Let's enjoy English! Ⅶ
都合により、日本語も混じります
I've wanted to express everything in English here, but I can't, for みくる said no one can express with English alone at present.
I hate to use Japanese,so I've wanted to avoid it, but it can't be helped. I'm not sure how much I can omit the Japanese, so I'm afraid those sentences is useless.
If I can't permit to use English here, I don't have to be here, to my sorrow,for almost all of you aren't interested in me here.
Should I look for somewhere I can express myself in English at will, shouldn't I?
There are still plenty of things to express in English, so I've never satisfied with my English thread at all.
Without posting anywhere, I can study English, but posting here meaning improving both of my English ability and touch typing, so it is convenient of me to do it
20/05/02 09:54 追記
This time the number of response isn`t so much. I will be happy if it reach a thousand,but I`m afraid it`s impossible. To my sorrow, it`s my fault. I can blame no one.
20/05/03 21:49 追記
When expressing this postscript, it has been convenient for me, for it doesn`s show number of letters on this postscript. I wish this bulletin board could thik of it.
新しいレスの受付は終了しました
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈Taliban appeared all of sudden〉
Taliban is the Arabic and it means students in theologia in plural form. It`s made up with graduates from the theologia in Pakistan mainly and it has the name.
The Taliban has been covered with a secret veil for a long time.
It`s a Pakistani journalist who reported on overall Taliban for the first time. His book, Taliban showed us its history.
The author said his comment on Taliban was based on the report of the journalist.
It was spring in 1994 when..
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈Taliban appeared suddenly〉
As the guerillas of Islam had the latest weapons which America offered in Afghanistan where the new civil war started, a skirmish escalated to real battle at once.
Peace ond order deteriotated and militalized influential power had became deeply rooted each place in Afghanistan.
The militalized influential powers set up a checkpoint in a highway and collected a toll, and raping females were done one after another, and Taliban appeared suddenly there.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈On the contrary the civil war intensified in Afghanistan〉
American`s goal was overcoming Soviet over the Cold War which was developed all over the world.
After America destroyed interest in Afghanistan, a new influential power rose in Afghanistan. It`s Taliban trained by the ISi.
The ISI thought Hekumachal wasn`t reliable, so it changed the one which it supported into Taliban.
Bin Ladin planed the terrorism on anti America before long under patronage of the Taliban.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈On the contrary the civil war intensified in Afghanistan〉
Afghanistan bogged down the war in which the Afghans struggled each other this time, and no less than about ten million of mines has been left in Afghanistan.
No sooner had Soviet withdrew from Afghanistan than America destroyed interest in Afghanistan. Though civil war continued, America didn`t show its interest on Afghanistan at all.
The government in America didn`t matter on Afghanistan which is farther in western Asia.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈On the contrary the civil war intensified in Afghanistan〉
...and the ISI supported Hekumachal, so it could maintain its military power. There were plenty of the Pashto people in Pakistan, so the ISI supported the guerilla led by Hekumachal which were made with the Pashuto.
Sovier which is neighboring country to north Afghanistan withdrew, and after that Afghanistan had been influenced over intention of Pakistan which is neighboring country to east.
Afghanistan went into war which the...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈On the contrary the civil war intensified in Afghanistan〉
...and number of the desease on residents reached about five thousand.
Kabul had been almosst unhurted by the invasion of Soviet until then, but the indiscriminate attack by Hekumachal changed Kabul into a mountain of rubble.
Hekumachal had learned to be called to a destroyer in Kabul. There was an organization of ISI which wanted to establish a political power close to Pakistan in Afghanistan, and the ISI supported Hekumachal...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈On the contrary the civil war intensified in Afghansitan〉
When looking at an image of news on Afghanistan, there were lots of collapsed buildings and houses in Kabul, and they weren`t done by air raid of America but they were done immediately after Soviet withdrew.
There was an organization on guerilla led by Hekumachal, and it was made up with the Pashto which is the largest race in Afghanistan.
Indiscriminate rocket bombing by Hekumachal was very violent and about five thousand...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈On the contrary, the civil war intensified in Afghanistan〉
In short the guerrilas were scratched together military units of anti Soviet.
While they are the Islam, sects or races are different, so the instant they lost their mutual goal, they started to oppose against each other violently.
Main organization alone divided into seven, and the battle turned into a melee in which they fought each other, and street fighting started in Kabul.
When looking at an image on Afghanistan then...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Sovier invaced and the U.S.Army attacked】
『Cokumn, invasion on Afghanistan was against constitution』
...it turuend out that the ones who decided the invasion on Afghanistan was Brezhnev and other three alone. It was like a backroom politics 密室政治.
It was against constitution and was criticized. The conviction was too late, though on one could disobey.
〈On the contrary civil war intensified in Afghanistan〉
After the new political power was overthrew, the fires of war didn`t stop.
The guerillas were a scratched-together 寄せ集め...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded ant the U.S.Army attacked】
『Column, the deceased were more』
It is said that there were twenty six thousand the deceased which surpassed a common view of fifteen thousand from 1979 to 1989 at the war in Afghanistan.
Under the political power of Gorbachev, the military force in Soviet could have started opening information, but it concealed information.
