English and so on Ⅱ
I hope I can contribute this thread to this bulletin board, for whenever I tried to establish an English thread, I failed to do it, though I don`t know why.
I`m wondering if I should leave this thread unfinished, for I have to reach the 386th phrase so as to finish, but I`ve already got to the 358th ones. I`ve been almost there.
Whenever I tried to build an English thread here, someone tried to pick a fight with me. I find it complicated, but it can`t be helped, for there are various people here.
Some of them have nothing to do, so they are forced to do such a thing. I find it pitiful.
I`ve tried to establish this thread twice, so I hope I can be successful in it this time. Should I use the Japanese as well? Though I did the Japanese last time, but I failed in it then.
あいうえお
20/12/03 22:34 追記
こんばんは。
追記したつもりだったんだけど、されてなかった。ごめんね。今晩、11時半くらいでどうかな？
20/12/06 03:51 追記
マユミちゃん、今晩は。
仲間の方に追記しておいたよ(^_^)
新しいレスの受付は終了しました
No1にレスしてくれた方へ
Thank you for your kind message. I was born in Japan and I`m a Japanese.
親切なメッセージ有り難う。日本生まれの日本人です。
I`ve wanted to be a splendid English speaker, so I`ve tried to express everything in English as much as possible.
英語が喋れる様になりたいので、できる限り全ての事を英語で表現しようと、こころがけてます。
As to the Japanese letters of あいうえお,when tried to establish a thread by Englisha alone, I need to add the Japanese, I was told
here from the sponsor in this bulletin board, so I obeyed it.
日本語のあいうえおは、英語だけでスレを立てようとした時に、日本語も着けたす必要があると、この掲示板の主催者に言われたので
You are a kind person. Thank you very much.
貴方は親切ですね。有り難う御座います
- << 406 その心掛けが…どうなんでしょう
【Where can I wash up?】
The book says it means asking, where is the restroom?
There are some phrases asking a place of a lavatory, and we tend to find it hard to think.
Without using a phrase which make us imagine any place where there is a toilet, we can ask the place of the restroom where there is a washstand and a toilet.
Wihout being worried about which to use, we can adopt the phrase.
Conversation
A：We`re almost ready for lunch.
B：Great. Where can I wahs up?
Number of face of which means its frequency are two and ordinary.
【Where`s the beef?】
The book says it means asking...
【Where`s the beef?】
The book says it means that asking, where is the content?
The phrase is used for the one which is an ideal alone but there is no substance.
For example when someone speaks its remarks and vow, they seem to be wonderful, but when a concrete way of carrying it out isn`t clear, the phrase is used.
Its origin was a commercial of a chain store which sold a hamberger.
Three old females arrived at other hamberger shop which was a rival for the chain store.
The first female said it certainly is a big bun, and the second, it`s a very big fluffy bun, and the third asked...
【Where`s the beef?】
...and the third asked, where`s the beef?
Then they advertised that a hamberger of the chain store is so big that it`s sticking out from the bun.
The commercial was epoch making and the three females became famous.
The episode made the phrase, where`s the beef? Figuratively speaking, there is no content, being lacking substance.
Conversation
A：If I am elected, I`ll bring economic renewal to this town!
B：Sounds good, but where is the beef?
Number of face of which means its frequency are two and mild.
【Where`s the fire?】
The book says it means that asking, why...
【What`s the fire?】
The book says it means asking, why are you in such a hurry?
When there is a fire, there is an imagination that everyone goes to see it in a hurry, so the phrase means, asking, why do you have to go there in a haste? Where are you going?
Conversation
A：Where`s everyone going? Where1s the fire?
B：There`s a special sale in the housewares section of the store from 11：00 to 11：30. Come on!
Number of face of which means its frequency are two and ordinary.
【Who cares?】
The book says it means that it doesn`t matter.
The phrase is used to a person who is worried about...
【Who cares?】
The phrase is used for a person who is worried about something unimportant. It means that you don`t have to be worred about such a trifle thing. No one is worried about it.
Conversation
A：Gee, it`s pouring down rain outside.
B：Who cares? We don`t have to go anywhere today. Besides we need the rain.
Number of face of which means its frequency are four and ordinary.
【Wistful thinking】
The book says it means that you`re not realistic.
It means that it is in the wrong to think a thing goes well as the one expects.
In short when we tend to wish something goes as we expected...
【Wistful thinking】
In short, we are apt to think a thing goes smoothly too much as we expected, so we sometimes can`t judge a situation correctly. Then we felt sure it was realistic but wasn`t at all, and it`s just that we looked at something illusional.
Conversation
A：If we were on Oahu, we could staty in that fancy resort on the north shore.
B：Wistful thinking! We don`t have enough money to get to Hawaii, much less stay in expensive resort like that.
Number of face of which frequency are three and ordinary.
【Works for me】
The book says it means that it suits me fine.
At the...
【Works for me】
At the beginning of the it is abbreviated in the phrase. The phrase means that it`ll goes well as it expects. When being able to agree with other`s propse, the phrase is used. I can do as you propose.
When asking, it`s used like the next
Does it/ that work for you?
Conversation
A：How about meeting here at 1：30 go over the manuscript?
B：Works for me. See you at 1：30.
Number of face of which means its frequency are two and ordinary.
【Year in, year out】
The book says it means continually. It means continuously all the time, through a year, every eyar.
【Year in, year out】
Conversation
A：I hear you`re an avid golfer.
B：I play whenever I get the chance, year in, year out.
Number of face of which means its frequency is one and ordinary.
【You ain`t seen nothin` yet】
The book says it means that the best/ the worst is yet to come.
In this case, the ain`t is an abbreviation of have not.
It means that you`ve never seen anything good yet. The best thing is coming from now on.
Its origin was a line in a movie, 『The Jazz singer』 put on a film in 1927. Al Jolson said it. It was a title of a song which the actor sang later.
In addition,it...
【You ain`t seen nothin` yet!】
In addition,it became a vogue word for a emcee on stage of recreation for both actors and actresses. They used the phrase like this.
“If you`er enjoying this show until now, it`s just that you`ll have a fun more and more after that, for the best part will start from now on!”
The phrase changed from the heard to the seen later, and the then Reagan President adopted it in his speech during activity for reelectional President in 1984. It means like the next.
If I continued to be the President, the best, the most impressive and the most exciting will start ...
【You ain`t seen nothin` yet!】
...the best, the most impressive, and the most exciting will start from now on!
Without using the words of seen and nothin`, the phrase isn`t used.
Conversation
A：That was a great shoot, Julie!
B：Just wait! You ain`t seen nothin` yet!
Number of face of which means frequency are two and ordinary.
【You and who else?】
The book says it means that you alone can`t make me do that.
If adding other phrase, you need much more your supporters for it.
The phrase isn`t only used for an actual threat but so as to refuse an unpleasant offer and proposal. It`s used...
【You and who else?】
The phrase is sometimes used as humorous and witful answer.
If saying it in other phrase, your threat doesn`t threaten at me in the least.
Conversation
A：I`m going to make sure that you are on the program at the talent show.
B：You and who else? I am not about to perform in public.
Number of face of which means its frequency is one and mild.
【You are something else!】
The book says it means that you`re amazing.
It means that you aren`t as the same with the mediocre. You`re something outstanding.
When thinking of others who are especially splendid, amusing, then...
【You are something else】
...then the phrase is used,however it`s used for good meaning uncommonly, adding you are too much.
Conversation
A：So I walked in and asked the manager for a job.
B：You are something else! I would never have had the nerve to do that.
Number of face of which frequency are three and happy, so when finding it something happy, the phrase is used.
【You asked for it】
The book says it means that you deserve it.
The it means a punishment. The punishment is for what you`ve done, so you can`t complain of it, as a result, you should receive the legitimate pushiment.
【You asked for it】
Conversation
A：This project is taking all my time and energy. It`s killing me!
B：You asked for it. I warned you, but you said, no problem! Now you are paying for it.
Number of face of which means frequency are three and ordinary.
【You bet your life】
The book says it means sure.
It`s an abbreviation that you can bet your life.
It`s such the sure truth absolutely thay you can bet your life. It has nuance like that.
When Groucho Marx served as emcee in a TV program for quiz, its title was you bet your life, after that the phrase has learned to be used.
Conversation
【You bet your life】
Conversation
A：Do I need an umbrella?
B：You bet your life. It`s pouring outside.
Number of face of which means its frequency are two and mild.
【You betcha】
The book says it means that yeah, or you`re welcome.
It`s a slang which in you bet or you bet your life is said informally. It means absolutely sure, or absolutely true.
Sometimes it means that yor are welcome.
Conversation
A：See you after you get off work!
B：You betcha!
Other one.
A：Thanks for helping me clean up.
B：You betcha.
Number of face of which means its frequency is two and mild.
【You came...】
【You came through】
The book says it means that you were able to accomplish it.
Come through means overcoming something difficult or achieve something.
The phrase means that you could live up our expectations and do very well.
Conversation
A：You came through! Great Job!
B：Thanks. For a while there I wasn`t sure whether I would be able to finish in time.
Number of face of which means its frequency are two and mild.
【You can`t beat that】
The book said it means that that`s great.
The you isn`t yourself but the people in general. It means that nobody can defeat it, for it`s the best.
【You can`t beat that】
Conversation
A：The vacation package includes two night in a luxury hotel, two dinners and two breakfasts for $ 200.
B：Wow! You can`t beat that.
Number of face of which means its frequency are three and happy, so when being happy, the phrase is used.
【You can`t mean that!】
The book says it means that are you serious?
When hearing bad information or being disappointed with something hard, the phrase is used with a feeling that I wish you could joke,or I wish what you said couldn`t be true.
A：The box with the kids` uniforms has disappeared.
B：You can`t mean that!
【You can`t mean that!】
Conversation
B：You can`t mean that. What will they wear for the game today?
Number of face which means its frequency is one and ordinary.
【You don`t say!】
The book says it means asking, really?
It`s a polite expression which means something amazing and something in which you are interested. It isn`t impolite expression and there isn`t feeling of being surpriesed.
Conversation
A：My sister asked me to give you her best.
B：You don`t say! I haven`t seen her in ages. How is she?
Number of face of which means its frequency are two and mild.
【You got me （there）】
【You got me（there）】
The book says it means that I can`t answer that.
It`s a conventional phrase that as I don`t know the answer for the question so I can`t answer it. There is a feeling of being sorry for being unable to cooperated with you in the phrase.
A：How long does it take to drive from Dallas to Los Angels?
B：You got me there. Let`s check this road map.
Number of face of which means its frequency are four and ordinary.
【You got it!】
The book says it means that that`s right or I will do as you ask.
There are two meanings accroding to the situations.
The one is showing others....
【You got it】
It`s an expression that others understand the situation exactly and means that it`s right, and there is other meaning that I can understand what you mean, and am going to prepare for it at once as an informal expression.
As to the latter,when something to eat or to drink was asked, the phrase is used.
Conversation
A：Do the Yankees play on Friday and on Saturday?
B：You got it.
Other one.
A：Could I have a glass of white wine?
B：You got it.
Number of face which means of its frequency are four and mild.
【You heard me】
The book said it means that I told you, now do it.
【You heard me!】
It`s an order from parents and a superior to an inferior like children or a subordinate.
As the phrase said, you heard what I`ve said, so the past tense is used.
It means that you`ve heard what I want you to do, and if you`ve heard it,you have only to do it.
As to the next example, a parent told its child what to do, and the child felt repelled by it.
A：Do I have to take out all the garbage?
B：You heard me!
Number of face which means of its frequency are three and angry, so when being angry with something, the phrase is used.
【You said a mouthful】
The book said it ...
【You said a mouthful】
The book said it means that that is true.
It`s a casual American English, and means that you`ve said a truth and something important on the thing with a single word. A mouthful means an important phrase.
Conversation
A：High tech educational equipment is wasted if we don`t have caring, qualified teachers.
B：You said a mouthful.
Number of face of which means its frequency is one and angry, so when being angry with something, the pharse is used.
【You said it!】
The book said it means that I strongly agree!
It means what you`ve said is right as it is.
Conversation
【You said it!】
Conversation
A：Thank goodness for air conditioning!
B：You said it! I don`t know how we`d survive the summer without it.
Number of face of which means its frequecy are three and ordinary.
【You wanna bet?】
The book said it means that I don`t think so.
The wanna is an abbreviation of want to be,and its pronunciation is the letters as it is.
It doesn`t always mean asking to bet something actually, but I can assert you are in the wrong, so if betting on it, I`ll win. How about betting?
The phrase insists that the other`s remark is in the wrong.
Conversation
A：The price...
【You wanna bet?】
Conversation
A：The prices here are probably the lowest.
B：You wanna bet? I know a shop near here that`s even cheaper.
Number of fcae of which means its frequency are three and ordinary.
【You`ll pay for this】
The book said it means that you`ll be punished for this.
It`s the phrase for an advice which prevents other from committing a crime. Paying doesn`t always mean paying money but compensating for something.
It means that if you do it, you`ll be punished by heavens for doing it.
The punishment by heaven may be done by the speaker itself or may be done from...
【You`ll pay for this】
The punishment may have been from the speaker itself, or from other place somewhere.
Conversation
A：You cheated on the exam! You`l pay for this!
B：Not if the teacher doesn`t find out.
Number of face of which means its frequncy is one and ordinary.
【You`re excused】
The book said it means you may leave.
The phrase permits others to leave the place. It`s used by a superior position of parents or a principal.
It means you can rise from your seat or you can go.
For example, when inviting a guest and having a meal with the guest, when the meal was over, you don`t ...
【You`re excused】
...you don`t have to sit there and to listen to grownups.
Or when a commander called its subordinate and told him something,after finishing it, the commander told the subordinate the business was over and he could leave there.
I`m going to show its conversation, and its situation is family members are having a meal.
Conversation
A：Dad, can I be excused from the table?
B：You`re excused.
Number of face of which means its frequnecy are two and ordinary.
【You`re on!】
The book says it means that I accept your challenge.
It`s a conventional phrase when responding to a...
【You`re on!】
It`s a conventional phrase when responding to a proposal on bet or on challenge. Except for a competition or sports, the phrase is used for a gambling itself.
It seems it originates from a phrse that I`ll take you on. It means I`ll undertake on you.
Conversation
A：I bet you can`t sink that putt in one shot.
B：You`re on! I bet you $10 I can.
Number of face of which means its frequency are three and mild.
【You`re telling me!】
The book says it means that I know what you mean.
When understanding very well on the content what others said, and you don`t have to listen to it...
【You`re telling me!】
When understanding very well on content what others say, and you don`t have to listen to it any more, or telling others you know it enough, the phrase is used.
A：Professor Vardaman is a slave driver.
B：You`re telling me! I have him for two classes this year!
The number of face of which means its frequency are three and ordinary.
【You`re the doctor】
The book says it means that you`re the expert in this case.
It means that as you`re the expert in this case, I`ll accept what you say is truth. The phrase also says you`re the expert.
There is a phrase which we often...
【You`re the doctor】
There is a phrase which we frequently hear in everyday conversation, you`re the boss, and we can use it as almost the same meaning, but it rather makes much of its position than knowledge on a specialized field or experience.
Conversation
A：When you call on Mr.Purdy, be sure to arrive a few minute ahead of time. He hates to be kept waiting.
B：You`re the doctor. I`ll be there in plenty of time.
Number of face of which means its frequency is one and ordinary.
【Zilch】
The book says it means zero, nothing. It`s an American slang which means there is nothing at all.
【Zilch】
Conversation
A：How much do you have?
B：Zilch. I just paid all my bills.
Number of face of which means its frequency is one and ordinary.
By the way, it`s end on the book,こんな英語がわからない⁉️
Thank you very much for reading this thread for a long time.
オッハー、マユミちゃん、今日はこっちから(^-^)/元気か～⁉️🙂
【The whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The President aide of America was brought to a standstill〉
From the last thread of let`s enjoy English Ⅹ
Groups which were opposed to Eisenhower who visited Japan sent out demonstrators to routes where the President aide woluld leave from Haneda airport to the center of Tokyo. They were about twenty five thousand like the members of the communist party, or anti faction of the National Federation of Students` Self-Government Association全学連
The instant the party of the President aide...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈American President aide was brought to a standstill〉
The instant the President aide went out of the Haneda airport, it was surrounded by demonstrators, and couldn`t go anywhere.
Groups of Japanese police rushed there and managed to secure a space, and a helicopter of the U.S.Marines arrived there and rescued the party of the President aide.
Japanese government was shocked at it, for the President aide alone came to Japan and it caused a confusion like that. When the President in America visited Japan, what would happen?
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈American President aide was brought to a standstill〉
Japanese government felt apprehensive about it, and the situation became worse more still.
〈Students broke into national assembly〉
Residents who felt apprehensive about the steamrolling in national assembly joined demonstration parade, and surrounded national assembly day after day.
A group which organized the demonstration parade had a plan of well-ordered parade. It marched by demonstraion around national assembly well-orderly.
Diet members of opposition party...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Students broke into National Assembly〉
Diet members of opposition parites lined up in front of a place where Diet members had an interview with others, and there was a desk beside them. Demonstrators wrote petitions there.
However the National Federation of Students` Self-Government association couldn`t approve of it. Without decisive blow to the Kishi Cabinet with more darned action, the U.S-Japan Security Party would never be crushed. It thought like that.
It planed to storm into nationla assembly. It was set up the...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Students broke into National Assembly〉
A plan of storming into National Assemby was set up on the fifteenth day June, for the group which organized the demonstration parade planed to have a large scale of demonstration parade on the same day.
Riot police in the chief superintendent which defended inside national assembly was alert on the site of national assembly, and let the demonstration parade do at will. If some of them tried to break into national assembly, the chief superintendent could stop them at the gate.
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Students broke into national assembly〉
The police had to defense America embassy in Japan, except for it, there was no other way so as to resist demonstrators who were outnumbered.
Number of chief superintendent were increased and its equipment was enriched more was later so much.
Demonstration parade which surrounded national assembly gathered by about eight thousand students in the National Federation of Students` Self-Government Associations from nationwide of Japan then.
In the group of the National Federation of...
【Whole japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security treaty】
〈Students broke into National Assembly〉
On the other hand, in the National Federation of Students` Self-Government Associations, students of Meiji University, of Tokyo University, and Tyuo University took lead, they tried to rush through National Assembly.
Students in Meiji University repeated banging into a side gate, singing their school song. It`s not national anthem but their school song.
The side gate was blockage and fixed with squared timber and wire rope. Students cut the wire rope with a graver, repeating of banged.
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Students brought through national assembly〉
The students repeated banged into the front gate and succeeded in it at last.
There were six big truck for transportation of the chief superintendent inside the site of building so as to prevent the students from going into from outside.
Students opened the gate outward and drew out two trucks, and went into national assembly from its space. The trucks for transportation was set on fire.
Students of Meiji and Chuo university were in charge of drawing out the trucks for ...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Students brought through national assembly〉
Students of Meiji and Chuo were in charge of destroying the gate and drawing out the trucks for transportation, and the ones of Tokyo University who were beside the gate brought through the premises. Its number was about seven hundred.
Chief superintendents in the police who were waiting and endured stones thrown from students took out nightstick, and tried to exclude the students.
Two big trucks for transportation were drawn out from the premises and was set on fire. There was...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Students brought through national assembly〉
There was food for the chief superindents and belongings like purse for them in the trucks.
By the way, it seemed that I mistook a riot police for the chief superindents in some parts. I`m sorry for it.
The riot police were booed and thrown stones from students so much that their anger reached the peak of their limit.
The equipments for the riot police used to be poorer if comparing them to the present ones. Neither there were any shield protecting their body nor plastic...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Students brought into national assembly〉
...nor plastic transparent board defending their faces. It`s just a helmet with visor alone which they wore then in relation to their equipment.
As a result, when being thrown stones, members in the riot police were injured one after another.
On the other hand, neither students wore a helmet nor a cap. Without having any weapons in hand, they were in a business shirt, so when crushing with the riot police, the student were injured as well one after another.
『Column, the National...』
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column, the National Federation of Students` Self-Government Associations』
After the war,exchanges among whole universities started through democratization on university and movements of being opposed to raising school fee, the organization was formed September in 1948.
No less than 145 public and private universities joined the organization in the beginning.
Students who were received guidance from the communist party were the center in the organization, but the leadership faction in the organization confronted with the...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column,the National Federation of Students` Self-Government Associations』
...but the leadership fraction was opposed with the communist party in relation to each of principles, so it withdrew from the communist party. It formed other organization which adopted communism. They were called ブント.
Students who were received guidance from the communist party was called anti-mainstream faction. Students divided into two. The one was received guidance from the Communist Party, and the other wasn`t received.
Actions of the...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column, the National Federation of Students` Self-Government Associations』
Actions of the Nationla Federation of Students` Self-Government Associations reported with large scale every day. A phrase of ゼンガクレン became familiar with overseas as it was.
Students take into action and struggle against authority, so labors open their eyes to reality and take into action. There was a theory that students become pioneer in ゼンガクレン, so they began to take radical action in the street.
Its organization was divided into several ones...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column, the National Federation of Students` Self-Government Associations』
The organization was divided into several after that, and the Red Army was born from it in Japan in 1970s.
In addition, except for ゼンガクレン under control by the communist party, they repeated dividing into each section, and after 1970s, it became name only as popular organization.
〈A female student was dead〉
Members in riot police attacked the students with nightsticks and showered blows on them.
Students who were beaten by the riot police and...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈A female student was dead〉
Students who were beaten by the riot police and were pushed back. Other students who couldn`t recognize the situation in front of them pushed forward from back. Both of streams bumped against each other and caused a vortex of injured students. Students fell down one after another.
Students who were beaten by the riot police and were covered with blood were arrested. The rest of the students were pushed back outside the side gate of national assembly.
The riot police turned water hoses in order...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈A female student was dead〉
The riot police turned water hoses on the students in order to push back them. To make matters worse, it began to rain. It was in rainy season of June. All the students were soaked to the skin.
A voice that a female student was dead was sent among the students shortly. Crying that the female student was killed raised here and there.
The one who was dead was Michiko Kanba whose age was twenty two. She belonged to the Tokyo university. She attended a seminar of the university in the morning, and...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈A female student was dead〉
...and she went to national assembly from afternoon on that day. She wasn`t only a vice chairperson on student council but an activist who joined a demonstration by ゼンガクレン in which tried to prevent Kishi from visiting America. She was arrested by police then.
She was carried away in ambulance to the hospital for the police though she was already dead.
While the police announced she was crushed to death, other students were indignant that she was killed by the police.
Whole Japan was shocked...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈A female student was dead〉
Whole Japan was shocked at the female student`s death so much. Lots of the Japanese watched a tragedy that the female student was worried about Japanese future and sacrificed herself.
In the next day classes were given up and a protest rally was held in almost all of the universities in Japan.
Students who were so impatient for her death went to Tokyo from all over Japan, taking a train after getting off other train.
〈The Self-Defense Forces was about to go into action〉
Ordinary residents...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Self-Defense Forces was about to go into action〉
Ordinary residents alone weren`t shocked at her death. A struggle which was opposed to the Security Treaty arose so much vigorous that demonstration parade defeated the guard by the riot police, and a sympathy for the female student`s dead heightened the demonstration parade more, so the Japanese government began to falter.
Kishi who was the Prime Minister began to consider going into action to keep order by Self-Defense Force. It wasn`t done so as to fight agianst foreign...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Self-Defense Force was about to take into action〉
It wasn`t done so as to fight against foreign countries, but was done in order to maintain peace and order in Japan.
A training for going into action so as to maintain peace and order was done since the previous year in Self-Defense Force. If going into action, a tank would be supposed to be used.
Military unit for maintaining peace and order of a single battalion waited in a garrison town of Ichigaya in Tokyo prefecture since January.
About twenty thousand of members in...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Self-Defense Force was about to take into action〉
About twenty thousand members in Self-Defense Force finished preparing for going into action in a metropolitan area like of a garrison town of Nerima in the middle of June.
Kishi urged the Director General of Defense Agency to go into action. Needless to say, the Prime Minister had an authority to order to go into action.
However then he didn`t order but asked the Self-Defense Force to go into action, making sure intention of the Director General of Defense Agency, but it...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Seflf-Defense Force was about to go into action〉
...but it was refused by the Director General of the Defense Agency.
The Self-Defense Force always trained to fight against foreign people with weapons. If making its members mobilize for controlling a group of demonstrators and making them use weapons, there would be the dead among the demonstrators.
If we killed our countrymen, the public opinion of the Japanese would be cold suddenly all together.
On the other hand, if going into action without having any weapons...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Self-Defense Force was about to go into action〉
...the Self-Defense Force would be useless. If it was led by the countrymen around by the nose, criticism against the Self-Defense Force would be heightened. The Director General of the Defense Agency thought like that.
In short the Prime Minister gave up mobilizing the Self-Defense Force. If they went into action actually...
Though there was never if in history, it would be a bloody disastrous accident or civil war would be caused. Even its imagination makes us feel terrible.
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column, Michiko Kanba』
People who offer flowers at the side gate of national assembly often appear on the fifteenth day June when it was the anniversary of her death every year.
It is said a work which grieved for her death would increase at the corner in tanka of newspaper every June.
It means that her existence has been engraved in the memory of the same generation.
She failed to pass an entrance exam in university and composed a poem when aiming at entering the Tokyo University, without making others know, I`ll smile.
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column, Michiko Kanba』
A collection of her posthumous works which was named after her work, without making others know, I`ll smile became a bestseller.
『Column, relaying broadcast was done when being struck by a group of policemen』
Violence! A group of policemen has used fierce violence to me. Microphone is being led around by the nose just now.
A sound of siren prevented viewers from hearing the relaying broadcast then, and the boradcast started again.
The group of policemen grasped me by the neck. One of them punched...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column, relaying broadcast was done when being struck by a group of policemen』
One of the group of policemen punched me on the face just now. He was catching me by the neck and seemed to say me, what was I doing just now? It`s the present situation.
It was broadcast by NHK.
An announcer who was engaged in broadcasting on a baseball game in a radio station finished his job in Korakuen. Then as he knew national assembly was surrounded by a group of demonstrators, he moved in front of national assembly.
