an establishment on the coalition government, and adding one more political party to them and an ...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈It was Ichiro Ozawa who wrote the outline〉
...and an alliance of eight political parties was formed then.
Instead of the Liberal Democratic Party,the Socialist Party which was fomred after the World War Ⅱ aimed at coming into a power by being majority itself.
However there was a chance to become a part of leaders in political power by being defeated in the election. It was irony in history.
〈The Hosokawa Cabinet was born〉
Hosokawa was nominated as Prime Minister and then the political power which continued by the Liberal Democratic Party was over.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Hosokawa Cabinet was born〉
Then Doi chairperson reported that we decided to nominate that Hosokawa was the Prime Minister. Then she said Hosokawa san.
Instead of the san, successive chairpersons used kun for its co-worker as honorific title until then.
The Japanese found it something fresh the way of saying it, and thought that a new time started then.
Thus the Hosokawa Cabinet started, and the Chief Secretary who supports the Prime Minister in the Cabinet was Masayoshi Takemura who belonged to Sakigake.
In the next day, Hosokawa was asked a ...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Hosokawa Cabinet was born〉
In the next day, Hosokawa was asked the recognition on the Pacific War in a press conference, and he said it was an invasive war and was in the wrong.
He was the first one among successive Prime Ministers who said like that. Then the Japanese thought a new time has come.
『Tele politics』
When gathering influential power of anti-Liberal Democratic Party, a phrase of tele politics was frequently used. It`s a politics through TV.
When establishing the new political power of influential power of anti-Liberal Democratic Party...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
『Column, tele politics』
...then Takemura belonged to Sakigake and Hosokawa in Nihon sinto were careful in the beginning.
After the election, they were asked from emcees in a news program some questions in the middle of the live broadcast.
How are you going to manage the new government?
They said gathering the influential power of anti-Liberal Democratic Party and it started to come true.
Remarks by politicians who appeared on TV program made the politics move actually, so the phrase was used then.
Some people called the Hosokawa government a coalition...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
『Column, tele politics』
Some people called the new political power a coalition government with Kume and Tahara, named after two emcees in the news programs.
However considering Ozawa wrote its outline behind their backs, it`s doubtful whether or not the TV moved the politics actually.
However after that, the politicians began to recognize influence on TV clearly.
〈A way of politics changed completely〉
Immediately after being the Prime Minister, Hosokawa began to be careful of making his own image.
When the new Cabinet started, its commorative photo was...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The way of politics changed completely〉
When a new Cabinet started, its commorative photo was taken, and it was done on the lawn off an official residence for the Prime Minister in front of trees for the first time.
When facing the first press conference, without walking along a hallway of the official residence, he was outside from the official residence and went to a place where an interview was done.
When being taken a photo with a diagonal way, he forced himself to be taken his left profile, for he liked it.
If walking along the hallway of the...
【The Koizumi Cabinet started】
〈A way of politics changed completely〉
If walking along the hallway of the official residence, when going into a place where the press conference was done, a phothograph on his right profile was taken.
On the other hand, if going into there from outside, his left profile was faced to cameras.
After that, considering both his position and cameras` position at a meeting or at a party, he devised his left profile was taken.
APEC was held at Seattle in America November in this year, and Hosokawa`s style in which he wore a long muffler in light brown around his...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈A way of politics changed completely〉
...and Hosokawa`s style in which he wore a long muffler in light brown around his neck was a big topic among the Japanese.
His style was more sophisticated than Clinton who was the host for the APEC wore a jumper.
No one remembered on the content of the meeting, but Hosokawa`s style became a topic among the reporters even at present.
The Japanese took pride in that the Japanese Prime Minister was equal to a leader in the world with regard to his fashinonable style.
He brought a prompter into a place where the press...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈A way of politics changed completely〉
He brought a prompter into a place where the press conference was done.
The prompter is an apparatus on which letters on manuscript were reflected on clear panel. The panel worked out like a magic mirror, and the one who gave a lecture could look at the letters, but the audience who was on the opposite position couldn`t see it.
A news caster can read a long manuscript facing in front of it, for this transparent panel is prepared for the caster in front of the lens of camera in the studio.
If taking advantage of the...
【The Koizumi Cabinet started】
〈A way of politics changed completely〉
If taking advantage of the prompter, the caster doesn`t have to look at the manuscript at hand, so both the audience and viewers on TV had an impression that the Prime Minister faced them and spoke to them from right in front of them.
It has been made use of for a speech by the President as usual in American politics, so it`s an ordinary apparatus there, but it was Hosokawa who brought it into Japan for the first time.
〈The Hosokawa Cabinet made a racket at night〉
It was in a press conference at midmight November in...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Hosokawa Cabinet made a racket at midnight〉
It was in a press conference at midnight December in the year when Hosokawa became the Prime Minister when the prompter appearedh for the first time.
Then Hosokawa decided to accept an agreement on agriculture concerned Uruguay`s miltilateral trade including partial importing rice from Uruguay, and announded it.
The press conference started before a.m.4：00, for its plan over acceptance on the agreement wasn`t decided until the midnight.
The Hosokawa political power was a coalition formed by eight political...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Hosokawa Cabinet made a racket at midnight〉
The Hosokawa government was a coalition formed by eight political parties, and if trying to speak ill of it,it was a group of scratched people.
As they have different view on politcs, they belonged to different political parties each other, but all of them joined into one group and tried to carry out the politics, so they were forced to have conflicting opininons often, and it came to the surface.
Every time the members on the Cabinet got into an imbroglio, they had to do the press conference at midnight.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Hosokawa Cabinet made a racket at midnight〉
So it was often said that the Hosokawa Cabinet made a racket at midnight.
Each of opinion confronted in a varied ways in the coalition government, and it took much time to compromise.
Japan was different from Europe which had enough experience on the coalition government, and whenever the Cabinet encountered obstaceles, the Japanese went through for the first time one by one.
It was a good chance for both the political party and the people to learn how the coalition government was.
There was a...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Hosokawa Cabinet made a racket at midnight〉
There was a confrontation over opinions in the coalition government, especially the ones between the Socialist Party and other Parties were paid attention.
Shinseito, Nihon shinto and Sakigake used to be conservative political parties originally. There were lots of members in national assembly belonged to the Liberal Democratic Party for a long time in the three political parties, therefore there were lots of things which the Socialist Party couldn`t allow as a position of the opposition party.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Hosokawa Cabinet made a racket at midnight〉
However even if executives in the Socialist Party tried to compromise, there was a pressure from inside the Socialist Party and groups supporting the Socialist Party.
What about the plan which you`ve held for a long time?
The executives who tried to look for a point of compromise were worried about it, especially the Socialist Party argued whether or not the Hosokawa Cabinet allowed to import rice from Uruguay to Japan.
The meeting reached in the midnight and the headquarters of the Socialist party was...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Hosokawa Cabinet made a racket at midnight〉
...and the headquarters of the Socialist Party was surrounded by groups on agricultre which sought for resusal on importing rice.
Then Murayama chairperson said that the Socialist Party is opposed to it, but accepts that the Prime Minister decieded, and accepted the plan on the coalition government.
Decision on the plan by the Socialist Party dragged on into the midnight and a temporary Hosokawa Cabinet meeting ended at a.m.3：00, and the press conference by the Prime Minister started so late.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Socialist Party which accepted everything〉
I thought the Self-Defense Force is against the constitution as myself, but I don`t think so, as a member of the Cabinet minister.
When being asked on a recognition of the Self-Defense Force in the National Assembly, a member in national assembly which was a minister in the coalition government belonged to the Socialist Party answered like that.
When the Hosokawa coaliton Cabinet started, the eight political parties made a memorandum with which they agreed, and they accepted to approve the policy until then.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Socialist Party which accepted everything〉
On the other hand, the Socialist Party regarded the Self-Defense Force as an existence against the constitution, and insisted that destroying the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty and establishing Japan which is unarmed and nuetrality. It was basic plan of the Socialist Party.
Succeeding to the policy until then means that obeying the plan which the Liberal Democratic Party held until then with regard to the Self-Defense Force or the U.S-Japan Security Treaty.
As a result, the Socialist Party fell into a hard position.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Socialist Party which approved of everything〉
The Socialist Party was forced to approve of everything which was different from their basic plan as usual so as to maintain the coalition givernment, so it was severely criticized that it was opposed to everything when being the opposition party, but it accepted everything when coming into power.
Some people said ironically that the Socialist Party was the snow stuck to at the back of the geta which is Japanese footwear.
Even if they found it hard to accept, without withdrawing from the coalition...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Socialist Party which accepted everything〉
Even if the Socialist Party found it hard to accept the policy, without withdrawing from the coalition government, it accepted the policy one after another.
Even if the snow is trampled on over and over again, it clung to sole of geta. The Socialist Party resembles it. Others teased like that.
They joined the political power so as to realize their ideal on politics, but they changed their insistence so as to stay in the political power. It confusing the order of things.
There were lots of the people who...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The Socialist Party which accepted everything〉
There were lots of people who supported the Socialist Party were pleased with the establishment of the political party which wasn`t the Liberal Democratic Party, but at the same time, they were disappointed with the Socialist Party`s betrayal.
After that, the Socialist Party led to ruined itself politically.
〈The formation of a system of single-seat constituency and proportional representation〉
The Miyazawa Cabinet lost the political power because it couldn`t realize the poltical reform. After that the ...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The formation that the system of single-seat constituencies and proportional representation〉
After that the Hosokawa Cabinet`s biggest aim was realizing the political reform.
Immediately after he became the Prime Minister, Hosokawa asserted that without realizing the political reform, he would take the responsibility and resign his position as the Prime Minister at the press conference.
The Hosokawa Cabinet submitted the bill on the political refrom to the national assembly September 1993.
The bill was mainly the election system of the single-seat...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The formation of the electional system of single-seat constituencies and proportional representation〉
The bill was mainly on the electional system of single-seat constituencies and proportional representation. It planned that the necessary number of both of the two system were 250 each other, and in total the necessary number were 500.
As to the proportional representation system, its electorial district was the whole nation as a single district.
There was a strong objection against the bill inside the Socialist Party, for the single-seat constituency was...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was formed】
〈The formation of the electorial system of single-seat constituencies and proportional representation〉
...for the single-seat constitunecies was advantageous to a big political party, and if being introduced, the Socialist Party would disappear. The Socialist Party had a sense impending crisis.
The executives on the Soicalist party took a position of accepting the bill so as to maintain the coalition government, and persuaded the member of the Socialist Party who were opposed to the bill.
After all the bill was adopted with lots of approvals November.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The formation of electorial system of single-seat constitunecies and proportional representation〉
It was approved in the House of Representative, but there were lots of the members in the Socialist Party who were opposed to the bill in the House of Councilors, so the bill was rejected January in the next year.
It was the bill on the electorial system of the House of the Representatives, and the member of the House of Representatives accepted the bill, but the House of Councilors rejected, and the bill was voted down. It was strange a little.
However the...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The formation of electorial system of single-seat constituencies and proportional representations〉
However the bill must be accepted by both of the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors, so it was possible.
Then the Prime Minister thought without making the bill form, he couldn`t follow through on his campaign promises when being the Prime Minister.
So he thought even if he changed the content on the bill, he tried to form the bill, so he made a compromise to the Liberal Democratic Party.
He accepted a demand for reform by the Liberal...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The formation of an electorial system of single-seat constituencies and proportional representations〉
Hosokawa accepted the demand on reform from the Liberal Democratic Party without objecting at all with a summit conference by then the president of Yohe Kono.
The necessary member in the single-seat constitunecies were 300 and in the proportional representation were 200, and the proportional representations were divided into 11 blocks in the whole nation. It was clearly advantageous to the Liberal Democratic Party.
The small electorial system was ...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The formation of electorial system of single-seat constitunecies and proportional representation〉
The single-seat constituencies were originally advantageous to a big political party. As to the proportional representations, if the whole nation is a single unit, both of small and medium political party could make each candidate be elected.
However as it`s divided into some blocks, the big political party which had influenced over the whole nation was advantageous.
Thus the reformed bill was adopted at the both of the House of Representatives and Councilors.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The formation of electorial system of single-seat constitunecies and proportional representation〉
A large number of the coalition government and the Liberal Democratic Party accepted the reformed bill and it was formed.
The member of the Socialist Party who were opposed the bill in the beginning rejected the bill, but it made the bill which was advantageous to the Liberal Democratic Party and disadvantageous to the Socialist Party form ironically. It was exactly suicidal for the Socialist Party.
The Socialist Party was busy with handling problems which...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈The formation of electorial system of sngle-seat constituencies and proportional reperesentation〉
The Socialist Party was so busy with handling problems which appeared in front of them one after another that there was no strategy as political party then.
『Column, a group of aiming at reforming and the other of aiming at maintaining the old situation』
After the Hosokawa Cabinet was born, its key word in reformation of electorial system was whether a group of reforming or other of maintaining the old situation.
Ichiro Ozawa who was away from the ...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
『Column, a group aimed at reforming and other aimed at maintain the old situation』
Ichiro Ozawa who was away from the Liberal Democratic Party insisted on like the next.
We have to reform the electorial system in order to abolish money politics. The people who were opposed to the reform on the system are the ones who stick to old ways. They maintain the old situation.
The phrase was aware widely among the soceity, and the member in national assembly who pointed out a problem on the new ways on the electorial system and cricicized were called maintained ...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
『Column, a group aimed at reforming and other aimed at maintained the old situation』
...and the member in national assembly who pointed out a problem on new electorial system and criticised were called the ones who maintained the old situation.
〈A plan for a new tax so as to make the nation be happy suddenly appeared〉
Immediately after the bill on reforming the politics were formed February in 1994, the Hosokawa Cabineet held a press conference in the midnight which was an established custom.
It announced that it would raise the consumption tax from 3% to 7%
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈A plan for a new tax which make the nation be happy suddenly appeared〉
Takemura the Chief Cabinet Secretary who supported the Cabinet wasn`t present at the press conference then.
He was informed the plan immediately before the press conference, but was repelled by the plan, and didn`t attend and showed he was oppoesed to the plan.
The scene showed us a severe crack in the Hosokawa Cabinet.
Other press conference for the Chief Cabinet Secretary was held in the next day, and Takemura showed he was clearly against the plan.
The Ministry of Finance thought...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈A plan for a new tax which makes the nation be happy suddenly appeared〉
The Ministry of Finance thought if the consumption tax remained 3%, the financial affairs in Japan would be in difficulty, and consulted with Ichiro Ozawa, and without informing Takemura and other executives in the coalition government, Ozawa planned it.
Then Takemura and Ozawa frequently stood in opposition over their political ways, and Hosokawa was away from Takemura who was intimated with Hosokawa since the Hosokawa Cabinet started, and Hosokawa was given advice from Ozawa frequently.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈A plan for a new tax which makes the nation be happy appeared suddenly〉
However the plan for the new tax which made the nation be happy was very suddenly.
The reporters asked Hosokawa a ground on the 7% in the press conference, but Hosokwaw didn`t show any clear ground.
Both the bureaucrats in the Ministry of Fiance and the reporters were surprised at the Prime Minister`s careless remark.
Hosokawa announced the remarks from the Ministry of Finance as it was, and the Prime Minister himself didn`t consider it carefully. It was disclosed.
Then a word of...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈A plan for a new tax which made the nation be happy appeared suddenly〉
A word of fuzzy was popular among the Japanese then. It means something unlcear, and Hosokawa was called a fuzzy Prime Minister. He started to show himself at his worst in this sort of work.
The press conference started to make the nation suspect Hosokawa on the nature for the Prime Minister.
Not only Takemura but other Cabinet ministers in the Socialist Party were opposed to the plan for the new tax which made the nation be happy.
After all Hosokawa withdrew it at once, and a crack...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈A plan for a new tax which made the nation be happy appeared suddenly〉
Hosokawa withdrew the plan at once and a crack alone remained inside the Hosokawa Cabinet.
Some political parties which had different thought gathered so as to realize the political reform and the coalition government was formed.
As a reslut, after the bill on the political reform was formed, the significance on the gathering was lost.
The crack didn`t stay on only the plan for the new tax but reach among the political parties in the ruling party, especially criticism was gathered on...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈A plan for new tax which made the nation be happy appeared suddenly〉
...especially criticism gathered on Ichiro Ozawa who belonged to the Shinseito, for his political way was too secretive and forcible.
An opposite structure between Ozawa and anti Ozawa was born inside the coalition government.
〈Hosokawa Prime Minister suddenly resigned from the political power〉
Hosokawa suddenly called the party leader and representatives in the ruling party and told them he would resign from the Prime Minister April in 1994. The Hosokawa Cabinet continued for eight months
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Hosokawa suddenly resigned from the Prime Minister〉
The reporters didn`t know why the party leaders and representatives in the ruling party gathered, so they surrounded the Murayama chairperson in the Socialist Party who came out of the meeting and asked what kind of gathering was done.
Murayama was struck dumb with amazement and answered that Hosokawa would resign from the Prime Minister. The scene was caught by the TV camera.
There was a shout that the Prime Minister`s resignation? And reporters who surrounded Murayama scattered, and started running...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Hosokawa resigned from the Prime Minister〉
...and started to running for their newspaper companies all together.
If it were at present, they would take out their cell phones, but then the cell phone has seldom spread over the people. The author said he was aware keenly that the time passed quickly.
Immediately after it, Hosokawa held a news conference and he said it proved that making use of his money for himself had a problem on the law, and he showed his resignation from the Prime Minister formally.
There was a suspicion that he was received a hundred...
【Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Hosokawa resigned from the Pirme Minister〉
There was a suspicion that Hosokawa received a hundred million yen from a transportation company called Sagawa Kyubin.
The Liberal Democratic Party which was the opposition party grilled Hosokawa in the national assembly.
The Liberal Democratic Party was frequently grilled by the Socialist Party which was the opposition party before the Hosokawa Cabinet was formed. Their positions were reversed.
Hosokawa made excuse that he borrowed a hundred million yen at one time and after that he returned the money, but it was a...
【Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Hosokawa resigned from the Prime Minister〉
...but it was a copy of receipt of ten million yen which he submitted to the national assembly as proof he returned the a hundred million yen. Moreover there was no stamp of receiving the money.
Not only the political party which supported the coalition government but the Liberal Democratic Party and the nation were surprised at Hosokawa`s resignation from the Prime Minister.
He served two terms as a governor in Kumamoto prefecture and gained a high approval rating from the people in Kumamoto prefecture, but he...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Hosokawa resigned from the Prime Minister〉
...but Hosokawa didn`t run for the governor after that. Lots of the people in Kumamoto prefecture thought he gave up the position of the Prime Minister this time.
It is often said he resembled Fumimaro Konoe who was his grandfather in his mother`s side. Konoe also resigned from the Prime Minister immediately before the Pacific War. As to the situation, they resemble very much.