『Column, invasion on Afghanistan was against constitution』
After the military force in Soviet withdrew from Afghanistan, in the national assemby it turned out...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈Political power in Afghanistan collapsed〉
...instead he emphasized feature on Islam.
On the other hand, the influential power on the guerilla became advantageous due to withdrawal by Soviet, but internal trouble among the guerilla continued, and they didn`t have military power which captured cities, so new political power maitained three years after that, but it collapsed March in 1992.
『Column,the deceased were more』
After Soviet collapsed, Russia was founded. It is said there were...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The military force in Soviet suffered from damage by the war and Soviet withdrew〉
...but it was the Afghan who were damaged heavier than Soviet. It is said the number of the deceased of the Afghan reached one milion and half until Soviet withdrew.
〈The political power in Afghanistan collapsed〉
After Soviet withdrew, the government in Afghanistan was in difficulty. Insted Kalmal, a new one became President, and he changed the name of the political party. Insteda of communism,...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The war caused damage in Soviet and the military force in Soviet withdrew〉
...so the economy in Soviet which exhausted deteriorated decisively, at the same time the hatred for ruling by the communist party in Soviet increased, and made it start collapse Soviet.
Without understanding the feeling on the Vietnamese at all, America intervened in Vietnam, and the big power suffered from heavy damage.
Without understanding the feeling on the Pakistani at all, Soviet ended up fleeing, but...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The war caused damage in the military force in Soviet and Soviet withdrew〉
Mood of anti war heightened in Soviet, and Gorbachev decided to withdraw wholly, and the military force finished withdrawal from Afghanistan February in 1989.
Soviet sent a large amount of military unit like one hundred ten thousand for almost ten years, and the deceased was over fifty thousand. Soviet suffered from heavy damage by the war.
Soviet had to pay a large amount fund so as to continue the war, so...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaved and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈Afghanistan becamea a thing like Vietnam for Soviet〉
The war against Afghanistan was like a thing exactly Vietnamese War for Soviet.
〈The war caused damage the military force in Soviet, and it withdrew〉
Soviet which adopted sectetive method never reported how its military force fought in Afghanistan a bit, but Gorbachev became a leader in Soviet and he started to open the informaion in Soviet, so how the military force had difficulty in fighting in Ajghanistan was reported in Soviet.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈Afghanistan became a thing like Vietnam for Soviet〉
As to addiction to drugs, it was the same as the U.S.Army in the Vietnamese War.
Poppy which is a raw material for drugs has been cultivated in a large area from Afghanistan to Pakistan, and everyone can got drugs easily in Afghanistan.
As a result young soldiers were addicted to drugs one after another.
Soviet sent back the addicted soldiers to Soviet in haste, but drugs spread over Soviet. The war in Afghanistan became the one in...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈Afghanistan became a thing like Vietnam for Soviet〉
However those soldiers` dissatisfaction grew stronger on sending troops without having any good reason.
They didn`t protect their own countries, and they had been strangers there. They couldn`t distinguish between residents and enemy, but they had to fight.
They were the same altogether as the American soldiers who couldn`t tell between residents and enemy in Vietnam. Lots of the dispatched soldiers learned to be addicted to drugs.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈Afghanistan became a thing like Vietnam for Soviet〉
In the beginning soldiers in the military force in Soviet who were sent to Afghanistan were from central Asis near Afghanistan, but lots of them were Islam.
The ones who hesitated to attack the same Islam turned up one after another. Some of them ran away from Soviet and joined the guerillas.
Soviet made the soldiers who were from the central Asis withdraw in haste and had to dispatch other local ones who had nothing to do with Islam.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈Weapons which guerilla used were made in America〉
The military force in Pakistan which got a large amount of fund from America absolutely secretly tried to train the guerillas in Afghanistan with the fund.
Then helping to a gurerillas which were convenient for Pakistan exlusively, its influential power over Afghanistan became strong.
〈Afghanistan became a thing like Vietnam for Soviet〉
In the beginning the soldiers in Soviet who were sent to Afghanistan were from central Asia near...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈Weapons which guerilla used were made in America〉
CIA taught the guerillas how to use weapons made in America. Developing fund for volunteers who rushed from each nation in Arab were paid from CIA.
The fund was so high that there was dissatisfaction from the Pakistani side that the fund was higher than an income of a soldier in the military force in Pakistan
The military force in Pakistan who got a large amount of fund from America with absolute secretly tried to train guerilla in...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈Weapons which guerilas used were made in America〉
There are such the lots of mountain areas in Afghanistan that Soviet couldn`t use tanks at will, so they solely used jet combat planes or offensive helicopters.
However after the guerrila learned to use the latest missile, both combat planes and helicopters were shot down one after another.
America hepled with costly more than thousands of missile of which price was yen millions.
Furthermore,CIA trained the guerrilas. It taught them...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈Weapons which guerila used were made in America〉
...especially Stinger portable anti-aircraft missile was effective. This missile is easy to handle extremely.
If aiming a gun at an airplane or helicopter flying overhead, the missile catches heat exhuasted from engine on the flying object automatically,and after the aiming was fixed, a buzzar makes a marksman inform.
Then the marksman has only to pull the trigger, and the missile flies following a target for itself.
There are lots of...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈Weapons which guerrilla used were made in America〉
The amount of money for helping Afghanistan by America reached no less than $ six hundred and thirty million a year from 1987 to 1989, and Saudi Arabia helped with almost the same amount money.