The instant he...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column, relaying broadcasting was done when being struck by a group of policemen』
The instant he started on-the-spot broadcasting in front of national assembly, he was surrounded by the group of policemen who ran after students who tried to ran away from the group of policemen, and the policemen struck the announcer, and it was on-the-spot broadcasting through radio then.
『A voice which wasn`t given off』
A group of demonstrators which was opposed to the security treaty continued, and the people who joined the group of...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column, a voice which wasn`t given off』
...and the people who participated in the group of demonstrators increased. Then Nobusuke Kishi who was then the Prime Minister was asked for his impression, and he answered like the next.
There are plenty of spectators in a stadium for a professional baseball game. Without listening to voice of advocating objection against the security treaty, I want to make much of voice of the Japanese which wasn`t given off.
In short, he objected that all the Japanese weren`t against the...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column, a voice which wasn`t given off』
In short he objected that all the Japanese were against the security treaty.
As having receiving it, a group which was opposed to the security treaty was formed. Its name was a voice which wasn`t given off. It means that the people whose voice wasn`t given off were against the security treaty.
〈The security treaty was acceopted automatically, and the Kishi Cabinet retired〉
The National Federation of Students` Self-Government Associations ゼンガクレン stormed into national assembly and...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The security treaty was accepted automatically and the Kishi Cabinet retired〉
...and a female student was dead. In the next day, the fifteenth day June,Japanese government requested then the Ameircan President Eisenhower to put off visiting Japan, for Japan couldn`t secure safety for the American President then.
The security treaty was accepted automatically in the midnight on the nineteenth day June in 1960.
A group of demonstrators surrounded around the official residence for the Prime Minister. A voice that objection...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The security treaty was accepted automatically and the Kishi Cabinet retired〉
Voice of objection against the security treaty and overthrowing the Kishi Cabinet echoed around the official residence for the Prime Minister then.
A group of demonstrators threw stones at the official residence for the Prime Minister so often. The official residence for the Prime Minister was cautious of being set on fire by the group of demonstrators so much that all the fire hydrants were connected with hoses.
Then Kishi confined himself in...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The security treaty was accepted automatically and the Kishi Cabinet retired〉
Then Kishi confined himself in the official residence for the Prime Minister with his brother, Eisaku Sato.
After watching a night broadcast on professional baseball game on TV, they entered a business room for the Prime Minister, deciding to be dead together in emergency.
The security treaty was accepted automatically and immediately after a document for ratification on the security treaty was exchanged, Kishi took responsibility for the...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The security treaty was accepted automatically and the Kishi Cabinet retired〉
...and Kishi took responsibility for the confusion and expressed his retirement.
Objection to the security treaty and overthrowing the Kishi Cabinet. They were slogans by the group of demonstrators, and one of slogans, overthrowing the Kishi Cabinet alone was realized.
Then what the Japanese sought for really wasn`t the objection against the security treaty but overthrowing the Kishi Cabinet. Taichi Sakaiya who was a writer said like that.
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The security treaty was accepted automatically and the Kishi Cabinet retired〉
A thing which the Japanese regarded as a problem wasn`t the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, but Kishi`s career from before the war and bureaucratic nature hiding in his career.
When it was exposed by the steamrolling of the Liberal Democratic Party, objection against the security treaty exploded as overthrowing the Kishi Cabinet.
While Kishi broke a rule on political game, opposition movement responded by overdoing game, the writer said like that.
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column, seven neswpaper companies announced in coopreration』
Bloddy accident both inside and outside national assembly at night on the fifteenth day June was a deep regret which parliamentarism was in crisis, though its cause was a different story.
We`ve never worried about deeply the future in Japan, except for today.
Democracy should be struggled with speech alone. We must not carry out anything by violence even if we face any kind of political difficulty. There is no reason for using the violence.
Once a social...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column, seven newspaper companies announced in cooperation』
Once a social current in which violence is accepted becomes usual, democracy will be destroyed, and it`s critical crisis earthquakes Japanese existence as nation.
As a result, needless to say, the government which is heavily responsible for the situation at present should do its best and have the situation under control.
The government should show its expression on decision responding to good sense from the people. At the same time, the confusion at present...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column, seven newspaper companies announced in cooperation』
At the same time, the confusion at present was caused by stopping function on national assembly partly, so both of Liberal Democratic Party and Socialist Party should gave up the point at issue until now, and take a lead in returning to national assembly, and cooperate in having the situation under control.
We believe that the nation hope so.
Ruling party in government and opposition party should respond to an ardent desire from the nation, and agree with...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column, seven newspaper companies announced in cooperation』
...and agree with protection on the parliamentarism. Then anxiety would be get rid of from the nation, we appealed it from the bottom of our heart.
〈Newspaper companies agreed with their opinions〉
Announcement in cooperation was carried on the front page of the morning edition after two days from the bloddy disastrous accident around national assembly.
Its contents were getting rid of violence and protecting parliamentarism. Seven neswpaper companies which were...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Newspaper companies agreed with their opinions〉
Newspaper companies such as Asahi, Sankei, Tokyo, Tokyo Times, Japanese Economy, Mainichi, and Yomiuri which are rival each other appealed in cooperation.
After that, names of local newspaper companies each place all over Japan were on the list of the announcement in cooperation, and carried the announcement in cooperation on its own paper.
After the steamrolling on the security treaty was done, each of newspaper criticized the Kishi Cabinet severely. Lots of people...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Newspaper companies agreed with their opinions〉
Lots of people approved of the press comments on the newspapaer and joined the demonstration parade, but there was an insistence by the newspaper companies showed change on their press comments that its cause was a different story or urging the Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialist Party to return to national assembly.
Lots of readers were struck as incongruous by the change suddenly. The newspaper companies ignited the anger on the nation, but when its flame was...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Newspaper companies agreed with their opinions〉
...but when its flame was burning brightly, they tried to put out the flame in a haste. It`s like what is called match and pump. There was a criticism like that.
How should an report and editorial be? The announcement in cooperation caused a big discussion in the world of mass media.
〈From political to economic period〉
The security treaty was formed automatically and the Kishi Cabinet retired. Then Japan changed from political period to economic one.
Hayato Ikeda became...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈From political period to economic one〉
Hayato Ikeda who became the Prime Minister after Kishi adopted a moderate tone toward the people, and headed straight on a course of rapid economic growth with a plan to double the nation`s income.
Under the security treaty, Japan made the U.S.army station in Japan, so Japan doesn`t have to spend a large amount of fund on its defending cost for Japan.
It was possible for Japan to spend its national budget on its economic growth. It`s also possible to evaluate that the system of...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈From political period to economic one〉
It`s also possible to evaluate that the system of security treaty made a condition of economic growth for Japan after the war.
Conservative side which was for the security treaty said proudly with their heads held high. Japan has been peaceful after the war because of the security treaty.
On the other hand, innovative side which was against the security treaty admired itself as well. Influence which was opposed to the security treaty has protected Japan, so Japanese peace is maintained
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈From political period to economic one〉
Its evaluation is divided.
Moreover there is a way of thinking, the lid of a bottle.
The U.S.army has stationed in Japan under the security treaty. It`s prevented Japan from having a powerful original military power.
If opening the lid of a bottle of soda, the gas would begin to shoot. Japan is like the gas.
If leaving Japan alone, it has a fear that it gets involved in militarism, so we have to put the lid on th bottle, and the lid is equal to the U.S.army. America said like that.
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈From political period to economic one〉
The way of thinking is sometimes showed to each nation in Asia by America itself.
Moreover there are some Asian people who have thought they had a bitter experience by the military force in Japan during the Pacific war. They side with the way of thinking.
〈How did a law court judge the security treaty?〉
Thus there are various evaluation on the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, and how does Japanese court judge it?
Hachioji branch of Tokyo district court sentenced that the U.S.-Japan ...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈How does Japanese law court judge the security treaty?〉
Hachioji branch in Tokyo district court sentenced that the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty was against the constitution March in 1959.
An American military base in Tachikawa city in Tokyo tried to expand its area for the base, and some people who were opposed to the security treaty trespassed on the base, so they were sued by special law on crime being based on the security treaty, and they were sentenced like that.
Defendants who were sued insisted that the security...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈How does Japanese law court judge the security treaty?〉
Defendants who were issued insisted that the security treaty was against the constitution and the special law on crime being based on the security treaty was invalid.
The U.S.army which stationed in Japan being based on the security treaty is equal to war potential which is forbidden to have in Japan, so the sentence was done.
The prosecution who was shocked at the sentence didn`t appeal to a high court. Instead,they appealed to the Supreme Court, and asked a ...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈How does Japanese law court judge the security treaty?〉
...and asked a judgement from the Supreme Court, and the Supreme Court showed its judgement with exceptional speed, and destroyed the sentence by Hachioji branch in Tokyo district court December in the same year. It denied the judgement that the security treaty was against the constitution. It judged like the next.
Our constitution forbids us to have war potential, and the war potential is our own country`s, so if the military force in foreign country stations in...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈How does Japanese law court judge the security treaty?〉
...and if the military force in a foreign country stations in Japan, it doesn`t meet the war potential.
Japan is a sovereign nation. Without being subordinate to any other nation, it can decide its domestic and international problems independently. It`s the sovereign nation.
The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty has high grade political nature which has an important relation with the base of existence on our country as the sovereign nation.
As to lawful judgement whether...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈How does Japanese law court judge the security treaty?〉
As to lawful judgement whether or not it`s content is against the constitution, it`s related a judgement of political free discretion that the Cabinet which concluded the treaty and national assembly which accepted the treaty. It`s like two sides of the same coin.
Therefore it doesn`t match a judgement of judiciary court, so unless it`s against the constitution and invalid obviously and extremely, it`s beyond the judgement of judiciary court.
In short, as the...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈How does Japanese law court judge the security treaty?〉
In short as the representatives from the people decided it, it`s hard to judge on the constitution. The people themselves should decide whether or not the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty is in the wrong. Japanese law court showed the judgement like that.
Japanese law court has an authority to determine constitutional legislation, but it limited its authority extremely for itself. It`s possible to say it escaped from the judgement.
『Column, a vogue word of setback』
After...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column, a vogue word of setback』
After the security treaty formed, a word of setback was popular among the people whose center were students and labors. It showed their feeling of exhaustion that even if they did their best like that, they couldn`t prevent the security treaty from forming.
Novels of which theme was setback was born one after another. Then a song アカシアの雨がやむ時 was popular among the Japanese. There is a phrase in the song like the next one.
アカシアの雨がやむ時、このまま死んでしまいたい
The people who thought of being unable to...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
『Column, a vogue word of setback』
The people who thought of being unable to stop the security treaty were impressed with a languid way of singing.
By the way, when trying to express the phrase アカシアの雨 in English, I was worried about it. What is the アカシアの雨? At first what`s the アカシア in the world?
アカシア is the name of a flower,and アカシアの雨 means that the flower of acacia falls, so it seems to have nothing to do with rain, according to wikipedia.
〈The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty has been defined again〉
Then the President Clinton...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty has been defined again〉
Then the President Clinton in America visted Japan April in 1996, and he and then the Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto in Japan announced together declaration in cooperation on the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty.
In the declaration, when being in case of emergency in area of Asia and Pacific Ocean, it is expressed that both Japan and America join force each other.
As an expression of safety in the Far East has been used in the security treaty, there was voice that the ...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty has been defined again〉
...there was voice that the Far East would expand to the area of Asia and the Pacific Ocean and the contents on the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty would be changed. We sometimes call the declaration definition again on the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty.
The area of Asia and the Pacific Ocean means a vast area until west Asia, including the Middle East.
The U.S.army which stations in Japan has obligation to the vast area and Japan supports the U.S.army. It`s the structure...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The U.S-Japan Security Treaty has been defined again〉
It`s the structure on the declaration.
Moreover America announced a strategy on the security treaty in the area of East Asia and the Pacific Ocean by America in the previous year. America said like that in its announcement.
The military base of the army, navy, air force, and the Marine in our country which station in Japan have supported defending line on American front in Asia and the Pacific Ocean.
Those military force has prepared for dealing with emergency, so...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty has been defined again〉
...so those military forces would deal with dispute not only in the far away like in Perusian Gulf, in local area, but beyond the area.
When the Gulf War broke out, the military force which stationed in Japan went into action to the area of the Perusian Gulf. It means that we the Japanese have confirmed the accomplished fact by declaration between Japan and America.
We`ve thought that the military force in America stations in Japan so as to defend Japan, but it has...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈The U.S.-Japan Security Treaty has been defined again〉
...but the military force in America has stationed in Japan in order to go into action in the tremendous area like in the Middle East being based on the strategy by America in the world.
We should think over a significance on the security treaty for Japan at present.
〈A guideline was made〉
A bill which was related guideline of the Japan-U.S. Defense Cooperation formed May in 1999. The guideline means a guiding principle. In short what kind of cooperation can Japan...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈A guidelien has formed〉
In short, what kind of cooperation can Japan do for the military force in Ameirca? Its guiding principle has been put together. Its center was a bill around situations.
By the way, around situations is a translation of word for word, so I`m not sure what it is. After reading enough, I should express it in English, but too be tired to feel like doing it. I`m sorry for it.
As to the bill of guideline, the one which was discussed more than any other thing in national assembly was the concept of...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈A guideline has formed〉
As to the bill of the guideline, the one which was argued more than anything was the concept of around situation.
When around situation is caused, it is expressed clearly Japan cooperate with the military force in America as much as possible. What is around situation?
Japanese government repeated an explanation that it`s not topographic concept, but the one which we pay attention to its nature. It`s hard to understand.
It doesn`t assume that a dispute broke out in specific area like Korean...
【Whole Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈A guideline has formed〉
It doesn`t assume that a dispute breaks out in specific area like Korean peninsula and Taiwan which are near for Japan.
If a thing which has a tremendous impact on peace and safety in Japan happens, Japan will support the military force in America logistically even if it`s near or far for Japan.
〈Isn`t there a fear that Japan is dargged into a war?〉
When this situation breaks out, the military force in America which stationed in Japan will go into action, but wihtout being attacked nor invaded...
【Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Isn`t there a fear that Japan is dragged into a war?〉
...but without being attacked nor invaded Japan direct, if Self-Defense Force in Japan go into action, there is fear that it`s against the constitution.
So, except for a place where a battle was done, or other place where there is a fear that the battle happens, transporting weapons, ammunition and food for the military force in Ameirca, and searching and rescuing American soldiers who ask for help.
However a place where a battle is done moves violently in the war at present.
【Japan was in uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Isn`t there a fear that Japan is dragged into a war?〉
Once the battle happens there is no place where it`s absolutely safe near any place where the battle happens. The place where the battle wasn`t done is an armchair theory.
If the Self-Defense Force supports the military force in America, it`s possible that its place becomes area where the battle happens and the Self-Defense Force is dragged into the war.
Moreover the military force in other nation which America is their enemy, the one who supports the enemy is also the enemy.
【Japan is in uproar because of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Isn`t there a fear that Japan is dragged into a war?〉
It means that the Self-Defence Force can`t remain the position of an outsider any more.
On the other hand, there would be argument like the next. When the U.S.army goes into action around Japan so as to help Japan. We should do something for them.
Synchronized terrorist attacks brough about September in 2011, so a bill in which we take countermeasures against terrorism was formed October in the same year.
Not only for Ameirca alone, but the Self-Defense Force will go ...
【Japan was in uproar because of the U.s.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈Is there a fear that Japan is dragged into a war?〉
Not only for Ameirca alone, but the Self-Defense Force must go into action to the Indian Ocean as the militray force in a country which supports logistically in order to fight against the terrorism.
Significance on the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty has changed obviously at present.
〈Outline on the new and U.S.-Japan Security Treaty〉
《The old U.S.-Japan Security Treaty》
It was came into effect April in 1952.
Japan signed at the Peace Treaty with the allied force on that day.
〈Outline on the new and old U.S.-Japan Security Treaty〉
《Old U.S.-Japan Security Treay》
As Japan was disarmed, when the effect on the peace treaty is demonstrated, there is no way of using inherent right of self-defense force.
As a temporary measure, Japan hoped America maintained its military force in Japan and around Japan so as to prevent other nations from attacking Japan.
The U.S.A. had an intention to maintain its military force in Japan and around Japan a little.
The peace treaty and its effect was generated at the same time,Japan consented to the right of deployment on the army...
〈Outline on the new and old U.S.-Japan Security Treaty〉
《Old U.S.-Japan Security Treaty》
The peace treaty and an effect on the peace treaty was generated,at the same time, Japan consented the deployment on the army, navy, and air force in Japan and around Japan by America, and America accepted it.
The military force contributed to peace and safe in international society in the Far East.
If there was a large scle of civil war or riot caused by instigation and interruption by a few foreign countries, those military forces were to use by specified request from Japan.
If Japan was attacked...
〈New and old the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty〉
《Old U.S.-Japan Security Treaty》
If Japan was attacked from a foreign country, the militrary force
would be able to be used in order to contribute Japanese peace.
《New U.S.-Japan Security Treaty》
It came into effect June in 1960.
Both Japan and U.S.A. make sure both of them have inherent right of individual of collective self defense established in the Charter of the United Nations.
Considered both of them have a common interest in international peace and maintain safety in the far east, they decided to conclude the security treaty, and ...
〈New and old U.S.-Japan Security Treaty〉
《New U.S.-Japan Security Treaty》
...and they agreed like the next.
Under Japanese administration, when either of Japan or America is attacked by other military force, the Japanese recognize it`s dangerous for their peace and safety, and they go into action so as to deal with the mutual danger, according to the Japanese constitution and proceedings. The Japanese declared it.
Japan consent to use of the military base on the army, navy, and air force by the military force in the U.S.A. in Japan so as to not only contribute peace and safety but...
〈New and old U.S.-Japan Security Treaty〉
《New U.S.-Japan Security Treaty》
...but maintain peace and safety at the internatioanal society in the far east.
After the treaty mainatins its effect for ten years, both of the nations which they concluded the treay can notie they finish the treaty each other. Then the treaty comes to an end after one year from the notice.
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
An aricraft carrier of which home port is Yokosuka base belongs to America changed from a diesel engine to nuclear energy, and a new one was deployed in the Yokosuka base September in 2008.
【Japan was in an uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
As it`s an aircraft carrier of nuclear energy, without being supplied of fuel, it can accomplish its operation for a long time. We can guess the military force in America has put a great deal of effort into maintaining a supermacy in the Pacific Ocean, for China which is a rival for America has increased the military force remarkably lately.
American commander visited China May in 2007,and an executive in Chinese navy told him America sholuld control east area from Hawai in the Pacific Ocean and...
【Japan was in an uproar due to the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
...and China west area from Hawai. The American commander said he thought of it as a joke, but we could glimple of a real intention on the Chinese navy from his remark.
When America and China struggle for a supermacy over the Pacific Ocean, Japan palys an imoprtant role for America at present.
I`m going to go into a new chapter from now on.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈What is called リストラ became a vogue word〉
Nissan automobile company announced a plan of...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈What is called リストラ became a vogue word〉
Nissan automobile company announced a plan of rationalization extremely, with closed some factories, reduced twenty one thousand employees October in 1999. It`s a large scale of what is called リストラ.
リストラ is a kind of abbreviation of resturcture which is expressed with Japanese style.
It means building again or constructing again. It originally means of organizing management by a company, but it`s learned to be called a way of reducing personnel.
As not having a vivid nuance of reducing...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈What is called リストラ became a vogue word〉
As not having any vivid nuance of reducing personnel nor dismissal, so it has learn to be adopted so frequently, but even if the way of calling has changed, the fact that employees lose their job hasn`t changed in the least.
When the factories were closed, it had influenced over economy in the local society so much that it created a great sensation then, but there was no a large scale of anti movement by labor union, so the rationalization went ahead smoothly.
When the movement by labor...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈What is called リストラ became a vogue word〉
When the movement of labor union was active in 1953, a labor dispute used to contiue, but the time has already changed.
Most of the labor unions has taken a position cooperating with its company with a course of union-management cooperation. It isn`t limited Nissan alone.
After a national railway changed its name, JR, there is hardly strike by any railway.
The author used to be in charge of a TV program,週刊子供ニュース. Then he adopted a news on a strike by labor union in private owned railroad.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈What is called リストラ became a vogue word〉
Then school children of junior high school asked the author, what is the strike? He was surprised at it.
He explained to them on the strike in the TV program like the next.
Without doing its job intentionally is the strike. Without working, employees adopt a way of their company damaging so as to realize their request.
The right of doing the strike has admitted, but as not having worked, there were no salary for them, and children asked, can they do that?
The simple question from the...
マユミちゃん、オッハー☀️こっちはいい天気だよ。１０月も終わりだね！Σ(￣□￣;)
【Struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈What is called リストラ became a vogue word〉
The simple question from the children made the author be aware that a large scale of strike has never happened recently, but Japan used to be so poor that the strike occurred so frequently. After all, the biggest one is the struggle in Miike.
〈Miike struggle broke out〉
Mitsui mine suggested its labor union did a personnel cut. About four thousand and five hundred in the whole Mitsui mine, and about
two thousand and two hundred in Miike.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Miike struggle broke out〉
Mitsui mine suggested personnel cut of six thousand as the first one in the previous month,and reached an agreement with voluntary resignation of about one thousand and three hundred unemployed in April. After that the rationalization was forced to do.
After the war, Japanese economy put more effort into digging coal. Using the coal as source of energy, Japan has accomplished its economic revival.
However petroleum started to be imported in low cost gradually, the industry on coal began to decline.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Miike struggle broke out〉
Petroleum became lower than coal as apiece of fuel for generating electricity since 1958.
To make matters worse, as to coal, it needs a place for storing the coal beside a power station. On the other hand, as for the petroleum for genetaring electricity, it is able to be conveyed to a boiler with a single pipe. As to each equipment, the one in the petroleum is easier than the caol.
As to the cost on building the power station, Petroleum is lower by 20 percent than coal.
Source of energy on industry...
【Struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Miike struggle broke out〉
Source of energy in industry changed from coal to petroleum. We call it a revolution in energy. The coal industry was in a hard position on account of the revolution in energy. It tackled a large scale of personnel cut in order to survive. The personnel cut in Mitsui mine was one of them.
At the same time they aimed at making a powerful labor union in Miike weak.
Miike mine owned six mines in the whole Japan, and the labor union in Miike was more aggressive than any other its mines. Mitsui mine tried to...
【Struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Miike struggle broke out〉
Mitsui mine tried to get rid of activists in the labor union in Miike from their workplace as the one who obstructed production.
On the other hand, the labor union responded it with a resistance thoroughly. The biggest labor dispute in the history of labor movement in Japan brought about then.
〈Without any hero a struggle for a hundred and thirteen days〉
Mitsui mine tried to proceed with the rationalization August in 1953, but failed in it then.
Then it wanted 5738 employees to resign in six mines.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Without any hero, s struggle continued for a hundred and thirteen days〉
If it didn`t reach the number of retirement they wanted, Mitsui mine recommended they resign under a fixed condition. As to th ones who didn`t accept it, they would be fired.
三鉱連 which was an aggregate of labor in the mines all over Japan decided to struggle for anti movement.
voluntary resignation stayed minority, and the Miike mine dismissed two thousand seven hundred employees then.
三鉱連 opposed with round clock strike by the whole mine all together.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Without any hero, the struggle continued for a hundred and thirteen days〉
The laobr union designated the ones who joined the strike from the member of labor unions. Not only the ones in workshop but the others in office work in the member of labor unions participated in the strike.
As a result, the comopany of Mitsui mine damaged heavily, and withdrew the notice of unemployment. The struggle by the labor union then was called the struggle which continued for a hundred and thirteen days without any hero.
After that the labor...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Without any hero, the struggle continued for a hundred and thirteen days〉
After that the labor union in Mitsui mine became aggressive.
『Class of Sakisaka』
Itsurou Sakisaka was a translator of Capital written by Karl Marx. He was from Omuta city in Fukuoak prefecture.
Roughly speaking, economics of Marx was separated into two before the war.
The one was 労農派, and the other was 講座派. Itsuro was a theoretical leader in 労農派. It had influenced over a party of left wing in Socialist Party, and scholars in 講座派 belonged to a group of....
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
『Column, a class of Sakisaka』
...and scholars in 講座派 belonged to a group of Communist Party in Japan.
He read the Capital with labors in learning meeting at the labor union in Miike. The learning meeting held by scholars whose center was Sakisaka in Miike reached to about two hundredth times a year when it was done so frequently.
〈A struggle at a place of work of labor union in Miike〉
Miike mining station in Mitsui had three mines and a place of coal mining in a vast place, where it spread from Omuta city in Fukuoka prefecture...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor union】
〈A struggle of a place of work at the labor union in Miike〉
...where spread out from Omuta city in Fukuoka prefecture to Arao
city in Kumamoto prefecture.
A pit of mine started to be dug from the ground and spread as if it had been a lattice like a pattern in the bottom of the Ariake Sea.
In a place of work in the mine, there was an obvious gap between the staff in headquarters and miners who actually dug out the coal.
A company house for staff was two storied house with bath. The one for miners was a row house divided...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈A struggle of the place for work at labor union in Miike〉
On the other hand, a house for miners was a row house divided into five units. Bath had to be shared. As to the salary, the staff in headquarters was 1.6 times as much as the miners.
When the staff addressed the miners, they did without Mr.
An industrial accidents frequently happened. There was no telephone in a pit, so when being injured in the place for mining, it took much time to carry out the injured on the ground. Sometimes the injured was too late to do anything.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈A struggle in a place for work at labor union in Miike〉
The labor union Miike started a movement of making them stop addressing miners without Mr.at first. Tackling to prevent a industrial accident from happening started at the place of work.
It put effort into preparing for a theoretical argument. Inviting a group of scholars whose center was a professor in Kyushu University,Itsuro Sakisaka and held a learning meeting. The learning meeting was called a class of Sakisaka.
Sakisaka was a scholar on economics of Marx and a...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈A struggle of a place for work at labor union in Miike〉
Sakisaka who was a theoretical leader of left wing group of Sociaist Party told the labors like the next.
A labor must be a hero in the place of work. Let`s make a society where the labor is the hero.