There is a political journalist who observed twelve Prime Ministers from Eisaku Sato. He said Hosokawa is the hardest one to understand ...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Hosokawa resigned from the Prime Minister〉
The political journalist said Hosokawa is the harder one to understand than any other Prime Ministers.
The ones who knew Hosokawa called him like the next.
He listened to a person immediately before, and he spoke it to other person as if it had occurred to him.
When a bureaucrat went to report him on the present situation, Hosokawa often said, what should I do then?
He was received from a cheer from the nation and came into power. He was proud of high approval rating and looked good with his behaviors in an...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Hosokawa resigned from the Prime Minister〉
...and he looked good with his behaviors in an international stage, but suddenly resigned from the Prime Minister. He was so fuzzy, it means unclear, that not only the political journalist but lots of the Japanese coundn`t understand him.
After that, he disbanded the Nihon shinto and changed the political parties which he belonged to one after another. He suddenly resigned from the member in national assembly April in 1998.
He said he decided to resign at the age of sixty as an end in the press conference.
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Hosokawa resigned from the Prime Minister〉
Hosokawa gave up in unfinished situation again.
He may have said he didn`t cling to the politic world from his aesthetic point of view, but no one could understand him at all.
After retiring from the political life, he sometimes showed up in a gravure of a weekly magazine for a female.
When looking at the gravure, a writer of non fiction said like the next.
When looking at him in a photo, he was cheerful and refined. Even if sitting comfortably in a Japanese style room, standing in a workplace of a ceramic art...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈Hosokawa resigned from the Prime Minister〉
...standing in a workplace of ceramic art in worn out shirt, wrapping a cup of tea in his hand in a tea room, his smile was full of life.
Oh! We were fascinated with his good looking of this and supported him. When remembering it, and we sighed deeply at what he had done as Prime Minister.
The non fiction writer said like that.
The Hosokawa government was over and the coalition government came into the second stage. The 1955 system was collapsed by the Hosokawa Government. What was the 1955 system?
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
『Column, though he could return the money, why did he borrow it?』
The author used to be in charge of a TV program, what is called 週間子供ニュース, and he explained a news in plain terms for children.
Then a viewer who was a school children in an elementary school asked the author a question.
Hosokawa had enough money to return at once, but he borrow the money. Why?
Hosokawa`s excuse was so strange that the child asked the question keenly.
After making sure with Hosokawa`s office, the author answered.
Hosokawa needed the money so as to repair his house at once...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
『Column, though he could return the money, why did he borrow it?』
...but he couldn`t prepare for the money immediately, so he borrowed the money. Hosokawa said like that, but he couldn`t answer the question neatly in the national assembly, so he was forced to retire.
The author said to the child like that.
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
Koizumi finished his term as president in the Liberal Democratic Party September in 2006, the entire Koizumi Cabinet resigned. He`d been the Prime Minister for five and a half year and maintained high approval rating for...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈After that what`s happened?〉
...and maintained high approval rating for his Cabinet throughout the whole time when being the Prime Minister.
When being installed as Prime Minister, he focused his energies on the postal privatization which was his theory.
When the bill on the postal privatization was rejected at the House of Councilors, he made the House of Representation disband August in 2005.
He didn`t recognize a member in the national assembly who was opposed his theory officially as the Liberal Democratic Party, and sent a rival to its electorial...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
...and sent a rival to its electorial district. Koizumi directed a theatical politics.
If there were members in national assembly who were opposed to the postal privatization, he labelled them as resistant influence and showed us he confronted them.
After accomplishing the postal privatization, his eager to the politics lost sharply, he resigned from the political world. His second son is his successor.
A hereditary politics continued for three generation, and aimed at realizing the fourth generation.
Some people said the...
【The Koizumi Cabinet was born】
〈After that what`s happened?〉
Some people said the Koizumi Government went ahead with his political reform resolutely, and others said various deregulations led to a society with a large gap between rich and poor.
By the way, the author said he was going to think over the 1955 system, looking over Japan after the Pacific War in the next chapter.
【Japan which is a defeated nation. A revival from ruins】
〈The nation was defeated and ruined〉
Japan surrendered to the allied force, and the war was over August in 1945. Japanese government called it the war was...
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from ruins】
〈The nation was defeated and ruined〉
The Japanese government called it that the war was over, but clearly being defeated in the war.
We the Japanese used to call the war the Great East Asia War,but America forced us to call it the Pacific War after the war, the deceased in Japanese military force reached about one million seven hundred thousand.
If adding ordinary residents who were dead by air raid of the U.S.military force, it was about two million seven hundred thousand.
Almost 4% of the whole Japanese were dead when the...
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈The nation was defeated and ruined〉
Almost 4% of the whole Japanese were dead when the Pacific War brought about in 1941. Millions of the Japanese were injured, sick in bed, suffering from malnutrition, so the whole Japan was breathing very feebly then.More than nine million people lost their houses by the air raid.
There is a phrase,国破れて山河あり, but both of the mountain and river were ruined. Trees were cut down from forests so as to make use of them as materials for the war, and the forests remained as they were,and the...
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from ruins】
〈The nation was defeated and ruined...〉
...and as the forests didn`t have water retention at all. When raining once, it became a deluge.
As being short of labor and no one could cultivate the farmland, the agriculture was destroyed. There was a poor crop in 1945 when the war was over. Moreover there was a flood in the next year. These were damaged by the war.
Agricultural product and raw materials weren`t sent from Korean Peninsula and Taiwan which used to belong to Japan because Japan was defeated in the war.
Japan was...
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from ruins】
〈The nation was defeated and ruined...〉
Japan was devastated, there were no food to eat, no residence to live, but about six million of the Japanese returned to Japan. Japan faced crisis of life or death.
〈A judge who rejected to break a law starved to death〉
Japan used to adopt a ration system in wartime. Daily necessities were rationed from food like rice, miso, soy sauce, sugar, seasoning, match, soap,and tissue paper.
Tickets of the daily necessities for the number of the people were delivered to each home, and the people...
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈A judge who rejected to break a law starved to death〉
...and the people exchanged the ncessities with the ticket. Getting the products except for a way of the ration, it was against a law.
There wasn`t any lighters then, nor an automatic ignition device was in a gas cooker, so the match was a necessary article, but Japan was defeated, the system of rationing didn`t function.
Rationing of rice was a little and substitute food like sweet potato and corn was delivered, but even the substitute food was delay in delivery and...
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from ruins】
〈A judge who rejected to break a law starved to death〉
...and even the substitute food was delay in delivery and wasn`t delivered frequently.
If being dependend on the ration, no one could get any food. The people who couldn`t be dependend on the ration were forced to get the food in a black market called yamiichi, especially the ones who lived in a city were hard to get the food.
They often went to a farming village in order to buy the food. If they had cash, they were all right, but if they didn`t, they sold their clothes and...
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A rivival from ruins】
〈A judge who rejected to break a law starved to death〉
...and got the cash,got the necessities with the cash. They took off their clothes one after another and got the food. It resembled as if a bamboo shoot had been peeled its skin one by one, so their lives were called the one of bamboo shoot.
Then there was a shocking case in Japan. A judge in Tokyo district court was dead owing to malnutrition October in 1947.
He rejected to buy food in black market which was against the law and tried to lead his life with the rations alone.
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈A judge who rejected to break a law starved to death〉
The judge himself was in a position where he judged the people who sold and bought the food at the black market, so he thought he must not get the food which was sold in the black market which was against the law.
If saying in other words, the Japanese couldn`t lead their lives with the rations alone, without buying the food at the black market, they would be dead.
The judge left his memo, and the memo said even if it`s a bad law, it`s the law, so I had to obey it as judge.
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈A judge who rejected to break a law starved to death〉
Which one should the Japanese adopt, death or law? The Japanese were forced to be solemn.
The Japanese were famished so much then. A murder case showed us it clearly. It was called Kodaira murder case.
A male named Yoshio Kodaira whose age was forty called females that he knew a good place to get the food, and took the females in local areas,raped and murdered them. Young females who were his victims reached seven.
〈The economy collapsed and inflation was progressed〉
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈The economy collapsed and inflation was progressed〉
Plenty of the Japanese returned to Japan where there was nothing from overseas. In spite of being short of supplies, the people increased suddenly extremely in Japan. In short a demand increased.
On the other hand lots of cash alone spread out in Japan. Retirement money were paid to servicemen and the ones who were engaged in the military force all together because they were out of job, for Japan was defeated in the war. Unpaid money was paid to munitions industry.
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈The economy collapsed and inflation was progressed〉
In spite of being short of supplies, there were lots of people who wanted to buy supplies and they had cash alone.
Then prices went up rapidly, in short inflation occurred and progressed. A retail price in Tokyo in 1946 was six times as much at the previous year. It was 2.7 times as much as in the next year. The prices went up more and more.
『Column, both the nation, companies, and family budgets were in the red』
Economic white paper was announced in 1947. Then both...
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
『Column, both the nation, companies, and family budges were in the red』
Both the nation, companies, and family budgets were in the red, the economic white paper expressed like that. It was such an exact expression that it became a word on everyone`s lips.
A process in which we`ll start to revive for hopeful reconstruction, the ones who work should connect direct each other, even if facing a hard life, we have to receive it in order to greet our good future.
Roughly speaking, the economic white papaer expressed like that.
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
『Coumn, the nationa, companies and family budgets were in the red』
Real situation on economy was expressed well to the people and it was easy to understand. It is said it`s a model of the economic white paper. It was written by an economic scholar, Shigeto Turu, and it was also called Turu white paper.
〈Changing the money into a new yen so as to wipe out the inflation〉
The government took emergency measure in order to wipe out the inflation.
The people who had money at hand tried to buy a thing, the inflation would accelerate.
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Changing the money into new yen so as to wipe out the inflation〉
Then the cash which appeared on the market was a large amount, so the government thought it tried to decrease the amount of money whcih appeared on the market forcibly. It was changing the money into new yen.
The government made the people deposit all the old bills unitl at the end of February in 1946, and all the deposits were blockaded, the people couldn`t withdrew their own deposit.
The head of a household could withdraw three hundred yen a month, and each ....
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Changing the money into new yen in order to wipe out inflation〉
...and each of family member could withdraw a hundred yen. Both of the head of the house and each of the family member could as long as the new yen from the next month of March.
Monthly salary was paid by the new yen until five hundred yen, but other monthly salary was made to blockade deposit by force.
Decreasing the cash which appeared on the market and consumption by the people forcibly. About fifty billion yen were collected by financial institutions then.
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Changing the money into new yen in ordre to wipe out the inflation〉
Average monthly salary on a worker in a city was 1724 yen then. Average disbursements a month was 2125 yen, so the Japanese were 401 yen were in the red.
Changing into new yen isn`t only wiping out the inflation but defending the financial institutions.
When being in inflation, the worth of mondy drops, it is advantageous for us to buy products rather than possessing the money.
As a result, the people tried to withdraw their money from the deposit and to...
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Changing the money into new yen so as to wipe out the inflation〉
As a result the people tried to withdraw their money from the deposit and to buy products. Then plenty of money flow out of the financial institiutions, and there was fear that some of the financial institutions went bankrupt.
The government protected the financial institutions by strong measures of blockading the deposits, but couldn`t stop progressing the inflation entirely.
As a result,without withdrawing their deposit at will, the people were forced to...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Changing the money into new yen so as to wipe out the inflation〉
...and the people were forced to watch the value of their deposit drop. The government protected the financial institutions at the cost of the people`s money.
After the bubble economy collapsed in the latter half in 1990s, the government protected the financial institutions which fell into management crisis at the cost of the people`s fund.
The people were always forced to be victims,I`m wondering.
『Column, GHQ』
The headquarters of GHQ was at Hibiya in Tokyo.
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
『Colunm, GHQ』
As the occupation prolonged, the people who thought they made the occupational situation finish quickly and realize Japanese independence increased.
They often said GHQ was an abbreviation of go home quickly as a joke.
『Column,the first bestseller after the war』
A pocket notebook on conversation between the Japanese and the American was published September in 1945 the next month Japan was defeated.
Occupation force of the Ameircan would come to Japan, so the Japanese had to talk with them, so it was published.
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
『Column, a first bestseller after the war』
The first printing of three hundred thousand copies were sold out right away, and the book became a bestseller of which three million and six hundred thousand copies were sold out at the end of the year.
Its record wasn`t broken for thirty six years until 窓際のトットちゃん written by Tetuko Kuroyanagi excelled in 1981.
〈Allied force came to Japan〉
Douglas MacArthur got out of a plane at an airport of Atugi in Kanagawa prefecture August in 1945. He had his favorite corn pipe in hand, and...
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Allied force came to Japan.〉
He was in shirt and had his favorite corn pipe in hand. He was General Headquarters of the supreme commander for the allied powers.
The General Headquarters were abbreviated into GHQ, and the Japanese call so. MacArthur was the strongest powerful person in Japan for six years until he was dismissed.
As to Germany which fought with Japan against the allied force, as its national organization collapsed and was defeated, the allied force occupied direct.
On the other hand, national organization...
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Allied force came to Japan〉
On the other hand, as the natioanl organization functioned in Jaapn, the allied force adopted indirect occupation of lying above the Japanese government.
Japanese government ruled over Japan as it was, but as to a plan which the Japanese government adopted, it had be allowed from GHQ.
Okinawa was occupied by the U.S.army before Japan was defeated, and direct rule by America continued until 1972 when Okinawa was returned to Japan.
The center of the allied force which occupied Japan was the...
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Allied force came to Japan〉
The center of the allied force which occupied Japan was the military force in Ameirca. America occupied Japan actually. Its exception was the military force in Commonwealth of Nations イギリス連邦 which stationed four prefectures in Shikoku area and five prefectures in Chugoku area.
Concretely, the military force of England, India, Australia, and New Zealand. Its headquarters was at Kure in Hiroshima prefecture.
Germany was divided and occupied by the allied force, after that divided into east and west.
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈The allied force came to Japan〉
On the other hand, Japan could avoid a tragedy that the nation was divided.
〈Allied force investigated a war crime〉
GHQ which occupied Japan had a duty that investigating responsibility on the war by Japan, and rebuilding Japan which won`t bring about the war again through the society and economic democratization.
Arresting the suspects on war crime started from the next month when Japan surrendered. International military court in the Far East started May in 1946. It`s what`s called Tokyo trial
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈GHQ investigated war criminals〉
In a world map of which center was Europe, Japan was far east, so they called like that.
As the Potsdam Declaration was done, so the Tokyo trial was also done.
Three leaders in three countries like England, America, and Soviet Union gathered at Potsdam in Germany before one month Japan didn`t surrender yet.
They demanded Japan to surrender and announced a condition on Japanese surrender. It`s the Potsdam Declaration. There was an article among the condition like the next.
Punishing war...
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈GHQ investigated war criminals〉
Punishing all the war criminals severely including abusing captives.
Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration and surrendered and GHQ thought Japan accepted the article as well.
In short, being based on article which Japan recognized when surrendering, investigating war criminals was done.
A class-A war criminals were judged in the Tokyo trial. It means that they were serious criminals on the war.
The people who were arrested on the suspect reached more than a hundred, but the ones who were...
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈GHQ investigated war criminals〉
...but the ones who were actually prosecuted and judged in the trial was no more than twenty eight people, including Hideki Tojo who decided to the outbreak on the Pacific War as Prime Minister.
The defendants were prosecuted on three crimes. The first was against peace, the second was murder, and the third was an ordinary crime on the war and humanism.
When ruling over Japan, MacArthur thought of making use of the Emperor system of Japan, so he decided not to investigate responsibility on...
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈GHQ investigated war criminals〉
...so he decided not to investigate responsibility on Showa Emperor in the war, and the Showa Emperor wasn`t in the trial.
Eleven Judges were chosedn from each country in the allied force, and presiding judge was an Australian. There were lawyers of both the Japanese and American for a defendant.
Judgement was done after two years in 1948, and two were dead from illness during the trial, the one avoided prosecution owing to mental disease, and the judgement was done to the rest of 25 people.
【Japan whihc was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈GHQ investigated war criminals〉
The judgement concluded that the Japanese leaders on the war conspried in cooperation and brought about the invasive war, and sentenced all the defendants were guilty.
Seven of them were death penalty, and the maximum penalty was excused in the next month.
〈A crime on the war was disclosed and the Japanese were shocked at it〉
Cruel acts during the war by the military force in Japan were exposed one after another in the Tokyo trial, especially when the military force in Japan occupied then the...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈A crime on the war was disclosed and the Japanese were shcoked at it〉
...especially when the military force in Japan occupied Nanjing 南京 then the capital in China during the war between Japan and China December in 1937, the military force in Japan slaughtered residents indiscriminately in Nanjing.
Testimonies of survivors or witnesses on the slaughter were done one after another, and the Japanese were shocked at it.
A proof of slaughtering residents in Philippine more than ninty thousand by the military force in Japan was submitted.
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈A crime on the war was disclosed and the Japanese were shocked at it〉
Both of the slaughters in Nanjin and in Philippine weren`t informed to the Japanese during the Pacific War, and then the Japanese were shocked at testimonies and proof which were showed from the prosecution one after another.
After the seven Japanese were executed, GHQ planed to try a case of 19 people into the court in the next day. They were a Class-A war criminals. Nobusuke Kishi and Yoshio Kodama were among them, but they weren`t prosecuted.
The Tokyo trial...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈A crime on the war was disclosed and the Japanese were shocked at it〉
As the Tokyo trial dragged on and the Cold War between the east and west progressed, America lost eager for investigating war criminal.
It wasn`t judge on the law but the one from politics.
Nobusuke Kishi who was released became Prime Minister later.
『Slaughter in Nanjin』
As to the number of deceased in the slaughter in Nanjin, judgement in the Tokyo trial was like the next.
After occupying Nanjin by Japan, at least more than ten thousand of peopel who...
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
『Column, slaughter in Nanjin』
After occupying Nanjin by Japan, at least more than ninty thousand Chineses who weren`t combatants were indiscriminately slaughtered, after a month from the occupation, twenty thousand of females were raped, twenty thousand of males who were regarded as the military force in China were murdered, and thirty thousand of captives were murdered.
Moreover more than fifty seven thousand residents were forced to accommodate by the military force in Japan, and lots of them died due to starvation or torture.
マユミちゃん、元気か(^-^)
【Japan which was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
『A slaughter in Nanjin』
However China has announced there has been the victims of about three hundred thousand in Nanjin during the war between Japan and China.
As to the numbers of victims, various numbers have been announced accroding to the studies of historians after that.
Some people have said that there were a little victims in Nanjin, and there was no slaugher there.
In a textbook screening system in Japan, the number of victims in Nanjin has been always a problem.
A textbook has expressed lots of...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
『Column, a slaughter in Nanjin』
A textbook has expressed lots of the people have been slaughtered then, and others have said a hundred thousand people have been slaughtered, and another expressed a dispute has been continued on the actual situation.