When the military force in Soviet invaded, the guerilas were not match for it a bit, but the guerila increased its military force gradually by outfitting the latest weapons from America, especially a Stinger portable anti-aircraft missile was...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈Weapons which guerila used were made in Ameirca〉
Before long America started to help Afghanistan in earnest. Lots of the latest weapons made in America were sent to Afghanistan via Pakistan.
Though considerable of weapons were stolen by Pakistani army or were selling them on the black market, the weapons were sent from America, and radicals who rushed to Afghanistan from each nation in Arab brought back their homeland with the weapons.
The amount of money for helping Afghanistan by...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈Weapons which the guerila used were made in America〉
America sent weapons to Afghanistan through Pakistan which was a good relation with America. Pakistan also supported the guerila of Islam as the same country of Islam.
In the beginning, America got weapons which the Egyptian held, and they were made in Soviet, and America gave the weapons to guerilas.
When being discovered the weapons, America could make an excuse that guerila took them from Soviet by force, but before long America...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈Communist and Muslim〉
They thought the invasion to Afghanistan by Soviet which didn`t believe in Allah, and it means invasion to the land of Islam, so fighting against it was a holy battle for the Islam. They joined the war as guerila.
〈Weapons which guerila used were made in America〉
America supported the guerilla. America which was opposed against Soviet over the Cold War thought an enemy for enemy was an allay.
America sent weapons to Afghanistan through Pakistan which is good...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈Communism and Muslim〉
Lots of them felt repelled by the communism which denys religion, so the civil war was communism which denys religion versus Muslim.
Then it means that fighting against the military force in Soviet is a holy fight which protects the Islam for Muslim.
Lots of the youths threw themselves into guerilla which fought Soviet. Moreover plenty of the youths rushed so as to help them from each nation in Arab.
They thought the invasion Afghanistan by Soviet which didn`t...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈Communist party and Muslim〉
Others regarded it as an invasion from a foreign country, and continued to resist.
Besides, some of them got out of the military force in government and started an guerrilla activity against anti Soviet one after another.
Thus a civil war that allied force of a part of the government and Soviet versus guerilla anti the government started.
Afghanistan is originally a country of Islam. Almost all of the people are the Islam. Lots of them felt repelled...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈There was America behind the invasion by Soviet?〉
There were the ones who trapped behind the invasion Afghanistan by the military force of Soviet, and as the President aide predicted, Afghanistan became the Vietnamese War for Soviet.
〈Communist party and Muslim〉
Invasion by Soviet made the military force in the government of Afghanistan be confused greatly.
Some military units thought that they had been assisted from Soviet so far, so they couldn`t resist Soviet.
Others continued...
【Soviet became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈There was America behind the invasion by Soviet〉
He continued that the secret operation was an wonderful idea because it succeeded in dragging the Russina to the trap in Afghanistan. Hey, do you want to say I should regret it?
He seemed to say to the reporter like that.
After Soviet invaded Afghanistan actually, he handed over a document to Carter that it had a chance to drag Soviet into a morass like we were damaged by the Vietnamese War.
There was the one who trapped behind the...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈There was America behind the invasion by Soviet?〉
One of then the President aides said he handed over a memo of his opinion to the President that the help would cause military intervene by Soviet.
It doesn`t always mean that we didn`t force Soviet to intervenee in Afghanistan with the military force, but we heightended the probability intentionally that Soviet would take action like that.
The secret operation was a splendid idea, for it succeeded in dragging the Russian to a trap in...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈There was America behind the invasion by Soviet?〉
The invasion Afghanistan by the military force of Soviet was done by an ides of selfish security by Soviet, but it turned out that there was a secret operation by the U.S.A. behind it after nine years.
One of then the President aides answered interviews from a reporter in a magazine that secret help to the insurgent in Soviet started before six months earlier the invasion by the military force in Soviet started.
He said he handed over...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The military force in Soviet invaded Afghanistan〉
Then the American President Carter was surprised at the invasion by Soviet and announced sanction on Soviet economy and inhibited to export grain for Soviet January in 1980.
Moreover he called to each nation all over the world to boycott the Moscow Olympic planed September in the same year.
Japan also corresponded to it, and joined the boycott on the Olympic.
〈There was America behind the invasion of Soviet?〉
The invasion...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The military force in Soviet invaded Afghanistan〉
The Mass Media once announced Amin was dead when the military force in Soviet went into Kabul, an accident happned and Amin was dead owing to the accident.
However afther that it announced again Amin was was guilty thanks to a crime against the nation and he was executed.
A new leader of the puppet government made a speech on establishment of new government through radio broadcast. It was done from Soviet, pretended to be done from Kabul
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The military force in Soviet invaded Afghanistan〉
As a result, the military force in Soviet was mobilized, and political power of pro-Soviet was established in Afghanistan. It`s invasion Afghanistan by Soviet.
As there was demand on military help from Afghanistan, Soviet corresponded to it officially, but no one asked the military force in Soviet to help actually.
Special military unit in Soviet which invaded Afghanistan killed Amin at once, and established a puppet government.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The military force in Soviet invaded Afghanistan〉
Daud was killed in the coup d` etat then.