The remark was persuasive for the miners who faced the danger when working, so lots of activists who prepard for a theoretical argument with economics of Marx grew up one after another.
A slogan of the place for work at the labor union in Miike was from the struggle which...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈A struggle of a place for work at labor union in Miike〉
The slogan of place for work in Miike was from a struggle in which executives contracted to the one by the public.
Executives in labor union put together requests and negotiate with their company. The labor union called it the struggle which executive contracted and criticized it.
On the other hand members in union confronted the company with their request and realized their request. It was the struggle by the public.
As a concrete way for struggle, requesting hygienic...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈A struggle of the place for work at labor union in Miike〉
As a concrete way for the struggle, requesting controlling hygienic safety and every kind of allowance to the staff at the place for work, and made the staff recognize them.
Thoroughly struggle in the place for work made the power in the place for work change from the company to the labor union. The labor in the place for work learned to control amount of production.
The place for work became the one which was controlled by labor independently.
Leaders at the labor...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈A struggle of the place for work at labor union in Miike〉
Leaders at labor union in Miike thought of realizing an ideal of a society where the labor was a hero through a thorough struggle in the place for work and of carving a way for themselves to socialism.
〈To a struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor〉
The existence of the labor union in Miike was terro not only for the Mitsui mine but the industrial world in Japan.
If the struggle of the place for work spread all over Japan, a revolution of socialist would...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈To a struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor〉
...a revolution for Socialism would break out in Japan. They felt a sense of impending crisis.
It may be hard to feel the sense of impending crisis at present, but then nations of socialism like China, Soviet and North Korea were formed overseas, Sohyo gained its strength, and the Socialist Party of both right and left wing group were unified.
In addition, activity on the National Federation of Students` Self-Government Associations 全学連 was active in Japan.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈To a struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor〉
We should consider a background of the time then. There were nations of socialism around Japan, and a movement of antiestablishment began to spread out in Japan.
If a movement of the one in labor union in Miike spread out all over Japan, the system of capitalism would collapse from close to their companies. They feared like that.
As a result, the industrial world like Nihon Business Federation supported the administrations in the Miike mine from all sides so as to...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈To a struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor〉
As a result, the industrial world like the Japan Business Federation supported the administrations in the Miike mine entirely so as to bring down the labor union in Miike mine.
Besides, staff who was brought before a kangaroo court felt hostile toward the labor union in Miike mine more and more.
Though the staff in labor union struggled with the one in Miike mine in the struggle which continued for a hundred and thirteen days without hero, but the feeling of the staff...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈To a struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor〉
...but the member of staff on the labor union didn`t think they wanted to support the labor union in Miike mine any more, and they tried not to cooperate with a movement of withdrawing dismissal.
On the other hand, Sohyo thought of preventing the labor from being dismissed was a duty for the labor union, and supported the labor union in Miike mine from all sides.
Sohyo was formed in 1950, and then it didn`t take into any action politically in the beginning, but it...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈To a struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor〉
...but it changed its plan September in 1951, and learned to have a political aggressive plan. We call it from a chicken to a duck.
In short, the one which laid eggs under its owner changed the one which quacked and made a lot of noise.
Sohyo unified labor unions in the whole nation, and grew up to the biggest organization in which about three million and seven hundred members of labor union joined.
It developed into a whole confrontation between management who ...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈To a struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor〉
It developed into an entire confrontation between administration which supported Mitsui mine and labors who supported the labor union in Miike. An entire confrontation between the whole capital and the whole labors
〈Rock out versus indefinite strike〉
Miike mine proposed a personnel cut and its labor union was opposed to it, and their negotiation broke down. The place for negotiation moved the Central Labor Relations Commission which was an extra-ministerial department...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈To a struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor〉
The place of negoatiation moved to the Central Labor Relations Commission which was an extra-ministral department for the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, but it wasn`t settled.
Administrations in the Mitsui mine decided to remove the activists in the labor union in Miike mine from their place of work at any cost.
There were six mines in Miike mine and each labor union was unified and became an aggregate. It was called 三鉱連.
Except for Miike, other five labor...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈A rock out versus an indefinite strike〉
Except for Miike mine, other five labor unions weren`t always opposed to thoroughly in the 三鉱連. Compromising and trying to manage to get a better a condition.
On the other hand, the labor union in Miike insisted on a thorough struggle, so the 三鉱連 couldn`t unify its will.
The company of Miike mine distributed handbills asking the employees to retire from the sky, using a helicopter or a little plane four times.
Miners lived in a company house, and labor unions received notices from the...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈A rock out versus an indefinite strike〉
The labor union received notices from the company in one lump.
As the notice asking for retirement didn`t reach each of miners, the company tried to deliver the notice from the sky. It was done October.
The company hoped the number of voluntary resignation reached 2210, but it didn`t, so recommended its employees of 1492, including six hundred of activists, they retire from the company.
Employees of 1202 who didn`t accept the recommendation were dismissed. Notice for dismissal were put...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈A lock out versus an indefinite strike〉
Notice for dismissal was put together and delivered from the helicopter over the company.
The company started a lock out January in 1960. Making a barricade and prevented the member of labor union from going into the place of work.
We call it a lock out. Its business is forced to stop, so the company was damaged heavily, but the company prepared for it from the beginning.
A group of presidents from eighteen major compnay on the coal decided to support Mitsui mine, for it wasn`t a ...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈A lockout versus an indefinite strike〉
I`ve made a mistake on a spelling. It`s not rock out but Lock out. I`m sorry for it.
To return to our main topic, and I`m going start again.
... for it`s not a problem for the Mitsui mine alone. Each of 18 majou mines decided to help the Mitsui mine.
To be concrete, they didn`t take any customesrs from the Mitsui mine. Each of them sent Mitsui some coal so as to help.
On the other hand, the labor union in Mitsui was opposed to it, and went on strike for an indefinite period on the same day.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Even if going out from here, or staying here, we`re forced to be in difficulty〉
Thus a struggle for two hundred and eighty-two days started.
A slogan was put up in the office for the labor union like the next.
Even if going out from here, or staying here, we`re forced to be in difficulty like a hell.
If losing the opposing struggle and losing our job, we wouldn`t be able to get a job again, for we would be labeled the ones who obstruct production.
On the other hand, if losing the opposing struggle and staying in the company...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Even if going out from here or staying here, we`re forced to be in difficulty〉
...we would be discriminated severely by the company and our labor condition would become worse then.
When losing the struggle, even if going our from here, or staying here, we`re forced to be in difficulty.
In short, we have to win at any cost! They declared their determination like that.
When going on the strike, an average income a month for the member of the labor union was sixteen thousand yen. In the middle of the strike, they had no income.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Even if going out from here or staying here, we`re forced to be in difficulty〉
The labor union planed to lead a life with ten thousand yen, being based on a fund-raising campaign from Sohyo all over Japan, supplied ten thousand yen a month to the members of labor union.
An organization which helped the labor union in a local shopping district was made, so the members on the labor union could bought goods from them on credit.
After the struggle was over, you can pay it. It`s all right.
The people in the local shopping district...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Even if going out from here or staying here, we`re forced to be in difficulty〉
The people in the local shopping district said like that.
As the labor union in Miike mine went on strike for an indefinite period, labors started to help it all over Japan.
The coal mine which the labor union in Miike joined decided like the next.
Each of labor who worked in major coal mine contribute six thousand yen a month.
Sohyo supplied a fund of which total was six million yen for the labor union in Miike.
〈Housewives struggled as well〉
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Housewifes struggled as well〉
Housewives of the members in the labor union also struggled in Miike struggle.
They joined a demonstration with their child in hand, or distributing emergency food for the ones who came to help them from all over the Japan.
When some of members in the labor union were arrested, the housewives rescued operation for their family members.
A gathering of housewives was formed in 1953, and they developed revolutionary movement in their life.
Labors in coal mine was such a dangerous business that they...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Housewives struggled as well〉
Labors in coal mine was such a dangerous job that they spent money recklessly. The instant they received their salary a month, they spent all of them on that day.
The gathering of housewives developed a movement like the next. They call them to leave the salary idle for a day. They guided their members that without spending the salary, makikg their husband go to
home with it, and held a meeting for family members, planning how to spend the salary.
As there was always accumulation from the movement...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Housewives struggled as well〉
As there was always accumulation from the movement, the housewives could support the struggle for their husbands on a family-basis.
〈The labor union was divided〉
Even if it`s the most aggressive labor union in Japan, as the struggle dragged on, cracks appeared in the labor coalition.
Criticism inside the labor union against its plan came to the surface February.
The plan by the labor union was a class struggle. Our company would go under. We have to tackle improvement on labor condition, but if...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈The labor union divided〉
If the company go under, we the labor can`t lead our life.
The members of labor union who thought like that started to increase. The company supported and trained them in secret.
The people in labor union for staff who were brought a kangaroo court put effort into training the ones who were opposed to the labor union.
The people who were opposed to the labor union requested to hold a temporary central committee for the labor union in Miike, and it was done.
The committee was made up with 256 people.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈The labor union divided〉
As long as there was request from one-fourth of the fixed members, the central committee could be held. The people who were opposed to the labor union and belonged to the central committee were sixty nine.
As they were one-fourth over to the whole number, the central committee was held by their request.
People`s gymnasium in Omuta was the place for the central committee. Ten thousand poeple who were for the labor union, who were against, and family members of both of them were there.
The ones who...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈The labor union divided〉
The ones who couldn`t go into the gymnasium surrounded it.
The ones who were opposed to the labor union criticized a plan guided by labor union like the next. It was done in unusual enthusiasm.
Labor union made much of class struggle more than our life!
They requested the labor union stop the strike, but it wasn`t accepted, and the ones who were opposed went away from there.
The labor union was composed with about fifteen thousand. After two days, three thousand and sixty five people formed a new...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈The labor union divided〉
After two days the second labor union was formed by three thousand and sixty five people. The new labor union expanded to four thousand and eight hundred people after ten days. At last the labor union divided.
Division on the labor union had influenced over each of family members.
Miners and their family members lived in a company house which was a row house divided into five units, and those families were divided into the first and the second.
They learned not to talk with them each other after that.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈The labor union divided〉
In addition, the ones who moved to the second labor union were annoyed by the first labor union. Each of the ones who belonged to the first and second labor union disliked each other.
Family members in the second labor union escaped from their home, and the company prepared for a japanese style hotel for them.
Bullying and fighting happened among their children in school. A small town in mine coal was divided into two.
〈Two labor unions clashed each other〉
The company released the lock out from the...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Two labor unions clashed each other〉
The company released the lock out from the new labor union and started again its business with the member of the new labor union alone.
If starting its business again, the salary would be paid for the members in the new labor union. It was a pressure to the ones who were engaged in the strike and weren`t paid for any salary.
On the other hand, the labor union in Miike tried to prevent the member in new labor union form working. They picketed in front of the gate of the coal mine, but...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Two labor unions clashed each other〉
...but the new members tried to break through by force.
Member of labor union in Miike picketed in front of the gate of the coal mine, and one thousand and six hundred members in th new labor attacked them with a stick.
When the old members shrank away from the new members, four hundred of new members climbed over the picket and went into the coal mine, but the old members counterattacked them. They attacked the new members who went into the coal mine.
Both of them struck each other with a...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Two labor unions clashed each other〉
Both of them struck with a square timber or a club, and it was as if it had been a street fighting. When adding two of them, the ones who were injured either slightly or seriously were over two hundred.
They used to work together, and to be in the same labor union, but fought against each other, their bodes were covered with blood.
〈A member of labor union was killed〉
Not only residents in Omuta city but the others all over Japan were suprised at the bloddy disastrous accident.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈A member of labor union was killed〉
Public opinion criticized severely the old members in Miike who attacked the new members, but the situation changed altogether in the next day.
Member in labor union in Miike picked in front of the gate of the caol mine in order to prevent the members in new labor union from going into the coal mine, and two hundred of local gangsters attacked them. Then one of members in labor union in Miike was killed with a dagger.
As the old members reflected the brawl in the previous day, they didn...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈One of members in labor union was killed〉
...they didn`t have any weapons like the square timber in the previous day, so the old members couldn`t resist against the local gangsters at all.
The company denied a relation with the gangsters, but the public opinion changed its attitude and supported the labor union in Miike. The people in society hated that members in labor union who couldn`t resist were attacked. A movement withdrawing from labor union in Miike and joining the new one stopped.
〈It developed into a struggle of...〉
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈It developed into a struggle of security treaty and Miike nationwide〉
The murder case made the struggle in Miike change into a struggle nationwide altogether.
Sohyo started a plan of uniting the struggle for security treaty and the other in Miike and fought.
Members of Sohyo who rushed to so as to support from all over Japan reached three hundred thousand in total.
The National Federation of Students` Sefl-Government Associations 全学連 also came to Miike. A phrase of Security Treaty and Miike was used.
In the middle of the...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈It developed into a struggle of security treaty and Miike nationwide〉
In the middle of the struggle in Miike, the National Federation of Students` Self-Government Associations 全学連 which was opposed to the security treaty stormed into national assembly on the fifteenth day June, and Michiko Kanba was dead, and the Security Treaty formed automatically on the nineteenth day June.
After the security treaty was formed, as the struggle for the security treaty lost its aim, Sohyo put effort into supporting the struggle in Miike, so the...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈It developed into a struggle of Security Treaty and Miike nationwide〉
...and the struggle in Miike became a scale of nationwide more and more.
〈A struggle over hopper〉
A focus on the struggle in actual spot was limited offense and defense over a hopper, which was a facility for coal to heap and ship.
After coal was dug out from the coal mine, it was gathered to the hopper and piled up in a wagon and was shipped.
In the middle of a series of the struggle, the coal was dug by the new members, heaped and shipped. If the hopper...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈A struggle over a hopper〉
If occupying the hopper, the coal wouldn`t be able to be shipped. The company would be damaged heavily.
Labor union in Miike occupied the hopper. They built some shacks around the hopper and made the member in labor union watch the hopper around the clock.
On the other hand, the company applied an interium order to Fukuoka district court that the members in labor union in Miike stopped occupying the hopper.
Fukuoka district court recognized it, and asked the labor union to release the occupation.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈A struggle over a hopper〉
The term for release the hopper was 21st July.
Sohyo declared they put up a stubborn defense on the hopper and held a whole rally by one hundred thousand of members, so the members of labor unions rushed to Omuta from all over Japan.
However when an executive officer in district court asked to release from occupation, the labor union didn`t accept it. Provisional execution by the district court was stopped on eighteenth day nor nineteenth day. The district court request the police to support.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈A struggle over a hopper〉
The labor union organized a defensing team so as to prevent the police from releasing the occupation.
Number of shack around the hopper increased to forty, and they made a moat of which width two meters, depth one meter,and length fifty meters by the shack. It was as if it had been a trench in the middle of war.
When a group of policemen rushed there, they planned to pour gasoline in the moat and to set on fire. Defending team of twenty thousand who had a pickax or wooden sword strengthened its defense.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈A struggle over a hopper〉
Besides, petrol bomb was also prepared for the group of policemen.
Members of labor unions and labors in Sohyo who rushed there so as to support organized a unit, and repeated a training in which they prepared for a clash agaisnt the group of policemen.
There were some labors who couldn`t be accomodated in shacks, and they took a nap. Their pillow was the railway for a wagon of coal in a tremendous site for the hopper.
On the other hand, the group of policemen were ten thousand, including supporting...
【A strugglw between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈A struggle over a hopper〉
On the other hand, the group of policemen were ten thousand, including supporting team four thousand and hundred, except for Fukuoka prefecture.
The police prepared for an armored car, a water truck, and a helicopter, and decided to storm to the hopper at 5：00 a.m. on the twentieth day June.
Clashing head-on by the people of twenty thousand who had weapons and ten thousand. Lots of members in labor union and policemen prepared for each of death.
Main force of the group of policemen departed from...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈A struggle over a hopper〉
The main force of the group of policemen departed from Fukuoka city a.m.2：00. There was order to the policemen who were in the actual spot to go into action at a.m.3：15.
〈It was avoided immediate before they clashed〉
If the labors and the group of policemen clashed head-on, it was expected that lots of people would be dead.
The Ikeda Cabinet which was formed immediate before on the eightennth day was worried about a bloody disastrous accident. The Minister of Labor took into action in order to get the...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈It was avoided immediate before they clashed〉
The Minister of Labor took into action so as to get the situation under control. He urged both of the labor and management to respond to conciliation from the central labor committe.
The central labor committee told both of the president in Mitsui mine and the chairperson in the labor union in the coal mine to come, and offered a proposal to both of them by word of mouth 3：00 a.m.
Accepting final plan on conciliation unconditionally, the labor union got rid of the picket, and the...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈It was avoided immediate before they clashed〉
Accepting the fianl plan on conciliation,the labor union got rid of the picket, and the company withdrew the application on the interium order.
The central labor committee listened to what they wanted to say from both of the labor union and the company for a week so as to make a plan of conciliation.
The central labor committee offered like that. It urged both of the labor union and the company to accept the plan of conciliation unconditionally. It was an exceptional case, for as to...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈It was avoided immediate before they clashed〉
...for as to its content, they had no idea, but they were asked to accept it unconditionally. It was a clear manifestation of wanting to avoid the imminent clash at any cost.
A car in the group of policemen which moved to the hopper suddenly stopped 4：00 a.m.and returned, for the police knew that there was a prospect that the labor union would accept the offer from the central labor committee, and rushing to the hopper was put off.
Both of Sohyo and labor union in the coal mine...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈It was avoided immediate before they clashed〉
Both of Sohyo and labor union in the coal mine accepted the offer from the central labor committee in the afternoon on the day, for both of them feared the bloddy disastrous accident owing to clashing head-on.
The president in Mitsui mine refused to accept the offer, but the Minister of the Labor himself persuaded him into accepting it.
〈The labor union in Mitsui was defeated〉
The central labor committee announced a final plan on the conciliation on the tenth day August.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Labor union in Mitsui was defeated〉
The company withdrew the dismissal of workers by name, and the ones
who fell under the dismissal resign from their job voluntarily. The ones who resign from their job voluntarily would be supplied twenty thousand yen, except for severance money. The company accepted it.
The labor union in coal mine in Mitsui decieded to accept it September and the labor union in Miike reluctantly did it.
Even if being withdrawn the dismissal of workers by name, the ones who were designated would resign from...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Labor union in Miike was defeated〉
...the ones who were designated would resign from their job eventually, so the labor union accepted the plan of personnel cut by the company. Labor union in Miike was defeated actually. There was the confrontation between the whole labor and the whole capital, and the whole labor was beaten.
Members in the labor union in Miike started to work after three hundred thirteen days.
The ones who resigned from the Miike mine were refused to get job again from other companies because of being from Miike.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Labor union in Miike was defeated〉
Other members in labor union who stayed in Miike would suffer from discriminatory treatment in their place of work.
The slogan that when being lost, even if going away, or staying, being forced to be in difficulty came true.
After that the ones who changed from the old labor union to the new one continued to increase. In the next year when the struggle was over, the new labor union came to outnumber the old one.
Labor union in Miike fell into a minority, and new employees joined the new...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈Labor union in Miike was defeated〉
...and almost all of new employees joined the new labor union, so gap between the old and new labor union expanded more and more.
When going into the coal mine, the old members drew white three lines on their helmet, so they could recognize they were the same members in the labor union.
The minority encouraged each other, and after that continued their activity and protected their labor union.
〈The struggle was over, but a tragedy happened〉
The town in coal mine echoed with explosive sound...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈The struggle was over, but a tragedy happened〉
The town of coal mine echoed with an explosive sound around 3：00 p.m. on Saturday ninth day November in 1963.
There was an explosion five hundred meters away from the entrance of the inclined shaft in Miike mining station. Blast and fire blew through the second inclined shaft parallel to the first one. Each place collapsed.
Some miners were blown away by the blast and were dead, and others were buried alive by the collapse. A large amount of carbon diocide gave off, and lots of...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈The struggle was over, but a tragedy happened〉
...and another was dead on account of carbon dioxide poisoning.
It caused by coal dust explosion. A truck carrying coal started moving without its operator and derailed. Friction between the rail and wheel gave off sparks, and caught fire from the coal dust.
Number of the miners were over one thousand and two hundred in the coal mine then. The deceased were four hundred and fifty eight, and those injured either slightly or seriously were five hundred and fifty five. It was the...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈The struggle was over, but a tragedy happened〉
It was the biggest disaster in coal mine after the war.
The ones who had a narrow escape from death suffered from aftereffect on carbon dioxide poisoning after that.
Members of rescue team who went to rescue inhaled the carbon dioxide and aftereffect remained. Eight hundred and thirty nine people suffered from aftereffect such as being in a coma, and mental disorder, according to investigation by the company.
When digging the coal, there was a fine dust of the coal, and it...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole laobr】
〈The struggle was over, but a tragedy happened〉
...and dust of coal drifted away in the air. If the air was filled with the dust of coal in coal mine, there was danger to explode. Everyone should know it enough.
There was no danger as long as it was always clean in coal mine or sprinkling water and making there dampen, but cleaning the coal mine was neglected.
After the disaster, there was a voice that if the labor union watched, security in the place of work was done, and the disaster may not have happened.
Members in labor...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈The struggle was over but a tragedy happened〉
Members in labor union in Miike sought for safety in the place of work and developed the struggle there. They insisted that if the force of the labor union became weak, safety for labors would be threatened. Their isnsitence was demonstrated as tragedy.
Revolution on energy from coal to oil continued after that. Not only oil in low cost was used as source of energy, but the coal in low cost was also imported from overseas.
Domestic coal lost its ability to compete, and coal mines...
【The struggle was over but a tragedy happened】
〈The struggle was over, but a tragedy happened〉
...and coal mines each place in Japan were closed one after another, and the coal mine in Miike itself was closed March in 1997. Then number of members in the old labor union were fifteen, and others in the new labor union were about nine hundred. While the labor union remained, the coal mine didn`t.
After that, in a movement on labor, some labor unions put up slogan, let`s struggle like Miike, but if overdoing, we`ll be the ones like Miike, so Miike was used as brake for the labor unions.
マユミちゃん、元気か？🙂 今日は休み。多分明日も(^-^)
【The struggle was over, but a tragedy happened】
〈The struggle was over, but a tragedy broke out〉
If looking back on the Miike struggle at present, it showed us a tragedy that labors were baffled by an industrial change. On the other hand, it makes us think of a dignity on the people who work, for a principle of a duty on labor union preventing its members from being fired was carried out.
However the time has changed. A labor movement like the Miike struggle has never existed at present. When managing a company doesn`t go well as expected, a personnel cut...
【The struggle was over, but a tragedy happened】
〈The tragedy was over, but a tragedy brought about〉
...a personnel cut is done easily, and it is said in other way, what is called リストラ. Far from improvement on the condition for labors. A way of management has made a moral of the labor drop. It`s thriven, but the Miike struggle makes us think an significance on working, or on union for the labors.
As looking back on the Miike struggle, an activist said like the next.
The Miike struggle is a great one which will be remembered forever. I`m sure no one who joined the struggle thought it was...
【The struggle was over, but a tragedy happened】
〈The struggle was over, but a tragedy broke out〉
I`m sure probably no one who participated in the struggle thought it was in the wrong even just now. I`ve thought myself it was a right struggle just now.
〖A poem from the Miike struggle〗
We hope we went ahead in a right way someday in the future when the history is described, we lived honestly.
Though we have been poor and our fingers have been gnarled, but we hope our look has been beautiful and honest, the others would thought of us like that in the future.
We hope we have looked at...
【The struggle was over, but a tragedy happened】
〖A poem from the Miike struggle〗
We hope we have looked at a beautiful future straight firmly, the others would think us of like that in the future. We have lived honestly so as to do for the people who work.
We hope we the Japanese who worked were burning with anger and lots of blood were bleeding, the others would think of us like that in the future.
〈After that,what`s happened?〉
An indiscriminate wounding and killing case broke out at Akihabara in Tokyo August in 2008. The one who was arrested was the member of a temporary company, so...
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈After that what`s happened?〉
...so it was pointed out that there was unstable social standing in the background of the case. Though it wasn`t always clear, a way of labor by temporary companies was reexamined again after that.
With a calling from then the Koizumi Cabinet, being ranking among other countries in the middle of global economy, a new liberal current of makikng much of the market economy was made much more than anything was spread then, and abolition on regulation for labor went ahead. Labor condition became worse.
【A struggle between the whole capital and the whole labor】
〈What`s happened after that?〉
As an influence from labor unions became weak, an opposing movement by the labor unions don`t have any influence. If the labor union becomes work, rights are robbed of the labors.It`s happened.
How should be the labor union, or movement by the labor union in new time? Restructure on movement for labors which is appropriate for the new time has been sought for at present.
【A treaty between Japan and Korean was concluded】
〈A tense relation between Japan and Korean due to an issue on a historic textbook〉
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A tense relation between Japan and Korean due to an issue on a history textbook〉
Korea requested an amendment for Japanese government on all eight kind of history textbook which were to used in junior high school from April in 2002, especially Korea treated the next description as an issue that Korea was annexted to Japan.
Japanese government thought that Korea was annexed to Japan was indispensable so as to maintain safety in Japan and to defend rights and interests in Korea.
On the other hand, Korean government was repelled by the...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A tense realtion between Japan and Korea due to an issue on history textbook〉
Korean government felt repelled that Japan justified invasion on Korea, and requested for 25 places on amendment of the description in the textbook.
As to only a place, Japanese government recognized it was an obvious mistake, but as for others, refused to amend them, for they weren`t always evident mistakes.
Korea felt repelled so violently by the Japanese answer that various plans for exchange between Japan and Korea were called off, so the relation between...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A tense relation between Japan and Korea due to an on issue of history textbook〉
...so the relation between Japan and Korea became cold. Serious confrontation between Japan and Korea over opinion on controlling Korean peninsula continued often.
Let`s look back on the history, dating back to the conclusion of the Japan and Korea treaty in 1965.
〈The situation became complicated by a remark that but Japan did good things〉
After the Pacific War was over owing to the defeat by Japan, both Japan and Korea started a negotiation in order to....
【A treat between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A remark that but Japan did good things made the situation complicated〉
...both Japan and Korea started negotiation in order to establish diplomatic relations. A remark by a Japanese representative made the Korean get angry at the meeting for the negotiation.