〈There used to be three kinds on the war criminals〉
It was a Class-A war criminal which was brought into the court, and there were a Class-B war and a Class-C war, three kinds in total.
The number of people who were arrested as a Class-A war criminal were more than a hundred.
Adding...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈There used to be three kinds on the war criminal〉
Adding B to C reached about twenty five thousand in total.
As to the a Class-A war criminal, they planed the war and put it into practice in Japan, and were persons concerened in the military force in Japanese government who were responsible for slaughters on ordinary citizens and abuse on captives in the front.
On the other hand, as to a Class-B and C war criminals, they slaughtered ordinary citizens who weren`t soldiers and abused captives actually. They committed a war crime,and...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈There used to be three kinds on the war criminal〉
...and they were brought into the court.
It was a Class-B war criminal who committed an ordinary war crime, and it was a Class-C who committed a crime against humanity. They were distinguished formally, but without distinguished, they were brought into the court actually, so the Class B and C were put together and were called the Class-B and C.
The Class-A war criminal was brought into court by the allied force in Tokyo.
The Class-B and C were judged by each law of seven ...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈There were three kinds on the war criminal〉
The Class-B and C war criminal was judged by each law of seven countries in allied forces. 49 law courts were open in seven countries such as America, England, Australia, Philippine, France, Australia, and China in total.
In France, the activity of the military force in Japan at Vietnam in Indochina which belonged to France was judged, and in Holland , the one in Indonesia which belonged to Holland was done.
About five thousand and seven hundred were prosecuted in total in judgement of...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈There were three kinds on the war criminal〉
About five thousand and seven hundred of the Japanese were prosecuted in trial of the Class-B and C war criminal by seven countriesj, and 984 people were sentenced to death penalty, and it is said fifty of their sentences were reduced after that.
It is said it was 920 people who were actually executed. The ones who were declared they weren`t guilty were over a thousand.
On the other hand, the information on a trial of the war criminal which was done in Soviet Union wasn`t open in detail.
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈There were three kinds on the war criminal〉
It is said about the ten thousand Japanese were convicted of guilty, then Soviet abolished the capital punishment, and it was said no one was sentenced to death, but there was an estimate that about three thousand were executed in trial in secret.
〈A dispute over the Tokyo trial〉
There were various disputes over the Tokyo trial. How should we judge it?
Opinions on judgement were divided among eleven judges. Guilty which was done on defendants were decided by majority of eleven judgements.
【Japan was a defeated naiton. A revival from the ruins】
〈A dispute over the Tokyo trial〉
Few of minority on eleven judges insisted that a part of defendants were innocent or others did all of the defendants were innocent, especially ラダビノッド バル who was a representative in India criticized wholly the sentence on judgement by majority. It had been known of sentence on judgement by バル.
He referred to a lawful problem in the sentece of the Tokyo trial and criticized the establishmenet of the trial itself.
The author said he was going to leave judgement on the trial to the readers, and to said...
【Japan was a defeated naiton. A revival from the ruins】
〈A dispute over the Tokyo trial〉
...and to put some of points at issue in order on the dispute simply.
❰The trial in which the winner judged the defeated❱
Even if it was the winner, it isn`t always in a position of justice. The Tokyo trial was a selfish one which the winner in the war judged the loser.
It may be surely so, but if so, the Japanese should have investigated the responsibility on the war and judged for themselves.
Actually Germany which was a defeated nation like Japan judged the war criminals for themselves after ...
マユミちゃん、オッハー☀️
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈A dispute over the Tokyo trial〉
❰A trial in which the winner judged the defeated❱
Germany which was a defeated nation like Japan investigated the responsibility in the war and judge the war criminal after the war.
❰An ex facto the trial was done❱
MacArthur established regulations on the international military affair in the Far East January in the next year that Japan was defeated, and the Tokyo trial was done.
Judging a crime against the peace, ordinary war crime, a crime against the humanism in the regulations...
【Japan was a defeated nation】
〈A dispute over the Tokyo trial〉
❰Ex post facto the trial was done, wasn`t it?❱
Judging a crime against the peace, an ordinary war crime, a crime against humanism in regulations were decided, but there was no a general idea of the crime against the peace and the crime against the humanism during the war.
Later on making a law that something was a crime and judging it. It`s against a principle that a one who was against an existing law was judged. It`s the ex post facto the trial was done, wasn`t it?
A counterevidence. The crime which was judged in the...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈A dispute over the Tokyo trial〉
❰An ex post facto that the trial was, wansn`t it?❱
A counterevidence. The crime judged in the Tokyo trial was universal for a civilized nation, and the trial was legitimate.
❰Can we blame a responsibility on an individual?❱
The war was an action as nation, so it`s doubtful whether or not we can blame a responsibility on an individuality.
A counterevidence. Even if an order from a senior officer, or from the nation, obeying something which isn`t forgiven as human is a crime, so showing an universal...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈A dispute over the Tokyo trial〉
❰Can we blame a responsibility on an individuality?❱
A counterevidence...so showing the universal principle as human was done, the trial was significant.
There is other argument that without being bringing into court on Showa Emperor in the Tokyo trial, and he wasn`t blame the responsibility on the war anything.
As to the Tokyo trial, an international symposium was held in Tokyo May in 1983. Judges who were in chagre of the Tokyo trial joined it.
Some people who were in a position of evaluating...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈A dispute over the Tokyo trial〉
Some people in a position who evaluated the Tokyo trial highly, and other poeple in a different position who criticized the Tokyo trial paticipated in the symposium.
Its situation has been put together in a book, asking on the Tokyo trial.
There was a criticism that in the trial the winner judged the defeated was that the one who stole judged other one who stole. A Chinese professor in an university answered the criticism in the book like the next.
The ones who stole China for the first time was...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈A dispute over the Tokyo trial〉
The one which stole China for the first time was Englnad for the Chinese, but England was the one which judged in the Tokyo trial. Others are Holland, France, and America. The others were also the ones which stole for the Chinese. As a result the one who stole judged the other who stole. It`s unfair partly.
However, I`ve thought the Tokyo trial was judged on the one who stole in a limited period from 1928 to 1945. Which was the most terrible, cruel thief in the limited period?
『A column, a...』
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
『Column, a responsibility on the war』
A political scholar announced a thesis, a logic and psychology in urltranationalism. He said leaders in Nazis must have a clear consiciousness on determination against the opening war,though a reason why they caused it was other story.
On the other hand, as to our country, though the leaders brought about the disastrous war, they had no awareness anywhere that the ones who caused the war.
They thought they were pushed forward by something somehow, and the war which was done by the whole nation...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
『Column, a responsibility on the war』
...and the war which was done by the whole nation caused. What does the terrible situation mean?
He analyzed there is no responsibility in Japanese society.
〈Three economic reforms which founded a condition on Japanese development〉
GHQ which occupied Japan investigated the responsibility on the war, and at the same time, it made Japanese society go ahead with the democratization. It thought the democratization on economy like the next.
A situation of federal society was strong in Japan, and ...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Three economic reforms which founded a condition on Japanese development〉
...and there wasn`t enough producing power in Japan. It led to invasion in Asia by Japan. A basis in the federal society is a farming village.
There is a big landowner in the farming village and peasants cultivated their own little land. The federal relation between the big landowner and peasants is a basis in the federal society. It has to be dissolved, and it led to an agrarian reform.
Incomes on labors have been suppressed cheaply by powerful zaibatsu in...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Three economic reforms which founded a condition on Japanese developement〉
Lobors`s income had been suppressed cheaply by powerful zaibatsu in Japan, and enough markets had never been formed, so Japanese companies advanced in Asia for markest and it led to invasion by the military force in Japan.
Dissolving zaibatsu of powerful monopolizing companies and some corporations who compete each other would be born among each industry and wholesome competition would be unfolded, Japanese economy would develop.
Then Japanese market would...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Three economic reforms founded a condition on Japanese development〉
Then Japanese economy would also develop and Japanese market did and it would prevent Japanese companies from advancing overseas. It`s dissolving zaibatsu.
Moreover giving rights to Japanese labors, and urging Japanese laobr union form improving condition on labor, and raising income of the labors. It would make the Japanese purchasing power increase, and market within Japan exapnad.
Then Japanese companies would don`t have to advance in Asia by force, and Japan...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Three economic reforms founded a condition on Japanese development〉
...then Japan would have never invade again. It led to a reform in labor.
It doesn`t always mean that America put into the reform practice so as to make Japanese economy develop. It`s just it thought it made Japan be a country which would not bring about a war again.
As a result, the reform founded a condition for Japanese development.
〈Seisuring lands from landowners〉
The agrarian reform seisured all the lands from landowners who were absent. There was an...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Seisuring lands from landowners〉
There was an example that a landowner who had a huge farm land live in a city and made peasants in the farm land cultivate in a farming village before the war. We call the landowner an absent landowener.
There was a land which a landowner who lived in the farming village owned. It was limited within a hectare.
If the landowner possessed the land more than a hectare, the nation bought it by force, and sold it peasants cheaply.
Other landowners who cultivated for themselves weren`t allowed to own...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Seizuring lands from landowners〉
Even landowners who cultivated for themselves weren`t allowed to possess the fields more than three hectares.
The agrarian reform was proceeded from March in 1947 to September in 1950, but mountains and forests weren`t its objection.
Thus the peasant lands which used to make up for about a half in the whole farm land before the war decreased to no less than 9%.
A person seems to be calculating. Even if it`s the same farm land, if it`s own farm land, a desire to produce is born, for Japanese ...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Seizuring lands from landowners〉
...for agricultural production increased by leaps and bounds in Japan.
Seizuring farm land from the ones who were engaged in agriculture and made the farm land common, agricultural production dropped in socialist countries like China and Soviet. It was an exact opposition of Japan.
A movement by peasants who didn`t have any farm land was sometimes active in Japanese farming land before the war, but as having the farm land, they became conservative, and an existence which supported the Liberal ...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Seizuring lands from landowners〉
...but as having the farmland, they became conservative and an existence which supported the Liberal Democratic Party after that.
On the other hand, a small-scale farmer increased. Some landowners possessed a large amount of land, but most of the lands were small ones, so sharing the lands for peasants, the small-scale farmers increased more and more.
After that, Japanese agricultural administration tried to expand a management scale on farmers and to raise a full-time farmer who had a huge farmland.
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Seizuring lands from landowners〉
However as approaching in the rapid economic growth, main workers in farmland went to Tokyo so as to find a job, so the farmhouse was forced to be what is called 三ちゃん農業. The ones who were engaged in agriculture were かあちゃん、ばあちゃん、and じいちゃん.
However the farmhoused didn`t try to sell the farmland then. Expanding the scale on the farmhouse wasn`t progressed.
〈Zaibatsu was dissolved〉
Zaibatsu means a family which possesses a fortune. A family of the rich possesses stocks of numberless subsidiary...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Zaibatsu was dissolved〉
A family of the rich owned stocks on numberless subsidiary companies which spread around all the industries and grasped the rights on their management. Some members in the family or a head clerk of mercantile were in charge of the management.
GHQ thought the Zaibatsu had a big responsibility which drove Japan to the war, and tried to dissolve the Zaibatsu of big organizations which controlled Japanese industry.
Not only the big four zaibatsu such as Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, and Yasuda, but other medium,,,
【Japan was a defeated nationl. A revival from the ruins】
〈Zaibatsu was dissolved〉
Not only the big four zaibatsu of big organizations like Mitsui,Mitsubishi,Sumitomo and Yasuda, but other medium and small zaibatsu were dissolved and restructed. Their numbers were 83 in total.
Family members in zaibatsu were banished from management on companies. Most of the fortune were confiscated from zaibatsu then.
Mitsui Products were divided into about 170 companies, Mitsubishi Business Company was done into about 120. Other eleven companies like 日本製鉄 and 大日本麦酒were also divided and restructed.
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Zaibatsu was dissolved〉
日本製鉄 was divided into four companies like 八幡製鉄 and 富士製鉄. As日本製鉄 was divided, a condition that 川崎製鉄 and 住友金属 which used to be companies of small scale developed.
大日本麦酒 was divided into Asahi and Sapporo, and the division made kirin progress remarkably.
As monopolistic companies were dissolved and restructed, severe competitions among the companies were developed, so Japanese economy grew by leaps and bounds. Japan had a strong economic power.
However after the occupation was over, but the old zaibatsu like...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Zaibatsu was dissolved〉
After the occupation was over in 1952, but the old zaibatsu like Mitsui and Mitsubishi was reorganized as a group of companies, and their mark or symbol of three diamonds of Mitsubishi and the one of Mitsui which were prohibited were allowed to be used again.
As a voice that a scale of companies should be big in order to have an international competitive power was heightened,八幡製鉄 and 富士製鉄 which were once divided were merged again, and the two companies becomes a new company, 新日鉄. Merging among companies have...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Zaibatsu was dissolved〉
Merging among companies have progressed at present.
『Column, a third grade director』
With a dissolution on zaibatsu by GHQ,managers were banished from big companies. Banishment from the business world.
As a result, as managers from before the war retired, young employees promoted as manager. Executives on management from thirties to forties were born one after another.
Young managers did their job in relaxed mood in surrounding where there were no seniors who had more experiences than the young managers.
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
『Column, a third grade director』
No one cut in when doing their jobs. The young managers tackled the management on companies dauntlessly. As the managers became young, companies developed.
A writer named Keita Genji of businessman wrote the situation in a novel of a third grade director, so the phrase of the third grade director became famous then.
It means that the one who wasn`t thought to be the director was the third grade person, but it became the director, but actually it did its job well.
After retiring from a president or...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
『Column, a third grade director』
After retiring from a president or a chairperson of the board of directors, clinging to a company as counselor, and cut in a job of a president who was a junior for the counselor.
It revealed a trouble caused by the old people. The old people should know the historic fact that young employees promoted managers, the author said like that.
〈Raising a labor union〉
All the Japanese labor unions were made to disband during the war in 1940. The labor union was an obstacle so as to accmoplish the war.
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Raising labor unions〉
GHQ recommended the Japanese form a democratic labor union as a part of economic democracy, and laws on labor union was established December in 1945.
About no less than twelve thousand of labor unions were formed in the next year, and the member of the labor unions reached three million six hundred eighty thousand. Rate of organizing the labor union by labors was 41.5%.
Movements on labor union was active and a steep rise in wage increase and improvement on labor condition were done.
Establishment on the ...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Raising labor unions〉
The movement on labor union demanded economic ones like an establishment on system of the lowest wage or abolition on discriminal treatment in the beginning.
However when going on negatiation with the government, it changed into a political struggle gradually, and put up a demand that then the Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida should retire.
About four million of labors planned to do a strike all together the first day February in 1947. It was called a general strike.
The general strike was all the members in...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Raising labor unions〉
The general strike was all the members in the labor unions not only on a single industry but all the industries joined the strike.
Not only public service like trains, electric trains, postal service and telephone, but lots of private enterprises planned to do the strike.
When looking at the movement, lots of the people thought a revolution on socialists may happen in Japan, with a hope or a fear, but immediate before the strike, GHQ issue an order to stop the strike.
The labor unions were forced to obey the...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Raising labor unions〉
Labor unions were forced to obey the order from GHQ which was the strongest power of the military office in occupation.
A leader in the strike appeared on a program of radio and said like the next, weeping.
I remember a phrase of retreating a step and go ahead two steps.
He declared a stop on the strike.
〈America changed the plan〉
America had raised the labor unions in Japan until then but when judging the labor unions were more than a limitation, it started to suppress the labor unions, for there was a...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈America changed the plan〉
...for there was a background that an opposition between America and Soviet, what is called the Cold War between east and west started.
America feared Japanese labor union would change a movement which aimed at being the socialism, and changed the plan.
After the general strike, rights of doing a strike on public employees were taken away. If the public employee does a strike, it`s against the law.
It was George Kennan of the Secretary of the State who thought of American policy against Soviet in the...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈America changed the plan〉
It was George Kennan of the Secretary of the State who thought of Ameircan policy against Soviet in the Cold War between east and west after the World War Ⅱ. He faced Soviet with a policy of containment.
He inspected Japan and interviewed with MacArthur and asked him to change the policy on occupation against Japan in 1948.
He advised America should keep Japan in the liberal camp rather than Japanese democratization and disarmanent in order to proceed the policy of containment on Soviet in Asia.
Thus the...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈America changed the plan〉
Thus the movement on labor unions and socialism were suppressed and democratization in politics stopped. A storm of red purge raged from 1949 to 1950.
America called a communist a red. It`s a disparaging word for the communists. The ones who were suspected as communists and their sympathizers were banised from their workplaces.
It is said its numbers were fifty thousand or thirty thousand.
On the other hand, the ones who were banished from a public office as militalists were allowed to return to the...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈America changed the plan〉
On the other hand the ones who were banished from public office as militalists were allowed to return to the political workd, or the business world. Then the mass madia called it a reverse course.
Japan was also forced to be connected with the opposition among the Cold War between east and west, and was twisted around changing the plan by America.
『Column, Japan was age of twelve』
MacArthur who ruled over Japan as the supreme commander in GHQ which occupied Japan returned to America in 1951.
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
『Column, Japan was age of twelve』
The Japanese of two hundred thousand who yearned for MacArthur appeared on a roadside and were reluctant to part from him.
However after returning to America, he said Japan was as if it had been a boy whose age was just twelve at a hearing in national assembly in America.
When comparing the people in other countries with age of a person, as to Germany which was also a defeated nation like Japan, its age was forty five and the German was a mature grown-up.
On the other hand, Japan was a boy whose...
【Jpan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
『Column, Japan was age of twelve』
On the other hand, Japan was a boy whose age was just twelve. The Japanese was immature and needed a guidance. The context expressed like that.His remark made the Japanese worship MacArthur stopped all together.
〈All the power to producing coal〉
An effort to economic revival by the Japanese government itself started under occupation by GHQ, especially a priority production system started from 1947, and it was famous.
Making all the economic policy incline to producing coal, so it was named like that
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈All the powers to producing coal〉
Expanding on producing of industry has to be done so as to revive the economy. It`s indispensable for the Japanese to increase production on coal which was the most source of energy then.
Maintainance for coal mine is necessary so as to increase the coal, but then the coal mine had fallen into ruin on account of irresponsible mining during the war.
Iron and steel are necessary to maintain the coal mine, so the steel industry had to be revived. Coal is necessary as energy for the furnace of the steel.
オッハー🙂 マユミちゃん
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈All the powers to producing coal〉
However the coal mine fell into ruins. Japanese industry was up against the wall, so Japan asked America to help on heavy oil.
Taking advantage of the heavy oil as fuel and revives the steel industry, and maintains the coal mine.
If increasing the amount of producing coal, being able to make use of the coal as fuel and it is posssible to increase the product on the steel, using the coal as fuel, and to generate electricity. Product of fertilizer also increases and agriculture develops.
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈All powers to producing coal〉
Japan hoped like that. Producing steel and coal had priority over all other things and reconstructed economic policy in Japan then. It was the priority production system then.