The political power gained the power, but an opposition caused opposition within the political power, and Amin who won over the fight on the power gained the authority.
However executives at the communist party of Soviet had a sense of impending crisis on Amin. Amin used to study abroad in America, so the executives doubted he tried to contact with America in secret.
As a result, the military...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and U.S.Army attacked】
〈The military force in Soviet invaded Afghanistan〉
Soviet accepted the new republic on the day of the installation on the President and the Prime Minister.
Its efficient handling of the matter considered, we can guess that there is intention of Soviet behind the coup d` etat.
However the cousin of which name was Daud started to oppress a political party which was close to Soviet. Soviet was got angry with it, and supported the political party, and the political party caused a coup d` eatt.
【Afghanistant became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and U.S.Army attacked】
〈The military force in Soviet invaded Afghanistan〉
...the king`s cousin who used to be ex presdident caused bloodless coup d` etat in cooperation with the military force.
The king announced he wanted to be in accordance with the people from Afghanistan embassy in Italy and showed he`d retire. He continued to stay in Italy until he returned to Afghanistan in 2002.
The cousin abolished the imperial rule, and took office as President and Prime Minister in a new republic. Soviet accepted the...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attcked】
〈The military force in Soviet invaded Afghanistan〉
Soviet had wanted other nations which obeyed Soviet in west area, so Soviet started to support Afghanistan more and more, especially it continued to support from 1956 to 1961, and helped for construction on superhighway from border between Soviet and Afghanistan to Kabul.
Soviet learned to regard Afghanistan as one of its satellite country in the eastern side.
When a king of Afghanistan was under medical treatment in Italy, his cousin...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The military force in Soviet invaded Afghanistan〉
...and each side supported Afghanistan a lot.
Soviet was worried about its own security. If a nation which was close to Soviet directly wasn`t its alled power, it couldn`t feel relieved in the least.
As to Europe, Eastern Europe which obeyed to Soviet became buffer states 緩衝国 for Soviet, and as for southern part, there was China and Mongol which followed Soviet, though China became alienated from Soviet later.
Soviet had wanted ...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The military force in Soviet invade Afghanistan〉
A large amount of the military force in Soviet suddenly invaded Afghanistan December in 1979. Civil war in Afghanistan started then.
The Cold War between the East and West started after the World War Second, and it was as if it had been a children`s game in which each side tried to seize the other`s home base in nationwide.
Afghanistan was also involved in the game under the Cold War. Each side tried to drag Afghanistan into each side...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈A nation which England and Russia founded〉
...and the average life expectancy is 45. Roughly speaking, illiterate people account for 60% in the country.
How hard life in Afghanistan are! An Afghan said on his country like the next.
When Allah created the world, there were lumps of earth, something small, and rubbish which didn`t incorpotae in any place in the world gathered.
Allah collected all of them and threw down in the ground, and all of the rubbish have been Afghannistan.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The nation which England and Russia founded〉
...and it hardly rains. Vast desert expands over south in Afghanistan.
Land where cultivation is possible is no more than 10% in Afghanistan. There is seldom rainfalls, so the people have to draw water from underground water through a well and they have to raise agricultural products with the water.
Its main industry is nomadism in which raising goats and Afghan sheep.
Life in Afghanistan is extremely severe, and its average life.....
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The nation which England and Russia founded〉
...and its capital, Kabul, is no less than 1800 meters above sea level.
ヒンズークシ mountain ranges which runs through from east to west in north Afghansitan, and its name is what is called killing the Indian.
When Indian hired soldiers who followed the military force in England crossed over the mountain, they were in a great difficulty, so the mountain had the name.
Afghanistan is in inland, and drastic difference in temperature, and it hardly..
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The nation which England and Russia founded〉
Afghanistan which lies in West Asia consists almost in the same latitude as Japan. Its capital, Kabul, is the same latitude as Osaka in Japan.
Its area is about 1.7 times as big as the Japanese Islands.
Civil war continued for such a long time that there is no knowing its exact number, but its population is estimated from about twenty million to twenty seven million.
Afghanistan is a mountainous country which is inland, and its capital...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The nation which England and Russia founded〉
As to a border between Afghanistan and India belonged to England, which was Pakistan later, a line was drawn in the middle of an area where the Pashto live at will.
As a result the place where the Pashto live has divided into India and Pakistan, but the Pashto who live there aren`t worried about the border at all, and they go in and out as their own ways.
Afghanistan is independent from England in the third war between two countries in 1919.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈A nation which England and Russia founded〉
...and Afghanistan became a protectorate for England, but riots continued so much in Afghanistan that England withdrew in 1880.
After that England and Russia decided border on Afghanistan at will from 1893 to 1895. Two of them divided into two areas, the one is each of thme wanted as territory for its influential power and the rest area, and its boundary became a border of the nation.
The border between Afghanistan and India belonged to...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈A nation which England and Russian created〉
...English expenditionary force and Indian hired troops occupied Kabul which is capital of Afghanistan, but the people in Afghanistan uprising made them flee.
Military power of twelve thousand was destroyed completely January in 1842, and it is said that the number who survived were no more than 121.
In addition, England invaded Afghanistan again in 1878, and it`s the second war between England and Afghanistan and Afghanistan became a ...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The nation which England and Russia created〉
England which controlled India as colony in the 19th century attacked Afghanistan so as to expand its influeintial power over northern west area.