Kanichiro Kubota who was the chief representative said over Korean peninsula controlled by Japan that Japan constructed railways and harbor, and developed farmland. Sometime we spent twenty million yen on them a year. It`s remark by Kubota that but Japan did good things.
On the other...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A remark that but Japan did good things made the situation complicated〉
On the other hand, representatives from Korea felt repelled violently the assistance like ten million yen or twenty million yen wasn`t for the Koreans but for the Japanese. The Japanese constructed prisons and police station with the money.
Korea called the remark by Kubota a thoughtless remark by Kubota, and protested against it that Japan didn`t reflect at all that Korea was annexted to Japan. Then the negotiation between Japan and Korea broke down.
After that...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A remark that but Japan did good things made the situation complicated〉
After that, Japanese leading figures also often remarked that but Japan did good things, and then Korea felt repelled. Its original form was completed then.
As to the negotiation between Japan and Korea,it started aiming for solutions on pending problem like claiming damage by Korea, or a treatment on fishing area fixed by Korea, but when the negotiation started, it didn`t go smoothly on account of a thinking way of difference between Japan and Korea.
『A remark by Eto』
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
『Column, a remark by Eto』
Takami Eto who was the director on the Ministry of Home Affairs spoke a group of reporters like the next November in 1995.
Japan did good things. We constructed schools in all cities, towns and villages, and built a high school of agriculture and forestry, and Seoul Imperial University, so we raised their educational standard all together. We arranged railways, harbors, irrigated, and planted trees on mountains.
His remark continued immediately after that but it`s fact that we`re lacking in consideration...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
『Column, a remark by Eto』
His remark continued immediately after that but it`s the fact that we`re lacking in consideration for the proud nation,but the former part on his remark was appearance again from the remark by Kubota and became an issue. And Eto director was forced to resign.
Masayuki Fujioka who was the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology spoke that Korea is responsible that it was annexed to Japan in 1986 and was dismissed.
〈Controlling Korean peninsula by Japan was over, and it divided into south...〉
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Controlling Korean Peninsula by Japan was over, and the peninsula divided into south and north〉
Japan surrendered on the 15th day August in 1945, and the World War Ⅱ was over. Korean peninsula under control by Japan was released from Japan then.
Immediate before the World War Ⅱ was over, Potsdam Declaration was done, and a plan of separating Korea from Japan and being independent from Japan started in the declaration.
Japan accepting the Potsdam declaration and surrendered, so it means accepting separation Korean peninsula at the same time.
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Controlling Korean peninsula by Japan was over, and Korean peninsula divided into south and north〉
It means that Japan accepted Korea was separated from Japan at the same time.
After Japan surrendered, the military force in Soviet went into Korean Penisula. As looking at it, the U.S. army stationed from south in a hurry, Korean peninsula divided into south and north from the North latitude 38 degrees and was controlled. It`s a start of a history that Korean peninsula divided into south and north. Two kinds of Korean nations were born in...
【A treaty between Korea and Japan was concluded】
〈Controlling Korean peninsula by Japan was over, and Korean peninsula divided into south and north〉
Two kinds of Korean nations were born in south and north.
The U.S.army which controlled south half of Korean peninsula establihsed Korean government office and starting its rule, though it was actually American government office.
Not only fortune from Japanese government but also from individuals of the Japanese were confiscated then. It was from recognition that the fortune of the Japanese in Korean peninsula was exploitation from the...
【A treaty between Japan and Korean was concluded】
〈Controlling Korean peninsula by Japan was over and Korean peninsula divided into south and north〉
It was from recognition that the fortune of the Japaneses was an exploitation from the Koreans when Japan controlled Korea. After South Korea was born, the fortune was handed over to South Korea from America. It belonged to the government of South Korea.
〈Korean war broke out〉
A big army in North Korea suddenly broke through the 38 degrees and attacked South Korea June 1950. Korean War brought about then. Allied force of which center was...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Korean War broke out〉
Allied force of which center was America supported South Korea, and China did North Korea, and the war got bogged down.
America thought there should be a close relation between Japan and South Korea so as to compete with influence in socialism, and started intermediation between Japan and Korea.
I Sung-man who was then the Korean President was passive on improvement relation between Japan and South Korea in the beginning, but started to improve relation between Japan and South Korea in order to compete with North Korea
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Korean war broke out〉
Japan had a reason to negotiate with South Korea in a hurry, for it`s what is called I line.
A border called MacArthur line was drawn between Japan and South Korea. MacArthur established in order to restrict operation on Japanese fishing.
However I Sung-man 李承晩 President in South Korea established it closer area of the sea to Japan, and declared it was the territory of South Korea. We called it I line in Japan.
A fishing boat which went over the I line was captured one after another even if it was inside of the...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Korean War broke out〉
Japanese fishing boats which went over the I line were captured one after another even if they were inside the MacArthur line. Fishing boats were confiscated, and their crews were on judge and were locked up in a prison. We call it a detention.
Some crews in Japanese fishing boats were shot to death by the military force in South Korea. Number of the Japanese who were captured by South Korea reached about three thousand and nine hundred until 1965.
Voice of dissatisfaction raised from inside Japan, so Japan needed...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Korean War broke out〉
...so Japan needed to establish cooperated relation with South Korea and to solve the problem as soon as possible.
〈A meeting between Japan and South Korea started〉
Thus the first meeting between Japan and South Korea started in the middle of the Korean War February in 1952.
South Korea requested its compensation Japan for its damage in the meeting. It did its compensation Japan for damage on the Koreans who suffered from controlling Korean peninsula by Japan.
On the other hand, Japan requested to return our...
【A treaty between Japan and South Korea was concluded】
〈A meeting between Japan and South Korea started〉
On the other hand, Japan requested to return our fortune which was confiscated from Japan immediate after the war and was handed over to South Korea. We tried to nullify each of the requests.
Japanese government didn`t try to admit the compensation, for the compensation should be done from a country which was beaten in the war to a country which won.
It doesn`t always mean that Japan and South Korea were at war then. Japanese government`s position was like that, and if recognizing ...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A meeting between Japan and Korea started〉
...and if accepting the compensation, it would lead to acception that Japan did Korea something illegal. Japan feared an insistence that Korea was annexed to Japan was lawful was inconsistent with accepting the annexation.
The negotiation was often suspended over the issue, and even if a meeting was held intermittently, it was broken down by the remark of Kubota.
Moreover the negotiation was opposed over other issues. Korea was annexed to Japan and its treaty was concluded. How should they...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A meeting between Japan and Korea started〉
How should they handle the treaty? What should they do the position on Korean residents in Japan? They were opposed to the issues and their opinions weren`t settled easily.
By the way what was the annexation of Korea?
『Column, a treaty over annexation on Korea』
Both Japanese emperor and Korean emperor hope special and close relation between them, increase each of happiness mutually, want to secure peace in the East area forever.
Korea reached a conclusion that it was annexed to Japanese empire...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
『Column, a treaty over annexation on Korea』
Korea has made sure it reached a conclusion that it was annexed to Japan in order to carry out their purposes, and a treaty over annexatio of Korea to Japan is concluded here...
Article 1st. Korean emperor transfers all rights on ruling over the whole Korea to Japanese emperor completely forever.
Article 2nd. Japanese emperor accepts the transfer in the previous article, and consents that Korea is annexed to Japanese emperor.
Article 7th. As a result of the annexation in the previous article...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
『Column, a treaty over an annexation of Korea』
Article 6th. As a result of the previous article, Japanese government is in charge of politics in the whole Korea, and gives a enough protection to the Korean bodies and their fortune who obey the rule carried out there, and tries to increase their welfare.
Article 7th. Japanese government adopts the Korean who has respect for the new law sincerely faithfully and is qualified with enough for a government official in Korea as long as the situation allows.
〈Korea was annexed〉
Korea was annexed...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Korea was annexed〉
Korea was annexed to Japan in 1910. It means a country of Korea disappears and it becomes a part of Japan. Concluding a treaty between Japan and Korea over the annexation of Korea, and adopted a formality Korea joined Japan.
Korean emperor transferred the right on reigning its country to Japan, and Japanese emperor accepts in the treaty. The treaty adopted the formality of agreement.
It means that Japan didn`t forced Korea to annex to Japan, but it was actually done with mutual agreement.
Japan made Korea a...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Korea was annexed〉
Japan made Korea a protectorate three times in total until then with an agreement between Japan and Korea, especially in the second agreement between Japan and Korea, a meeting of Cabinet ministers in Korean government was done surrounded by Japanese group of military policemen, and Hirobumi Ito who was an ambassador dispatched there marched into the meeting, and forced the Korean Cabinet ministers to sign the agreement.
Korea transferred the right on its diplomacy to Japan in the agreement, and lost position as an...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Korea was annexed〉
...and lost its position as independent nation in the agreement. The annexation of Korea was final finish so as that Japan owned Korea. After that the Koreans called from then to the time when Japan was defeated in the Pacific War for 36 years the time by the Japanese emperor for 36 years.
A governor general who acted in place of Japanese emperor reigned Korea which was annexed to Japan. An order from the governor general became a law, and a law formed in Japan became an order from the emperor, an imperial command in...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Korea was annexed〉
...and a law formed in Japan became an order from the emperor, an imperial command in Korea.
There was no national assembly which represented the Koreans. They were forced to use the Japanese in school, and what is called 創氏改名 in which changing their Korean name into Japanese style name was proceeded. Shrines were constrcucted each place in the peninsula.
The people who were opposed to the reign by Japan were oppressed severely.
When a Korean king who was confined leniently wad dead suddenly, a rumor that he was...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Korea was annexed〉
...a rumor that the king was killed with poison by Japan spread out among the Koreans, and feeling anti Japan heightened. Lots of people gathered in Seoul and announced a declaration for independence on the first day March. It`s the movement of 3.1.
Japan responded to it with an oppression, and Korean textbook on history described it like the next.
Japanese empire was in such a confusion that made not only a group of military policemen but the military force in the army and navy go into action then.
Our people who...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Korea was annexed〉
Our people who insisted on a fair request by a peaceful demonstration were wounded and killed by indiscriminated shooting, and went through severe suffering that being burned down or destroyed buildings like houses,schools, and churches.
Making all the residents gather in church and confined there and set fire to the church and slaughtered all of them in 華城堤岩里.
Numberless of poeple were imprisoned on account of joining the demonstration, and plenty of people were received inhuman and cruel torture from Japanese police...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Korea was annexed〉
...and they were dead.
The number of people who were killed by the police in Japanese empire were about seven thousand and five hundred, the wounded about sixteen thousand, the arrested forty nine thousand. Number of a private house which was destroyed or burned were seven hundred fifteen, churches forty seven place, schools two places.
The Korean who were robbed of their land under control by Japan, and the other ones who sought for a place to work went over to Japan. Another ones who were taken to Japan by force...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Korea was annexed〉
Another ones were taken to Japan by force so as to do away with a labor shortage. When Japan was defeated, the ones who were from Korean peninsula were over two million in Japan. They were or their decendants are Korean residents in Japan.
As to the treaty over Korean annexation which was final finishing for ruling over Korean peninsula by Japan, Korean government took a position that it was an action of imperialism forcing to conclude by force with a background of Japanese military force and was illegal.
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Korea was annexed〉
On the other hand Japanese government took a position that it was lawful. For instance when then the Prime Minister Eisaku Sato was asked on the treaty over the annexation of Korea in nationa assembly November in 1965, he answered like the next.
This treaty was concluded with free their own will in an equal position completely. I`ve thought like that.
Each recognition on both of them is different altogether. A Japanese historic scholar showed his recognition like the next.
The annexation of Korea was appropriate for a...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Korea was annexed〉
A Japanese historic scholar has showed his recognition that the annexation of Korea was appropriate for a law formally. In short, it was legal in the international society. Controlling Korea by Japan was a colony accepted by the international society, but his comment continued like the next.
We must not misunderstand. Being lawful doesn`t always mean at all the annexation of Korea to Japan and controlling the colony was fair.
Each nation of imperialism used to think of war as a way to settle for a dispute,and it was fair
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Korea was annexed〉
Each of them used to think of controlling a colony as controlling a nation, and thought it was fair. It`s just that it was fair, comparing their international law and custom which were their agreement.
Japan also thought of it as appropriate for the law, and avoided international interfere, invaded and controlled Korea, and created a situation of a slave on the Koreans.
『Column, what is called 創氏改名』
When Japan controlled Korean peninsula November in 1939, a law that Korean original family registration changed into...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
『Column, what is called 創氏改名』
...a law of changing original Korean family registration into Japanese style was proclaimed and was enforced February in the next year.
In the Korean society, a child takes the family name of its father, and after it got married, its family name doesn`t change, but it was changed into the Japanese style then. The family name was unified only one in a family.
As to a female, when getting married to her husband, her family name was the same with her husband by force in the law. It`s what is called 創氏.
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
『Column, what is called 創氏改名』
Then she chose a new family name for herself and notified a public office of her change of her family name. Without notifying, the family name of the head of household became hers as it was.
As to the new family name, they could name their original family name formally, but they were encouraged to do a Japanese style, and sometimes it was forced to do with a law. It`s 改名.
We call both of them 創氏改名.
It is said a period of notifying the family name was a half year, and about 80 % of the whole Koreans changed...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
『Column, what is called 創氏改名』
...about 80% of the whole Korean changed into Japanese style name.
However the Koreans had made much of their family name which they were from and a connection with their ancestors so much that the 創氏改名 made them break off the connection with their ancestors, so they felt hostile toward Japan steadily more and more.
By the way, when expressing myself in English here, I find it something strange sometimes, but to my sorrow, neither I had enough knowledge, nor enough time to look up at it. I`m sorry for it.
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A military coup d` etat broke out in Korea〉
Though the meeting between Japan and Korea didn`t go smooth, a political change in Korea changed its situation. Pak Chong-hui 朴正煕 held a political power in a coup d` etat May in 1961, and became the President, then the negotiation developed suddenly.
The President in Korea went into action so as to improve a relation with Japan, for Korea proceeded its modernization then and needed a fund for economic development. The President wanted to get the fund from Japan.
He wanted to prepare for an...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A military coup d` etat broke out in Korea〉
The President in Korea wanted to prepare for an outbreak of the Korean War again, so he tried to improve the realtion with Japan in order to maintain security for Korea.
The negotiation took theirteen years, including extra meeting three times, but it settled down at last then.
〈Basic treaty between Japan and Korea was signed〉
A treaty between Japan and Korea over a basic relation was signed at the official residence for the Prime Minister May in 1961.
Japan and Korea formed a diplomatic...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A basic treaty between Japan and Korea was signed〉
Japan and Korea formed a diplomatic relation, making sure the treaty of annexation of Korea to Japan has lost its effect, the government in South Korea is only legal government in Korean peninsula, deciding to start a trade each other, to establish a private air route in the treaty.
At the same time an agreement that Japan would supply fund for Korea, doing away with the I line, establishing a lawful position for Korean residents in Japan was concluded.
Japan paid $ a hundred million for...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A basic treaty between Japan and Korea was signed〉
Japan would pay $ a hundred million for Korea as fund on cooperating fishing, and amount of Japanese fishing around Korea was fixed, so I line was abolished.
As to the basic treaty between Japan and Korea, a movement against the treaty happened in both of the countries.
The Koreans thought the treaty didn`t show clear that the Japanese were responsible for controlling colony in relation to Korea, so their dissatisfaction strengthened.
Demonstration by students claiming objection to a...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A basic treaty between Japan and Korea was signed〉
Demonstrations by students claiming objection to a humiliated diplomacy heightened.
On the other hand, the Korean government made the military force go into aciton, and excluded the group of demonstrations August, and the ruling party rammed the bill in national assembly.
On the other hand, there was fear that Japan didn`t recognize North Korea as nation, and both Japan and Korea were opposed against North Korea in cooporation, so a movement against the treaty by the Socialsit Party and...
【The treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A basic treaty between Japan and Korea was signed〉
...so a movement against the basic treaty heightened by the Socialist Party and Communist Party, but the Liberal Democratic Party repeated rammed the bill on the basic treaty both in the House of Representatives, and in the House of Councilors, so the bill formed.
『Column,which is it,竹島 or 独島?』
There is an island between Okinosima in Japan and Ullung-do 欝陵島 in Korea. Which is Takeshima in Japan or Dokdo 独島 in Korea? Insistence between the both of countries were opposed and it has never...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
『Column, which is 竹島, or 独島?』
Insistence from both of the countries are opposed each other and it has never been settled yet.
Two islands made of rock and dozens of reefs, and its area is no more than 0.23 square kilometer, but the small area caused a dispute on territory between the two countries.
Both of fishermen in Japan and Korea has made use of it as a foothold for fishery since Edo era, and there seems to be a friction since then.
Japan declared the island belonged to Japan in 1905, and Shimane prefecture notified it was Takeshima...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
『Column, which is Takeshima or Dokdo?』
...and Shimane prefecture notified it was Takeshima in Shimane then.
After the World War Ⅱ, Korea drew the I line outside the island, and declared it was Dokdo belonged to Korea.
In the treaty between Japan and korea, the issue on territory was set aside for some time, and both of the countries insisted that the island belonged to them.
Korea has made a group of guard station in the island since 1954, and constructed facilities for harbor there.
On the other hand, as to Japan, a patrol boat in the...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
『Column, which is it,Takeshima or Dokdo?』
On the other hand, as to Japan, a patrol boat in the Japan Coast Guard goes into inside the terriroty which Korea insisted it belonged to them, and showed it belonged to Japan once a year.
While the Japanese don`t seem to be interested in the island so much, a song that Dokdo is our place which was a style of rock`n roll was popular among the Koreans so much in 1980s, and everyone in the Koreans know the island.
〈Both of them interpret the treaty for each of convenience alone〉
The basic treaty...
ヤッホー、マユミちゃん、今日はこっちは秋晴れの良い天気、と思ったら少し雲ってきた。☁️昼間は暖かくて、少し暑いくらいだね☀️
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Both of them have interpreted the treaty for their convenience alone〉
The basic treaty between Japan and korea was formed with documents written in three kinds of language such as Japanese, Korean and English. If there is difference on their interpretation, it`s based on English. They adopted an exceptional way extremely then, for as to an ordinary treaty, the document written by both of the language is the official one.
As to the basic treaty between Japan and Korea...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Both of them have interpreted the treaty for their convenience alone. It was possible〉
As to the basic treaty between Japan and Korea, leaving translation and interpretation on the treaty to each of governments, so there was a device which allows them to interpret in advantageous way.
For example, when making sure that the government in South Korea is only legal government in Korean, the government in South Korea thought it made sure of it.
On the other hand, Japanese government recognized the government in South Korea reigned south to...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Both of them interpreted the treaty for their convenience alone. It was possible〉
On the other hand, Japanese government recognized the government in South Korea has reigned south to the 38 degrees lawfully.
In this interpretation, if Japan negotiates with North Korea, South Korea thought Japan was agaisnt the basic treaty and negotiated with the government which wasn`t lawful.
However Japan thought it didn`t concluded in relation to the north to the 38 degrees, so there was no problem.
As to the treaty on annexation of Korean,it was...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Both of them have interpreted the basic treaty for their convenience alone. It was possible.〉
As to the basic treaty between Japan and Korea, it was written that making sure the old treaties which was concluded before twenty 2nd day of August in 1910 was already null and void.
The old treaties mean the ones concluded until Japan was defeated in the Pacific War, including the basic treaty, but as to Korea, at first the treaty on annexation of Korea to Japan was against an international law, and null, and Korea made sure of it again.
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Both of them have interpreted the basic treaty for their convenience alone, and it was possible〉
However as to Japan, if the treaty on annexation of Korea was originally null, it means that the reign by Japan for 36 years was illegal.
As a result there was an ambiguous expression, making sure it has already been null.
It wasn`t null from when the annexation was done, but it`s null at present, interpreting like that, the reign by Japan wasn`t illegal. We can accept like that with the expression.
As to the expression on the document of...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Both of them interpreted the basic treaty for their convenience alone, and it was possible〉
Both of them could interpret at will for their convenience, it was an equivocal expression.
〈Compensation changed into cooperation in economy〉
An issue on controlling Korean peninsula by Japan was an ambiguous form. Japan supplied $ three hundred million to Korea with free of charge. It means that Japan presented $ three hundred million to Korea, and supplied $ two hundred million, but it had to be paid with low interest for a long time.
Moreover...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Compensation changed into a cooperation in economy〉
Moreover Japanese private companies learned to cooperate with Korea with fund of $ three hundred million.
There is a problem on the nature of the funds. Instead of compensation, Japan adopted a word of the right to make a claim, or cooperation in economy.
On the other hand, Korean government thought of the fund as the compensation, and explained it to its people like that, but Japan interpreted it`s economic assistance or congratulatory money for its independence.
Korean government...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Compensation changed into cooperation in economy〉
Korean government gave up the right to make a claim against Japan in exchange for the fund.
Japan handed over the fund to Korea and Korean government paid its people the compensation with the fund.
After that whenever Korean victims in the Pacific War or by being controlled Korea requested for compensation, Japanese government has taken position that the issue on the compensation has been settled lawfully.
It means that everything has been settled in the basic treaty between Japan and...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Compensation changed into cooperation in economy〉
It means that everything was settled in the basic treaty between Japan and Korea in 1965. After the war between Japan and Korea was over with the basic treaty as law.
However when signing the treaty, there wasn`t any remarks for apology nor reflection on controlling Korean peninsula from the Japanese government to Korea.
When then the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived at Korea so as to initial the treaty, it`s just that he said like the next.
I`m very sorry that there was unfortunate...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈Compensation changed into cooperation in economy〉
I`m very sorry that there was unfortutante period in the history for both of us. I`m sure we have to reflect on it.
When was the unfortunate period? Who did reflect on it? The one who served as the Minister of Foreigh Affairs as an individual? Does it mean Japanese government reflect on it? They were unclear.
〈A lawful position on the Korean resident in Japan has been fixed〉
With the sealing on the basic treaty between Japan and Korea, the treaty on lawful position for the Korean...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A legal position on the Korean residents in Japan has been fixed〉
...a treaty on a lawful position for the Korean residents in Japan was also concluded.
After Japan was defeated in the war, without returning to Korean peninsula, lots of the Koreans stayed in Japan, and their social standing of coming from Korean peninsula was extremely unstable.
When Japan reigned over Korean peninsula, lots of people who were from Korean peninsula went over to Japan. When the war was over they were over two million.
As Japan was defeated in the war...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A lawful position on the Korean residents in Japan has been fixed〉
As Japan was defeated in the war, lots of people who were from Korea returned to their homeland, but some of them whose bases on life were in Japan, or others whose relatives were all dead, or whose lands were lost stayed in Japan.
Though planning to return to Korea, the Korean War broke out, there were another ones who missed a chance of returning to Korea.
When Japan controlled Korean peninsula, they have Japanese nationality, but with the peace treaty in San Francisco...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A lawful position on the Korean residents in Japan has been fixed〉
...but with the peace treaty in San Francisco coming into effect, they lost the Japanese nationality.
A foreigner who lived in Japan is required to carry a registration card as foreigner. As to the registration card as foreigher of the one who was from Korea, it was Korea.
However with the basic treaty between Japan and Korea concluded, South Korea alone was admitted as nationality, so the South Koreans who rewrote the nationality from Korea to South Korea increased.
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A lawful position on the Korean residents in Japan has been fixed〉
Their children have been adimitted to live Japan forever. They have the right of permanent residence. As to compulsory education, or social security, they receive the same treatment as a Japanese. They were admitted to become a member of the national health insurance.
As to the decendants of the people who were admitted to have the right of permanent residence, it wasn`t determined then, but as a special exemption law on immigration was formed in 1991, even if their...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A lawful position on the Korean residents in Japan has been fixed〉
...even if their nationality is Korean, South Korean and their decendants are allowed to have the special right of permanent residence.
The Korean residents are always required to carry the registration card as foreigner. When travelling abroad, every time without taking permission of immigrating into a country, they can`t return to Japan.
When getting married, or getting a job, there is a discrimination in front of them because they are the Korean resident in Japan.
【The treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈A lawful position on the Korean residents in Japan has been fixed〉
The discrimination has gone on just now.
〈How should we evaluate the basic treaty between Japan and Korea?〉
As the basic treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded, Japan and Korea started to keep company equally.
On the other hand, there are lots of unclear things, for example an evaluation in relation to controlling Korean peninsula. Their various influence over the relation between Japan and Korean isn't very good.
池明観 who is quite familiar with history between...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈How should we evaluate the basic treaty between Japan and Korea?〉
池明観 who is quite familiar with the history between Japan and Korea said on the basic treaty between Japan and Korea like the next.
The treaty between Japan and Korea in 1965 came to an agreement as if the Koreans had been pressed down with a bayonet.
Pak Chong-hui 朴正煕 signed the treaty as a way to prolong the existence of South Korea, and Japan did for its economic profit even if there were lots of contradictions.
As a result, there are lots of things unsettled, lots of...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈How should we evaluate the basic treaty between Japan and Korea?〉
...there are lots of problems remained.
He evaluated severely, on the other hand, he continued like the next.
It is fact that the treaty between Japan and Korea in 1965 spurred Korean economy to develop so much. Judging from economic statistic, the fund of the right to make a claim against Japan was a great part in Korean economy form 1966 to 1975, but there was more important thing than the statistics.
After that, while Korea learned everything on economy form Japan, it...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈How should we evaluate the treaty between Japan and Korea?〉
...Korea has tried to catch up with Japan. As to the situation, the outcome of the treaty was beyond expectation for the people who promoted the treaty and the others who were against the treaty.
Relation of a competitive companies has been formed between Japan and Korea.
When signing the basic treaty, the responsibility on Japan was unclear, but Japanese government has learned to apologize to Korea lately.
When then the President in Korea,Kim Dae Jung 金大中 visited Japan...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈How should we evaluate the treaty between Japan and Korea?〉
When then the Korean President Kim Dae Jung 金大中 visited Japan formally October in 1998, then the Japanese Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi did a top-level meeting with him, and they announced Japan-South Korea Joint Declararation. There was a description in the declaration like the next.
The Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi looked back on the relation between Japan and Korea in this century, and he accepted the historic fact that Japan gave lots of damage and agony to the Koreans by...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈How should we evaluate the treaty between Japan and Korea?〉
...and he accepted the historic fact that Japan gave lots of damage and agony to the Koreans by controlling the colony at one time in the past, and he reflected on it sincerely and apologized for it from the bottom of heart.
The President Kim Dae Jung 金大中 accepted his expression on historic recognition sincerely, and evaluated it. At the same time, both of the countries would get over the unfortunate history and they would do their best each other so as to form a relation moving...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈How should we evaluate the treaty between Japan and Korea?〉
...and they would do thier best so as to develop a relation moving toward a future, being based on reconciliation,and neighborly friendly cooperation. It`s a request from the time. The description expreseed like that.
However after the basic treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded, there has been various frictions in the relation between Japan and Korea. Lots of them were caused because the Japanese and the Korea didn`t know themselves each other.
Hisashi Michigami who used...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈How should we evaluate the treaty between Japan and Korea?〉
Hisashi Michigami who used to work in Japanese embassy as diplomat in Korea showed an episode like the next.
A Korean international student criticized controlling colony, and inhuman activity by Japan severely, a Japanese female student said she didn`t know anything about it, and wept, apologized for it. It happened in America, and when the American looking at it, it seemed they found it strange.
The youth in Japan at present aren`t responsible for controlling the colony by...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈How should we evaluate the treaty between Japan and Korea?〉
The youth in Japan at present aren`t responsible for controlling Korea by Japan direct at all, but what did we the Japanese did in Korean peninsula in the past? Needless to say we should know it as a Japanese, said the author like that.
Being ignorant of history, and if we don`t recognize even being ignorant of it, we would repeat a history on mistakes. We have to know the history in the past and need to have a recognition on the history on our own way so as to build a relation...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈How should we evaluate the treaty between Japan and Korea?〉
...and need to have a recognition on the history of our own so as to build a relation between Japan and Korea which is appropriate for in the 21st century.
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
When Kim Dae Jung 金大中 was the President in Korea, the relation between Japan and Korea was improved, and we got the impression that a new era had come to both Japan and Korea.
However when No Mu-hyon 盧武鉉 became the President, the relation between the two countries became strained. His political...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
The political power of No Mu-hyon 盧武鉉 which floundering because approval rating for his politcal power dropped thought of Japan as enemy country and tried to be supported by public opinion.
Japan and Korea were opposed over an island which both of the countries insisted on their own territory. The Jaapanese call it Takeshima and the Korean Dokdo.
Koizumi government in Japan tried not to improve the relation between Japan and Korea, so the relation became cold altogether.
After that Lee Myung-bak 李明博 showed...
【A treaty between Japan and Korea was concluded】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
After that, Lee Myung-bak 李明博 showed up as President, he carried
out a plan of making much of Japan, and the two countries were on relaxed terms again.
However the relation between the two countries has been risky, for no one can know when it becomes worse. It depends on the political situation in Korea.
【The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology versus versus Japan teacher union. Struggle continued over education】
〈A great dispute over what is called ゆとり教育〉
The headline is too long.
【What I`ve thought】
As I`m trying to go into a new chapter, but if trying to express both its headline and subheadline in English, it`s too long to feel like expressing. The phrase which makes me be worried about is 文部科学省 and ゆとり教育.
When expressing them in Japanese, both of them were eight letters, but when trying to do them in English, I`m afraid they would occupy large part of my response every time, so I made up my mind to express both of them in Japanese, though I hate it, but it can`t be helped, for I`ve never expressed myself in English so as to do both the headline and subheadline.
>>253
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A big dispute over ゆとり教育〉
A five-day workweek in school being based on a new guidelines for learning started in Japanese public elementary school, junior high school and high school from April in 2002.
As classes on Saturday disappered and the time of classes decreased, so the content of teaching also decreased by about 30%. We call it what is called ゆとり教育.
Its aim is decreasing the time for classes and making the children learn with development of individual talent.
On the other hand, decreasing the content...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A great dispute over ゆとり教育〉
On the other hand, as to the guideline, an opinion against the way of education that decreasing the content for learning would make the scholatic ability for childerne drop, and the ゆとり教育 had to be reconsidered.
A time for total learning started from April in 2002 being based on the new guidelines for learning. There were no textbook for the total learning.
What do schools teach students? It wasn`t determined clearly. It was left to each of schools.
It was a bold reform which no one had...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A great dispute over ゆとり教育〉
It was a bold reform in which no one had expected from an ordinary way of education by 文部省, but to tell the truth, as to the ゆとり教育 and leaving the content of teaching to teachers in school were requested for schools by Japan teacher union before, and an opposition between 文部省 and Japan teacher union continued over those things for a long time.
As a result we can interpret the guidelines by 文部省 adopted the insistence by Japan teacher union, adding changing its plan cooperating with 文部省 by...
【文部省】
〈A great dispute over ゆとり教育〉
...adding changing plan cooperating with 文部省, they`ve made us feel a big change in the time.
〈We don`t need the にっきょうぐみ〉
In the middle of a lecture in an university where being aimed at trainging for teachers, when reading a document, a student mistook 日教組 for にっきょうぐみ aloud.
Even if in the university where a large part of students aimed at being a teacher, some of them have never heard of the the Japan teacher union.
Its plan and movement used to a big news and a group of right wing thronged to a city where its mass meeting was held,and it was customary
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈We don`t need にっきょうぐみ〉
The happening in the university made us recognize those things were a long ago. Let`s look back on the Japanese educational history after the war showed the opposition betweeen 文部省 and Japan teacher union.
『Column, a guideline for learning』
It`s a standard by 文部省 in what teachers should teach to students in relation to each of textbook for each grade. It has a lawful restriction.
Companies for textbook have made the textbooks being based on the standard, and 文部省 has checked whether or not the...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
『Column, the guideline for learning』
...and 文部省 checked whether or not the textbooks met its standard.
〈GHQ which changed Japanese education so much〉
After the Pacific War was over, GHQ occupied Japan and started a new plan for Japanese democratic education.
A right of receiving education for the people has been described in the new constitution clearly. There was no a way of thinking as right for education before the war.
A system of 6.3.3.4 has been introduced into Japanese schools. The textbook has been changed...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈GHQ has chagned Japanese education so much〉
A textbook has changed from a government-designated one to an authorized one. A big reform of establishing educational committee in a local self-governing body all over Japan has been done.
A law for educational committee was proclaimed July in 1948, and the educational committee was established in prefectures,cities, towns, and villages all over Japan.
The education used to be a part of an ordinary administration before the war, but the educational committee was born and...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈GHQ has changed Japanese education so much〉
...but the educational committee was born, and educational administration was independent. The educational committee was givern an authority of making a plan for educational budget originally, and submitting it to assemblies by residents.
Number of the member in the educational committee are five, though three is possible in a town or in a village, and the term of the member are four years.
The member in the educational committee is chosen from an election by popular vote.
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈GHQ has changed Japanese education so much〉
It`s American way of introduction, and based on an idea that we the representatitves from residents watch the content which the school in our town would teach to children. Its a structure ruling by amateurs and assisted by experts.
Members in the educational committee has an authority of deciding how schools educate students, and they are chosen from local residents.
Instead of a professional on education, the chosen representatives from the local residents think of...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈GHQ has changed Japanese education so much〉
...the chosen representatives from residents think of education in school on education with sound idea from amateur, and check education, but they are lacking in professional knowledge, so secretariats in the educational committee support as expert. It`s a principle for the popular election by vote of the system on the educational committee.
It has always been requested that how the members in the national committee who were representatives from residents argued on education.
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈Japan teacher union was formed〉
Japan teacher union was formed June in 1947, and its center was teachers in public elementary schools and junior high schools, and others in high schools and universities joined it. When being formed in the beginning, the number of the people who joined them about were a half million.
A mass meeting for the formation was held at Kashihara city in Nara prefecture, and announced that the Japan teacher union was a concentration by hope, will and force from a half million of all the teachers.
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈Japan teacher union was formed〉
It was also proclaimed that it tried to construct a new democratic order and to be in charge of playing part in creation on new Japanese culture.
The Japan teacher union put up the next three articles as its principles.
1 We`ll establish economic, social and political status so as to accomplish an important duty.
2 We`ll push forward to acquire for democratic education and freedom for study.
3 We`ll unite in order to construct a democratic nation where we love peace and freedom.
【文部省versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continues over education】
〈Don`t send our students to a battlefield again〉
As democratic education proceeded from upper levels in the society, the Japan teacher union aimed at making sure of securing right for teachers of educational site and democratic education.
Its movement started from reflecting on their responsibility for sending lots of their students to the battlefield as teacher from the war betweeen Japan and China to the Pacific War.
A slogan of don`t send their students to a battlefield again was put up in a mass meeting June in 1952.
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈Don`t send their students to a battlefield again〉
After that it was a basic principle for the Japan teacher union. It sought for a peaceful principle, and led to against security treaty and to the movement against the military base for America.
Conservative influence accepted it was principle against America, and thought the Japan teacher union supported Soviet and China in the middle of the Cold War between East and West.
The Japan teacher union established ethical principle for teacher in a mass meeting June in 1952.
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈Don`t send our students to a battlefield again〉
As there was a provision that teachers were labors, and should unite,文部省 and conservative influence were cautious more and more that it adopted a class struggle.
By the way, I came across the phrase of the class struggle before, but I`m not familiar with the phrase so much,though it conjures up an image somewhat.
The Japan teacher union formed its original political organization so as to realize its insistence in the political world. After that it sent its...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈Don`t send our students to a battlefield again〉
After that the Japan teacher union sent its representatives to national assembly and local assembly, and the conservative influence felt repelled by them.
Thus opposing construction between 文部省 and the Japan teacher union was formed.
The Japan teacher union expanded its organization after that. In its heyday, its number of members reached no less than six hundred seventy thousand in 1958.
It considered the content for education from the position of the union, so...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈Don`t send our students to a battlefield again〉
...so the Japan teacher union held a mass meeting for study on education originally every year. It also developed a movement for organization of making voluntary curriculum on content in which they taught their students for themselves.
It was against rote learning 詰め込み教育 and insisted education that aimed at development of individual talent rather than learning by rote.
However 文部省 thought the insistence on the content for education was violation against authority on文部省...
【文部省 and Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈Don`t send our students to a battlefield again〉
...for it was from its self-confidence that the nation should be responsible for content on education and 文部省 was in charge of it.
〈Putting a limit on the content for education〉
A way of thinking that the nation is responsible for the content on education was opposed against the way of thinking that residents should be related to education mainly introduced from America into Japan after the war.
After concluding the peace treaty in San Francisco, and the Japanese achieved...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈Being put a limit on the content for education〉
...and Japan achieved its independence, the systems introduced by America after the war were changed little by little.
As to the guideline for education which was fixed on the content school should teach, a phrase of a tentative plan was added to the first one in 1947. It used to be a gentle one of showing a standard for teaching.
It was being based on the way of thinking that the content on education should be done according to actual condition each district or school.
【文部省】
〈Being put limit on the content for education〉
It`s just that the nation had only to show its standard, but it changed. The phrase of tentative plan disappeared from December in 1955, the guidelines for learning learned to be mentioned in government newsletter as notice from 文部省 from October in 1958. We`ve interpreted it`s a lawful restriction.
A strict limit was put that teacher must teach students according to the guidelines for learning in school, and the Japan teacher union thought it returned to education for nationalism before the war.
『Column, an ethical outline for teachers』
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle contiued over education】
『Column, ethical outline for teachers』
1 Teachers should respond to a theme from the Japanese society and live with the youth.
2 Teachers should struggle for equal chance on education.
3 Teachers should protect peace.
4 Teachers should take into action on a position of scientific truth.
5 Teachers shouldn`t forgive an invasion on freedom for education.
6 Teachers should seek for a right politics.
7 Teachers should struggle against decadence in society with parents and create a new culture together.
8 Teachers are ...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
『Column, ethical outline for teachers』
8 Teachers are labors.
9 Teachers should protect the right for leading their life.
10 Teachers should unite.
〈Member of the educational committee learned to be appointed〉
It was a reform on the system for educational committee which was thought a typical example for returning to nationalism.
There was an opposition between the ruling party and the opposition party in national assembly, and a group of policemen went into the meeting by the House of Councilors.
In the middle...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued for education】
〈The member of educational committee learned to be appointed〉
In the middle of unusual situation, a law of an organization and management on administration for local education was formed and the system on educational committee changed.
The member of educational committee wasn`t elected by popular vote, but was appointed. A head of local public organization, it means governors in prefectures or mayors in cities, towns or villages appointed it with agreement of assembly.
An authority of making a plan on budget for...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈The member of educational committee learned to be appointed〉
An authority of making a plan on budget for education was also taken away from the educational committee.
In addition as to a head of the educational committee which is equal to a bureau chief on the educational committee, its appointment was necessary an agreement from educational committee from its prefecture, and appointment on the head of the educational committee in prefecture was necessary an agreement from 文部省.
A clause which was required to open...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈The member of educational committee learned to be appointed〉
A clause which was required to be open argument on education by the educational committee also disappeared.
Lots of persons concerned education or political parties were elected in the election by popular vote for the educational committee, and they disobeyed the principles form prefectures, cities, towns and villages, so the Liberal Democratic Party felt unpleasant with it.
Those reform was done because the American system on educational committee wasn`t...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A member on the educational committee learned to be appointed〉
The reform on the system of educational committe was done because the American way on the educational system wasn`t appropriate for the Japanese. It was the reason for change.
As a result, the system on educational committee started being based on a way of thinking decentralization of power in the beginning, but it changed into the one in which communicating orders from upper levels to those under them. From 文部省 to the educational committee in prefectures...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A member on the educational committee learned to be appointed〉
Communicating orders from 文部省 to the educational committee in prefecutres to the one in cities, towns, or villages.
Japan teacher union feared of the construction by power, and was opposed to the reform on the system of educational committee, so the communist party and socialist party supported by Japan teacher union developed an opposing struggle in national assembly.
However a group of policemen went into national assembly and the bill was rammed...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A member of educational committee learned to be appointed〉
...but the bill was rammed through the Diet, and the reform has been carried out.
There has been a criticism that as a result the educational committee in lower level are always trying to please the upper levels.
Each head in the educational committee thought each of them was in the position because the one in upper level appointed it, so its mental constructure that it had only to obey orders from them was formed.
It became the criticism of mere name on the...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A member on the educational committee learned to be appointed〉
It became a criticism of mere name on the educational committee that the educational committee in lower level just obey orders from upper level.
『Column,教育委員長 and 教育長』
Two of them are hardly distinguishable. The former is a representative from a educational committee made with from three to five members. In short it`s a representative from an amateur. Lots of them are the ones of learning and experience.
On the other hand, the latter is also one of the...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
『Column, 教育委員長 and 教育長』
On the other hand, the latter is one of members in the educational committee, but at the same time it`s a representative from a secretariat in the educational committee. It`s a professional on education or administration.
Actually lots of them who retired from a headmaster in school or an expert who used to be engaged in a public office for a long time took up the position.
〈A great struggle over a report card on teachers〉
An occurrence of conflict between 文部省 and Japan teacher union direct...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle over education continued】
〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉
An occurrence of conflict between 文部省 and Japan teacher union direct started from Ahime prefecture.
Educational committee in Ehime prefecture announced that raising salary and promotion on teachers were carried out by a work performance evaluation.
It was an introduction of the work performance evaluation, what is called a report card on teachers.
Then financial situation in Ehime prefecture was so serious and it didn`t have enough fund to allow all the teachers to ...
【文部省】
〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉
...and it didn`t have enough fund to allow all the teachers to raise their salary regularly all together, so evaluating their work and regarding 30% of them as being bad when working, and trying to put off their raising salary.
The work performance evaluation in Ehime prefecture was done by a headmaster for other teachers from the several poiints of view such as diligence, being positive, and a sense of responsibility in five ranks, form better one, A,B,C,D,E. A is 10 % on the whole, B 20%, C 40%, D 20%, and E 10%.
If being...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉
If being evaluated as D or E, their raising salary would stop.
Its true aim was bringing down the Japan teacher union.
Haruki Shiraishi who served as a governor in Ehime prefecture four terms for sixteen years and learned to be called a don in Ehime prefecture later thought of the work performance evaluation so as to bring down the Japan teacher union.
A candidate from the Liberal Democratic Party lost by other one who used to be a head on the educational committee...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉
...and it belonged to the Soicalist Party.
Haruki Shiraishi was shocked at it as a person who was resoponsible for the Liberal Democratic Party in Ehime prefecture, and decided to get rid of the Japan teacher union, and thought that it was the most effective for a public servant to attack with personnel matters and salary.
The Japan teacher union in Ehime prefecture felt repelled violently against the principle by the educational committee in Ehime prefecture. Opposing...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉
An opposing struggle was developed. As the headmasters were members in the union, the union urged the headmasters to deny the work performance evaluation.
On the other hand, the educational committee requested the headmasters to submit, so it developed into an uproar of scrambling for the headmasters between the union and the educational committee.
However the educational committee carried out of putting into force, so the headmasters who didn`t submit were punished.
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉
The educatioal committee won the struggle,and punished the Japan teacher union in Ehime prefecture. Members retired from the union one after another thanks to maneuver for retirement. About six thousand and six hundred retired for three years from 1958 to 1960.
Japan teacher union received a destructive damage by retirement of about 70% of members in union. Bringing down the Japan teacher union by Shiraishi was successful.
After that the work performance evaluation was...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉
After that the work performance evaluation was put into effect under guidance from 文部省 all over Japan from 1958 to 1959, but the Japan teacher union rebelled. A struggle of demonstraion of parade, and taking a day off all together was done, so about sixty thousand were punished with a dismissal, suspension from office,or wage cut.
In Tokyo prefecture,the Japan teacher union rebelled against the educational committee which put into effect on the work performance evaluation.
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉
In Tokyo prefecture, the Japan teacher union was opposed against the effect by the educational committee, and taking day off all together.
A strike was borbidden for public employees, so it adopted a strategy of taking day off all together by members in union, but it was the strike actually.
The ones who participated in the strike made up for no less than 98% on the whole teachers, reached to about thirty five thousand.
The executives who directed the strike in the...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉
The executives who led the strike in the Japan teacher union were arrested one after another with a suspicion of direction on illegal strike.
The Japan teacher union in Fukuoka prefecture carried out the strike of taking day off all together in which no less than 99% of the members in union participated, but its executives were arrested.
In short the Japan teacher union was defeated in a level of nationwide, for the work performance evaluation was done from March in 1958.
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉
Immediate before the effect, a tragedy of committing a suicide by a head on education at Yokkaichi city in Mie prefecture, for he was torn between the educational committee and Japan teacher union in the city.
On the other hand, a way by Kanagawa prefecture or the other by Nagano prefecture were born.
A teacher itself submitted a record by reflected on itself, and it was substituted for the work performance evaluation, and a headmaster advised for it. It`s Kanagawa way.
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉
While a headmaster evaluated a work on performance,he didn`t put any rank between the teachers. It`s not a relative evaluation, but an absolute evaluation. It`s a way adopted by Nagano prefecture.
Some of them were settled peacefully in talks of inside school alone, but remained distrust and hatred alone between the large part of educational committee and Japan teacher union.
Considering in an ordinary company, it is natural for a superior to evaluate its subordinate`s...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉
Considering in an ordinary company, it`s natural for a superior to evaluate its subordinate`s work, so there was a criticism that while teachers evaluate their students and write it in a report card for students, they hate be evaluated their results.
On the other hand, there was a problem like the next.
In an ordinary company, a superior always works with its subordinates together, so it understands how they work, but the teachers are always close to children.
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A great struggle over report cards on children〉
How did the headmaster who isn`t in the classroom evaluate the teachers?
The people felt simply that they hate a teacher who makes the headmaster please more than children by making a structure of evaluation by the headmaster.
The Liberal Democratic Party had a sense of impending crisis that teachers in Japan teacher union educated children on socialism in school, so the influence on socialism would expand, so bringing down the Japan teacher union started from Ehime...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A great struggle over report cards on teachers〉
...so bringing down the Japan teacher union started from Ehime prefecture and spread over all over Japan. In short, a Japanese version of the Cold War between East and West in the international society was developed in Japan of which stage was school.
『Column, a quasi elction by popular vote on educational committee』
After the system of election by popular vote on educational committee changed into the one by appointment, a ward assembly made a rule in Nakano ward, and...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
『Column, a quasi election by popualr vote on educational committee』
...and the system of a quasi election by popular vote on educational committee started.
A head of a local public organization appoints the member in the educational committee, it has been established in a law, if so, in a rule which is effective in a ward alone, let`s decide a candidate for the educational committee by residents in ward of Nakano alone, before it was appointed by a head in the ward.
Though it wasn`t an election by popular vote, it was...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
『Column,a quasi election by popular vote on educational committee』
...it was same as the election by popular vote actually, so we called it the quasi election by popular vote.
Delivering a post card for voting to eligible voters in Nakano ward one by one, and voting was done by a mail. The head in Nakano ward appointed the member of the educational committee from more number of votes obtained in turn.
文部省 felt repelled strongly, for it was against the aim of abolishing the election by popular vote.
The Liberal...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
『Column, a quasi election by popular vote on educational committee』
The Liberal Democratic Party also urged the eligible voters in Nakano ward to boycott strongly, in short it was abolished in 1994.
〈文部省 and Japan teacher union were opposed over an achievement test〉
It was over an enforcement on research for academic ability in junior high school in the whole Japan all together which they were opposed in the next. We called it an achievement test.
文部省 carried out the achievement test on second grade and third grade...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈文部省 and Japan teacher union were opposed over an ahcievement test〉
文部省 carried out the achievement test on the second grade and the third grade in junior high school in the whole Japan from 1961. Each of test on Japanese language, English, math, social studies, and science was done in the whole Japan all together on the same day at the same time.
As to the score of students one by one, it was figured and was compared it with the average of the whole junior high school, and was to keep as a record for the student.
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈They were opposed over an achievement test〉
文部省 said it researched a degree of reaching to learning. In short, how much did the children have a good commond of academic ability? 文部省 researched it and would use its data so as to improve the guidance for them after that.
However it was assumed that it would be served as data for a judgement when making children go to high school according to its school record, or substituting it for an employment test when the children get a job.
On the other hand, the Japan teacher..
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈They were opposed over an achievement test〉
On the other hand, the Japan teacher union was opposed to the achievement test, for 文部省 which ignored actual conditions in each place made a question for the test with one-sided way, so insisted that controlling education by the nation would strengthen, sorting out and discrimination on children would heighten.
A result on the achievement test on each of prefecture, on each of city, town, and village, and on each school would be never released formallly, but it was informed...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈They were opposed over an achievement test〉
...but the result on the achievement test was informed to the concerened people who were engaged in education in school at once actually, and it brought a harmful influence unexpectedly.
Ehime prefecture of which average on the achievement test was better than any other prefecture. Kagawa prefecture next to Ehime of which slogan was catching up with Ehime and getting ahead of it.
An uproar continued in both prefectures like the next.
Children whose academic ability were...
ヤッホー、マユミちゃん元気か？(^○^)こっちはまだ、意外と暖かいよ。コロナには、お互いに気をつけよう🙂
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈They were opposed over achievemt test〉
In Kagawa prefecture,children whose academic abilities were low were made to be absent from school on the day when the exam was done, and others were taught the answers on the exam by teachers in the middle of the test.
Or the plan on the class was changed, and the study on the test was repeated.
Some students in junior high school were opposed to the test and handed in a blank paper. The uproar spread over in the whole Japan.
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈They were opposed over an achievement test〉
As a result,文部省 reduced its scale in 1965 and was forced to give it up in the next year, so this time 文部省 was defeated.
Far from being useful so as to improve education. There was criticism that it`s just that it was confused in the place where the education was done.
『Column, how does a creek flow?』
There was a famous episode on the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education in those days.
Though it wasn`t a textbook written by a professsor Ienaga, when trying...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
『How does a creek flow?』
...when trying to give a poem written by a child on a textbook of Japanese for sixth grade in elementary school. Its title was a river.
The writer of the child on the poem expressed a stream on the creek with an imitation sound like the next. I`m sure I should do it with English, but I can`t, so I do it with Japanese.
さら さるる ぴる ぽる どぶる ぽん ぽちゃん
On the other hand, the screening had an opinion that the creek should flow with さらさら.
It denied a sensitive child and forced a conventional expression.
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
『Column, how does a creek flow?』
This episode made us arise a dobut that the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education then was done by a part of people who were in charge of it without consulting anyone.
〈A trial continued over the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education〉
The struggle between 文部省 and Japan teacher union was done over the screening of textbooks.
Saburo Ienaga who was a professor in Tokyo university sued the nation that the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education was...
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A trial continued over the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education〉
The professor sued that the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education was against the constitution in 1965. It was the first suit, and was done three times in total, and the Japan teacher union supported him.
The professor wrote a textbook for high school on Japanese history, but as the guidelines for courses of study by the Ministry of Education`s was changed, he applied for changing the whole textbook he would write, but it...
【文部省 versus Japna teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A trial continued over the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education〉
...but his application didn`t pass. It was in 1962.
A person who was in charge of the textbook pointed out that the description on the war was dark too much, Ienaga said like that.
After amendment, he handed it again in the next year, it passed with a condition by 文部省 like the next.
When expressed on the Pacific War, he did Japan was reckless, but he was requested to reduce it. Or using a word of a base on the U.S.army in Japan, he was
【文部省 versus Japan teacher union. A struggle coninued over education】
〈A trial continued over the screening of textbook by the Ministry of Education〉
Or when he used a word of base on the U.S.army in Japan, he was directed to change it into a facility.
The professor insisted that the Ministry of Education didn`t pass it, and requested him to amend it, but it was against a law, against the constitution, and he suffered from a mental damage, so he sued for the nation.
He demanded as compensation for the nation, but his aim wasn`t for money, but aimed at abolish or reform the system on the...
【What I`ve thought】
When trying to express some of Japanese phrase in English, it occupies the number of letters so much that it prevents me from expressing, I said before, and 文部省 was included, but it`s the Ministry of Education. It seemed to be all right.