The coal was called a black diamond and was handled as valuables. As the coal industry was treated so well that the Japanese were shoced at revolution on energy later on, but the author said he was going to express it later on.
〈Cut the feet of bamboo stilts〉
GHQ thought development on Japanese economy was indispensable so as...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Cut the feet of bamboo stilts〉
GHQ thought development on Japanese economy was indispensable in order to keep Japan in the liberal camp. It feared if the economy was bad, movements on labor or socialism would be active in Japan.
GHQ started new two plans so as to develop the economy in Japan. Doing away with inflation and establishment on exchanging rate for yen.
It was Joseph Dodge of a minister who led of doing away with inflation. He was sent from America as expert on economy in 1949. He used to be a president of a bank in Detroit
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Cut the feet of bamboo stilts〉
Dodge spoke on the economy in Japan at the press conference like the next.
Without standing on the ground with its own feet, Japanese economy was as if it had been on bamboo stilts. One feet was a help from America, and the other was various subsidies from the Japanese government.
If the feet of the bamboo stilts were too high, there was a fear of falling down from the bamboo stilts and breaking its neck.
He expressed a weakness on Japanese economy with a good metaphor. In short he suggested Japan...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Cut the feet of the bamboo stilts〉
In short he suggested Japan cut the feet of the bamboo stilits, so he asked the Japanese government to cut the subsidies and expenditures from the Japanese government severely.
We call the severe policy by Dodge Dodge line. The line means a plan or policy.
Thus various subsidies were cut from budget in Japanese government, so its finance was cut down extremely. Financial deficit continued until then, but changed into in the black for the first time.
However as the financial expenditures were cut...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈Cut the feet on the bamboo stilts〉
However as the financial expenditures from the government were cut down so extremely that the Japanese economy fell into a severe deflation.
Trying to suppress the inflation, but it was too much. Japan was attacked by depression then.
『Column,a strange story that 1 dollar is 360yen』
Why was 1 dollar 360yen? Its ground had been unclear for the Japanese then.
When Kakuei Tanaka became a minister of finance, he expressed like the next.
Yen 円 also means a circle, and addition of interior angle on...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
『Column, 1 dollar was 360yen』
As addition of interior angles on the circle is 360 degrees, so the yen is 360yen.
He said like that and lots of people were convinced of it, but it was far-fetched so as that he tried to entertain the others.
〈1 dollar became 360yen〉
After suppressing the inflation, America tried to develop Japanese economy through exporting goods, so they had to decide an exchanging rate. How much should they exchange yen with dollar?
The exchanging rate between Japan and America used to be 1 dollar was 1 yen...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈1 dollar became 360yen〉
The exchanging rate between Japan and America used to be 1 dollar was 360yen before the war, but as the Japanese economy was destroyed due to the war, and weak yen progressed so much that they had to decided it again.
An investigating group led by Young came to Japan from America in order to set up the exchanging rate.
After researching an ability on Japanese economy,he recommended its base was 1 dollar was three hundred yen, and set up the value around three hundred yen from above 10% to below 10%.
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈1 dolloar became 360yen〉
MacArthur received it and thought 1 dollar was 330yen in the beginning, but American government set up that 1 dollar was 360yen so as that Japanese economy was advantageous.
360yen was weaker yen than 330yen, so when exporting Japanese products, their price became low. There was a consideration for the Japanese economy so as to make ability to compete strong among international society.
America aimed the economy in Japan developed well, for it thought Japan should be in the Liberal camp during the Cold War...
【Jpan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈1 dollar was 360yen〉
...for America thought Japan should be in the liberal camp during the Cold War between east and west.
〈A misfortune in neighboring country made Japanese economy revive〉
A war occurred in neighboring Korean peninsula June in 1950. It was Korean War. After the World War Ⅱ, northern half of the Korean peninsula was occupied by Soviet, and southern half was done by America. Its border was north latitude 38 degrees.
In this situation, North Korea and South Korea were formed. It was also an incident during the Cold War
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈A misfortune in neighboring country made Japanese economy revive〉
Kim Il Sung in North Korea was given a permission from Stalin in Soviet, and aimed at the unification in the Korean peninsula by military force and attacked South Korea.
The U.S.army which withdrew from south Korea rushed the Korean peninsula so as to help South Korea in a hurry.
As the whole Korean peninsula became a battlefield, America bought both daily and military necessities from Japan which was near from the Koeran peninsula.
Tremendous demand generated in...
【Japan was a defeated naiton. A revival from the ruins】
〈A misfortune in neighboring country made the Japanese economy revive〉
A tremendous demand generated in Japan suddenly which suffered from severe deflation by Dodge Line.
Deflation is a situation that demand isn`t enough for supplies of goods, so the deflation would be done away with as long as the demand increases.
The special demand caused by the Korean War is called a special procurements.
A large amount of orders that cloth which was necessary for military uniform of soldiers, blankets for soldiers, and a bag made of hemp a麻...
【Japan was a defeated naiton. A revival from the ruins】
〈A misfortune in neighboring country made the Japanese economy revive〉
Lots of orders of cloth which was necessary for military uniform of soldiers, blankets for soldiers, and a bag made of hemp which covers war materials were asked in Japan. The textile industry came back to life at first in Japan.
Moreover it extended to heavy industries like a truck for military use, an oil drum, a barbed wire, and an iron pole.
Soldiers in the U.S.army who fought in Korean peninsula spent their day off in Japan regularly, so the consumption by...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈A misfortune in neighboring country made the Japanese economy revive〉
...and the consumption by the soldiers in the U.S.army increased all of a sudden.
A misfortune in neighboring country brought growth to the Japanese economy exactly.
〈It wasn`t after the war〉
A good phrase that it wasn`t after the war was born in an economic white paper in 1956.
Needless to say, the Japanese economy was still weak and the Japanese felt repelled by such the remark, for we thought the Japanese economy had never revived, and we couldn`t escape...
【Japan was a defeated naiton. A revival from the ruins】
〈It wasn`t after the war〉
...and we couldn`t escape from poverty then, but the main point on the sentence was that Japan escaped from a process of economic revival after Japan was defeated in the war, and reached into other stage of real economic growth at last.
The economic white paper said like the next.
As Japan is poor, if comparing our country with others in the world, our potential demand for consumption and investment may be still high, but if comparing it with at one time after the war, our fierce desire has reduced clearly.
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈It wasn`t after the war〉
So, it isn`t after the war. We are about to face a different situation. A growth through a restoration was over. After that our growth will be supported by modernization.
〈After that what`s happened?〉
It was the reform by GHQ which founded a basis made the Japanese economy jump in a large scale after the war, but the structure on the Japanese economy changed before long.
Monopolistic enterprises vanished by dissolution on zaibatsu, serious competition among companies happened, and Japanese economy developed.
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈After that what`s happened?〉
However it is said that strong companies are indispensable so as to win the competition among international society, and merging companies happened one after another.
A holding company has been permitted at present. Instead of aiming at investing, aiming at controlling a project on the company and possessing stocks of other companies. It`s the holding company.
It`s a modern zaibatsu, and a group of companies whose name is holdings are born one after another.
On the other hand, a movement on labor...
【Japan was a defeated nation. A revival from the ruins】
〈After that what`s happened?〉
On the other hand, movements on labor union have declined more and more. Almost all of members in labor unions in Japan are regular employees.
Temporary staff and the ones who are engaged in part-time job increase, so the ratio on the member in labor union of the company drops, and causes no voice in the members.
A struggle against wage increase has never been active, and a pay level hasn`t risen as well,
Some managers said they need to raise their employee`s income so as to expand domestic demand.
【The Self-Defense forces was born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈The Japanese guarded an American aircraft carrier〉
As synchronized terrorist attacks broke out in New York and Washington in 2001, an American aircraft carries left the Yokosuka port. Its foothold was Yokosuka base which belonged to American navy.
Escort ship and minesweeper which belonged to Japanese navy secorted the American aircraft carrier until it was out of Japanese territorial waters.
The Defense Agency said it`s just that Japanese Self-Defense Forces watched around Japan for Japanese safety, but the...
【The Self-Defense Forces was born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈The Self-Defense Forces escorted an American aircraft carrier〉
...but actually te Self-Defense Forces escorted the American aircraft carrier.
As to the activity, some people said as terrorism against the military force in America has been expected in Japanese territory, guarding America in Japanese territorial waters is naturral.
On the other hand others said it means cooperating with military movements by America actually, and the activity is against the constitution, isn`t it?
The Self-Defense Force has...
【The Self-Defense Forces was born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈The Self-Defense Forces escorted American aircraft carrier〉
The Self-Defense Forces have been in a delicate position in Japane, so the activity by the Self-Defense Forces are apt to cause a big problem.
By the way why has the Self-Defense FOrces beem in a delicate position?
〈The Self-Defense Forces which has eminent military power in the world〉
The Self-Defense Forces have grown up until it`s proud of its prominent equipment. If converting Japanese defending cost into dollars, Japanese defending cost was in...
【The Self-Defense Forces was born. A dispute over the constitiution started】
〈The Self-Defense Forces which has an eminent military power in the world〉
If converting the Japanese defending cost into dollars, it`s in the second rate in the world which is next to America. In spite of it, Japanese government it wasn`t armed force at all, for Japanese constitution established a law of renunciation of war and prohibits to have war potential.
The fixed number in the Self-Defense Forces were about two hundred sixty two thousand. The most one is the Ground Self-Defense Forces. One hundred sixty...
【The Self-Defense Forces was born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈The Self-Defense Forces which has an eminent military strength in the world〉
About one hundred sixty seven thousand in the Ground Self-Defence Force. The next one is the Air Self-Defense Force, and about forty seven thousand soldiers. The third was the Marine Self-Defense Force, and about forty five thousand soldiers. About one thousand and six hundred in the Joint Staff Council 統合幕僚会議.
The Self-Defense Forces have such a big organization, but an explanation of not being war potential has got away with it.
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈The Self-Defense Forces which had eminent military strength in the world〉
The Japanese government insists that the constitution doesn`t forbid to have the lowest ability so as to accomplish the right of self-defense. The government said the Self-Defense Forces don`t have military strength but ability.
How much ability are the Self-Defense Forces allowed to have? It changes according to a situation in the world.
There is a possibility that interpretation on the change in the situation of the wolrd makes the...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈The Self-Defense Forces which have eminet military force in the world〉
There is a possibility that an interpretation on change in the situation of the world makes an equipment on the Self-Defense Forces escalate so much.
The Self-Defense Forces continue to expand under the constitution which prohibits the military strength. There has been a strange contradiction.
〈A dispute over the constitution started in national assembly〉
A researching group on the constitution was formed January in 2000. Fifty members...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈A dispute over the constitution started in national assembly〉
Fifty members from the House of Representatives joined the researching group on the constitution, and 45 joined from the House of Councilors. A dispute over the constitution started.
The dispute spread over various directions. The big point at issue was article 9 of the constitution which prohibits to have the military strength,and a relation between the Self-Defense Forces and the article 9 of the constitution.
The Self-Defense Forces had a doubt...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈A dispute over the constitution started in national assembly〉
The Self-Defense Forces have a doubt that it`s against the constitution from it was born, for the constitution established renunciation of war, and the renunciation of war was the target of argument.
The military force continued to increase stadily in the middle of the argument.
I`m going to look at the argument and history over the Self-Defense Forces from the establishment on Japanese constitution, the author said like that.
〈MacArthur who asked...〉
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈MacArthur asked an amendant on the constitution〉
Japan was defeated in the Pacific War in 1945, Kijuro Shidehara who became the Prime Minister in Japan paid a courtesy visit to MacArthur who was the supreme commander in the allied force October in 1945.
Then MacArthur asked him to leberalize on the constitution on the spot.
The constitution which was established in the Meiji era allowed the emperor to have absolute sovereignty, so MacArthur thought that the constitution should be changed into a democratic one,
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈MacArthur who asked an amendant on the constitution〉
...which was the new constitution of the sovereignty of the people.
MacArthur was intended to ask the new Prime Minister in Japan to amend the constitution strongly with an expression of liberalizing the constitution, but Shidehara didn`t think amending the constitution was an impending issue at all. Then misunderstanding between America and Japan started.
Shidehara set up a researching committe on the constitution in which the Japanese examined on the...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈MacArthur who asked to amend the constitution〉
...with the form of accepting the demand from MacArthur, but there was no word of amendment in the committee.
The Shidehara Cabinet used to be negative on the amendment of the constitution, so it recognized it would start to examine on the constitution first of all.
However the issue on amendment of the constitution was argued in natioanl assembly November, so the committee started to form a plan on amendment of the constitution secretly.
〈A scoop of a newspape...〉
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈A scoop of a newspaper company of Mainichi changed the situation〉
A newspaper company of Mainichi scooped February in 1946. There was a news story that a tentative plan on amendment of the constitution by the committee in the front page.
Actually the tentative plan wasn`t the amendment formed by the committee formallly, but one of the committee put it in together originally, but it wasn`t so different from the formal one.
GHQ was surprised at its content, for it asked Japan to amend drastically, but it wasn`t...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈A scoop of newspaper company of Mainichi changed the situation〉
...but it was so conservative and its content wasn`t so different from the one which was eatablished in the Meiji era.
For example, there was an expression on the Meiji emperor like the next. It`s so sacred that no one can invade.
The new constitution was like the next. It`s so noble that no one can invade it.
GHQ left the amendment on the constitution to the Japanese government until then, but the news story made it change its thought.
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈A scoop of Newspaper company of Mainichi changed the situation〉
If leaving it to the Japanese government, democtatic constitution wouodn`t be realized, GHQ judged like that. It was an occurrence which changed the situation of establishing the constitution.
〈MacArthur directed to renounce war〉
MacArthur who was the supreme commander in the allied force directed to form a draft on the constitution in Japan. Then he showed a memo on which three principles were written down. He thought the three principles were...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈MacArthur directed to renounce war〉
He thoought the three principles were indispensable in the constitution. The three principles are called the three principles by MacArthur or MacArthur note.
While MacArthur allowed the Japanese emperor to exist, he asked the Japanese to abolish the Japanese feudal system in his memo.
As to war, he asked to renounce war not only by means of solving dispute, but with the way of maintain its own safety.
Thus forming a draft on the constitution started. When the draft was ...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈MacArthur directed to renounce war〉
When the draft was formed a part that renouncing war even by means of maintaining its own safety was deleted. A demand from MacArthur wasn`t made use of there. Why?
The draft was formed by both of the Americans and the Japanese. The American said like the next.
I`ve thought each nation has right to maintain its own safety, and I don`t think renouncing the right in the constitution is realistic.
America formed a draft on the constitution which allowed the Japanese to have...
【The Self-Defense Froces were born. A discussion over the constitution started】
〈MacArthur directed to renounce war〉
America formed the draft on the constitution which allowed the Japanese to have the right of self defense.
〈Japanese plan the amendment on the constitution〉
The draft on the constitution fromed by America written in English was handed to ministers of state in Japan.
Without being informed that America formed the draft originally, the ministers of state in Japan were surprised at it. When reading its content, they were shocked at it still more, for it was different from...
To a person who sent me a message in no 306
Whether or not my grammer was in the wrong, it has nothing to do wiht you.
It doesn`t always mean that I`ve expressed myself in English here so as to make you to be pleased.
In addition, this is a thread for English. If you criticized me like that, please show me your skillful English at onece.
I`ve never asked you to watch this thread of mine. If you don`t think this is interesting, you don`t have to watch it.
If you find fault with me like that, I won`t be worried about it in the least.
To the one who sent me a message in 308.
I told you to send me a message in English, for it`s a thread in English, and you`ve criticized me like that, so you should show me your English ability.
To my sorrow, I`m not a good English speaker, I`m forced to recognize it, but how much can you speak English? It`s just a single phrase in Japanese, お疲れ様? It`s not in English. Don`t make fun of me.
As to English, you seem to be a worthless one. I`m sorry for it.
I don`t think I want you to come here without showing me your English ability. I dispise you, you are a coward, a chicken.
【What I`ve thought】
The other day, there was someone who criticized my English, so I retorted him, and then a few people pushed a button of sympathizing with me. Thank you very much. I`m grateful to you for your support.
Without losing my heart, I`m going to continue this thread of my English from now on.
I`ve kept a diary in English here for about a decade, so even if there are some people who criticized me, it`s not strange, but I won`t be worried about it.
Without speaking Engilish, my English ability won`t improve. Don`t be afradi of making a mistake, I`ve thought like that.
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A discussion over the constitution started】
〈An amemdment of the Jpanese plan on constitution〉
... for it was different from an amendment that Japanese planned so much, but Japanese side couldn`t refuse it.
Article 9 of the Constitution in question has been the next one finally.
The Japanese people should long for peace sincerely international society of which base is justice and order, and they should renounce forever a war in which the power of the state is taken lagal action and a threat by military force, or making use of the military force as a...
【The Self-Defense Force was born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈An amendment of the Japanese plan〉
...as a way of solving an international dispute.
The military army, the naval force, and the air force don`t hold war potential so as to accomplish the object in the proceeding clause. The right of belligenrency 交戦権 isn`t allowed.
I`m afraid my English on the article 9 on the constitution may have been in the wrong. I`m not sure whether or not my interpretation on the constituion are right. If I`m in the wrong, could someone kind please tell me a correct one?
〈A meaning of...〉
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constituency started】
〈A meaning of the amendment by Ashida on the article 9 of the constitution〉
A governmental plan on the article 9 of the constitution used to be the one like the next before which was amended in the natioanl assembly.
The Japanese people renounce a war forever in which the power of the state is taken into action and a threat by military force or making use of the military force as a way of solving an internatioanl dispute.
Oh, I`ve made a mistake. The article 9 on the constitution continues, and the next one ...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitutio started】
〈A meaning of the amendment by Ashida on the article 9 of the constitution〉
I`m sorry again. Roughly speaking I`m sure my interpretation on the constitution doesn`s seem to be in the wrong so much.
The army, navy, air force and other military power don`t hold the war potential so as to accomplish the aim in the previous clause. The right of belligerency isn`t allowed as well.
Except for a part of words and phrases, there are big changes in two places. The one is addition of sentence in the opening like the next.
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈A meaning of the amendment on the article 9 of the constitution〉
The Japanese should long for international peace sincerely in which justice and order are base, and the other is other expression has been added in the opening of the latter part, so as to accomplish the aim in the previous clause.
It had been thought the amendment wasn`t different from the original plan so much in the beginning, but Asida who was in charge of the amendment said the amendment was done in order that Japan could possess the military...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈A meaning on the amendment by Ashida of the article 9 of the constitution〉
...but Ashida said the amendment was done in order that Japan could possess the military force for self defense, and expressed like the next in 1957.
The letter of the law is very unclear, but I`ve proposed the amendment with full of meaning.