Russian Empire which lay to north the Afghanistan adopted policy of going south.
Struggling for power between Russian Empire and England unfurled in west Asia. We call it the Great Game.
In the first war between England and Afghanistan from 1839 to 1842, English expenditionary force and Indian...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The nation which England and Russia created〉
Speaking of a place where there was a navy surgeon who was sunburned and injured, it must have been Afghanistan, Holmes thought like that.
The time when Sherlock Holmes had been active, England dispatched its soldiers to Afghanistan, and the detective story was on the premise that his partner was wounded in the second war between England and Afghanistan.
England which controlled India as colony in the 19th century attacked Afghanistan so...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The one who was Bin Ladin〉
Bin Ladin worked on his plan for attack of terrorism against America and trained personnel for terrorism there.
Why did the civil war continue,and did Taliban control in Afghanistan?
〈A nation which England and Russia created〉
Series of Sherlock Holmes is one of classic detective stories. Its hero is Holmes and his partner was a surgeon doctor.
When they met for the first time, Holmes saw through his partner just returned from Afghanistan.
Speaking of a...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the militray force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The one who was Bin Ladin〉
Before long Bin Ladin stayed in Afghanistan, and his network had been active from there.
〈Afghanistan where a civil war continued〉
After Soviet withdrew, a civil war continued in Afghanistan, and the civil war was between Taliban which controlled capital and Northern Alliance which was driven out from the capital and driven to north in Afghanistan.
Bin Ladin satyed in Afghanistan with members of Al-Qaeda which he organized for himself as guest for Taliban.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The one who was Bin Ladin〉
When Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, neighboring country, Saudi Arabia had a sense of impending crisis, and asked a help for America. After that, the military force in America continued to stay in Saudi Arabia.
However Bin Ladin thought Saudi Arabia was a holy place where there was Mecca and Medina. He couldn`t endure that the military force in foreign country stayed there.
He learned to criticize the Royal in Saudi Arabia, and was banished from Saudi Arabia.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The one who was Bin Ladin〉
Bin Ladin was renouned at a battle in Afghanistan. He always carried a rifle made in Soviet with him. When his military unit did a violent battle against Soviet, it is said he robbed the rifle of a dead Russian officer in 1987.
When the military force in Soviet withdrew from Afghanistan in 1987, guerillas who accomplished their aims returned their homelands, and Bin Ladin came back to Saudi Arabia as well.
When returning, he thought his homeland was corrupted.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force invaded by Soviet and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈The one who was Bin Ladin〉
Then Bin Ladin inherited the fortune from his father. It`s said it`s estimated about $ three hundred million.
The military force in Soviet invaded Afghanistan in 1979.
The Islamic youth who thought it was an invasion by atheists 無神論者 against the Islamic world went into Afghansitan so as to join a military force of anti Soviet one after another,and Bin Ladin was one of them. Then a network of radicals by each nation in Arabic country was formed then.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈America started to attack Afghanistan〉
...so the political power of Taliban disappeared then.
The synchronized terrorist attack against America has brought a collapse on the political power of Taliban in a distant Afghanistan.
〈The one who was Bin Ladin〉
What kind of person was Bin Ladin who was said a leader of terrorists by name by America?
His father was engaged in construction who became rich by currying favor with 取り入る the Royalty. He was dead in an airplane accident in 1970.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈America began to attack Afghanistan〉
England joined the war against the terrorism with America. With the attack by America and England, what is called a northern alliance which was influential power of anti Taliban strengthened its offense in Afghanistan.
The military force in Taliban was a complete defeat by this attack, and the northern alliance rushed to the capital, Kabul in Afghanistan, and Taliban surrendered its base, Kandahar, to the northenrn alliance, so the political power...
【Afghanistatn became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈America began to attack Afghanistan〉
On the other hand, it was Al-jajila of the Arabic broadcast which reported that America attacked Afghanistan this time.
America said its attack against the political power of Taliban in Afghanistan was exercising the individual right of self-defense being based on the United Nations Charter.
Its country was attacked so it counterattacked against the organization which attacked it and allied organization for self-defense, America said like that.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈America started to attack Afghanistan〉
Both America and England began to attack the political power of Taliban October which was the next month of the synchronized terrorist attack.
An image that bombardment of a poor antiaircraft fire by the military force of Taleban overhead in the pitch dark sky in the city of Kabul was reported to the world through Al-jajila TV station.
It was CNN which reported the situation on air raid to Bagdhad when the multinational force attacked Iraq in 1991.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
〈America started to attack Afghanistan〉
...then the political power of Taliban treated Bin Ladin as guest, so American government asked the political power to extradite Bin Ladin to America, but the political power refused it.
Bush insisted that the one who protected the terrorists was the same crime, and decided to overthrow the political power on Taleban then.
Both America and England started to attack the political power of Taliban October, which was the next month of the....
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where the military force in Soviet invaded and the U.S.Army attacked】
『Column,Al-jajila reported with the point of view on Arab』
...so when America started to attack Afghanistan, Al-jajila reported its image to the world earlier than any other TV stations.
Content of the broadcast with the point of view on Arab offers the world a viewpoint which is different from CNN, which is apt to be close to America.