The one which made me be worried about was 文部科学省 and ゆとり教育.
When trying to express both of them in English all together, I was afraid I can`t express anything, except for them,but as to 文部省, it`s all right.
By the way, I`m grateful for the ones who read my English. Thank you very much for supporting me. I`ll do my best from now on.
>>312
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A trial continued over the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education〉
His aim was abolishing or reforming the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education.
It was the second sue which was judged for the first time among the three trials. The Tokyo district court said the screening of textbook by the Ministry of Education itself wasn`t against the law, not against the constituion, but the Ministry of Education prohibited the professor to descrbe in several points, and it...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A Struggle continued over education】
〈A trial continued over the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education〉
...the Ministry of Education prohibited the professor to describe in several points, and the Ministry of Education was against the law, so the professor won the suit. Moreover the judgement pointed out the right on education belonged to the people, it didn`t the nation. It was judged by Sugimoto, so we call it Sugimoto judge.
The Ministry of Education filed an appeal to a high court but the high court supported the...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A trial continued over the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education〉
...the high court supported the professor and criticized the Ministry of Education severely, but the Supreme Court order to do the high court the trial again, so eventually the high court dismissed the suit by the professor.
The first suit was later than the second one, and the Tokyo district court supported the professor partly, but both Tokyo high court and the Supreme Court didn`t at all.
In the third suit, both...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A trial over the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education〉
In the third suit, both the Tokyo high court and the Supreme Court supported the professor partly, and pointed out the inspection by the Ministry of Education was done too much partly.
The judgement was settled on 1997. It took no less than 32 years from the first suit. The trial was for a long time.
The insistence that the screening of textbook by the Ministry of Education was against the constitution was dismissed, and it...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teahcer union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A trial continued over the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education〉
The screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education was lawful, it was supported in the trial, but pointed out that it was error on the content of the textbook concretely.
It was pointed out that the screening of textbooks by the Ministry of Education should be done carefully.
〈A struggle over the rising sun flag and Japanese national antheem〉
Both of them continued a serious opposition over the sun-rising flag ...
【The Ministry of Education and Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A struggle over the rising-sun flag and the national anthem〉
Both of them continued a long and serious opposition over the rising-sun flag and our national anthem.
Teiyu Amano who was the minister of the Ministry of Education announced a talk asking for hoisting the sun-rising flag and singing our national anthem in a school play, or in a sports day in school in 1950.
He thought the sun-rising flag and our national anthem were indispensable so as to raise our patriotism as mental defense against...
【The Ministry of Education and Japan teacher Union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A struggle over the sun-rising flag and our national anthem〉
He thought the sun-rising flag and our national nathem were indispensable so as to raise our patriotism as spiritual defensive power against communism.
There was the influence from the Cold War between East and West there.
After that the Ministry of Education urged us to hoist the sun-rising flag and to sing our national anthem.
On the other hand, Japan teacher union thought the sun-rising flag was the symbol for invasion by the military...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle over education】
〈A struggle over the sun-rising flag and our national anthem〉
On the other hand, Japan teacher union thought the sun-rising flag was the symbol for invasion by the military force in Japan during the Pacific War.
In addition, きみ in the 君が代 means the Japanese emperor, so the phrase in our national anthem, hoping that the society reigned by the emperor continues forever was against the sovereignty of the people, Japan teacher union thought like that.
In the middle of the opposition, the Ministry of Education...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A struggle over the sun-rising flag and our national anthem〉
...the Ministry of Education went on offensive gradually.
It specified our national anthem as teaching material in the first grade in elementary school in revision in the Guidelines for Courses of Study by the Ministry of Education in 1958.
When doing something ceremonial in our national holiday, it was desirable to hoist our national flag and sing 君が代.
In the revision of 1977, it changed into that it`s desirable to hoist our national...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A struggle over the sun-rising flag and our national anthem〉
It changed into that it`s desirable to hoist our national anthem and to sing our national anthem. It was expressed 君が代 until then, but it was handled as our national anthem, and revision continued.
Hoisting our national flag and should direct to sing our national anthem in an entrance ceremony or in a graduation ceremony, considering its significance in the revision of 1989.
An expression of desirable changed into other of specifying...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A struggle over the sun-rising flag and our national anthem〉
From an expression of desirable to the one of specifying the entrance ceremony and the graduation ceremony concretely,adding a word of direct.
Hoisting the sun-rising flag and singing 君が代 learned to be required.
The Ministry of Education learned to research how much hoisting the sun-rising flag and singing 君が代 in the graduation ceremony in the whole Japan, and released it.
The less it was done, the more the pressure increased, so both...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A struggle over the sun-rising flag and our national anthem〉
...so both of hoisting the sun-rising flag and singing 君が代 was done more and more, so the place where both of thme were done completely has increased.
The dispute over the sun-rising flag and 君が代 was at a truning point March in 1999.
The educational committee in Hiroshima prefecture issued an administrative order to headmasters in prefectual high school in Hiroshima prefecture to hoist the sun-rising flag in the graduation ceremony.
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A struggle over the sun-rising flag and our national anthem〉
On the other hand Japan teacher union in Hiroshima opposed against it and a headmaster who was torn between them committed a suicide.
The one who was torn between the union and the educational committee killed itself was repeated again.
It made that the sun-rising flag was the national flag, and 君が代 was the national anthem was established in our law.
Though a phrase of national flag and national anthem appeared in the Guidelines for...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A struggle over the sun-rising flag and our national anthem〉
A phrase of national flag and national anthem appear in Guidelines for Courses of Study by the Ministry of Education`s, but there was no lawful ground on both of them. What is our national flag and national anthem? Considering the teachers who were worried about them in school, its law was established altogether.
After that, Japan teacher union changed its plan, and learned not to do opposing movement against the sun-rising flag and 君が代...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈A struggle over the sun-rising flag and our national anthem〉
...so the problem cooled down
『A song in place of 君が代 was thought up』
As Japan teacher union was opposed to 君が代, it recruited a new song for the Japanese September in 1951. The number of response reached about twenty thousand, and the one of which title was mountains and rivers among the green was chosen.
Whenever the mass meeting was held in Japan teacher union, its member always sang it, but it didn`t spread over in the public so much.
マユミちゃん、いつも応援ありがとう♪o((〃∇〃o))((o〃∇〃))o♪
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
『Column, a song in place of 君が代 was though up』
Twenty nine were left in the response until last, and the ones which had a word of the sun-rising flag were nine in the twenty nine.
〈Japan teacher union divided and it was reconciled with the Ministry of Education historically〉
The confrontation between the Ministry of Education and Japan teacher union was at a truning point.
There was the mainstream faction of socialist party and the anti mainstream faction...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈Japan teacher union divided and was reconciled with the Ministry of Education historically〉
There was the mainstream faction of the Socialism party and anti-mainstream faction of the Communist party in Japan teacher union. They repeated confrontation and compromise over and over again, but the confrontation became so severe that they couldn`t co-exist any more at last.
They were opposed over whether or not Japan teacher union affiliated with what we call 連合 which was an alliance of labor union.
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈Japan teacher union divided and was reconciled with the Ministry of Education〉
Anti-main stream faction withdrew from Japan teacher union and formed a new group. Japan teacher union divided.
Tomiichi Murayama Cabinet was formed and the coalition political power of the Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialist Party was born. Then the Socialist Party changed its plan boldly.
As adapting itself to the change, Japan teacher union which supported the Socialist Party changed its plan. It decided to...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈Japan teacher union divided and was reconciled with the Ministry of Education historically〉
It decided to adopt a cooperative line with the Ministry of Education. It changed the line of opposition, stop, and crush into the one of participation, suggestion, and reform.
As to the sun-rising flag and 君が代, without taking it up in the plan of movement, Japan teacher union set aside its position of opposition.
A structure of confrontation between the Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialst...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈Japan teacher union divided and was reconciled with the Ministry of Education〉
As the structure of confrontation between the Liberal Democratic Party and the Socialist Party reflected from the Cold War between East and West in the international society after the war was collapsed, Japan teacher union adopted the cooperative line with the Ministry of Education.
One of reason was as the anti-mainstream which supported the Communist Party left there, so Japan teacher union changed its line easily.
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈Japan teacher union divided and was reconciled with the Ministry of Education〉
Lots of people were dismissed by repeated struggles so much that Japan teacher union had to save them with its own fund, and it burdened on the Japan teacher union. There is the background behind the division.
Japan teacher union adopted the ones who were dismissed by the struggle as staff of the union, and made up for its wage for the ones who were done a wage cut.
In short Japan teacher union didn`t have enough fund...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle over education】
〈Japan teacher union divided and was reconciled with the Ministry of Education historically〉
In short, Japan teacher union didn`t have enough fund to continue severe struggles any more.
Situations around Japan teacher union has changed. Young teachers have learned not to be in interested in politics and they didn`t join Japan teacher union so much, especially they gave Japan teacher union`s political line a wide berth.
A percentage of organizing Japan teacher union usued to be 86.3% when the Ministry of...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈Japan teacher union divided and was reconciled with the Ministry of Education historically〉
...when the Ministry of Education started its research in 1958, but it started to drop gradually, and it was below 49.5% in 1985.
After its division in 1990 it`s 36.9%, 31.8% in 2000. Its number of memebers were about three hundred thirty four thousand.
A percentage of a new teacher who joins Japan teacher union becomes by far lower.
When starting researching the percentage on the new teacher in 1960, it...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈Japan teacher union divided and was reconciled with the Ministry of Education historically〉
...it was 87.0% on the percentage of joining Japan teacher union by a new teacher in 1960, but it also went on dropping, when the whole percentage of its organizing was below 50% in 1985, it`s 30.9%, and 18.4% in 2000.
When being adopted as a new teacher, evem one of five doesn`t join Japan teacher union. As a result, Japan teacher union has to suffer from existing its organization itself at present.
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈The Ministry of Japan has also changed〉
On the other hand, the Ministry of Japan has changed. As the problem of bullying among children in school and refusal to attend school has been serious, how the Ministry of Education should grapple with an educational reform? It has been called.
There is a reality that children don`t have fun in school in the background of those problematic actions by children, and it was pointed out that school doesn`t appeal to some children who can`t keep up with class.
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈The Ministry of Japan has also changed〉
Correcting the rote learning so as to happen the problematic actions by children, and it should develop class with what we call ゆとり教育, education that aims at development of individual tatlent rather than learning by rote. Its plan was changed like that.
As a result, its plan was overlapped with the one by Japan teacher union which has sought for ゆとり教育 partly.
In addition there was a severe criticism against standardized education from industrial world.
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈The Ministry of Education has changed〉
After the war, the industrial world in Japan has tried to catch up with and to get ahead of foreign countries, then labors which had uniform academic ability was a strong point in the time of mass produciton. The standardized education of Japan demonstrated its power.
However with a change of the time, as a personality or a creative ability has learned to be requested, students who were educated by standardized were pointed out they were lacking in unique idea.
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈The Ministry of Education has also changed〉
An education which was free and imaginative has learned to be requested, so the Ministry of Education started the time of total learning.
Teachers go ahead with free class with their originality and ingenuity and training children who think with their own way. The Ministry of Educaiton tried to do it.
There was a criticism that if reducing the time of class, the academic ability on children would drop.
If acquiring ability of thinking for themselves...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈The Ministry of Education has also changed〉
If acquiring ability of thinking with their own way, they could educate children who can think for themselves, and it would prevent the children from dropping their academic ability. It was the theory by the Ministry of Education.
The idea of originality and ingenuity by teachers in school is close to an organization by voluntary curriculum which Japan teacher union has grappled after the war.
With a chagne of the time, the old enemies were close.
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle cointinued over education】
〈Both of them have been resposible for education〉
However there are some points at issue which we tend to overlook if looking at a structure from the Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union alone.
Taichi Sakaiya who used to be the head of Economic planning agency said like the next.
Lots of things have been liberalized and democratized, but as to education, a totalitarianism has been strengthened by the Ministry of Education and Japan teacher union.
There is no freedom of choosing a...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈They have been responsible for education〉
There is no freedom of choosing a school by parents and children, forcing to enter school has been push ahead by the name of charity of correcting difference between school.
Opposition between the Ministry of Education and Japan teacher union looks like a struggle over influence between exact opposite thought, but they completely agree with of robbing children and their parents of a chance of choosing school and educating uniformally.
The problem is a...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈Both of them have been responsible for education〉
The problem is it`s a struggle for power over decision over the content of the standardized education. Which does it have the decision, the Ministry of Education or Japan teacher union?
The achievement test which was abolised by the opposition of Japan teacher union revives.
While children`s academic ability has dropped, whether or not it has dropped actually, there was no data on it after the achievement test was abolished.
It has nothing to do...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈Both of them have been responsible for education〉
It has nothing to do with a political expactation, but a research for grasping a actual situation on children`s academic ability has been requested.
In spite that the number of children has decreased owing to dwindling birthrate, the number of children who refuse to attend school has increased.
Number of school children in elementary school and junior high school who refused to attend school was over one million one hundred thirty thousand in 2000.
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈Both of them have been responsible for education〉
It`s number is the worst until then.
Even if children go to school, teacher can`t go ahead with the class, the collapse of class-room discipline has spread over Japan. Disappointment or despair against school has been talked among us.
It is the time when both the Ministry of Education and Japan teacher union are responsible for the reality.
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
Nariaki Nakayama who became the Minister October n 2008 said like the next.
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
Children`s academic ability is low in a place where Japan teacher union is strong.
After that he was forced to resign as minister and to decline to run for the next election.
It showed there was the one then who continued to had a feeling of anti Japan teacher union in the Liberal Democratic Party, but a response from the society was cold, for Japan teacher union becomes an organization which doesn`t have any great influence over the society.
Each newspaper which...
【The Ministry of Education and Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
Each newspaper which reported the remarks of the minister did with an explanation of term on Japan teacher union, for readers who didn`t know about Japan teacher union have increased.
Japan teacher union which was proud of its percentage of organizing was 86.3% in 1958 continued to drop its organizing percentage, it became 28.8% in 2006, according to a research by the Ministry of Education.
Lots of new teachers don`t join Japan teacher union, so the existence of Japan...
【The Ministry of Education versus Japan teacher union. A struggle continued over education】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
...so the existence of Japan teacher union in educational world has been little at present. It was disclosed unexpectedly.
I`m going to go into a new chapter from now on.
【Rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈I don`t tell a lie〉
The author said when he was at fifth grade in elementary school, then the Hayato Ikeda Prime Minister showed up in a commercial of TV, and the Prime Minister said he would double the people`s income. I don`t tell a lie.
【Rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈I don`t tell a lie〉
The Prime Minister said he didn`t tell a lie. He repeated the phrase over and over again.
Then the author found it strange, for he thought it was natural for the Prime Minister not to tell a lie. As he was a school child in elementary school, he didn`t know a statesman sometimes told a lie, and it was common knowledge then. It was a happy time.
After Japan was in uproar over the revision on security treaty, Ikeda Cabinet which succeeded to the Kishi Cabinet was born and aimed at being stable for the public feeling.
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈I don`t tell a lie〉
The Prime Minister announced a plan of doubling income. The plan made the society change from political season to economic season. The commercial in TV which the author watched was a slogan by Ikeda in an election of the member of the House of Representatives November in 1960.
Hayato Ikeda thought Japanese economy would develop from then, he used to say a theory of doubling income before he became the Prime Minister.
He often said to the reporters who collected data on him their income would double soon.
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈I don`t tell a lie〉
The reporters who listened to Ikeda thought Ikeda started to brag again.
A economist Osamu Shimomura who used to be in the Ministry of Finance supported theoretically Ikeda who became the Prime Minister.
Japanese economy which revived from devastation after the war have learned to have economic power little by little. Shimomura paid attention to the economic power, and thought if adopting an appropriate policy, Japanese economy would develop by leaps and bounds.
He expressed Japannese economy was a time of...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈I don`t tell a lie〉
He expressed that Japan was a time of rising historically.
A economic white paper said it had never been after the war already, and four years passed from then.
〈What is called economic boom of Jinnmu and Iwato〉
Japanese economy was in economic boom from 1955 to 1957 before the plan of doubling income started. We call the economic boom the one of Jinmu, for it was so good that it was for the first time since Jinnmu. It was exaggerated.
After a short term of depression, Japanese economy was in economic boom again...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈What is called an economic boom of Jinmu and Iwato〉
...Japanese economy was in economic boom again from 1959 to 1961. What should we call it? Jinmu Emperor showed up already, so we need other myth before Jinmu Emperor turned up, so the legend of what is called Ama no Iwato was used, so we call it the economic boom of Iwato.
After that the plan of doubling income was successful, and Japanese economy continued to develop for a long time. We call it a rapid economic growth or economic growth simply. It was from 1955 to 1973 when the oil...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈Waht is called an economic boom of Jinmu and Iwato〉
It was from 1955 to 1973 when the oil crisis happened.
〈Japan is a successful nation of socialism〉
We sometimes say Japan is a only nation of socialism which is successful in the world.
In short, an ideal socialism is the nation makes an economic plan, and labors work with joy and work enthusiastically. Without a gap between the poor and the rich, the people become rich.
A planned economy which a nation made didn`t go well in actual nation of socialism in eastern Europe. Labors...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈Japan is a nation of socialism which is successful〉
Labors work reluctantly, the gap on poverty and wealth between executives in communist party and ordinary labors expanded, so the people didn`t become rich at all, but Japan has gone well.
Though it`s an ironic expression, the Japanese have worked hard without being worried about their family, if comparing it with Western nation, the gap between the poor and the rich was a little. The first thing, the Japanese become rich rapidly.
While Japan is a nation of capitalism, our...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈Japan is a nation of socialism which is successful〉
While Japan is a nation of capitalism, our government made a planned economy like a plan for economy for five years. A plan of doubling income made by the Ikeda Cabinet was one of them.
〈Doubling income in this way〉
Economy has to grow 7.2% a year so as to double income in ten years. The government assumed a growth of 9% in the first three years, and established 7% of average growth rate on economy for a decade.
First of all, investing lots of money in public facility like roads...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈Doubling income in this way〉
First of all, investing lots of money in public facility like roads, harbors and sewages. Our government arranged the base of economic growth.
It increased a faculty and university on science and engineering course in order to train talented people who were indispensable for economic growth.
Companies had to borrow fund from a bank so as to expand their business, but without having enough fund in the bank, the bank can`t respond it well, so appealing the people to save their money.
Saving the money by...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈Doubling income in this way〉
Saving the money by the people and the money was lent to private companies.
Our government aimed at the economic growth so positively that private compnaies also adopted expanding management positively with a relief.
The private companies borrowed the fund from the bank and constructed new factories and expanded its production.
As our government announced that our economy would develop from now on and our income would double, so we could expect that our income increase and, so demand did, and commodities...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈Doubling income in this way〉
...and commodities would be sold well. Each company competed for increasing production each other. It was a happy time when the companies could believe in our government.
With a kind of certificate from the government, labor unions demanded a big rise in their wage. A big rise in wage had to be done regularly in order to double income.
If the income of salaried workers increases, they would have enough money to buy various products, so demand would increase.
The companies expanded their production and...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈Doubling income in this way〉
...and started to sell the commodities, and they were sold more and more, and companies could expand their business again.
〈The three sacred treasures〉
As the income of the people increased their eager for consuming rose. Consumption increased explosively, so it was called a revolution of consumption.
A leading actor in the boom of consumption was a black and white TV, a washing machine,and a refrigerator. We call them three sacred treasures.
Needless to say, its original meaning is three kind of...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈The three sacred treasures〉
Needless to say, its original meaning was three kind of treasures which symbolize the imperial throne passed from generation to generation in imperial family, but it was used as meaning of indispensable treasures in an ordinary home.
There was no color TV and the washing machine didn`t have any spin-dryer. The refrigerator didn`t have a freezer in its first stage, so buying a mass of ice, and put the ice in the most upper case, and made the cold from the ice cool. It was a primitive type, but was epoch...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈The three sacred treasures〉
It was a primitive one, but was epoch making and made our life wealthy then.
When the Japanese became rich, instead of three sacred treasures, a word of 3c learned to be used. It means a color TV, air conditioner, and a car. We the Japanese call the air conditioner a cooler, so 3c is taking initial from three of them.
〈A supermarket was born〉
Daie which is a store for housewives was born in Osaka in 1957. It was a first store of supermarket Daie which played an active part later. A new type of retail...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A supermarket was born〉
A new type of a retail shop started to spread out in Japan,and it was the supermarket. The supermarket is natural at present,but it was epoch making and consumers supported the supermarket.
The author said he defined the supermarket as a store for selling the commodities cheaply with self-service in which consumers choose the commodities for themselves and go to a cash register in order to buy the commodities.
The first store for self-service was Kinokuniya which was a vegetable store at Aoyama in Tokyo in 1953.
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A supermarket was born〉
Kinokuniya started in 1953. It was earlier than Daie by four years,
but Daie was the first one which carried out an extensive development of chain stores.
Its founder Isao Nakauchi went through the war in Philippine and suffered from hunger then. His experience drove him to increase stores of the supermarket.
Other supermarkets were born one after another then but lots of them failed because of a way of amateur commercial, but another ones which developed chain stores and became big appeared like Nichi...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A supermarket was born〉
...but another ones which developed chain stores and became big appeared like Nichii and Ito Yokado.
If comparing the supermarket with other stores in which face to face sales was usually done, being able to reduce the number of staff sharply in the supermarket, so saving personnel expense is possible there, so it was able to drop the price of commodities, and was popular among the people still more.
Not only being low price but the staff didn`t follow customers, so the customers could choose goods easily.
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A supermarket was born〉
Customers can take goods on shelves in their hand at will and it`s easy to buy. There are labels of price on all the commodities, so it`s easy to understand its price. Customers thought they were a charm from the supermarket. It`s natural for us at present, but it was new for us then.
Supermarkets can stock such a large amount of goods that they can press wholesalers or manufacturers to press to drop the price, for they can buy a large amount of goods.
They carved a way for sales except for existing of...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A supermarket was born〉
They carved a way for sales except for existing distributing root for commodities. They realized what is called a price slashing.
The price of commodities were decided by manufactures until then, but the supermarkets often took the leadership for decision on the price.
Supermarkets like Daie destroyed an order in distributing world from long ago in Japan and grew up.
〈We have to wait for three minutes. An instant Chinese noodle was sold〉
Nissin started to sell what is called chicken ramen which is an instant...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈We have to wait for three minutes. We have leanred to be able to buy an instant Chinese noodl,〉
Nisshin put an instant Chinese noodle, what is called chicken ramen, on sale in 1958. The instant Chinese ramen which was cooked at once as long as pouring hot water was epoch makking.
When trying to eat a ramen, we used to be forced to boil the uncooked form, so no one could eat it easily at home.
When the founder of Nisshin saw the Japanese eat a ramen in a line at its food wagon in a black market after the war, he started to research...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈We have to wait for three minutes. We have learned to be able to buy an instant Chinese noodle〉
...he started to research a ramen which was able to preserve for a long time and to eat it as we like and succeeded in developing it.
After that food companies developed the instant Chinese noodle one after another, and the instant Chinese noodle becomes a food for the Japanese soon.
We often eat it when studying for an examination or working at night.
The instant Chinese noodle has been indispensable for the people who supported the...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈We have to wait for three minutes. We have learned to be able to buy an instant Chinese noodle〉
The instant Chinese noodle has been indispensable for the Japanese who supported the rapid economic growth. It played an important role for industrial workers as energy.
〈A shinkansen ran〉
We used to call a shinkanse a dream super express. The shikanse in Tokaido line started October in 1964. It was before nine days the Tokyo Olympic started.
Its construction started so as to be in time for the Tokyo Olympic and it was all right.
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A shinkansen ran〉
Its construction started before five years from the Tokyo Olympic. Japan borrowed $ eighty million from the World Bank. It was about twenty nine billion yen then. The cost on the construction was three hundred eighty billion yen.
The world bank is an international organization which lends a developing coutry a fund. Japan has invested lots of money and supported the world bank at present.
『Column, What is called a political station』
There is a station of Gifuhajima between Nagoya and Maibara in Tokaido line for...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
『Column, what is called a political station』
There is a station of Gifuhajima between Nagoya and Maibara in the Tokaido line for shinkansen.
There was no station for the shinkansen in Gifu prefecture before, so a statesman Banboku Oono who was from Gifu prefecture and was the then vice president in the Liberal Democratic Party put a pressure on the national railway then, and made it build a new station in Hajima of which population was forty thousand.
A bronze statue for the statesman was built in front ot the new station. After that...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
『Column, what is called a political station』
After that, the statesman made the national railway build other new station with his political power without regarding profit, or designated a station for an express to stop. Political pressure continued.
〈Tokyo Olympic was held〉
Jet planes made five rings made of five colors above the Naitonal Athletic Stadium in Tokyo prefecture the tenth day October in 1964. It was an opening ceremony in Tokyo Olympic. Olympic was held in Asia for the first time.
The opening ceremony which was well-ordered
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈Tokyo Olympic was held〉
The opening ceremony which was well ordered and the closing ceremony in which athletes from each country were in jumble was broadcast in TV, and the Japanese were intoxicated with a festival of sports.
The representatives from Japan defeated the ones from Soviet in female volley ball and won the gold medal then.
As to the audience rating on TV when the gold medal was decided, it reached no less than 85% and Japanese female athletes were called withces in the East.
Then lots of the Japanese felt actually Japan...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈Tokyo Olympic was held〉
Then lots of the Japanese felt actually Japan joined the developed countries.
The tenth day October when the opening ceremony in the Tokyo Olympic was held became a national holiday, health sports day, commemoriting the Tokyo Olympic.
After that a law on the national holiday has been revised so as to increase the national holiday, and the health sports day is the second Monday of October.
Tokyo which is the capital in Japan has been transformed greatly due to the opening ceremony in the Tokyo Olympic.
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈The Tokyo Olympic was held〉
Though an expressway was to build, there wasn`t a large site in Tokyo originally, so filling old rivers and water ways and constructed the expressway above the reclaimed land.
After that we find Tokyo is ignominious city where there are the expressways over Ginza and Nihonbashi.