The original plan said we didn`t possess the military force absolutely, but adding the phrase of so as to accomplish the aim in the previous clause, it means that we don`t have the military force...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈A meaning of the amendment on the article 9 in the constitution〉
...it means that we the Japanese don`t have the military force under the fixed condition, and it`s been clear that we`ve never abandoned the military force unconditionally.
In short, we`ve renounced the war, the threat by the military force, and making use of the military force as a way of solving the international dispute, and don`t have the any of the military force for the aim. We can interpret with a context like that.
Instead of the way of...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈A meaning of the amendment on the article 9 in the constitution〉
Instead of way of solving the international dispute, we can possess something powerful so as to defend Japan. We call the interpretation the amendment by Ashida.
The article 9 used to be the aim of renouncing the war originally, but the amendment has made us have the right of self-defense.
『Column, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology expreseed like the next.』
Though, it didn`t used to be called like that, but when...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
『Column, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology』
...but when trying to look up its old name of the ministry in dictionary, I can`t find it.
The constitution was proclaimed in 1947, and the ministry of Education, Culture,Sports, Science and Technology made a side supplementary reader for school children in both elementary school and junior high school. Its title was a story on the new constitution, and it expressed the renounciation of war like the next.
Two things have been decided...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
『Column, the Ministry of Education, Culture,Sports,Science, and Technology expressed like the next』
Two things have been decided in the constitution so as to prevent the Japan from bringing about a war again.
The one is we don`t have anything which is related to war like soldiers, warships, and airplanes. Neither there is the army, navy, nor the air force in Japan from now on. We call it the renunciation on the war.
Renunciation means giving up, but you don`t have to feel you are hopeless, for we the Japanese...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
『Column, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology expressed like the next』
...for Japn has done a right thing by far faster than any other country. Nothing is stronger than the right thing in the world. The other thing is like tbe next.
When breaking out a war between Japan and other country, Japan would never defeat it by the military force and never force our point through.
We`ve decided them, and talking each other mildly, and solving the problem, for makkng a war on other country...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
『Column, the Ministry of Educaton, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology expressed like the next』
...for making war on other nation would lead to destroy the country which the one made war on the other. Even if causing war against other country, threatened the other nation by the military force would never do. We`ve decided it, and we call it the renunciation of the war.
Thus if we make friends with other countries, and other nations make friends with Japan all over the world, Japan will flourish.
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈Have we been forced on the constitution, or has the constitution been really a godsend?〉
MacArthur who was the supreme commander in the allied force directed the Japanese to make the draft on the present Japanese constitution, so it means that we have been forced on the present constitution.
As a result there was a movement that establishing an independent constitution by the Japanese alone continued.
On the other hand, even if there has been various details on the constitutions, its content is so wonderful...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈Have we been forced on the constitution? Or has the constitution been a godsend?〉
...so we don`t have to change it intentionallly.
There seems to be various opinions on the present constitution.
The Japanese didn`t have any ability to establish the democratic constitution like that after the World War Ⅱ, so we`ve happened to get the marvelous constitution by godsend. Some of the Japanese have thought like that.
A composition in which both of the left and right of the political influential power have been ...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈Have we been forced on the constitution? Or has the constitution been a godsend?〉
A composition in which both of the left and right political power have been opposed over the constitution in the Japanese policy after the World War Ⅱ continues since then.
〈The Korean War broke out〉
The Korean War brought about in 1950. The military force in North Korea which went over the the north latitude 38 degrees which divided the Korean peninsula into south and north went south, it was so fierce that as if it had been...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈The Korean War broke out〉
...it was so fierce that as if it had been a surging wave and the military force in South Korea was a complete defeat then, so the U.S.A.decided to help South Korea from all sides.
The U.S. army which stationed in Japan then were two division in Hokkaido, the one in Kanto, and the other in Kyushu. They were about seventy five thousand in all.
Almost all of the military units moved to the Korean Peninsula so as to help South Korea. Then the old military force in Japan was dissolved ...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈The Korean War broke out〉
The Japanese old military force was dissolved completely and it caused a temporary vacuum on the military situation in Japan then.
Even if the military unit in America went into action to the Korean peninsula, family members of the U.S.army lived in Japan then, and America feared that Japan became defenseless completely.
As there was a temporary vacuum on military in Japan, so America also feared that Soviet may have attacked Japan then, taking advantage of Japan which was off guard.
【The Self-Defense Forces were bonr in Japan. A dispute over the constitution started】
『Shigeru Yoshida』
As being angry over attitude of a news reporter and poured water of a glass him, or used a violent languages on a question from member in national assembly belonged to the opposition party, and the national assembly was forced to dissolve then.
There have been numberless episodes on his dictatorial Prime Minister, and he was in traditional Japanese style, Haori and Hakama, and there was a pipe in his mouth. He was well-knows for his characteristic costume.
He used to stay in China,or....
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over a constitution started】
『Shigeru Yoshida』
He used to stay in China, or England as a bureaucrat in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and tried to prevent Japan from rushing headlong into the Pacific War, but couldn`t.
He tried to stop the war in the middle of the war, and it came to light and he was arrested then, but his arrest made his public estimate raised and he was summoned to the political world, and became the Prime Minister through the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
He concluded a peace treaty in San Francisco, and accomplished...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
『Column, Shigeru Yoshida』
...and accomplished Japanese independence.
He was once in a position of the opposition party with the form of the Socialist Party, but after that he regained the position of the Prime Minister again, and served for seven years and two months as the Prime Minister.
He raised successors on the Liberal Democratic Party, and other Prime Ministers after him like Eisaku Sato and Hayato Ikeda were called graduates from Yoshida school,
Taro Aso who became the Prime Minister in 2009 was his...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
『Column,Shigeru Yoshida』
Taro Aso who became the Prime Minister in 2009 was his grandson.
〈National Police Reserve made a start〉
MacArthur who was the supreme commander in the allied force sent Shigeru Yoshida who was the Prime Minister a letter September in 1950.
He allowed the Japanese Prime Minister to establish the National Police Reserve of which member were seventy five thousand, and to increase eight thousand on a member of staff of the Japan Coast Guard.
In short, allowing meant ordering. Japan was...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈National Police Reserve made a start〉
The Japanese government was confused with the sudden order, for it couldn`t understand the meaning of the National Police Reserve in the beginning.
It was translated into the Japanese, 警察予備隊, and was handed a detail plan to the Japanese government, and the Japanese government knew it means rearmanent.
A person who was in charge of the National Police Reserve saw a plan on the organizing military unit, and was aware that America examined the rearmanent on Japan from a long ago
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈National Police Reserve started〉
The detailed plan was handed over the one who was in charge of the National Police Reserve after only four days of the sudden order from MacArthur. It was detailed too much.
Actually America planned on Japanese disarmanent in the middle of the intensification of the Cold War between east and west.
When the U.S.army withdrew from Japan in the future, if there was a temporary vacuum on the military in Japan, it wasn`t good, America judged like that, and planned to form the...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈National Police Reserve made a start〉
...and America proceeded a plan to form a slight and small scale of rearmanent which would obey an order from America.
It wasn`t originally planned so as to prepare for an attack from an enemy nation, but when communism influence power which supported the influence power in China and Soviet rose up in arms, suppressing it. The National Police Reserve was regarded as the influential power which suppressed the communism power in the beginning, and it became fast with the ...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈National Police Reserve made a start〉
It became fast with the outbreak of the Korean War.
〈Solidifying foundation on the military force in the future〉
The allied force which occupied Japan allowed Japan to have a power of police to some extent. To be concrete, Japan was allowed to increase two hundred thousand policeman at best.
There were one hundred and twenty thousand policemen in Japan until then, so MacArthur had an authority to add more seventy five thousand as the supreme commnader in allied force.
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈National Police Reserve made a start〉
Number of seventy five thousand were exactly the same number as the number of American soldiers who went into action from Japan to the Korean peninsula.
MacArthur himself who gave the draft on the constitution to prohibit Japan to have war potential gave order Japan to form organization which was the base on the army this time. He changed a plan.
The National Police Reserver was established as part of the power on the police formally, but it`s actually the base of Japanese...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈National Police Reserve made a start〉
...but it`s actually a base on the Japanese army in the future. Eight thousand people who increased in the Japan Coast Guard was the one which grew to the navy later.
Recruitment for the member on the National Police Reserve started August. Their working terms were limited to two years in the beginning, but it changed into a party of preserving law and order, the Self-Defence Forces, and its working terms expanded then.
The unemployed were filled with in Japan then, and a...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈National Police Reserve made a start〉
...and a day allowance on a daily labor was two hundred forty yen.
On the other hand, as to a treatment on the National Police Reserve, its starting salary a month was five thousand yen, if working for two years, its retirement money was sixty thousand yen. Moreover its food, clothing, and shelter were free of charge. Its treatment was attractive.
While the member for the recritment were seventy five thousand, its applicants reached three hundred eighty two thousand.
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈National Police Reserve made a start〉
There was an advertisement on newspaper that the peaceful Japan has wanted you. We hope you who are healthy on both the body and mind to apply for the National Police Reserve.
Then the ones who used to be servicemen in the old military force in Japan weren`t adopted, there were no formal leaders in the Natioanl Police Reserve in the beginning.
The ones who used to be the servicemen were adopted from the next year, and the organization on the party began to form. Weapons...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈National Police Reserve made a start〉
All the weapons were supplied from American army.
The one who was a staff officer in the American army and was in charge of organization on the National Police Reserve said on the actual situation like the next.
Any kind of amred force are forbidden to organnize in the Japanese constitution. Japan has renounced war, and war potential forever. Therefore, we mustn`t say to Japanese executives that the National Police Reserve would be the army in the future in the beginning.
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈It pretended to the power in the police〉
While it was the armed force actually, its name was the National Police Reserve, and it pretended to be an organization on the police, so their all classes had a name of the police.
Lots of members in the National Police Reserve thought they were employed by the national Police.
The one who was the staff officer and was in charge of the organization on the National Police Reserve called his subordinates` attention to do like the next.
Japanese constitution has...
【The Self-Defence Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈It pretended to be the power on the police〉
Japanese constitution has prohibited Japan to have the armed force, so you must not call a Japanese member a soldier, nor an officer in the class on the armed force.
You have to call the soldier a policeman, and an officer a senior policeman. If looking at a tank, it`s not the tank but a special car.
Thus the tank which the National Police Reserve had was called the special car.
The way of calling a foot soldier, a combat engineer, and the artillery were also called...
【The Self-Defence Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈It pretended to be the power on the police〉
A foot soldier, a combat engineer, and the atrillery were called differently, but to my sorrow, I`m not sure how they were called then, so I omit it.
Professional soldiers who used to be servicemen in the old military force in Japan weren`t allowed to join the National Police Reserve in the beginning.
However the professional soldiers who were purged from public office were released from the purge, and joined the Naitonal Police Reserve, and occupied positions of ...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈It pretended to be the power in the police〉
...and occupied positions on the middle executives, but there were lots of the Japanese who went through many hardships by the war, so the ordinary Japanese watched the members who joined the National Police Reserve severely.
If walking in uniform in the town, they often abused the members a thief who stole their tax. As a result, when going out of the base on day off, the members always make it a rule to change into plain clothes. They are an existence in shade.
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
『Column, a social outcast』
Then the Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida who founded the Self-Defence Forces said to the first graduates from the Defense Academy which trains executives in the Self-Defense Forces in the future.
Without being thankful, nor being welcomed from the Japanese when being in the Self-Defense Forces, your life in the Self-Defense Forces may come to an end. Your life may be filled with criticism, or slander. I`m sorry for it, thank you a lot.
However whne the Self-Defense Forces are welcomed...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
『Column, a social outcast』
However when the Self-Defense Forces were welcomed or pampered, Japan may be attacked from a foreign country and may be in the time of crisis, or relieving a disaster. Then Japan is in great difficulty, and the nation faces a confusion.
In other words, when you`re a social outcast, both Japan and the Jpanese are happy. I want all of you to endure it.
〈From the National Police Reserve to the party of the preservation of law and order, to the Self-Defence Forces〉
The National Police...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈From the National Police Reserve to the party of preservation of law and order, to the Self-Defence Forces〉
The National Police Reserve which made a start as unclear existence, which is the one, police or the armed force?,but it grew.
Member of the National Police Reserve increased from seventy five thousand to one hundred ten thousand in 1952, and its name changed into the party of preservation of law and order.
The National Police Reserve on land and the party of coast guard belonged to the Japan Coast Guard...
【The Self-Defesnse Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started.】
〈From the National Police Reserve to the party of preservation of law and order, to the Self-Defence Forces〉
The National Police Reserve on land and the party of the coast guard belonged to the Japan Coast Guard have united. The National Safety Agency also made a start as upper organization.
In addition, the air force of the Self-Defence Force was newly-established in 1952. The military unit on land has been the Ground Self Defence Force, and the other on the sea the Marine Self-Defence Force. The National...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈From the National Police Reserve to the party of preservation of law and order, to the Self-Defense Forces〉
The National Safety Agency has changed into the Defense Agency, thus the present Self-Defense Forces were born.
〈A dispute over the self-defense capacity in national assembly〉
In the process that the National Police Reserve grew into the Self-Defence Forces, Japanese self-defense capacity often became a big problem.
The National Police Reserve was a spare party for the police formally, but when having...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈A dispute over the self-defense capacity in national assembly〉
...but when having the artillery and a tank, no one could call it a part of the police.
On the other hand, Japanese government went on insisting that the aritcle 9 of the constitution has prohibited us to have war potential, but it doesn`t deny we have the right of self-defense.
Moreover then the Shigeru Yoshida Cabinet said the war potential indicated useful equipments for accomplising a modern war like a jet airplane, but Japan didn`t have the ....
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈A dispute over self-defense capacity in national assembly〉
...but Japan didn`t have such the equipments, so it didn`t have the war potential as well.
After that, the equipments on the Self-Defense Forces enriched and Japan had the jet airplane, the way of saying changed.
The article 9 of the constitution didn`t forbid Japan to have the force which is necessary and minimum so as to accomplish the right of self-defense.
As to a way of saying the Self-Defense Forces changed from the war potential to the force.
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈A dispute over self-defense capacity in national assembly〉
Besides, as to a nuclear weapon, the government said Japan couldn`t possess it owing to offensive one, but then the Nobusuke Kishi Prime Minister said clearly if there was a nuclear weapon which was thought to be a pure defensive one, there is possibility that Japan has it in 1957.
Needless to say, it doesn`t always mean that Japan is armed with nuclear weapons at once, but if the Japanese government proclaims that it`s a defensive nuclear weapon,Japan,,,
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈A dispute over self-defense capacity in national assembly〉
...but it means that if the Japanese government proclaims it`s a defensive nuclear weapon, Japan will be able to possess even the nuclear weapon, but having the nuclear weapon, the Japanese government said it`s not force. Is the expression possible?
〈How did a law court judge the Self-Defence Forces?〉
Is the Self-Defense Forces an existence against the constitution? It used to be brought to court. It`s Naganuma suit.
The Self-Defense Forces of air...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈How did a law court judge the Self-Defense Forces?〉
The Self-Defense Forces of air force announced it had a plan of cutting down a forest reserve at a natioanl land of Naganuma town in Hokkaido prefecture and constructing a base for missiles in 1968.
As the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries allowed to do it on account of public interest in the next year, local residents insisted that the Self-Defense Forces which was against the constitution wasn`t equal to the public interest, and sued the nation.
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈How did a law court judge the Self-Defense Forces?〉
A district court in Sapporo sentenced that the court accepted the local residents were right, and it judged the Self-Defense Forces was equal to the war potential which the article 9 of the constitution prohibited to have. It judged the existence of the Self-Defense Forces as against the constitution. It`s the first judgement on the Self-Defense Forces which was against the constitution by the court.
The government was dissatisfied with the judgement and...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈How did a law court judge the Self-Defense Forces?〉
...and a high court in Sapporo rejected the appeal from the local residents. The high court was in position in which the law court shouldn`t judge with regard to the existence on the Self-Defense Forces. What does it mean?
Setting up and taking advantage of the existence like the Self-Defense Forces is the most basic political decision which is indispensable a high degree of political judgement accompanied with an advanced judgement of technical skill.
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈Hoe did a law court judge the Self-Defense Forces?〉
This is an activity in regard to ruling over the nation, so it`s not an objection for a judiciary inspection.
In short it`s a decided by the Cabinet which is the representation from the Japanese, so the law court shouldn`t interfrere with it.
The local residents appealed to higher court, but without showing judgement whether or not the Self-Defense Forces were against the constitution, it rejected the appeal from the local residents.
The judgement of it`s...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈How did a law court judge the Self-Defense Forces?〉
The judgement which was against the constitution by the high court in Sapporo was denied.
As to the judgement by the high court, there were a criticism from the Japanese like the next.
We`ve expected the law court for an important role to examine whether or not it`s against the constitution, but the law court renounced its responsibility, but the law court hasn`t change its policy.
Where is an independence on judiciary? What`s the separation of three branches?
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈The Self-Defense Forces were dispatched overseas〉
Without judgening whether or not the Self-Defense Forces were against the constitution by the law court, the Self-Defense Forces have been a bigger existence more and more.
In 1990s, the Gulf War broke out,and it made us the Japanese argue on the Self-Defense Forces and international contribution. How should we deal with both of them?
The military force in Iraq invaded Kuwait which was a neighboring nation to Iraq August in 1990. The Gulf War broke out.
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈The Self-Defense Forces were dispatched overseas〉
Multinational forces of which center was the U.S.A.attacked Iraq and they drove Iraq out of Kuwait. Then the President Bush sounded Japan out whether or not Japan could send the Self-Defense Forces so as to give logistical support for the multinational forces, but then the Toshiki Kaifu Cabinet refused it.
Instead, Japan offered America a fund of $ thirteen billion. America spent some expenditure on the Gulf War,and Japan shouldered a large part of the expenditure.
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈The Self-Defense Forces were dispatched overseas〉
However after the Gulf War was over, Kuwait carried a thankful advertisement in American newspaper, New York Times. Kuwait made a list of the names of countries which cooperate with release Kuwait from Iraq, but there wasn`t the name of Japan there.
It made a voice that offering money alone isn`t always international contribution intensified in Japan. How should we contribute in international society?
We the Japanese ourselves should do something useful for...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈The Self-Defense Forces were dispatched overseas〉
We the Japanese ourselves should do something useful for the international society, that kind of argument was done, and a bill on the PKO has been formed June in 1992.
After that Japanese Self-Defense Forces cooperated with activities on peacekeeping in the united nations, and were dispatched to Cambodia in SouthEast Asia, Mozambique in Africa, Golan Height in the Middle East.
A civil war broke out in Rwanda, and the Rwandan fled into Zaire which was a...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈The Self-Defense Forces were dispatched overseas〉
...and Rwandan fled into Zaire which was a neighboring nation, and they became refugees. The Self-Defense Forces went into action so as to rescue the refugees, though it wasn`t the activity on peacekeeping in the united nations.