〈America started to attack Afghanistan〉
When the synchronized terrorist attack started, Bin Ladin stayed in Afghanistan and the political power of...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where invasion by the military force in Soviet and attack by the U.S.Army】
『Al-jajila which reported the point of view on Arabia』
...and they transferred to Al-jajila all together, and they collected data, reported with the way of Western media.
It is said there is no freedom of the press in Arab, but Al-jajira has carried out free speeches, so it often causes a trouble with each nation in Arab which try to regulate the broadcast.
Al-jajira alone has a branch office in Kabul which is capital in Afghanistan in the world, so when the U.S.Army started to...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where invasion by the military force in Soviet and attack by the U.S.Army】
『Column, al-jajila which reported the view of point on the Arab』
Al-jajila is a TV station of satellite for broadcast which specializes in news by the Arabic. Its headequarter is at Doha which is capital in Qatar of the Middle East.
It`s started to broadcast in 1996. Lots of bureau staff members used to work in BBC boradcast in England which took charge in broadcast in the Arabic.
BBC abolished the broadcast in the Arabic, so lots of reporters lost their jobs, and they...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where invasion by the military force in Soviet and attack by the U.S.Army】
〈Bush said on Bin Ladin by name〉
It turned out that a ringleader on the attack was trained in a camp in Al-Qaeda of Afghanistan, according to various investigations and reports.
『Column,al-Jajira which reported the point of view on Arab』
After the cynchronized terrorist attack in America, al-jajira which was a broadcast by TV station had been paid attention from all over the world, for a message of anti-America was broadcast by Bin-ladin there.
Al-jajira was a TV station which...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where invasion by the military force in Soviet and attack by the U.S.Army】
〈Busy said Bin Ladin by name〉
...so how evidence was it? but it wasn`t clarified concretely, but then the Prime Minister Blair in England and Junichiro Koizumi in Japan said it was enough as evidence, though it has never been in the public.
English government announced it has been demonstrated at least three of the 19 perpetrators on the terrorism were related to the Al-Qaede in the next month of the syncronized terrorism attack.
It turned out that a ringleader of the attack was...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where invasion by the milir-tary force in Soviet and attack by the U.S.Army】
〈Bush said Bin Ladin by name〉
Bush announced that the attack was done by Al-Qaeda of organization on terrorism of which leader was Bin Ladin.
After that American government showed each nation in NATO, Japan, and Russia the evidence, but evidence was searched by intelligence work,
If opening the evidence in the public, the source of information became clear, and it prevents them from gathering information, and the ones who were the source of information would be in danger, so...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where invasion by the military force in Soviet and attack by the U.S.Army】
〈A tragedy broke out in front of the camera〉
Bush spoke he had an evidence that it was donen by an international network on terrorism, al-Qaeda in a national assembly September.
He declared that Taleban political power in Afghanistan which hid the organization on terrorism was a murderer and sought for the political power to deport Bin Ladin and all leaders in Al-Queda.
Then America came to a conclusion that Bin Ladin was a ringleader on the attack, and the attack was done by...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where invasion by military force in Soviet and attack by the U.S.Army】
〈A tragedy broke out in front of the camera〉
Strange to say, it was the same number as watchmen in hell depicted in the Koran which was a sacred book in Islam.
The syncronized terrorism attack caused about three thousand victims, and lots of the Japanese were included.
〈Bush said Bin Ladin by name〉
After the attack, then the President Bush made a speech like the next.
This wasn`t a mere terrorism but a war, and he declared war against terrorism. He spoke he had an evidence that it...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where invasion by the military force in Soviet and attack by the U.S.Army】
〈A tragedy brought about in front of the canmera〉
...and the fourth plane fell into suburb of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania. Hijackers tried to make the plane plunge into a place of federal council in Washington,
However it turned out that they gave it up because of resistance by passengers and the plane crashed into the suburb.
The number of member who joined planed criminal extremely in which they hijacked the four plane was 19.
Strange to say it was the same number as watchmen...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where invasion by the military force in Soviet and attack by the U.S.Army】
〈A tragedy broke out in front of the camera〉
It was a news that a passenger plane plunged into the center building for the World Trade. The building from which sent up smoke was shown on TV with a relay broadcast.
Then in the middle of broadcasting, a scene that other passenger plane crashed into the same building was shown on TV. Then the people all over the world lost their voice.
After that the third plane did the building of Pentagon in Washington, and the fourth airplane...
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where invasion by the military force in Soviet and attack by the U.S.Army】
〈A tragedy brought about in front of the camera〉
When a serious event in world history occurred we tend to speak what we did then. It was murder on then the President Kennedy in 1963 for the most of the Americans said for a long time.
However it has changed September in 2001, for lots of people watched a shocking image through TV when it happened.
Then it was a little before ten p.m. in Japan. A report on an accident which occurred just before broadcasting started on a new of TV.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where invasion by the milirary force in Soviet and attack by the U.S.Army】
『A member of CIA who was worried about Bin Ladin』
What are you worried about lately? the Senator asked and the chief answered it`s Bin Ladin.
CIA had gotten that Bin Ladin and his organization on terrorism planed to attack on America, but their target was unclear.
Immediately after the conversation, chief knew the syncronized terrorism accident occurred,and he shouted, it was done by Bin Ladin.