〈A Japanese car couldn`t run in an expressway〉
Making an effort in order to bring up an industry for an automobile in Japan is useless, for it is the time of international division. Because a good car which is reasonable price has...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A Japanese car couldn`t run in an expressway〉
Because it is the time of international division, a good car which is a reasonable price has been made in America, so we have only to depend on America in relation to the car.
The president in the Bank of Japan said like that in 1950. If his plan was realized, there would be no Japanese industry on the automobile at present.
Japanese industy on the automobile have grown by leaps and bounds actually. Japanese government also limited an import from foreign coutries, and started a plan of...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A Japanese car couldn`t run in an expressway〉
...and Japanese government limited an import from foreign countries, and started a plan of bringing up a domestic car then.
The industry on automobile in Japan had had technical skill on a truck from before the war, but the technical skill on an automobile was other thing altogether.
When driving, we feel comfortable, and even if driving on a bad road for a long time, the car doesn`t have any trouble, in addition its price is reasonable.
Each company on automobile in Japan developed a...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈Japanese car couldn`t run in an expressway〉
Each company on automobile in Japan developed a desperate struggle in order to make the automobile.
They bought a foreign car made in America actually and took it apart, and examined each of parts. Some of them joined hands with foreign companies and introduced their technical skill into Japan, or assembled the foreign car in Japan actually.
Toyota exported its car in America in 1957, but when driving at an expressway in America, the Japanese car couldn`t follow other American cars, it was...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A Japanese car couldn`t run in an expressway〉
...and it was unstable when driving in the exprssway. Some of them were overheated. We can`t imagine it in the least at present, but it was a real ability on the Japanese car then.
〈A phrase of my car was born〉
The domestic car was in low level like that then, but the Ministry of international trade and industry started a plan on a national car in 1955.
It urged companies on automobile to make an automobile for the Japanese to own. What kind of the automobile did they think of?
Its top...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A phrase of my car was born〉
It`s top speed was more than 100 k.p.h. It`s for four passengers, or for two passengers and can load a thing about one hundred kilometers.
Its engine displacement was from 350 to 500cc. Without repairing so much it can run more than one hundred thousand kilometers.
It can be made below one hundred and fifty thousand yen and we can buy it below two hundred and fifty thousand yen.
As to its selling price, an annual income in the middle management on a company of top class was about four hundred fifty...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A phrase of my car was born〉
An annual income on the middle management on a company of top class was about four hundred fifty thousand. As to the selling price on the car, it was thought over a price with which we could buy the car with annual income.
If thinking over efficiency on the car except for them at present, it turned out that a low level was thought as a high ideal then, but the plan was opposed by the industry on automobile, so it didn`t come true, for its efficiency was too high, but its price was too low.
However...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A phrase of my car was born〉
However Subaru 360 was produced and it was close to the plan for the national car. Its engine displacement was 360cc and it became the name of the car as it was.
Its price was four hundred twenty thousand yen. It`s equal to six million yen when the book was written around 2010, but it made us think that if overworking, an ordinary Japanese could own the car. It wasn`t a dream.
Moreover Toyota made Corona , and Nissan did Blue bird one after another, and both of the engine displacement was 1000cc.
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A phrase of my car was born〉
Both ot the cars were popular among us the Japanese then. As taking an initial of b from the Blue bird and c from Corona, a severe competition called BC struggle was developed in those days.
The industry on automobile in Japan has developed through the competition. An image that an automobile was for companies or a taxi company changed into the one that possession by an individual wasn`t unusual, so a phrase of my car was born.
〈A large scale of merger happened one after another〉
The competition on...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A large scale of merger happened one after another〉
The competition on the industry of automobile developed into a merger and a cooperation of companies before long.
Companies of automobile of Nissan and Prince were combined in 1966. A Sky line which has been popular among us produced by Nissan used to be made by Prince before.
The company of automobile of Toyota joined hands with Hino in the same year, and tied up with Daihatsu in the next year. Both of Hino and Daihatsu joined a group of Toyota.
On the other hand, in a field of...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A large scale of merger happened one after another〉
On the other hand, in a field of shipbuilding Mitsubishi companies which were divided by the dissolution of the zaibatsu were reorganized and become Mitsubishi heavy industry.
Moreover steel manufacturing companies of Yahata and Fuji were combined and a new company was born. Both of them used to be a single big company, but was divided by the order from GHQ, but revived.
As to banks, the one of which rank was sixth and eighth were combined and a new bank, Daiichi Kangin of which...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A large scale of merger happened one after another〉
...Daiichi Kangin of which bank balance was at the first rank in Japan was born.
In this way, with the development of Japanese economy, companies grew up for themselves or join hands each other and expanded the scale of business.
〈Agriculture was declining. What is called agriculture of sanchan〉
While indusry has developed, agriculture was steadily declining.
Children in farm houses hated to succeed to agriculture and went to work in a city and became salaried workers. Even a head...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈Agriculture was declining. What is called agriculture of sanchan〉
Even a head of farm house frequently went to the city for cash income, so the farmland was left to 母ちゃん、爺ちゃん、婆ちゃん, and we called it agriculture of sanchan.
The number of households on farmhouse increased no less than seven hundred thousand for a decade from 1960 to 1970.
A rate of the people who are engaged in agriculture in the whole workers in Japan dropped from 29% to 16%.
A large part of farm house at present are the ones involved in another business. A full-time...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈Agriculture was declining. What is called agriculture of sanchan〉
A full-time farmer who lived on agriculture alone was decreasing very quickly. It`s a side of the rapid economic growth.
『Column, while being rich, sensitivity has been lost』
平凡パンチ which had influenced over culture on the youths was attacked by decrease of the number of copies and tried to renew its content, but failed in it and disappeared in 1998.
A weekly magazine, play boy put together an issue for the play boy, good luck! Play boy. The publishing world placed...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
『Column, while being wealthy, sensitivity has been lost』
The publishing world placed great value on its reputation but the weekly magazine vanished.
An executive for editting the weekly magazine was grieved when the author covered the story like the next.
Editors who used to be poor and to be hungry for everything become rich and can build their houses in the suburb, so their ability as editor have been inferior in quality.
〈A mini skirt has come〉
The rapid economic growth has changed culture on youth greatly.
平凡パンチ which was issued..
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A mini skirt has come〉
平凡パンチ which was issued in 1964 made its shocking debut with a front cover of Ayumi Oohashi. The weekly magazine for young male introduced American life style into Japan such as its fashionable style and music.
What is called Ivy look and big name brands like VAN and Jun were popular among the youth in Japan, and a fashion of wearing jeans has been fixed in Japan.
Twiggy who was a fashion model visited Japan from England in 1967. Twiggy was her nickname. She was so slim as if she had been a twig, so others...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A mini skirt has come〉
...so others called her twiggy. She wore a short skirt on her slim body. A mini skirt has made a debut.
Grown-ups were astound with the mini skirt which was above fifteen centimeters from the knee.
Young females who wore mini skirt and swaggered spread out all over Japan.
In the middle of a abundant society came true, females started to assert themselves on their costume.
A street where vehicles were shut out temporarily started in Ginza in 1970. Cars were shut out from a main street, and the main street was...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈A mini skirt has come〉
...and the main street was open to pedestrians. We call its trial the street where vehicles are shut out temporarily, what is called 歩行者天国.
MacDonald advanced into Ginza in 1971, and a youth who walked there eating a hamburger was spread out all over Japan through the TV.
When eating, we must not stand. It`s shameful. When eating we must not walk. It`s out of question.
They used to be a common knowledge on eating culture in Japan, but it was changing so much then.
〈To an economic boom of Izanagi〉
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈To an economic boom of Izanagi〉
As in the middle of rapid economic growth continued, an economic growth came again. What should we call it? Jinmu and Iwato were used already.
It was Izanagi economic growth so as to stress thhat there was no precedent for it and dating back a myth before what is called Ama no Iwato.
At last the god who turned up in a myth of creating a nation of Japan, Izanagi, was used.
The economic growht of Izanagi continued for a long time from 1965 to 1970.
An international exposition was held at Senri in Osaka...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈To an economic growth of Izanagi〉
An international exposition was held at Senri in Osaka prefecture in 1970. It was for the first time in Asia. Its theme was a progress and harmony on the humanrace.
No less than 77 countries joined it and about 64 million people went there during its show for a half year. Foreign people were seventeen million. It means that about 60% of the Japanese went to see there.
A tower of the sun designed by Taro Okamoto and a stone in the moon with which the Apollo eleventh returned from the moon were exhibited.
【A rapid ecnomic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈To an economic boom of Izanagi〉
Two of them became the talk in the whole Japan.
『Column, an international exposition』
Under treaty of international exposition, it has been fixed that each nation competes an outcome of industry.
The first one was held in London in 1851. When being held in Paris in 1889, the Eiffel Tower was built.
The latest technical skill and an industry were ehhibited there and it was significant then, but with a development of technical skill, its significance became little.
A way of exhibiting the international...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
『Column, an international exposition』
A way of the international exposition has been discussed lately.
〈The strains were caused by the rapid economic growth〉
Various strains were caused by the rapid economic growth. Though it was a development in the whole Japanese economy, we the Japanese were worried about an inflation constantly.
Smoke, drainage, and waste from factories became a bigh problem at an industrial area in a city, and a word of environmental pollution was born.
Lots of people moved from a farm village to a city, and...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈The strains were caused by the rapid economic growth〉
...and new residences spread out in the suburb.
Even if the people who went to work from the new residence to the city increased, but a route of electric trains was limited, so a murderous rush was born.
A station employee who was in charge of crowding passengers into a train was stationed at home in a station, and mass media overseas often took up as a feature in Japan.
Lots of children were born in new residences so much that a shortage of kindergarten, a nursery school, and a...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈The strains were caused by the rapid economic growth〉
Lots of children were born in new residences so much that a shortage of kindergarten, a nursery school, and a school became a serious problem.
An official big hospital was also lacked, and without being arranged roads, a severe traffic jam became an usual one.
It was then when various movements by residents were born in order to improve their life.
The Vietnamese War intensified in Asis. After the special procurements in Korea, the special procurements from Vietnam was born in a...
【A rapid econmic growth. A course of wealthy Japan】
〈The strains were caused by the rapid economic growth〉
...the special procurements from the Vietnamese War was also born in a part of the industrial wolrd.
As the strains from the growth spread out, there was a question whether or not the growth was a progress was born then.
Students in universities who rebelled against existing general idea and order turned up. Students movement happened.
When escaping from the edge of starvation, we`ve the Japanese found there is a problem in a wealthy society.
〈After that what`s happened?〉
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Jaapn】
〈After that, what`s happened?〉
A supermarket which symbolized the rapid economic growth in Japan was in a turning point. Increasing its shop rapidly was dependent on borrowing lots of fund from a financial institution.
However a financial instability in 1990s caused a credit crunch by the financial institution, so Daie and Seiyu faced a crisis in management.
Both of them changed the executive officers and were in the middle of rebuilt when the book was written.
If buying a suit, it`s a store for men`s clothing where we can buy in low...
【A rapid economic growth. A course of wealthy Jaapn】
〈After that what`s happened?〉
If buying a suit, everyone goes to a store for men`s clothng where we can buy in low price. If buying something casual, it`s a unique clothing, what we call ユニクロ, so a way that there is everything has been in difficulty.
As being in affluent time, instead of the supermarket on condition of mass production, a clear-cut store has been asked for.
The one which is suitable for the new time, and new style of store. It may pull Japanese economy in the next time.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
【A phrase of enrivonmental pollution was born】
〈Odaiba becomes a popular place〉
Odaiba is a tourist spot in Tokyo gulf. There is a rainbow bridge in front of it, and is popular among us,and an artificial beach has been thronged with people.
If looking at the Tokyo gulf from far away, it looks beautiful, but doing from nearby, some youths cried how dirty it is, but the author said as their generation knew the wretched state long ago, so they are impressed because it becomes rather clean than before.
The sea around a city like the Tokyo gulf used to be the one of sludge, so when...
【A word of environmental pollution was born】
〈Odaiba becomes a popular place〉
...so when approaching there, it used to smell bad, so we couldn`t think of going to the sea for a fun.
Not only the sea was dirty but the city was filled with smoke so much that the visibility was bad. We often saw a policeman who had to wear a mask in a intersection where exhaust fume was bad from automobiles.
The rapid economic growth has made Japan rich, but various pollution spread out as its cost, and a word of environmental pollution was born.
〈A new word of environmental pollution〉
Air pollution and...
>>406
To a person who responded to 406
４０６にレスした方へ
What do you mean? Does it have something to do with you?
どう言う意味ですか？ あなたに関係あるのですか？
>>407
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A new phrase of environmental pollution〉
Air pollution and ocean pollution. There are culprits who caused them like companies or an individual, but when companies or factories which released polluted material increased, we can`t understand easily which department of which factory was the cause of pollution.
Sometime polluted materials from some factories were compounded, and the pollution became worse.
As to the exhaust fume from automobiles, each of lots of drivers is a culprit one by one. Then searching investigation on the one...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A new phrase of environmental pollution〉
Then it is hard to search for investigation on the one who is responsible for the the pollution.
Though casual relationship is unclear, lots of people have been damaged by it. It has learned to be called environmental pollution.
There was no phrase of the environmental pollution in dictionaly until it became worse on account of the rapid economic growth.
We weren`t aware of it so much then. When waste water was dirty from a factory, if flushing it with lost of water, the waste water would become thin.
>411
To a person who resoponded no 411
411にレスされた方へ
Thank you very much for your warm words and how do you do.
暖かい言葉を有り難う御座います。初めまして。🙂
It`s just that I love English so much that I can make effort in relation to English.
ただ、英語が好きなんで、英語は頑張れるだけです。😊
Thank you for your support and I`m going to devote myself for my Engkish from now on as well.
応援有り難う。これからも英語の勉強頑張ります👍
>>410
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A new phrase of environmental pollution〉
As to a smoke from a factory, we used to think dirty air would diffuse and it had little influence over the ground as long as we made its chimney tall.
At first the waste water which was made thin with the water went into a body of timy plankton, a little fish ate it, a bigger fish ate the little fish, and the waste water was concentrated and accumulated its body. Finally we ate the bigger fish and lots of the waste water went into our body, but we weren`t consicious of it for a while.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A new word of environmental pollution〉
The polluted air was reacted with various material chemically, and it became bad to the human body, but we didn`t know it in the least.
Arrogance by ignorance caused a damage one after anothe unexpectedly. It happened in Japan from Shouwa 30s to 40s.
〈Both the sky and the sea were polluted〉
A large amount of particles of soot fell around an elementary school at Yahata district of North Kyushu city in 1961. When it`s worst, 85ton per one kilometer a month, and its average was 64 ton a month.
【The word of environmental pollution was born】
〈Both the sky and the sea were polluted〉
When painting the sun on a picture, the color of the sun painted by the school children in the area was yellow, for they had never seen the red sun owing to the particles of soot.
About forty students complained of pain of their eye and throat or others were convulsed and were taken to hospital when being in the school ground of Suginami district in Tokyo July in 1970.
Lots of people appeared who complained ths same symptom each place in Tokyo on the same day. It was an outbreak of photochemical...
【A phrase environmental pollution was born】
〈Both the sky and the sea were polluted〉
It was a first outbreak of photochemical smog in Japan. Chemical reaction was caused by the ultraviolet rays with the nitrogen oxide in the exhaust fumes from automobile, and the second pollution by oxidant was caused. It turned out that the pain on the eye and throat of the human body was caused by the oxidant.
The smog by the air pollution was so bad that it prevented us from watching far away, but it proved that the photochemical smog occurred when the visibility was good and we felt as if it had...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Both the sky and the sea were polluted〉
...but it proved that the photochemical smog occurred when there was a good visibility and we felt as if the smog had never happened. We recognized the damage which we couldn`t judge with our own eyes occurred for the first time then.
An advisory on the photochemical smog is often issued in Tokyo when it`s hot and there is no wind in summer at present. We can issue the advisory, for we can understand its actual situation. Is it a progress?
The smog occurrs as before, so it isn`t any progress?
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A serious air pollution in Yokkaichi city〉
It was Yokkaichi city in Mie prefecture where the air pollution was serious and it threated the life of our human body for the first time.
An oil refinery for petroleum was built one after another in Yokkaichi city from 1957 and a petrochemical complex was completed there.
From then a fish caught in Ise gulf off the coast of Yokkaichi gave off an offensive smell, so the price of the fish dropped and fishermen were damaged.
The damage reached from the sea to the air. A poisonous gas like a sulfer...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A serious air pollution in Yokkaichi〉
Residents were threatened by an offensive odor and a poisonous gas like a sulfer dioxide from the petrochemical complex.
In Shiohama district close to the petrochemical complex patients who suffered from asthma showed up one after another from around 1959. We called it the asthma in Yokkaichi.
They couldn`t open the window in both elementary school, junior high school and high school in Shiohama district in even summer thanks to the offensive odor.
When going to school, children had to wear a mask then.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A serious air pollution in Yokkaichi〉
There was no air conditioning both in school nor in ordinary home then. When studying in school, they let some fresh air into the class room in summer, so when being unable to opne the window, it was a veritable inferno.
Each of company in the petrochemical complex obeyed the standard on exhausting smog based on a law, but if the companies were concentrated in a place, the amount of particles of soot and the sulfer dioxide from the smoke from each company reached enormous, and it had harmful influence...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A serious air pollution in Yokkaichi〉
...and it had a harmful influence on the human body, but the local place of Yokkaichi city and Mie prefecture which thought they were prosperous on account of the petrochemical complex didn`t try to take a drastic measure.
They let the damage alone,and the patients suffering from the asthma continued to increase, and some of them were dead due to the asthma.
A lawsuit on the environmental pollution in Yokkaichi requesting a compensation for damage was occurred by patients suffering from asthma.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A serious air pollution in Yokkaichi〉
The lawsuit was done against six companies in the petrochemical complex September in 1967. The plaintiff won the trial July in 1972, and other patients except for the planitiff got relief like the same way.
Without bringing a suit in the trial, the patients couldn`t get relief from the damage. Not only negligence on the companies which caused the environmental pollution but the administration was blamed in the environmental pollution.
〈Four great sickness due to the environmental pollution occurred〉
【A phrase of environmenta pollution was born】
〈Four great disease due to the environmental pollution occurred〉
The environmental pollution occurred in rapid succession, in particular we call four of them the four great disease due to the environmental pollution, and the asthma in Yokkaichi was one of them.
Other three were Minamata disease caused by mercury poisoning, the Minamata disease in Niigata prefecture due to the same cause, and itai-itai disease caused by cadmium along the Jintu River in Toyama prefecture. A director of the hospital in Toyama prefecture found the disease in 1946.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Four great disease due to the environmental pollution occurred〉
He was aware that lots of patients felt pain in its whole body and broke its bones every place in its body were in hospital. Some of them who had bad symptom broke their bone easily when coughing.
As the patients suffered from their pain, syaing itai, itai, so we call it itai-itai disease.
The feature on the disease was there were lots of female patients overwhelmingly. A doctor diagnosed the disease as rheumatism, spinal caries, or softening of the bones.
Moreover...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Four great disease due to the air pollution occurred〉
Moreover it was thought that malnutrition or fatigue caused by overwork was a cause of the disease, but the director in the hospital was conscious that patinets concentrated in an area where the water from Jintu River was used for the rice field or drinking.
It turned out that cadomium, lead, and zinc were included in both agricultural product and in human body by an investigation of the expert, so an opinion of chronic poisoning by heavy metal of which center was cadomium came together.
【A phrase of an environmentaol pollution was born】
〈Four great disease due to the environmental pollution occurred〉
Cadomium in waste water from the Kamioka mine of Mitsui metallic mine in the upper stream of Jintu River was the cause of the itai-itai disease.
Cadomium was replaced with calcium in the human body and invaded into the bone, in particular a female passed her calcium to her unborn baby, so her bone was easy to melt. After the bone was melted, the cadomium went into the bone.
The Kamioka mine refuted with a theory that cadomium was harmless or vitamin D was shortage, so...
【A phrase of environmental disease was born】
〈Four great disease due to the environmental pollution occurred〉
...so the decision on the casual relation of the itai-itai disease and the relief of its patients didn`t go ahead easily.
It was May in 1968 when the itai-itai disease was recognized as the disease due to the environmental pollution. Immediate before it, patients issued a lawsuit against the Mitsui metallic industry mining, and the Toyama local district court said the plaintiff won the suit.
The Mitsui which didn`t assent it filed an appeal, but Kanazawa branch of Nagoya high...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Four great disease due to the environmental pollution occurred〉
...but Kanazawa branch of Nagoya high court the plaintiff won the suit again, and the amount of compensation for the itai-itai disease was double in the judgement from the Toyama local district court, so the Mitsui gave up appealing, and the judgement was settled.
The company which caused the environmental pollution didn`t recognine its responsibility easily, besides the administration didn`t start to relieve the patients.
After the patients were on the court, the...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Four great disease due to the environmental pollution occurred〉
After the patients were on court the administration started to relieve the patients. It was done again then, especially Minamata disease which made us think over the company which was responsible for the disease due to the environmental pollution, moral and responsibility in employees who worked in the companies, and the responsibility in the administration.
〈A strange disease occurred in Minamata〉
A girl of five years old was carried to hospital belonged to Chisso April in 1956
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A strange disease occurred in Minamata〉
The girl lived in a fishing village. The hospital belonged to Chisso was managed by the company of Chisso, and it treated not only its employees but the local residents.
No one had never seen the syndrome on the girl. Her limbs were numb, her expression was unclear, and she was only half conscious. After eight days, her little sister was in hospital with the same syndrome. Furthermore it turned out that there were other patients who suffered from the same syndrome in their neighborhood.
A director...
【A phrase of environmental disease was born】
〈A strange disease occurred in Minamata〉
A director in the hospital belonged to Chisso reported to the public health center in Mianamat a disease on the central nerves of which cause was unclear occurred. It was the official confirmation on the Minamata disease.
Chisso had other name when the Minamata disease occurred, and it changed its name into Chisso in 1965, but I make it rule to call it Chisso here.
The syndrome on the Mianamata disease was like the next.
At first the tip of hands and feet became numb. Hands became numb so bad that the...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A strange disease occurred in Minamata〉
Hands became numb so bad that the patients couldn`t hold anything. They couldn`t button up their clothing. When walking they stumbled easily. They couldn`t speak clearly, and their voice became wheedling.
Their visual field became small, so they couldn`t see anything easily losing their hearing and were hard to swallow food.
Those syndromes went ahead slowly, and some patients were dead.
In the district where there were the patients, there were the same syndrome on cats. When walking they stumbled...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A strange disease occurred in Minamata〉
...or they suddenly started to run, bumped into a wall and fell into water so finally dead. That case continued.
An occurrence on a strange disease was reported in the local newspaper in Kumamoto prefecture with a headline that an occurrence on strange disease to children and cats in Minamata. Is it the same cause?
After that the disease was known in the whole Japan. Its patients concentrated in Minamata city, so we call it the Minamata disease, but its cause didn`t turned out be clear then.
【A phrase of environmental disease was born】
〈A measure on the strange disease began to be taken〉
The public health center, the city hall, an association by doctors, the hospital belonged to Chisso, and a municipal hospital established a committee which took measure against the strange disease in Minamata, and it started to take measure.
Thirty patients were found at once. All the homes of the patients were engaged in the fishing industry, and they concentrated on the fishing villages around Minamata city.
As it was a mass outbreak in a small area, so there was a doubt on a contagious...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A measure against the strange disease started〉
There was a doubt on a contagious disease in the beginning. The local people feared it was the contagious disease from the cats. The public health center scattered a disinfectant in the houses of the patients. Eight patients who were in hospital belonged to Chisso were quarantined.
These things created a discriminatory conscience against the patients.
When family members of the patients went shopping to a local shop their money wasn`t received with a hand. It is said that the money was...
【A new phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A measures against the strange disease was taken〉
It is said that when handed money、a bamboo colanders or chopsticks were used．
They were said to be a hereditary disease, and lots of the people who were related the patients hid the disease for, they were afraid of being discriminated. Those situation continued. The patients suffered from both the disease and discrimination.
The committee against the strange disease in Minamoto city asked the medical department in Kumamoto university for the study and the investigation on...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A measures against the disease was taken〉
The committee against the strange disease in Minamata city requested the medical department in Kumamoto university for the study and the investigation on the strange disease August．
Then a full scale investigation started．
It turned out that there were children whose symptom resemble a cerebral polio were among other children who were born. The children suffered from a fetal Minamata disease.
The placenta of a mother who was pregnant worked of defending her unborn baby. An organic...
マユミちゃん、スレを見つけたよ
【A new phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Measures against the Minamata disease was taken〉
Organic mercury which accumulated in the body of the mother moved to her unborn baby through the placenta, and the unborn baby suffered from the disease when being born.
It shows a terror that the damage reached the one who was in a weak position.
〈It used to be a valuable factory in the industrial world in Japan〉
Chisso used to be a company which produced a fertilizer. It started from an electric chemical factory invited to the Minamata village in Kumamoto prefecture.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈It used to be a valuable factory in the industrial world in Japan〉
It was invited at the end of Meiji era, and after the war it started again as a factory for a fertilizer and soon put a great deal of effort into producing octanol which was a raw material of platicizer for a vinyl chloride.
The plasticizer means a thing which is able to change its shape at will. We can manufacture various products with the vinyl chloride, so the plasticizer was necessary then.
The vinyl chloride became indispensable for the industrial world in Japan so as....
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈It used to be a valuable factory in the industrial world in Japan〉
The vinyl chloride became indispensable for the industrial world in Japan so as to accomplish the rapid economic progress, and the octanol which was a raw material for the high quality of the plasticizer has a high demand from the industrial world in Japan.
As to the share of octanol, Chisso occupied no less than 65% in Japan in 1953, so Chisso had an overwhelming power.
The factory of Chisso was important in the industrial world in Japan.
There was a producing process ...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈It used to be a valuable factory in the industrial world in Japan〉
There was a producing process from carbide, acetylene, acetaldehyde, and octanol was produced. In its process, inorganic mercury was used as its catalyst 触媒
The inorganic mercury itself doesn't`t cause the Minamoto disease, but organic mercury generated in the process, and it was discharged in Minamata gulf as waste water from the factory.