The organization was made a start as a spare for the police, but it`s grown to be the one which is sent overseas, though its existence remains unclear whether or not it`s against the constitution.
〈We don`t know on the Self-Defense...〉
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈We don`t know on the Self-Defense Forces, but is it all right for it?〉
The Japanese society isn`t worried about the people in the Self-Defense Forces. There is a phrase like the next.
As we don`t know it, so it doesn`t exist. According to the phrase, we don`t know the member in the Self-Defense Forces, so we can`t see them. We don`t know on the soldiers in the Self-Defense Forces too less. It`s a quotation from a book.
Except for the people whose family members or friends are concerned the Self-Defense Forces...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈We don`t know on the Self-Defense Forces, but is it all right for it?〉
...how many people do we know on the Self-Defense Forces in Japan?
Without making the Japanese know on the Self-Defense Forces, don`t the organizaton of the Self-Defense Forces become too big?
If thinking that the Self-Defense Forces are existence which is against the constitution, without knowing it, is it all right?
Or if thinking that the Self-Defense Forces are indispensable for us, do we support them unconditionally?
Without...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈We don`t know on the Self-Defense Forces, but is it all right?〉
Without arguing concretely practically, is the equipment necessary for the Self-Defense Forces or not? Without knowing the Self-Defense Forces have grown into a tremendous armed force. It`s a big problem, isn`t it?
The rule of the article 9 of the constitution has made Japan stop from having a large scale of armanents, for there has always been an argument whether or not some equipments are equal to war potential.
As a result, without spending...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈We don`t know on the Self-Defense Forces, but is it all right for it?〉
As a result,without spending much money on the armanent, a large part of the national budget has been spent on improvement for the people`s lives, so Japan could devote itself moving forward to a economic power.
There is a phrase of the wealth and military strength of a country, but the phrase isn`t equivalent to Japan exactly. Without being military strength, we could aim at building a wealty nation. We could enjoy the blessing of the...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈We don`t know on the Self-Defense Forces, but is it all right for it?〉
We could get the blessing from the article 9 of the constitution clearly,but we`ve pretened not to see the Self-Defense Forces for a long time. Is it all right for it?
The National Police Reserve, the party of preservation of law and order, and the Self-Defense Forces are treated as if they had never been armed forces, so they have never been argued in national assembly properly.
The one who used to be in the allied force and was in charge...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈We don`t know on the Self-Defense Forces, but is it all right for it?〉
The one who used to be in the allied forces and was in charge of the organization on the Self-Defense Forces said on the situation like the next.
Essential matters like a qualification on generals in a new armed force, a criterion on choosing members who are engaged in the armed force, their promotion, or principle on training have never been argued in national assembly, nor been done in public.
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
The Defense...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
The Defense Agency was upgraded to the Defense of Ministry January in 2007, so we`ve learned to call its top the Minister of Defense. It`s showed us the Self-Defense Forces aren`t a social outcast.
At the same time, laws on the Self-Defense Forces have been reformed, and activities by the Self-Defense Forces overseas become original duties.
The Self-Defense Forces were dispatched to Iraq from 2007, and it made the dispatching the Self-Defense Forces overseas become a big argument.
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
The Ground Self-Defense Forces made a billet 宿営地 in As-Samawah which is southern area in Iraq and were engaged in supporting revival on the local area.
Then rocket bombs were often fired into the billet, but without being injured anyone, they withdrew safely in 2006.
The Air Self-Defense Forces transported supplies from kuwait to Iraq and its duty was also over safely.
Moreover the Marine Self-Defense Forces were sent to Indian Ocean,and continues lubricating for warships and...
【The Self-Defense Forces were born. A dispute over the constitution started】
〈After that,what`s happened?〉
...and continues to lubricating warships and other vessesl in multinational force and joining battle against terrorism in Afghanistan by helping the miltinatinoan force.
The more the Self-Defense Forces were dispatched overseas, the less a large scale movement against the Self-Defense Forces become unlike in the beginning.
At the same time, a national argument on a position of the Self-Defense Forces is dropping.
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party and...】
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 sysem】
〈The Social Democratic Party became small still more〉
An Upper House election was done June in 2004, and number of seat which the Social Democratic Party got was no more than two. It fell into the fifth political party in the Upper House.
When we used to call it the Socialist Party, it competed with the Liberal Democratic Party as two major parties, but no one couldn`t imagine it.
After formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democratic Party and new political Party Sakigake, changing ...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus The Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Socialist Democratic Party became small still more〉
After forming a coaliton government with the Lieberal Democratic Party and a new politicaL party Sakigake, the Socialist Democratic Party changed its principle drastically.
A large part of the Diet member moved from the political party which used to be the Socialist Party to the Democratic Party of Japan, so the Socialist Democratic Party became a minimum one.
On the other hand, the Liberal Democratic Party which was opposed to the...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Socialist Democratic Party became small still more〉
On the other hand, the Liberal Democratic Party which was opposed to the Socialist Party lost political power at one time, but returned to power again.
After the World War Ⅱ, the Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialist Party had stood in position for a long time in Japanese politics.
Various arguments and oppositons continued over the constitution, the Self-Defense Forces,and the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty between the political parties.
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Socialist Party became small still more〉
The Socialist party always stood in the conservative influence`s way and was a threat for the conservative influence.
Inejiro Asanuma who was then the chairperson in the Socialist Party was assassinated by a boy in the right wing October in 1960, for the Socialist Party was such a menace that the chairperson became the victim for the terrorism.
A structure of opposition between the Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialist Party is called the 1955...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishmen on the 1955 system】
〈The Socialist Democratic Party became small still more〉
The structure of the opposition between the Liberal Democratic Party and the Soialist Party is called the 1955 system, for it was caused in 1955.
The 1955 system formed a foundation on politics in Japan after the Wolrd War Ⅱ. What`s the 1955 system?
〈All sorts of political parties jumped into Japan after the war〉
A general election was done after the world war April in 1946, being based on the new law on election. It was immediately...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈All sorts of political parties jumped into Japan after the war〉
The general election was immedeately before the new constitution was promulgated. Previous year, in short, autumn in the year when Japan was defeated, various political parties were born.
As to a result of the election into which all sorts of political parties jumped, Japan Liberal party of which president was Ichiro Hatoyama got 141 seats and became the first political party.
The Progressive Party which was born after the war...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈All sorts of political parties jumped into Japan after the war〉
The Progressive Party which was born after the war and supported the Kijuro Shidehara Cabinet got 94 seats, so it was the second political party.
Everyone thought Ichiro Hatoyama became the Prime Minister, for he was the president on the Liberal Party which was the first political party, but GHQ suddenly made him purge from public office.
He was blamed his action as statesman in the past, and GHQ forbade him to participate in...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈All sorts of political parties jumped into Japan after the war〉
...and GHQ forbade him to participate in politics, so he was forced to retire from the president in the Liberal party. He asked Shigeru Yoshida who was the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Shidehara Cabinet to be his successor, the president in the Liberal Party.
Thus the Yoshida Cabinet of the coalition government by the Liberal Party and Progressive Party was born.
『Column, Inejiro Asanuma』
He was from Miyakejima in Tokyo...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
『Inejiro Asanuma』
...and graduated from Waseda university. He tackled a labor movement before the war, and was often arrested by the police.
After the war, after going through a chief secretary,he became a chairperson in the Socialist party in 1960.
His friend expressed his vigorous activity in a poem like the next.
Asanuma is like a peasant who made a speech, for wears a dirty clothes with a worn out bag. Today was at a public hall in Tokyo, and tomorrow at a temple in street corner of Kyoto.
こんばんは🙂マユミちゃん、元気かな？✌️ 台風嫌だね😱
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishmen on the 1955 system】
『Inejiro Asanuma』
Without feeling tired, he was so acitive that his nickname was a human like a locomotive. As he rarely stayed at his own home, so his wife used to say their house was a station for the express train.
He visited China in 1959 and made a speech like the next.
American imperialism is a mutual enemy for both of the people in Japan and China, and the conservatives in Japan felt repelled violently by his speech, and he was assassinated by a boy...
【The Liberal democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
『Inejiro Asanuma』
...and he was assassinated by a boy in the right wing.
〈The political power of the Socialist Party was born〉
A general election on the House of Representatives was done again April in 1947, and unexpectedly the Socialist Party won 143 seats and became the first political party then.
Various activists who tackled the labor movement gathered before the war and formed the political party in 1945. It`s the Socialist Party.
Hope from the Japanese wanted not to repeat the tragic...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialits Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The political power of the Socialist party was born〉
A hope from the Japanese wanted not to repeat the tragic war was directed the Socialist Party, for the Socialist Party wasn`t the conservative influnence which succeeded to political current from before the war.
At the same time there was a hope of wanting to escape from bitter economic situation after the war among the Japanese.
Then a phrase of socialism used to be fresh for the Japanese, so the Japanese expected the political party to ....
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The political power of the Socialist Party was born〉
...so we the Japanese expected the Socialist Party to realize a society for us.
The Socialist Party alone didn`t reach a majority, so the coalition party adding two other two political parties of the Deomocratic Party of Japan then, the Cooperative Party was formed.
The Prime Minister was Tesus Katayama who was a chairperson in the right wing from the Socialist Party. It was the first Cabinet by the Socialist Party.
『Column, a common...』
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
『Column, a common practice in a constitional politics』
Even if the Socialist Party won the 143 seats, the Liberal Party 131, and the Democratic Party of Japan then 124, so if Shigeru Yoshida tried to form the coalition government with the Democratic Party of Japan then, he could maintain a position as the Prime Minister.
However he thought the president in the first political party should become the Prime Minister, which is a common practice in constitutional politics, and he didn`t try to...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
『Column, a common practice on a constitutional politics』
...and he didn`t try to maintain the political power, so the chairperson in the Socialist Party which was the first political party became the Prime Minister then.
〈The Katayam Cabinet collapsed due to the opposition by the left wing party〉
The Katayama Cabinet started with the hope from the Japanese, but couldn`t achieve its results.
Though the Prime Minister was from the Socialist Party, it was the coalition government which united...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Katayama Cabinet collapsed owing to the opposition by the left wing party〉
...it`s the coalition government united with the conservative influnece, so the Socialist Party couldn`t start its original socialistic policy owing to an opposition by the conservative influence.
It often followed the policy on the Yoshida Cabinet, so dissatisfaction that the Cabinet broke its campaign promise heightened among the Japanese.
The policy which was realized was limited in the worst economic situation...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Katayama Cabinet collapsed because of an opposition by the left wing party〉
...but the bigger the hope from the Japanese to the Socialist Party was, the bigger disappointment was from us then.
The entire Katayama Cabinet resigned in no more than nine months from its formation February in 1948. Its direct cause was an opposition inside the Socialist Party.
A left wing party in the Socialist Party was opposed to a budget bill made up by the Katayama Cabinet. The budget bill included raising...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Katayama Cabinet collapsed on account of an opposition by the left wing party〉
The budget bill included raising public utility charges, and it was a problem for the left wing party. The opposition by the left wing party prevented the budget from forming.
The left wing party in the Socialist Pary took critical position aginast the Katayama Cabinet which couldn`t go ahead with any socialistic policy.
The Katayama Cabinet collapsed because of the opposition inside the Socialist Party.
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Katayama Cabinet collapsed thanks to an opposition by the left wing party〉
As a result, consciousness on confrontation between both of the left and right wing party was left in the Socialist Party deep-rootedly.
Though the Socialist Party didn`t reach the majority, but was in power, so there was a reflect that being in power was too early. It should have done after having enough power to reach the majority by the Socialist Party alone.
However the reflect wasn`t made use of at all when ...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Katayama Cabinet collapsed due to an opposition by the left wing party〉
However the reflect wasn`t made use of a bit when the coaliton government with the Liberal Democratci Party and a New Political Party Sakigake was formed.
The ones who supported the Socialist Party felt repelled by union with the conservatives, and it made the Socialist Party decline.
After the Katayama Cabinet collapsed, Hitoshi Ashida who was the president in the Democratic Party of Japan then became the Prime Minister
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Katayama Cabinet collapsed owing to an opposition by the left wing party〉
However the Ashida Cabinet also collapsed only in seven months due to a corruption by a Cabinet member, and Shigeru Yoshida formed the second Yoshida Cabinet October in 1948. It started the time of the Yoshida Cabinet for six years. It continued until the fifth Cabinet.
An general election was done January in the next year, and the Democratic Liberal Party fromed by Shigeru Yoshida newly won 264 seats. It was more...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Katayama Cabinet collapsed thanks to an opposition by the left wing party〉
It was more than the previous election by 133 seats, and the Democratic Liberal Party occupied an absolute majority in the national assembly.
On the other hand, the Katayama chairperson was defeated in the general elction, and the Socialist Party suffered a crushing defeat.
After that the Yoshida Cabinet signed the peace treaty in San Francisco, and the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, and started rearmanetn. It built ...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Katayama Cabinet collapsed because of an opposition by the left wing party〉
The Yoshida Cabinet built the Japanese frame after the war.
『Column, Tetsu Katayama』
After graduating from the Tokyo Imperial University, and going through a lawyer, he formed the Socialist Democratic Party before the war. After the war he was the first chairperson in the Socialist Party.
He was a pious Christian, and aimed at realizing moderate politics, so his attitude was welcomed by MacArthur in GHQ.
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
『Column, Tetsu Katayama』
His personality filled with consideration for the ones who were not in a good environment antagonized no one, on the other hand there is criticism on him that he was indecisive as statesman and the Prime Minister.
〈The Socialist Party divied into two〉
Japan signed a peace treaty in San Francisco under the Yoshida Cabinet September in 1951. In the middle of the Cold War between East and West, Japan concluded the peace treaty with each nation in the West side alone.
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establisment on the 1955 system】
〈The Socialist Party divided into two〉
講話 in Japanese means doing away with the situation in the war and concluding a peace treaty. It was done with the West side alone, so we call it a single peace treaty.
A national assembly was held for deliberations on the peace treaty October in 1951. Then the Socialist Party`s opinion was separated over attitude on the peace treaty.
The left wing party thought Japan should go ahead with the whole peace treaty in which Japan concluded with each nation in ...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Socialist Party divided into two〉
The left wing party thought Japan should go ahead with the whole peace treaty in which Japan concluded with each nation in East side as well, and was opposed to the single peace treaty.
On the other hand, the right wing party thought Japan should conclude with the single peace treaty so as to compete with international socialism.
The convention of the Socialist Party where a plan for the Socialist Party should be decieded was confused. A temporary...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Socialist Party divided into two〉
A temporary convention of the Socialist Party was held at Asakusa public hall in Tokyo October. The convention in which the principle of the political party should be decided grew more and more entangled.
The convention started from a noon, but dragged on until 4 a.m.in the next day, and the chairperson in the right wing party who was opposed the single peace treaty and Inejiro Asanuma who was a chief secretary in the left wing disputed with violent phrases.
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Soicalist Party divied into two〉
The dispute was done in front of atendeees in the convention, and it developed into a melee in which both of the parties jumbled, and the right wing party rushed out of the hall for the convention 9 a.m. and formed original Socialist Party, but the left wing party also called itself the Socialist Party, so there were two of the Socialist Parties then.
Mass meida called the Socalist Party which was the right wing party, and the other was the left wing party.
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Socialist Party divided into two〉
In the middle of the deliberations in national assembly, the Socialist Party divided into the left and the right.
〈The conservative influences were opposed to each other〉
Political division occurred in the conservatives as well.
As Ichiro Hatoyama was purged from the public office, the Yoshida Cabinet was formed and it became a long term political power, then Ichiro Hatoyama returned to the political world, and two of them were opposed to each other.
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The conservative influences were opposed to each other〉
Statesmen who played an active part in the political world were purged from the public office, but it was lifted June in 1951, and lots of the statesmen, including Ichiro Hatoyama, who belonged to the political parties from before the war returned to the political world one after another.
Hatoyama thought he made Yoshida his successor, so as he returned to the political world, Yoshida would hand over the political power to him, but...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The conservative influences were opposed to each other〉
...but Yoshida didn`t hand over, so the conservative influences repeated changing their factions, being based on Yoshida versus anti Yoshida.
Democratic Liberal Party led by Shigeru Yoshida united with a part of the Democratic Party of Japan then and named itself the Liberal Party.
On the other hand, the statesmen who were opposed to Shigeru Yoshida gathered and formed Japan Democratic Party. Its president was Ichiro Hatoyama, and chief...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The conservative influences were opposed to each other〉
...and the chief secretary was Nobusuke Kishi.
Thus confrontal structure of the Liberal Party versus the Democratic Party of Japan then was formed in the conservative influences.
『Column, Ichiro Hatoyama』
He was born in Tokyo, and his father was a professor in Tokyo Imperial University and a chairperson in the House of Representatives.
After graduating from Tokyo Imperial University, he was elected the Diet member in 1915, and was an...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
『Column,Ichiro Hatoyama』
...and he served an executive in Seiyuukai which was a big political party before the war.
After the war, he was blamed for his career and was purged from the political world at one time.
Immediate before the purge was lifted June in 1951, he had a cerebral hemorrhage, but fortunately his condition was slight, and he could return to the political world, but suffered from the aftereffect of the cerebral hemorrhage. He couldn`t walk easily, and he was forced to use a...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
『Column, Ichiro Hatoyama』
...and he was forced to use either a stick or a wheelchair when trying to walk.
Yukio Hatoyama belonged to the Democratic Party of Japan and Kunio Hatoyama in the Liberal Democratic Party are his grandsons.
〈The ones which parted from united with again〉
After that the Socialist Party which divided into left and right competed in elections for the House of Representatives separately three times, and each of them made progress.
The right wing party in the Socialist...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The ones which parted united with again〉
The right wing party in the Socialist Party increased to 57 from 30 seats in an election October in 1952. After that other Diet members joined it, and increased to 60 seats. Number of the seats became double.
The number of the seat in the left wing party was no more than 16 seats, but increased to 56 seats finally. It became triple. Both of the left and right of the wing party incresed the number of seats in every election after that.
At a general...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishmen on the 1955 system】
〈The ones which parted united with again〉
At a general election in 1955, the right wing party had 67 seats, and the left wing party 89 seats. As a result of the remarkable progress by both of them, a thought that if both of them were united, it would be a big influence in national assembly and being in power wasn`t impossible strengthened among the Japanese.
Moreover, as rearmanent moved ahead from the National Police Reserve to the party of the preservation of law and order, the time that...
【The Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The ones which parted united with again〉
Moreover rearmanent moved ahead from the National Police Resrve to the Party of Preservation of Law and Order, and there was a movement reforming the constitution.
Gathering innovative influence against the movement, and we the Japanese had to create the influence which prevented from reforming the constitution. The atmosphere heightened in Japan then.
When a representative group of English Labor Party visited Japan September in 1951, two of the Socialist...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The ones which parted united with again〉
...then two of the Socialist Party welcomed the English Labor Party. Then the English Labor Party advised them to unify the Socialist Party. The advice was also a background of the movement against the reforming the constitution.