〈A tragedy brought about in front of the camera〉
When s serious event in history....
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where invasion by the military force in Soviet and attack by the U.S.Army】
『Column, how many are the perpetrators on the attack?』
The school reported to the Federation authority and his visa for studying abroad wasn`t valid then so he was arrested.
If FBI investigated him enough, they could have sensed the plan for attack before it broke out. FBI was denouncced later.
『Column, a member of CIA who was worried about Bin Ladin』
A Senator asked a chief of CIA in the mornig the eleventh day on September, the day of the syncronized terrorist attack.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield where invasion by the military force in Soviet and attack by the U.S.Army】
『Column, how many were the ones who attacked actually?』
The number of people who hijacked the four airplanes were 19, but it seemed they planed to do it by 20.
The one who trained in school for aviation in Minnesota was arrested with a suspicion of violation on immigration law before 25 days of the synchronized terrorist attack. He was the twentieth terrorist.
He behaved suspiciously,and said, he wasn`t interested in taking off and landing, but he wanted to learn how to take a turn.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military affairs】
〈What`s happneed in Iraq after that?〉
...especially Sunni and Shiite Muslim collided each other and there were lots of the deceased.
On the other hand a self-governing dominion by the Kurdish has established its original flag. Things have begun to look it`s semi independent country.
The new political power in Iraq can`t function at all, and armed influential power continued to attack the U.S.Army. The U.S. Army got bogged down in Iraq and can`t move very much.
【Afghanistan became a battlefield.】
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military affairs】
〈What`s happended in Iraq after that?〉
Hussein was executed at once, and his crime was slaughtering the Kurdish.
The reason why America attacked was the large amount of destructive weapons, but the large amount of the destructive weapons weren`t discovered. The political power of Hussein didn`t possess them at all.
After the collapse on the political power of Hussein, opposition between Sunni Muslim, Shiite Muslim and the Kurdish has intensified, especially collison between Sunni and Shiite Muslim...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military affairs】
〈Should Seizing offensive the first be permitted?〉
It is fear that the theory of seizing offensive the first opens Panadora`s box of war.
〈What`s happned in Iraq after that?〉
The military force both America and England started to attack Iraq March in 2003. Political Power of Hussein was overthrown easily and his two sons were murdered.
New Iraqi government was formed thanks to help of the military force both America and England. Judge was done against Hussein by the new government. It was a death penalty.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Should seizing offensive the first be permitted?〉
If a nation invades other, the United Nations Security Council in the United Nations will handle it. Sometimes they punish an invading country with military force jointly.
An invaded country is admitted to cause war for self-defence until the United Nations take into action.
If the theory of seizing offesive the first is admitted, there is a fear that a country causes the war with the theory appears one after another each place in the world.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military affairs】
〈Should seizing offensive the first be permitted?〉
If being unable to leave a dangerous country alone, a theory that seizing offensive the first going on openly international political world is permitted, what`ll happen?
After the World War the Second, United Nations have been formed and they have been putting a great deal of effort into worldwide system which prevents countries from causing war.
A war which the United Nations Charter admits is the one for self-defence alone.
If a nation invades other...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military affairs】
〈Should seizing the offeinsive first to a dangerous country be admitted?〉
America which made Iraq into such a dangerous big country on milirary affairs proceeded to prepare for seizing offensive first to Iraq with a position that Bush didn`t allow Hussein who was a perilous one to possess the large amount of destructive weapons.
The author doubted it, even if it seemed to be dangerous...
As being unable to leave a dangerous country alone, a theory that seizing offensive the first goes on openly in...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military affairs】
〈Exchanging oil with food〉
Furthermore, China built a network of optical fiber on the whole Iraq, and it connected air defense institution in Iraq with the network.
America destroyed its foothold by air raid in 2001. It showed the sanction against Iraq was a mere name.
The political power of Clinton came to a conclusion the containment policy on Iraq was a failure.
〈Should seizing the offensive first to a dangerous country be admitted?〉
America which made Iraq into such the dangerous country proceeded...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country as military affairs】
〈Exchanging oil with food〉
Moreover when America took firm stance against inspection on Iraq in 2000, Russia, France and China showed their cautious positions.
It is clear that there was rights and interests on the crude oil from Iraq in their backgrounds.
The economic sanction against Iraq didn`t learn to keep actually gradually.
Foreign airplanes were forbidden to fly to a airport in Iraq, but private airplanes learned to fly there by 12 countries.
Exporting oil was done by Iraq against rule openly.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Exchanging oil with food〉
Iraq used the crude oil as lure in order to be close to Iraq for three of them. The strategy by Iraq was successful.
Russia and France appealed to ease the economic sanction against Iraq, and upper limit to export on oil for Iraq raised step by step, and the upper limit was done away with in 1999.
Besides the amount of money on exporting oil by Iraq reached $ fourteen billion in 2000, and it revived at the level before the Gulf War.
Moreover when America took a firm stance...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military affairs】
〈Exchanging oil with food〉
In short Iraq continued to pay compensation for damage on the Gulf War.
The rest of 10% was applied to fund in which Iraq took into action in the United Nations.
Iraq could choose countries which Iraq export its oil at will in the program, and Iraq took advantage of it startegically.