〈Minamata city used to be a castle town for Chisso〉
Minamata city in Kumamoto prefecture is surrounded by mountain in relation to its...
マユミちゃん、追記したよ😄
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Minamata city was a castle town for the company〉
As to the three direction of the Minamata city,it is surrounded by the mountain, and its west faces Shiranuhi sea. If getting down from a train at the Minamata station, there is the front gate of the Chisso in front of us then.
The factory spread out to the sea, and there are stores and restaurants in the roads along the factory, and we can understand well the factory made the town developed.
Lots of the residents in Minamata city worked in Chisso or in its related....
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Minamata city was a castle town for the company〉
Lots of residents in Minamata city worked in Chisso or in its related company, or doing business for them, so Minamata city used to be the castle town for the company.
As a town of which center was a castle developed in the Edo era, we call a town of which center was a big company developed the castle town for company.
As residents in the castle town couldn’t criticize their lord in the Edo era, even if there were residents who were doubtful that the waste water form the factory caused the...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A castle town for a company〉
...even if there were residents who were doubtful the waste water from the factory caused the Minamata disease, they hesitated to say it, so there was no movement which blamed the factory of Chisso in Minamata.
A group of studying the Minamata disease in Kumamoto university asked Chisso for the waste water as sample, Chisso refused it because it was a secret in its company, so the study didn’t go well, then the damage continued.
A department in fishery of Kumamoto prefecture thought the waste water from the ...
A continuation from no 444
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Minamata city was a castle town for a company〉
The fishery department asked an intention of the Health Ministry so as to stop to make the fish catch and to suspend the discharge of the waste water from the factory by a food hygiene law, but the Ministry of Health did not allow it.
As a result, Kumamoto prefecture guided the residents not to eat fish caught in a dangerous area.
The fishing industry by fishermen who had no way of leading life except for fishery continued partly.
If enough measures were taken ...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Minamata city was a castle town for the company〉
If an enough measures were taken, expansion of damage may have defended then. If the Ministry of Health decided...but the judgement by the Ministry of Health had nothing to do with it.
If Kumamoto prefecture decided, its situation may have changed.
〈Hiding the pollution made the damage expand〉
Chisso flushed the waste water of acetaldehyde into Minamata gulf, but changed the place where the water waste flushed. It was done into the mouth of Minamata river from the north of the factory.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Hiding pollution made the damage expand〉
The place was changed September in 1958.
The color of the waste water of acetaldehyde was reddish brown. Even if looking at it from far away, it was conspicuous, so the waste water was saved in a water tank once, and made its iron content settle at the bottom of the tank.
When the waste water looked clean, it was flushed in the mouth of the Minamata river.
If the waste water which looked dirty flushed into Minamata gulf, local fishermen thought the waste water from Chisso was suspicious, so the...
今晩は、マユミちゃん。追記しておいたよ😁
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Hiding pollution made the damage expand〉
...so Chisso tried to prevent itself from being suspicious, and it was just a superficial conduct for hiding the pollution.
The waste water which stayed in small Minamata gulf until then
flowed into Shiranuhi sea direct because Chisso changed its drainage channel, so the pollution spread over whole Shiranui sea with its tide.
Damage by the Minamata disease stayed around Minamata alone, but after that it spread out whole Shiranui sea.
A step which tried to avoid a criticism ...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Hiding pollution made the damage expand〉
A step which tried to avoid criticism was caused by Chisso spread damage by the Minamata disease.
〈It was found that Chisso caused....〉
A group of studying in medical department in Kumamoto university found the Minamata disease was organic mercury poisoning, and guessed the waste water included the organic mercury in chemical matter from the waste water of Minamata factory in CHisso.
Kumamoto university invited the people who were related Chisso and released an opinion of the organic mercury.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈It was found that Chisso caused...〉
Though it turned out after that, when the organic mercury went into the human body, it reached its whole body with the blood, and entered inside brain, stuck to a nerve cell, and destroyed the nerve cell.
Both of unions of retail and broker for fish decided not to buy fish caught around the Minamata gulf, so fishermen around the Minamata gulf was taken away a way of living. Their angry was directed toward Chisso.
350 fishermen in fishery union of Minamata made a run on the Minamata factory, and ...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈It was found that Chisso caused...〉
The fishermen requested a compensation for their fishery of one hundred million yen and setting up of an equipment of removing and purifying for sludge.
The compensation was done, but had nothing to do with the Minamata disease. It was an ordinary pollution for the sea. It means that Chisso didn`t always accept its responsibility for the Minamata disease.
The damage of pollution expanded from Minamata gulf to Shiranui sea, so except for Minamata, no one learned not to buy any fish caught along the coast.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈It was found that Chisso caused...〉
About two thousand of fishermen along the coast of Shiranui sea broke into the Minamata factory in Chisso in this year, for they made a run to the factory and requested to see the ones who were responsibility for the pollution, but it was turned down, so their angry exploded.
They destroyed the equipments on the factory, and policemen tried to stop them, but the fishermen attacked the policemen.
Eighty policemen, four employees in the factory and lots of fishermen were injured owing to the intrusion.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈It was found that Chisso caused...〉
The case was reported so big that it was well-known in the whole Japan, but the mayor in Minamata city, and twenty eight groups such as a chamber of Commerce and Industry, agricultural cooperative, labor union in Chisso, paid petitioning visit the governor in Kumamoto prefecture and requested not to stop discharge the waste water from Minamata factory, for it was a matter of life and death for residents in Minamata city.
Minamata city was a castle town for Chisso then, so the patients of Minamata disease...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈It was found that Chisso caused...〉
...so the patients of Minamata disease were driven to a situation in which they were hard to appeal their situation. While they suffered from the disease, they couldn`t appeal so as to lead their life in Minamata.
〈Counterargument against the theory on organic mercury appeared one after another〉
A counterargument against the theory on organic mercury from the Kumamoto university appeared from Chisso, chemical world, and scholars close to the chemical world like the theory of explosion and the one of...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A counterargument against the theory on organic mercury appeared one after another〉
A theory on explosive and the one on poisonous amine were one of the counterargument.
There used to be a facility for navy in Minamata during the war, and an explosive was disposed in the sea then、and decayed in the sea bed, so its chemical matter leaked from it. It was the theory on explosive.
As protein decayed, amine generated, and it caused the Minamata disease. It was the theory on amine.
There was other theory that agricultural chemical flowed into ...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A counterargument against the theory on organic mercury appeared one after another〉
There was other theory that agricultural chemical flowed into the sea and it caused the Minamata disease. It appeared in the Minamata disease in Niigata prefecture as the counterargument against that it was caused by the waste water from the factory, especially the Ministry of International Trade and Industry was eager to deny the theory on organic mercury, for it was in a position in which it protected Chisso and the chemical world.
The Ministry of health....
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A countermeasure against the theory on organic mercury appeared one after another〉
A group of researching the cause on Minamata disease in the Ministry of Health reported the Minamata disease was caused by eating lots of fishes inhabiting in Minamata gulf and around the gulf.
It`s a poisonous sickness, and damages the central nerve mainly. Its main cause is a kind of chemical compound of organic mercury.
The Ministry indicated clearly the Minamata disease was a poison by organic mercury. The report was made by researchers in Kumamoto...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A counterargument against the theory on organic mercury appeared one after another〉
The report was made by researchers in Kumamoto university mainly, but a professor in Tokyo Industrial university reported he didn`t think the disease was caused by the organic mercury in the previous day.
The group for researching the cause on Minamata disease in the Ministry of Health was made to disband in the next day of its report.
Hayato Ikeda Minister of International Trade and Industry spoke a conclusion that the organic mercury flowed from Chisso ...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A counterargument against the theory on organic mercury appeared one after another〉
The Minister said a conclusion that the organic mercury flowed from Chisso was rash.
Kumamoto university was offfended by the order for disband the group of researching the cause on Minamata disease violently, but the Minister of International Trade and Industry didn`t listen to it.
An impression that the cause of Minamata disease was unclear was made by the offensive from the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. The government missed a chance of...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A countermeasure against the theory on organic mercury appeared one after another〉
The government missed a chance of issuing an unified view.
The Ministry of Health requested the Ministry of International trade and Industry to take a step against the Minamata disease, but the latter which made much of industry than any other thing was in a position which it protected Chisso, and didn`t try to take any step.
The Ministry of Health didn`t take a strong attitude any more.
After that executives in Chisso said the Ministry of International ...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A counterargument against the theory on organic mercury appeared one after another〉
Executives in Chisso said as to the pollution, they`ve thought that the Ministry of International Trade and Industry should have taken administrative lead for them. They put the blame on the Ministry of International Trade and Industry.
Both of the Ministry of Health and the one of International Trade and Industry thought of seriously what they could do so as to protect the life of patients, they could have taken a step avoiding expansion of damage, but its ...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A counterargument against the theory on organic mercury appeared one after another〉
...but the chance of avoiding expanding the damage was missed one after another. An irresponsible organization continued, and it often happened in other environmental pollution.
It was in 1968 after nine years that a governmental view that the cause was the waste water from Chisso was set up.
〈Some people were suspicious inside Chisso〉
To tell the truth, there were some people who doubted the waste water from Minamata factory was the cause. A director in...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Some people doubted inside Chisso〉
A director in the hospital belonged to Chisso tackled an experiment of pouring the waste water on the process of manufacturing acetaldehyde on a feed for a cat and making the cat eat it.
He retired at Mandatory age in 1958, but continued to research as a part-time doctor.
As the result of experiment, the cat became the Minamata disease. It convulsed and its hind legs were paralyzed. Its visual field became small, and it started to circle in the same spot. They were typical syndrome on the Minamata disease.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Some people doubted inside Chisso〉
The director told the factory manager on the result of the experiment, but the factory manager prohibited him to release the result of the experiment and ordered to stop the experiment for a while.
The director didn`t release the fact outside positively, so it was unknown in the society for a long time.
There was an engineer who doubted the cause on the Minamata disease was the waste water from Minamata factory, but his voice didn`t become big. He said like the next.
We couldn`t endure the waste water...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Some poeple doubted inside the factory〉
We couldn`t endure the waste water from our factory caused the Minamata disease. Needless to say, it was disadvantageous for our company. I was worried about the cause. I didn`t think I wanted to think so. I hoped it didn`t happen.
Therefore when listening to a lecture which denied the theory on organic mercury in the company, I thought the cause was the organic mercury, connecting with my feeling of wanting our company not to cause the disease.
A small voice gives way to a big voice in every company.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Some poeple doubted inside the company〉
Even if there were some people who thought the theory on organic mercury was correct, if their voice was small, changing the situation would be hard, the engineer said like that.
〈The Minamata disease broke out in Niigata prefecture as well〉
Pursuing the cause and protecting from the Minamata disease didn`t go ahead very much , to make matters worse, the same disease broke out in Niigata prefecture in 1965. We call it the Minamata disease in Niigata.
It was poisoning on mercury from a factory....
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈The Minamata disease broke out in Niigata prefecture as well〉
It was a poisoning on mercury by waste water from producing acetaldehyde in Kanose factory of Showa Electric Industry along Agano river.
Showa Electric Industry counter argued that the great earthquake in 1964 caused agricultural chemical to flow into the river and the disease broke out.
A company didn`t try to take any responsibility there.
Patients brought a suit against Showa Electric Industry on requesting compensation for their damage to Niigata district court June in 1967.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈The Minamata disease broke out in Niigata prefecture as well〉
It was the first lawsuit on disease by the environmental pollution. As neglecting to tackle the Minamata disease, so no one could prevent the same disease from breaking out.
『Column,A declaration on disgrace』
What`s a struggle? We`ve experienced it with our body, but couldn`t struggle with the Minamata disease until now. We found it shameful as a person, as a labor, so we have to reflect on it.
The treatment from the company to the labor was the treatment to the Minamata...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
『Column, a declaration on disgrace』
...and a struggle against the Minamata disease is at the same our own struggle.
The company hasn`t accept the cause of Minamata disease is the waste water from its factory even at present, and had hidden its all data.
We have decided to do our best so as to make the company accept the it has a responsibility for the Minamata disease, and supported the victims who suffered from the Minamata disease in the bottom of hardship, and struggle with the Minamata disease.
〈A union belonged to Chisso divided〉
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A union belonged to Chisso divided〉
The first union belonged to Chisso declared a disgrace as a human which they didn`t tackle with the Minamata disease, and started measures against the Minamata disease in 1968.
The first union was in a position of the patients and was discriminated from the company. It started six years before.
A labor union requested their wage increase April in 1962, and the company suggested a stable wage that the amount of raise ....
【A phrase of environmental disease was born】
〈An union belonged to Chisso divided〉
...and the union suggested a stable wage of agreement on average amount of raising wage with the same business was determined automatically for the next four years because economic situation was bad.
The union refused it because it thought it couldn`t struggle with original way of struggling by the union.
The negotiation between them wasn`t agreed, and the union gave a notice of starting indefinite strike to the company.
The company decided to lock the worker out of the factory at once, and refused the...
【A pharase of environmental pollution was born】
〈An union belonged to Chisso divided〉
...and refused to the members of union to go to the factory.
In the next day, 250 members in the union with a position of the head of section formed the second union. The new labor union repeated clashing with the first one which tried to prevent the second from going into the factory.
The members of the second union went into the factory and started their job from the next day. The same thing in Miike struggle happened there.
The labor union in Miike which finished its struggle before two years ...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈An union belonged to Chisso divided〉
The labor union in Miike which finished its struggle two years before rushed there for support, and the same thing in Miike happened there.
The first and second union involved their family members in their opposition, and they were opposed emotionally. There were families of which parents and brothers were opposed each other.
The local shopping district divided into groups of supporting the labor union.
The members of labor union learned to go shopping in the shopping district alone which support them.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈An union belonged to Chisso divided〉
A half year passed from the lockout, and the first union accepted a mediation from the committee on district labor in Kumamoto prefecture January in 1963, and finished its struggle. It was defeated.
After the struggle, the members in the first union started their job in the factory, and were discriminated and harassed from the company thoroughly.
The activists couldn`t return to the place of producing, and were forced to clean or to cut grass around the company house.
Some of them who were from...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A labor union belonged to Chisso divided〉
Some of members in the first labor union who were from Kumamoto prefecture were transferred to the factory in Chiba prefecture.
The number of members on the both of the labor unions became the same at the end of this year, after that they were reversed.
The first labor union was discriminated from the company like that, and was in the same position as the patients on the Minamata disease.
Its members used to be opposed against the patients with the company and defended the company, but they were...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈A labor union belonged to Chisso divided〉
...the members in the first union were attacked from the company through their struggle, and understood the position of the patients on the Minamata disease for the first time.
They were familiar with the internal condition in the factory well, and started a whistle-blowing 内部告発 from then.
〈Chisso settled on its cause at last〉
The first union announced the declaration on disgrace, and in the next month September the government announced its view on the Minamata disease at last.
The Minamata...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Chisso settled on the cause at last〉
The Minamata disease was a sickness of poisonous central nerve by eating lots of fishes in Minamata gulf for a long time. The matter caused the disease was a chemical compound of methyl mercury, and the chemical compound of methyl mercury was produced in the equipment for producing acetaldehyde, and was discharged with waste water from the factory of Chisso.
It polluted the sea food in Minamata gulf, and was concentrated inside the fish, as the local residents ate the fish, the Minamata disease broke out.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Chisso settled on the cause at last〉
As to the Minamata disease in Niigata prefecture, the government recognized its cause was waste water including chemical compound of methyl mercury from the Kanose factory of Showa electric industry.
A plankton in the sea ate the organic mercury, and little fish ate the plankton, and big fish ate the little fish. It`s a food chain. The organic mercury was accumulated like that, and its thickness became high.
Even if the waste water was thinned with lots of water, its thickness become high in natural world
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Chisso settled on the cause at last〉
Moreover the organic mercury was accumulated in fish direct by bronchial respiration 鰓呼吸, and local residents ate the fish and broke out the Minamata disease.
The announcement from the government was done after twelve years from a official confirmation. The nation accepted the cause of Minamata disease was the waste water from the Minamata factory at last.
However the factory of producing acetaldehyde stopped its operation May in this year. When producing octanol from acetaldehyde, using mercury as...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Chisso settled on the cause at last〉
...the way of producing of using mercury as catalyst was old fashioned.
After the government announced its view, the president of the company apologized the patients for the first time. It was too late.
There was a patient who said like the next.
I don`t want any money at all, but instead, want the ones who are in an important position to drink mercury from the top one in turn.
I want them to be dead from the top one in turn, and want their wives to drink mercury so as that their children were born...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Chisso settled on the cause at last〉
...and want to their wives to drink mercury so as that their children who suffered from the Minamata disease are born. I want all of them to suffer from the Minamata disease, after that want hundred of employees to suffer from a latent Minamata disease.
〈Pursing blame on Chisso〉
A former president, and a former factory manager in Chisso were prosecuted for professional negligence resulting in death in 1976.
It was clear that the responsibility on the cause of the Minamata disease was the waste water...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Pursing blame on Chisso〉
It was clear that the cause of the Minamata disease was the waste water from the Minamata factory in Chisso, so the public opinion of pursing responsibility for executives in Chisso heightened, the local public prosecutor`s office in Kumamoto started to investigate at last.
The criminal case reached the Supreme Court, and the two defendants were sentenced two years` imprisonment with three years` suspension in 1988. They were guilty.
Patients who requested for compensation for damage brought a suit one after another.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Pursing responsibility on Chisso〉
In the first trial in which patients of the Minamata disease requested compensation for damage against Chisso, Kumamoto local district court sentenced that Chisso lost the case in its entirely in 1973.
Chisso signed in an agreement on compensation July in this year. Its content was like the next.
Paying all the patients, except for the plaintiff, not only a one-time allowance which was the same amount of money as the compensation for damage from the sentence, but the doctor`s fee, and the cost of nursing.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Pursuing responsibility on Chisso〉
A large amount of money for the compensation was necessary, so Chisso faced a crisis of going bankruptcy, but the government, Kumamoto prefecture, and financial institution supported, so the company continued to exist.
The Minamoto factory changed its production into liquid crystal mainly, and continued to pay the cost which was related to the Minamoto disease when the book was written.
There is a way of saying that Chisso continued to exist in order to relieve the patients.
After that a trial which ...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Blaming the responsibility on Chisso〉
After that a trial of calling an account for the government and Kumamoto prefecture with Chisso continued in Tokyo, Kumamoto, Fukuoka and Osaka.
〈What about the responsibility on the government?〉
The Tokyo district court recommended that the government should be reconciled in the lawsuit on the Minamata disease September in 1990.
The same point of recommendation on reconciliation was issued from the Kumamoto district court and Fukuoka high court one after another October, but the government refused it.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈What about the responsibility on the government?〉
The government didn`t have any authority to regulate , and a matter caused the Minamata disease wasn`t clear then, but responded to the disease in which center was administrative guidance as much as possible, so it did`t have any responsibility for the compensation on the Minamata disease.
It was the grounds for an argument from the government.
Then a member of the staff in the Ministry of Environment committed suicide, for he was torn between a plan of the government which refused the...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was over】
〈What about the responsibility on the government?〉
...for he was torn between a plan of the government which refused the reconciliation and patients who requested for the reconciliation.
The obstinate attitude on the government changed when the Tomiichi Murayama Cabinet of the Socialist Party was born.
Then the Murayama Prime Minister announced a talk on the Minamata disease September in 1995, and he apologized for the patients for the first time as Prime Minister then.
When receiving the recommendation on the reconciliation from the Tokyo...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈What about the responsibility on the government?〉
When receiving the recommendation on the reconciliation from the Tokyo district court, the government responded to the reconciliation.
The plaintiff withdrew the suit against the prefecture and the government and was reconciled.
Though the responsibility on the government wasn`t clear, no less than 16 years passed from the lawsuit on the Minamata disease, and the plaintiff became old, so they choose to be reconciliated.
A lawsuit in Kansai area on the Minamata disease alone in which the...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈What about the responsibility on the government?〉
A lawsuit in Kansai area on the Minamata disease alone which the plaintiff refused to be reconciliated. Patients on the Minamata disease who moved and lived in Kansai area filed a suit against the government and the prefecture for their responsibility.
Osaka high court sentenced that the government and the prefecture were responsible for the Minamata disease April in 2000, but the government didn`t obey, and appealed to the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court supported the sentence in the...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈What about the responsibility on the government?〉
The Supreme Court supported the sentence in the Osaka high court, and sentenced the same one with the Osaka high court.
〈The Minamata disease wasn`t over〉
A tackle of purifying the polluted sea went ahead in Minamata. The whole Minamata gulf was divided by nets, and prevented fishes form going out of the gulf, then the local fishermen caught the fishes from the gulf, and Chisso bought and disposed of them.
Sludge accumulated at the bottom of the gulf was removed, and a place where it was ...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was over】
〈The Minamata disease wasn`t over〉
...and a place where it was polluted so bad was reclaimed land from the sea and some of them were made into a park.
The pollution was got rid of from the Minamata gulf, and the net divided the Minamata gulf was withdrew in 1997, so an announcement of safety on the fishes in the Minamata gulf was done.
There is a building for archives on a hill overlooking the reclaimed land, and it`s informed the damage on the Minamata disease for future generations.
New employees in Chisso are made to gather in Minamata...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈The Minamata disease wasn`t over〉
...and studying and training on business in Chisso are done there, at the same time a lecture on the Minamata disease is done.
However the patients aren`t limited to the coast of Minamata gulf alone. They spread out the whole Yatsushiro sea, and have suffered from the disease at present.
The Minamata disease isn`t over.
Some of employees who worked in the Minamata factory were aware that the waste water from their factory caused the Minamata disease, but the cause didn`t come to the surface easily.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈The Minamata disease wasn`t over〉
Under lifetime employment, without being able to bringing a charge against a crime on the company in which they worked, damage on the patients spread out, but it doesn`t always mean that it isn`t limited to Chisso alone.
The same thing happened in the companies which caused the environmental pollution more or less then.
When being in a position of an employee in a company, how hard to be the one like a human! What is the company which made them lose the human nature? It`s never a problem in the past.
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈The Minamata disease wasn`t over〉
Moreover when a company was criticized, a scholar who protected the company always showed up, and insisted on other cause.
Who is there science for?
There are lots of things in which we need to think of on the experience from the environmental pollution at present.
〈Ministry of environment was born〉
The government started to take into action at last, making the environmental pollution in the whole Japan as a lesson.
A post which is in charge of the environmental pollution was born in the Ministry of...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Ministry of Environment was born〉
A post which is in charge of the environmental pollution was set up in the Ministry of Health in 1961. Its section was established newly in 1964, and the government did a headquarter for it.
A basic law on measures against the environmental pollution in which the government tackled the environmental pollution was carried out in 1967.
Its object in the law was air pollution, water pollution, noise, vibration, subsidence 地盤沈下, and bad smell.
The Ministry of Environment was born July in 1971. It started ...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Ministry of environment was born〉
Oh! I made a mistake. The one which was born July in 1971 wasn`t the Ministry of Environment but Agency of Environment. It started with five hundred staff who were collected from other Ministries and agencies of which center was the Ministry of Health.
Its actual head was Bunichi Oish. His firs job was protection on nature in Oze.
Three prefectures of Gunma, Niigata, and Fukushima went ahead with a plan of constructing skyline between Oze and Tadami which connecting the three prefectures then.
There was...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Ministry of Environment was born〉
There was an opposition movement against the plan, for it would destroy valuable nature in Oze.
After Oishi inspected the actual place, he invited the governor of Mie prefecture, and made him stop the construction. Though the Agency of Environment didn`t any authority for stopping it, but Oishi made the governor do it whit determination.
Under Oishi, the Agency of Environment started smoothly, but received a strong resistance.
The Ministry of International Trade and Industry and Economic Planning Agency...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Ministry of Environment was born〉
Ministry of International Trade and Industry and Economic Planning Agency which made much of economic growth were often opposed with Agency of Environment.
As to measures against the environmental pollution, Ministry of International Trade and Industry requested to think of harmony with development on sound economic growth.
In short it means to request to abstain from a thing which prevented the economy from growing. This structure of opposing continues after that.
Revisions on central government ...
【A phrase of environmental pollution was born】
〈Ministry of Environment was born〉
Revision on central government ministries and agencies was done January in 2001, Agency of Environment promoted Ministry of Environment.
Even if being Ministry, the ones who were in charge Ministry or statesmen didn`t tackle seriously, the environmental pollution wouldn`t be brought a settlement.
The problem on the environmental pollution learned to be treated as bigger problem on our environment after that, for a new problem like the global warming appeared one after another.
A meeting of prevent the...
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GWなにする？
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1人でもできる趣味が欲しい
絶対に！オンラインゲームは一人でたくさんの楽しみや冒険を提供しています…(暮らしている人さん29)
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２２歳親が亡くなり残った火車を３６歳までひくことになった。 路上生…(量子)
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いじめなのか本当に息子が悪いのか
小学4年生の息子の母です。 息子が学校で同じクラスの女の子のお尻を触ってしまうというトラブルがあり…
72レス 3364HIT 教育に悩むママさん (30代 女性 ) -
私が悪いのですが、新入社員に腹が立ちます。
中間管理職です。私が悪いのですが、腹が立つので聞いてもらいたいです。 新入社員の部下が試用期間が終…
14レス 439HIT おしゃべり好きさん (30代 女性 ) -
言い方とか、誹謗中傷等したりはやめて下さい。原因はなんだろね
腰痛になり整骨院通い始めたんだけど 相変わらず、行けばまぁ治るんだけど休みの日(病院が休み、自分も…
30レス 561HIT 聞いてほしいさん -
ひねくれてますか？
母親から愛情を受けずに育ちました。 日常生活はめちゃくちゃ、人間関係を築けず、で大人になりました。…
24レス 899HIT 心の病気さん -
私の人生観、おかしいですか？(長いです)
30歳を過ぎ、自分の考えに疑問に思うことが増えたので、聞いていただきたいです。 私は20歳を過…
15レス 454HIT 相談したいさん -
低収入だけど優しくて暴力(DV)をしない旦那ならいい？
世田谷区の住宅地とか港区のタワマンに住めるくらいの高収入だけど毎日ストレスがたまって暴力(DV)を振…
20レス 569HIT おしゃべり好きさん - もっと見る