There was a big difference between the left and right of the two Socialist Party.
The right wing party adopted a plan of peaceful revolution, being based on Marxism. Forming a majority in national assembly through an election...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The ones which parted united with again〉
...and causing a revolution on political and economic system and aimed at realizing socialism of Soviet type.
On the other hand, the left wing party thought of socialistic democratism in European style. Without revolution, aiming at realizing a welfare state step by step.
The left and right of the wing party compromised over and over again, for they had a mutual goal of stopping reforming the constitution.
Two of the political parties which had...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The ones who parted united with again〉
Two political parties which had different thoughts clearly united to one by force. It was like a kind of marriage, but it was done so as to succeed the family name of preventing the constitution from reforming, and was a second marriage recommended by the ones around two of them.
The chairperson was from the left wing party,and the chief secretary was from the right wing party. The unification was done after four years they parted with, but it didn`t go well
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The ones which parted united with again〉
As to the unification of the Socialist Party, two of the political groups which had different thoughts altogether unified owing to the compromise.
As a result, both of the political party of left and right confronted for everything after that. As a result, a part of the right wing party was independent from the Socialist Party and formed a new political party January in 1960. It`s Democratic Socialist Party.
There are lots of similar names, I`m confused.
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Liberal Democratic Party was born〉
As the unification on the Socialist Party was stimulative, gathering the conservative influence moved ahead as well.
Shigeru Yoshida resigned from the Pirme Minister December in 1954, and the Hatoyama Cabinet formed then.
Hatoyama declared of reestablishing diplomatic relations between Japan and China, and Soviet. In the middle of the Cold War between east and west, Japan was at the side of the West until then, and there were none of diplomatic relations...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Liberal Democratic Party was born〉
...and there were none of diplomatic relations between Japan and two of the countries then, so the people supported Hatoyama. The diplomatic relation with China wasn`t done, but the diplomatic relation between Soviet was achieved October in 1956.
Besides Hatoyama boom broke out at a general election February in 1955, Japan Democratic Party led by Hatoyama increased the seats from 124 to 185, and became the first political party.
While Yoshida had...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Liberal Democratic Party was born〉
While Yoshida had aristocratic tastes and wasn`t popular among the general public, Hatoyama had a frank personality and was popular.
Moreover Hatoyama had an impression of a tragic one, for the political party to which he belonged became the first one, and he was supposed to be the Prime Minister then, but he couldn`t on account of the purge from the public office.
To make matters worse, he had a cerebral hemorrhage immediate before the purge from the...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socalist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Liberal Democratic Party was born〉
To make matters worse, he had a cerebram hemorrhage immediate before the purge from the public office was lifted, so he won the Japanese` sympathy.
On the other hand, Japan Liberal Party decreased its seat from 180 to 112. Though the Japan Democratic Party became the first political party, but didn`t reach majority, and there were no more than 23 seats in the House of Councilors, so the political situation was unstable.
Besides the remarkable progress on...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialistic Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Liberal Democratic Party was born〉
The remakable progress on the both left and right of the Socialist Party made the conservative influence be cautious.
If the Socialist Party was unified, it would be a big political influence, and there was a possibility of being in power. We the conservatives must not divid, the conservatives seemed to think like that.
Economic world which hate the socialistic influence to be a big existence urged the conservatives.
It may be hard to think of it at...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Liberal Democratic Party was born〉
It may be difficult to think of it at present, but then the Cold War between east and west continued, the Korean War was just then a ceased fire in Korea next to Japan.
In the international situation, the political world was cautious that the Socialist Party which was deeply related with Soviet, China, and North Korea expanding its influence.
Bukichi Miki who belonged to the Liberal Democratic Party proposed they should gather without being emotional...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Liberal Democratic Party was born〉
...and the current of union on the conservatives started. After looking at the unification on the Socialist Party October, the movement to unity of the conservative influence accelerated.
Thus a convention of forming the political party was held in Tokyo November and the Liberal Democratic Party was born. Ichiro Hatoyama was the president and Nobusuke Kishi was the chief secretary. 299 were in the House of Representatives, and 118 were in the House of..
【The Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The Liberal Democratic Party was born〉
...and 118 were in the House of Councilors. A single big conservative political party was born. Then the political party which was in powers in Japan for a long time was born then.
When the conservatives were unified, there were hardly arguments on policies. It`s just factional strife over personal matters in factions and compromises.
The nature on the league of factions in the Liberal Democratic Party at present has been cut nicks on itself from the scratch.
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
『Column, ridiculous stories made the atmosphere on the unity create』
When the conservatives united, who should be the president in the political party? They thought, but their opinions couldn`t be united easily.
Japan Democratic Party recommended its leader, Ichiro Hatoyama, and the Liberal Party Taketora Ogata. Talk over personal matters didn`t go smoothly, and the talk between the political parties reached no less than about sixtith times,but actually there were no substantial talk, and it ...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. an establishment on the 1955 system】
『Column, riduculous stories made the atmosphere on the unity create』
...but there were ridiculous stories alone, Nobusuke Kishi said later on.
When going on talking with ridiculous stories, both of the political parties opened up to each other, and there was atmosphere that first of all, Hatoyama became the Prime Minister, and Ogata exchanged in appropriate time occurred.
Without any argument on policy, deciding with human feeling alone, they adopted a solving way like the Liberal Democratic ...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
『Column, ridiculous stories made the atmosphere on unity create』
...they adopted a solving way of the Liberal Democratic Party`s way from scratch.
〈The 1955 system was born〉
Thus the 1955 system by the two major political parties such as the Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialist Party started. Needless to say, there wasn`t the way of saying like that then.
As the system lasted for a long time, we`ve learned to call like that later.
We call the confrontal structure between the Liberal...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The 1955 system was born〉
We call the confrontal structure between the Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialist Party the system of two major political party, though its actual situation was a single political party and a half.
The Liberal Democratic Party which was over majority so much, and the Socialist Party which barely made up for one third in national assembly. As to the number of the Diet members, they were different so much.
However lots of the people thought the Socialist Party...
>>425 to a person who made sent a response in No 425.
425へレスしてくれた方へ
I can`t remember clearly, but I`ve thought I did it. I remember saying on SIM card, and complaining about the number of letters limited here.
はっきりと覚えてるわけじゃないけど､SIMカード、文字数が制限されてる事に不満をのべたのは、覚えてます。
>>426
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The 1955 system was born〉
However lots of the people thought the Socialist Party would expand its number of seat and gain influence which competes with the Liberal Democartic Party and be in the power in the future.
There were Presidents from two major political parties liek Republican Party and Democratic Party in America, and in England repeating exchanging the political power between the Conservative Party and the Labor Party.
So lots of the Japanese expected the system of the two...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The 1955 system was born〉
So lots of the Japanese expected the system of two major political party to form in Japan like Europe and America, and we the Japanese thought it seemed to be modernism on politics.
There is difference between the two political party over the number on the seat in the Diet at present, but the difference on the number of the seat in the Diet would be done away with in the future.
Lots of us the Japanese called them two major political party with hope, but it didn`t go...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈The 1955 system was born〉
...but it didn`t go well actually.
〈Why was the Liberal Democratic Party so strong?〉
After that, the Liberal Democratic Party maintained influence overwhelmingly, and was in power until 1993.
As economic world demanded the conservative influence not to divid so as to resist the innovative influence, so without dividing the Liberal Democratic Party, factional strife continued inside the political party, but it became an energy for the political party.
The factional...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈Why was the Liberal Democratic Party so strong?〉
The factional strife made new Prime Ministers be born, and we the Japanese thought as if it had been changing political power.
Without handing over the political power to other political parties, going on doing things like changing political power often, so the Liberal Democratic Party maintained its life force. Birth of the Koizumi Cabinet in 2001 was the typical one.
Changing its political principle like a kaleidoscope in order to maintain...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈Why was the Liberal Democratic Party so strong?〉
The Liberal Democratic Party has often changed its political principle like a kaleidoscope in order to maintain the political power.
It`s cultivated an acute survival instinct from a desire so as to maintain the political power forever.
If it`s necessary to maintain the power, it always changed policies and leaders so dealt with situations. It`s so flexible that it allows Koizumi who said he would destroy the political party to be.
If being in...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈Why was the Liberal Democratic Party so strong?〉
As long as being in power, there is lots of things which is something beneficial, so it`s an organization of which indispensable mission is maintaining the political power. It`s clear if looking at things which the Liberal Democratic party has done.
After going out of power, resisting against the Hosokawa coalition Cabinet, and the Hata coalition Cabinet, recommending Murayama chairperson in the Socialist Party be the Prime Minister, and...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈Why was the Liberal Democratic Party so strong?〉
...and succeeded in returning to power.
In addition, when it was difficult to maintain the political power by the Liberal Democratic Party alone, it joined hands with Ichiro Ozawa who was an old enemy and formed a coalition government together.
It did the same thing with Komeito which it abused, and formed the coalition government. On the other hand, others said like the next.
The Liberal Democratic Party was so strong that it didn`t allow...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈Why was the Liberal Democratic Party so strong?〉
The Liberal Democratic Party was so strong that it didn`t allow other political parties to challenge it, but it doesn`t always mean that its presidents had an unshakable power.
There were some factions in the political party, and their leaders aimed at winning the political power and competed with each other, and if there was a chance, it would take the place of the president in the political poarty.
One of ways to be predominant than others...
【The Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈Why was the Libebral Democratic Party so strong?〉
One of ways to be more predominat than others over the competition is listening to the people`s voices and made it refect on the policies.
Leaders in factions including the presidents put a great deal of effort into discovering the expectation from the people and realizing it.
As a result, they have been deep-rooted in a sense of maintaining presenting situation of the people themselves,and absorbed expectations from them little by little.
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈Why was the Liberal Democratic Party so strong?〉
Besides, the political party sometimes raised a question for the people ahead of them, and it changed the political power so as not to explode the people`s weariness, and maintained the political power.
〈Why didn`t the Socialist Party come into power?〉
On the other hand, the Socialist Party couldn`t play a role as a political party in the system of the two major political parties.
When both of the left and right wing party were unified and a...
【What I`ve thought】
Though I`ve expresseed on Japanese politics here until now, it doesn`t always mean that I have special knowledge on politics. Far from it, I have little knowledge.
When expressing myself in English here, I sometimes doubt, there are some questions, but going on expressing. I don`t have enough time to research it.
If you have some doubt on my expression, please research it for yourself, for to my sorrow, I don`t have enough knowledge to answer your question.
Thank you for your reading carefully.
437>>
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈Why can`t the Socialist Party come into power?〉
After the left and right of the wing party were unified, the first general election was done May in 1958, and the number of seat in the House of Representatives of the Socialist Party were 166, and it was the best in its history, but after that the political party couldn`t surpass it any more, and was floundering at the bottom in the political world for a long time.
The political party should exist so as to win the political power.
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈Why couldn`t the Socialist Party come in power?〉
At least the Socialist Party had put it up as its goal, but it could realize it in the Katayama Cabinet shortly after the war, and the Murayama cabinet about fifty years after the war. Both of them were coalition government supported by the conservative influences.
The Soialist Party couldn`t come in power in original meaning. It had put up peace and democracy as its slogan. It was influence stopping the reformation on the constitution. It was...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈Why couldn`t the Socialist Party come in power?〉
The Socialist Party was the one which was opposed to the one who tried to make the constitution worse, but though maintaining an ideal after the war,it couldn`t understand the time was changing.
Without adapting the change of the time nor making any policies, it maintained unchangeable ideal and it was easy, for it didn have to suffer from a pain of reforming itself.
As long as criticizing the Liberal Democratic Party, it could remain as a...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈Why couldn`t the Socialist Party come in power?〉
As long as it criticized the Liberal Democratic Party, it could reamin as a fixed political influence. It was a temptation which they couldn`t resist.
The Liberal Democratic Party is the conservative, and the Socialist Party is the innovative, we distinguished between them, but the Libera Democratic Party changed its principle more and more so as to maintain its political power, so it`s the innovative rather than the conservative. The Socialist...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈Why couldn`t the Socialist Party come in power?〉
The Socialist Party may have been the conservative.
The Socialist Party made a thing which didn`t change have a big meaning, and it could obtain a result to some extent, and had a meaning as resistant influence, but didn`t have enough power to be in charge of politics in a country.
Besides, the political party had been influenced over supporting group called Soukyo so much. Members of real number in the Socialist Party weren`t so much. The ones...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈Why couldn`t the Socialist Party come in power?〉
The ones who worked actually in an election campaign on the Socialist Party hand and foot were the members in labor unions of the Sohyo.
Members of the labor unions received orders from the labor unions and worked. They were driving force for the Diet member of being elected in the Socialist Party.
After executives in powerful labor unions which joined Sohyo retired, they became candidates for an election in the Socialist Party. Then the..
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈Why couldn`t the Socialist Party come in powers?〉
Then the driving force of members in labor unions was background of the candidates. The labor union from which the candidate was did the election campaign with their all might, so the candidate were elected easily as Diet member.
A course from an executive in labor unions to a Diet member was fixed. It was a place for the executive in labor union who ahcieved success and fame to settle down.
Those Diet members took into action as..
【The Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈Why couldn`t the Socialist Party come in powers?〉
It`s just that those Diet members took into action as representative for the union labor, and they were lack in ability of planing new politics for a new time.
As a result, the Socialist Party were short of talented people gradually.
〈What was the 1955 system?〉
What was the 1955 system in the world?
Taichi Sakaiya who used to serve a chief in Economic Planning Agency under a coalition government of the Liberal Democratic Party said like the next.
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈What was the 1955 system?〉
Some foreign people said in spite of the two major political parties, Japan where the political power of the Liberal Democratic Party continued more than thirty years isn`t democratic, but it`s in the wrong altogether.
Things which was made by the 1955 system wasn`t the two major political parties which asked for being in charge of political power, but a single political party which gathered politicians who were greedy for being in charge of political power, and a...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈What was the 1955 system?〉
...and a group of activists who collecting voting by fanciful ideal and having seats in national assembly. The former is the Liberal Democratic Party and the latter is the Socialist Party.
The former adopted a policy which seemed to be popular among the people in order to maintain the political power. It was having a cozy relationship with bereaucratic organization and connected with rights and interests in local areas.
The latter repeated a fanciful criticism which...
【The Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈What was the 1955 system?〉
...and the latter repeated a fanciful criticism which seemed to gather voting in order to maintain its seats in national assembly.
From then,Japanese politics has been a game through tactics in national assembly and an electoral campaign. An element that Japanese politics becomes the one which is done in a closed room and distributing something beneficial, and both of the ruling party and the opposition party agreed with it was fromed then.
Though the Liberal...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈What was the 1955 system?〉
Though the Liberal Democratic Party maintained influence overwhelmingly, it didn`t overcome by number, and compromised over and over again, so it went well.
As to those things, a professor in Columbia University who has studied Japanese politics for a long time said like the next.
Even if occupying majority, the Liberal Democratic Party compromised with the opposition party, for if a political situation was unstable, or eligible voters ignored the ruling party, then...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈What was the 1955 system?〉
...then the Socialist Party would be stimulated and adopt extreme tactics to stop arguments in national assembly, so the liberal Democratic Party wanted to avoid it, so the ruling party continued to compromise.
However when the Liberal Democratic Party wanted to pass a bill firmly, it sometimes railroaded the bill.
On the other hand, when the Socialist Party wanted to stop the bill firmly, it adopted snail`s pace tactics or a refusal to attend a session.
The author...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈What was the 1955 system?〉
The author continued.
The Socialist Party had played a role in the 1955 system, and if making light of it, it wouldn`t appropriate, for the people in the Socialist Party were self-confident that their political party defended Japanese peace after the war.
It means that applying the brake to rearmanet by the conservative influence to some extent, pointing out a dangerous side on the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, and going on ringing an alram bell. In short the peace...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈What was the 1955 system?〉
In short, the peace had kept in Japan after the war.
Or some people may say that putting up welfare policy and going ahead with movements opposed to environmental pollution led to enriching the welfare after the war or stopping the environmental polluting.
Or another one may say that as a result, going on giving advice to the safety on nuclear power plants led to a safety measure protecting a terrible disaster like the one in Chernobyl`.
The Liberal Democratic...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈What was the 1955 system?〉
The Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialist Party divided each role on diplomacy in the middle of the Cold War between east and west,ironical one may say.
While the Liberal Democratic Party strengthened the relation with America, the Soicalist Party kept relation with other nations which were opposed to America like Soviet or China.
If the ruling party joined hands with South Korea, the opposition party approached North Korea.
The author continued.
However it...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955】
〈What was the 1955 system?】
However it was like an opposition in the Cold War in Japan, wasn`t it?
In the 1955 system, we the Japanese were always forced to choose.
Should we support the Liberal Democratic Party which strengthened realtion with America over the U.S-Japan Security Treaty?
Or should we choose the Socialist Party which were opposed to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty and Self-Defense Force and asking for friendship with China and Soviet?
We were forced to choose every election. It means...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈What was the 1955 system?〉
It means the one like the Cold War between east and west in Japan.
On the other hand, a public opinion as the whole Japanese, leaving the political power to the Liberal Democratic Party which adopted realistic policy, but in case overdoing, increasing the number of seats in the Socialist Party.
In short we the Japanese watched the politics by the Liberal Democratic Party, didn`t we?
The author said he find a wisdom in the Japanese there.
〈After that, what`s...〉
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Socialist Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈What`s happened after that?〉
Confrontation between the Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialist Party was far in the past. The election system has changed into single-seat constituencies and proportional representation.小選挙区比例代表並立制
As a result, number of seat on medium and small political party decreased extremely, especially the political party which used to be the Socialist Party is on the verge of crisis, even its existence is doubtful.
On the other hand, the Liberal Democratic Party ...
【The Liberal Democratic Party versus the Soicalist Party. An establishmen on the 1955 system】
〈What`s happened after that?〉
On the other hand the Liberal Democratic Party suffered a crushing defeat in an election for the House of Councilors summer in 2007, and couldn`t maintain mojority.
While the ruling party occupies majority in the House of Representatives, it`s minority in the House of Councilors. It`s the houses of the Diet being contorted by different parties.ねじれ国会
Democratic Party of Japan has taken the place of the Soicalist Party. It`s in a position where the Socialist Party ...
【The Liberal Democratic Party and the Democratic Party. An establishment on the 1955 system】
〈What`s happened after that?〉
The Democratic Party of Japan is in a position where the Soicalist Party used to be.
The 1955 system has collapsed, but a new struggle has started over changing political power by the new two major political party such as the Liberal Democratic Party and the Democratic Party of Japan.
I`m going to go into a new chapter from now on.
【Whole Japan was in an uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The U.S.army made a sortie from Japan as well in the Gulf War〉
【Whole Japan was in an uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The U.S.army made a sortie from Japan as well in the Gulf War〉
The military force in Iraq invaded in Kuwait of the Middle East August in 1990.
Yokosuka in Kanagawa prefecture was a home port for the seventh fleet of American Navy. A flagship set out for the Middle East from Yokosuka and stayed in the area of gulf until multi-national force attacked Iraq next year.
An aircraft carrier of which home port was Yokosuka also started from Yokosuka with escort ships, and joined the Gulf War.
The military force in America...
425>>
To the person who responded to no 425
I was not sure your translation was which one, so I couldn`t answer quickly, I`m sorry for being late. Your translation is all right, but only one thing is a different a little.
It`s the place of complicated. I`m sure you are trying to say it`s complex, it doesn`s always in the wrong, but what I`ve wanted to say is being tiresome.
It seems that you`ve studied English hard, please keep up with it. I`m sure you`re a good English speaker.
I`m afraid my English is filled with mistakaes. Thank you very much for reading my English carefuly.
【What I`ve thought】
マユミちゃん、元気か？(^-^)/俺はげんきだよ、一寸疲れてるけど💦
休みは今週は日曜だけなんで。😱
To my sorrow, today isn`t my day off, so I was forced to work, but it can`t be helped, for if I hate to do it, it`s just that I have only to refuse it. Working was my own choice.
I`m so tired and so sleepy that I don`t feel like keeeping a diary in English,I`ve thought like that and lay down for a while and was dozeing a little, so I`ve recoverd a little.
To my sorrow, I`ve been old man. I`ll reach sixty next year. I can`t believe it, so I tend to feel be tired recently.
Time flies and art is long but life is short.
【The whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The U.S.army made a sortie from Japan as well in the Gulf War〉
The U.S.army has stayed in Japan for Japanese peace, but it used Japnses base so as to join the operation in the Middle East.
Why has the U.S.army stayed in Japna? What`s its existence? Let`s look back a history over the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty.
〈National assembly was surrounded by what is called アンポ ハンタイ〉
The author said when being a school child in an elementary school, a child play was popular among them. They called it アンポハンタイ.
All of thme folded...
【The whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.Japan Security Treaty】
〈National assembly was surrounded by what is callled アンポハンタイ〉
All of the children folded with arms and walked around, saying アンポハンタイ.
Speaking of a news item then, demonstration parade or opposition movement on アンポハンタイ were reported almost every day. Thousands of the people surrounded National assembly and the movement for the アンポハンタイ was unfolded. Wihtout knowing its meaning, the children imitated them.
As to the opposition movement from the fiftieth day Aprin in 1959 to the twentieth day October in 1959 when then the...
【The whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈National Assembly was surrounded by what is called アンポハンタイ〉
As to the opposition movement from the fifteenth day April in 1959 to the twentieth day in October in 1960 when thne the Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi retired, its total number on protest rallies all over Japn were about six thousand and nine hundred places, and the ones who joined the protest rallies were about a four million fifty hundred thousand .The places where the demonstration parade was done were five thousand and three hundred. The ones who joined...
【The whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈National assembly was surrounded by what is called アンポハンタイ〉
The ones who joined the demonstration parade were about four million two hundred eighty thousand, according to the research by the
police.
Koichi Kato who used to be the Chief Secretary in the Liberal Democratic party joined the opposition parade for the U.S.-Japaese treaty as a student in the Tokyo University.
By the way, I`m so sleepy that I can`t endure it any more. I`m sorry for it.
【The whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈National assembly was surrounded by what is called アンポハンタイ〉
Actions of having popular appealing by not only the ones of antiestablishment or antiauthoritarianism,but the ones who were worried about crisis on the democracy continued.
By the way, what was the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty causing the extreme popular appealing action?
〈Old U.S.-Japan Security Treaty didn`t used to be equal〉
Japan was defeated in the Pacific War, and was occupied by Ameirca, but concluded a peace treaty with America and other nations in San
【The whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Old U.S.-Japan Security Treaty didn`t used to be equal〉
...but concluded a peace treaty with America in San Francisco and achieved its independence in 1951. At the same time, Japan concluded the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, but Japan wasn`t equal to the U.S.A. in the treaty.
Japan was allowed the U.S.army to station in Japan, it was clearly described in the first article, on the other hand, it wasn`t describled that the U.S.army had a duty to defend Japan.
It means that it was able to accept that it`s just that Japan...
【The whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Old U.S.-Japan Security Treaty didn`t used to be equal〉
It means that it was able to accept that it`s just that Japan offered a base for the U.S.army.
Besides, it was described that if a civil war broke out in Japan, the U.S.army could go into action. There was room that the U.S. army could intervene between a problem in Japan.
Moreover,any term on the treaty and any way of doing away with the treaty weren`t fixed then.
The side of Japanese government thought it was extremely one-sided treaty and wasn`t equal a bit.
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The Old U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was revised〉
Nobusuke Kishi took office as Prime Minister February in 1957, and aimed at revising the old U.S.-Japan Security Treaty.
He thought it should be revised and be equal between Japan and America so as that Japan was a perfect independent nation.
He visited America in the same year,and as to post station by the U.S.army in Japan, he asked the Secretary of State that Japan and the U.S. should conference before it is done.
Relation between the U.S-Japan Security Treaty and the...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Revision on the old U.S.-Japan Security Treaty〉
Relation between the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty and the United Nation Charter should be clear.
A term on the treaty should be clear and it should be described in its article. Kishi asked for those things.
When changing post station on the U.S.army, he asked to conference before it would be done so as that the content on the treaty should be equal and to prevent the U.S.army from taking into action with its own way.
As to a result on the conference, Japan could accept or...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Revision on the old U.S.-Japan Security Treaty〉
As to a result on the conference, Japan could accept or deny, and he tried to heightened independence on Japan.
The old one was that America would defend Japan one-sidedly, but as to the U.S.army which stationed Japan, Japan should take responsiblility on defense. It should be described in article. Kishi asked it.
He tried to change a relation from being defended by America one-sidedly to other one defending each other.
However when Japan would be attacked from other nation..
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Revision on the old U.S.-Japan Security Treaty〉
However while when Japan was attacked from other nation, the U.S. army would protect Japan, when American mainland was attacked, the Self-Defense Forces couldn`t defend America on account of provisions on Japanese constitution.
As a result, the treaty couldn`t be equal in original meaning.
『Column, Nobusuke Kishi』
He was born in Yamaguchi prefecture in 1896. Eisaku Sato was his own little brother.
After graduating from the law department in Tokyo Imperial University, he ....
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column, Nobusuke Kishi』
...he began to distinguished himself as a bureaucrat in Manchuri which Japan established in Chinese continent.
In the Tojo Cabinet in the middle of the Pacific War, he was engaged in a Cabinet member, after the war he was arrested by the allied force as a Class-A war criminal.
After that with changing principle by the allied force, he was released, and returned to th political world.
He realized an union on the conservatives between the Liberal Party and Democratic Party of Japan then, and the...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due tot the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column, Nobusuke Kishi』
...and the Liberal Democratic Party was formed and he became the chief secretary in the political party.
As Tanzan Ishibashi retired from the Prime Minister thanks to his illness, Kishi took office as the Prime Minister February in 1957.
Shizou Abe was his own grandson.
〈A new U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was concluded〉
Kishi visited America January in 1960, and signed a new U.S.-Japan Security Treaty. A phrase of cooperation each other was added to the new treaty.
The content on the new U.S.-...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈A new U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was concluded〉
A content on the new U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was like the next.
In the Old one, Japan was required to offer a base for the U.S.army, but on defending Japan by America wasn`t clear.
On the other hand, in th new one, when Japan was invaded, the U.S.army was required to support Japan was provided.
On the other hand, it wasn`t provided clearly that Japan had to cooperate with the U.S.army. It became clear in the bills related to the revised defense cooperation guideline...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈A new U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was concluded〉
It was clear when the bills related to the revised defense cooperation guideline was formed in 1999.
And when Japan and the American military base in Japan were attacked by military force, both of Ameirca and Japan would deal with it cooperatively.
The U.S.army which stationed in Japna could take advantage of Japanese base so as to secure peace and safety in the Far East. By the way where is the Far East?
Japanese government said it`s a place where both Japan and America...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈A new U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was concluded〉
Japanese government said it was a place where both Japan and Ameirca took interest in with a view of point of maintenance of peace and safety in international society, concretely it`s north of Philippine and around Japan, including South Korea and Taiwan.
As to a big difference between the old one and new one, a system of conference beforehand was established.
Conference beforehand itself wasn`t always described in the body of a letter on the constitution clearly, but it...
【Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈A new U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was concluded〉
...but it was fixed in exchanged official document which was done by both of government of Japan and the U.S.A.in order to put into practice the treaty.
According to the exchanged official document, when the U.S.amry makes use of Japanese base so as to change post station on the U.S.army in Japan in serious situation, to change equipment on the U.S.army drastically, or to take into action on operation for battle from Japan, Japan and the U.S.A. were supposed to conference beforehand.
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈A new U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was concluded〉
After the conference was done, if Japan refused, the U.S.army couldn`t change the post station on the military force, equipment, or take into any action on operation for battle at all.
Whether or not Japan refused actually, it means that Japanese original judgement is respected.
If Japan allowed the military force in America to take into action at will so as to maintain the peace and order in the Far East, there was a fear that Japan may be involved in a dispute.
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈A new U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was concluded〉
So Japan asked to secure an establishment on the system of the conference beforehand, but after the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was concluded, America has never offered the conference beforehand.
Japanese governmemt showed its attitude formally, as not having offered the conference beforehand, there couldn`t have been change on operation drastically. An operation on battle for taking into action must not have been done.
Whether or not the conference beforehand is functioned...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈A new U.S.-Japap Security Treaty was concluded〉
Whether or not the conference beforehand is functioned, its verification is hard. Besides, being based on the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, the Japan-U.S.Status-of-Forces Agreement was concluded. A lawful position on the U.S.army which stations in Japan is fixed in the agreement.
It means that the U.S.army has stayed in order to defend Japan, so we the Japanese are going to do everything I can to facilitate the U.S.army.
However when Japanese police investigates a crime by...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈A new U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was concluded〉
When Japanese Police investigates a crime by American soldiers, there are some aritcles which are obstacles to the investigation, whenever the investigation was done, it would become a big political problem.
〈The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was railroaded〉
When an agreement was concluded with other nation, the agreement needs to be ratified in national assembly and document on the ratification is to exchange between the two countries so as to take it into effect.
A special...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was railroaded〉
A special committee on the new U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was set up in the House of the Representatives so as to discuss it February in 1960.
Its chairperson was Sakie Ozawa in the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan then who was father of Ichiro Ozawa belonged the Democratic Party of Japan.
Seizo Kato who joined the demonstration parade which was opposed to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty outside the Diet Building was one of member in the committee. He was father of Kouichi...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was railroaded〉
Seizo Kato was father of Kozo Kato who was a Diet member. He was also on of member in the committee.
Members in the Socialist Party blamed for the government over discussion on the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, especially looked closely into the government severely, so the national assembly dragged on.
Then the Diet member on the communist party was no more than 1.
The Liberal Democratic Party which became impatient railroaded. In the middle roar and struggle by the Diet...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was railroaded〉
In the middle of roar of the opposition party and violent struggle by the Diet Members, ratification on the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was railroaded in the midnight May in 1960.
Moreover then a chairperson in the House of Representatives introduced a group of policemen into the national assembly then. The group of policemen excluded Diet Members in the Socialist Party and their secretaries who sat down in front of a place of full session of Congress of Representatives.
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was railroaded〉
The group of policemen made the chairperson and Diet members in the Liberal Democratic Party go into the place of full session in the House of Representatives.
Diet members in the Liberal Democratic Party who were colleages for the chairpesron carried him in their arms and rushed to the seat for the chairperson in the place of full session of the House of Congress on the Representatives.
The chairperson held the full session with the authority of the chairperson, and ...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was railroaded〉
The chairperson held the full session with the authority of the chairperson, and decided the postponement on period of the full session. Fifty days were put off.
In the beginning, postponement on period alone was supposed to be decided, but the chairperson sprained his uncle when rushing to the seat of the chairperson. If once being outside the place of the full session, it wasn`t sure whether or not he could return.
As a result suddenly he remained in the seat for ...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was railroaded〉
As a result, the chairperson remained his seat suddenly, and held the full session again in early dawn when the date changed, not only the Diet Members in opposition party but others in the anti-mainstream faction in the Liberal Democratic Party remained being absent, the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was accepted.
Kishi planned to invite then the President of America to Japan immediate after the Security Treaty was accepted, and to make sure a solid bond between Japan and America
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was railroaded〉
The date on his visiting Japan was decided. If the discussion dragged on, and when the President came to Japan and if the ratification on the security treaty wasn`t decided...Kishi was afraid of the situation.
If it was adopted in the House of Representatives, even if whithout doing in the House of Councilors, the security treaty would be accepted automatically after 30 days.
The President in Ameirca would visit Japan after a month, so Kishi wanted the Security Treaty to be...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was railroaded〉
Kishi wanted desperately the security treaty to be decided before the President in America visited Japan. His thought made the group of policemen introduced to the national assembly and led to railroading the security treaty.
『Column, ratification on treaty』
When concluding a treaty with a foreign country, the treaty needs to be accepted in national assembly in each of two nations. We call a procedure on the acceptance a ratification.
In Japan, as long as ratified in the ...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column, ratification on treaty』
In Japan, as long as being ratified in the House of Representatives, even if without being done in the House of Councilors, it`s done atutomatically after a thirty days.
Superiority in the House of Representative that a conclusion in the House of Representatives is prior to the one in the House of Councilors has been allowed with a formation on a budget.
〈The situation changed into a crisis on democarcy〉
Introducing the group of policemen to national assembly, getting rid of Diet Members...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The situation changed into a crisis on democracy〉
Introducing the group of policemen into national assembly, getting rid of the Diet Members in opposition party, enforcing the adoption by the Diet Members in ruling party alone. It was severely criticized.
If allowing it to be done, the democracy would collapse in Japan. Lots of the Japanese felt a crisis on the democracy in Japan. The enforcing adoption made plenty of the Japanese appear on the streets. Lots of residents surrounded around the Diet Building.
In fact, the...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The situation changed into the crisis on democracy〉
To tell the truth, the Socialist Party, the Communist Party, and Labor Unions united into one and did opposition movement against the security treatment from March in the previous year.
However the Japanses were so little interset in it that the opposition movement didn`t arise so much, but railroading by the Liberal Democratic Party made the Japanese feel the crisis on democracy and stand in position being opposed to the security treaty.
The Kishi Cabinet thought it...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The situation changed into the crisis on the democracy〉
The Kishi Cabinet thought it changed the unequal treaty into equal one, so it was an unexpected development for the Prime Minister.
〈Fear against the war was close to the Japanese〉
If looking back around the situation in the world, we can guess what we the Japanese thought.
As Egypt announced nationalization on the Suez Canal, England and France did military invention against it in 1956. In the same year, the Disturbance in Hungary broke out. There was a opposite...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Fear against the war was close to the Japanese〉
There was opposed movement against rule by Soviet Union in Hangury but a tank of the military force in Soviet crushed it.
Confrontation between America and Soviet changed into the Cold War between east and west. Though there wasn`t any direct confrontation between America and Soviet, it caused various dispute each place in the world.
Battle over controlling the world by America and Soviet caused bloddy disputes in the world, and everybody thought a war between America and...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Fear against the war was close to the Japanese〉
...and everyone feared a war between America and Soviet was about to bring about, so the phrase of being opposed to the war or being involved in the war were persuasive so much then.
A group which was opposed to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty thought the formation on the security treaty had a fear that Japan may be involved with war and insisted like the next.
As a defending duty each other was described clearly in the new treaty, so it isn`t one-sided treaty, the...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈A fear against war was close to the Japanese〉
...the government insisted on like that, but as it`s defending each other, if the U.S.army was attacked, the Self-Defense Force also had to take into action together, but Japanese administration couldn`t reach the military base in America.
There was a threat against the military base in America in which Japan wasn`t allowed to take part. If Japan received the threat against Japan as it was, there was a fear that Japan may be involved with a dispute or a war against other nation.
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈A fear against war was close to the Japanese〉
The military force in America could take advantage of the military base in Japan so as to maintain peace and safety in the Far East, but where is the Far East?
Japanese government answered it`s north of Philippine, including Taiwan and South Korea.
If the military force stationed in Japan took into action to an international dispute in Taiwan, or in South Korea, was Japan involved in the dispute or the war?
That fear of being involved in the war spread out among the Japanese .
ヤッホー、マユミちゃん、このスレはこれで終わるけど、もう一つ英語のスレがある。(^-^)/
タイトルは違うけど、そっちは４６９回レスができるから、次回はそちらから(^-^)
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈A fear against war was close to the Japanese〉
The Japanese who went through the miserable war in the Pacific War made up for a most part in Japan then.
〈A President aide was brought to a standstill〉
James Hagerty arrived at the Haneda airport from America June. He was equivalent to a President aide and came to Japan in order to make arrangement with Japanese government for the President Eisenhower to visit Japan which was close at hand.
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ぽつり №3️⃣結局寝れなかった(๑¯∇¯๑)💦💦 時間的に眠剤飲まなかったから…(ピノ)
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334レス 8620HIT 名無し -
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それを身を以て味わった時に自分って一体何なのかって真剣に考える時が来る…(Abtkey)
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彼奴は神でも何でも無いけども、人が神としてる。 彼奴は人の言う神…(Abtkey)
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いじめなのか本当に息子が悪いのか
小学4年生の息子の母です。 息子が学校で同じクラスの女の子のお尻を触ってしまうというトラブルがあり…
72レス 3256HIT 教育に悩むママさん (30代 女性 ) -
私が悪いのですが、新入社員に腹が立ちます。
中間管理職です。私が悪いのですが、腹が立つので聞いてもらいたいです。 新入社員の部下が試用期間が終…
13レス 396HIT おしゃべり好きさん (30代 女性 ) -
言い方とか、誹謗中傷等したりはやめて下さい。原因はなんだろね
腰痛になり整骨院通い始めたんだけど 相変わらず、行けばまぁ治るんだけど休みの日(病院が休み、自分も…
29レス 486HIT 聞いてほしいさん -
ひねくれてますか？
母親から愛情を受けずに育ちました。 日常生活はめちゃくちゃ、人間関係を築けず、で大人になりました。…
24レス 877HIT 心の病気さん -
私の人生観、おかしいですか？(長いです)
30歳を過ぎ、自分の考えに疑問に思うことが増えたので、聞いていただきたいです。 私は20歳を過…
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低収入だけど優しくて暴力(DV)をしない旦那ならいい？
世田谷区の住宅地とか港区のタワマンに住めるくらいの高収入だけど毎日ストレスがたまって暴力(DV)を振…
17レス 486HIT おしゃべり好きさん - もっと見る