Iraq chose Russia, China, and France as coutry to which Iraq exported oil. All of them are a permanent member of the U.N.Security Council.
Iraq used oil as a lure in order to be close to Iraq ...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Exchanging oil with food〉
Foreign enterprises which bought crude oils paid proceeds into a bank account managed by the United Nations.
In the next, Iraq submitted a list what it needeed like food or medical supplies to the United Nations.
The United Nations considered the list and bought food and medical supplies for the Iraqi with 60% of proceeds and handed them to Iraq.
The rest of 30% on the proceeds was transferred to a fund for compensation on the Gulf War.
In short Iraq went on paying...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈The United Nations put into motion over economic sanction, but...〉
As a result, the United Nations adopted resolution of permitting to export amount of petroleum which wasn`t over $40 billion a year and to import medical supplies and food as humanitarian supplies alone in 1995.
It was put into effect from the next year and was called a program oil for food, exchanging oil with food. Its mechanism was like the next.
At first Iraq exported crude oil. Foreign enterprises which bought the crude oil from...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈The United Nations put into motion over economic sanction, but...〉
...America refuted that Hussein was responsible for death of newly born infants.
It means that if there was enough funds to build luxurious palaces, he should have saved the newly born infants with the funds.
〈Exchanging petroleum and food〉
As the pathetic situation in Iraq was well known among the people in the world, international public opinion that importing from a humanitarian point of view should admit heightened.
As a result...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military affairs】
〈The United Nations put into motion over economic sanction, but...〉
...no sooner the economic sanction was put into motion by the United Nations than Iraq was struck by food insufficieny.
Besides as being restricted importing medical supplies, a death rate on newly born infant increased.
Some relatives in the United Nations said economic sanction against Iraq caused no less than a half million newly born infants be dead after the Gulf War.
On the other hand as number of palace of Hussein increased...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military affairs】
〈Economic sanction over Iraq was put into action by the United Nations, but...〉
...the United Nations adopted a resolution of putting into effect for economic sanction on Iraq forbidding all export and import to Iraq.
The economic sanction continued after the Gulf War was over, for there was no positive proof that Iraq disposed of the large amount of destructive weapons completely.
As percentage of self supporting on food in Iraq was about 30%, no sooner had the economic sanction was put into motion...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military affairs】
〈There used to be a forbidden area over the sky in Iraq〉
...and action by the military force in Iraq was restricted, an area of self-government by the Kurdish was formed.
Without fearing of persecution by Hussein, an area where they lived was born which was protecting by Amerida and England then.
〈Economic sanction was put into action by the united nations, but...〉
Economic sanction over Iraq continued after the Gulf War was over. After four days from invasion Kuwait by Iraq August in 1990, the united ...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military affairs】
〈There used to be a prohibited area for flying over the sky in Iraq〉
America and England always flied going on patrol the forbidden area for flying, though France withdrew then.
If being irradiated antiaircarft radar from the ground, the two countries regarded it as attack by the military force in Iraq, and bombed radar institutions in Iraq.
After the Gulf War was over, air raid over Iraq by America and England continued.
As northern part in Iraq was the forbidden area for flying of Iraqi fighters and...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military affairs】
〈There used to be a prohibited area over the sky in Iraq〉
America, England and France forbade combat planes in Iraq to fly north of the north latitude 36 degrees March in 1991 so as to stop the fighters from bombing the Kurdish.
Besides, they set up other forbidden area for flying in southern area south of the north latitude 32 degrees, and hindered the air raid. Its area was expanded.
By the way, when expressing it with a latitude, it`s hard to imagine the scale of damage.
America and England flied...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military affairs】
〈There was a prohibited area over the sky in Iraq〉
A definition on refugee was the ones who were persecuted in their own country and escaped to other foreign countries, but if so, it means that the Kurdish who stayed in Iraq weren`t the refugees.
Without being worried about the definition on the refugee until then, Sadako Ogata started to support the refugees of the Kurdish in Iraq.
The pathetic situation on the Kurdish has been well-known among the people so widely that Europe and America couldn`t ignore.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military force〉
〈There was a prohibited area for flying over the sky in Iraq〉
...and the Kurdish rushed to border between Turkey and Iraq north of Iraq, but Turkey which had an independent movement for the Kurdish stopped the Kurdish from going into Turkey.
Refugees of the Kurdish lost where to go at the mountainous region in the north and there was a great confusion there.
Sadako Ogata who handled a problem on refugee decided to support the Kurdish.
A definition on the refugee was the ones who were persecuted in their...
【Who brought Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military affairs】
〈There was a forbidden area over the sky in Iraq〉
However then the President Hussein mobilized an elite unit which he kept in the Gulf War and suppressed the revolts in both south and north in Iraq.
It is said about a hundred thousand were dead in the military force in Iraq in the Gulf War, but it seemed to be a hundred thousand victims in suppression of this revolt.
However the military force in America just looked on withoud doing anything.
The Kurdish who were suppressed became refugees and rushed to...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military affairs】
〈There was a forbidden area for flying over the sky in Iraq〉
The political party of Hussein was occupied by the Sunni in Isram, so the Shiites were dissatisfied with it so much.
On the other hand, a rebellion was caused by the Kurdish at north in Iraq.
While the Arab accounted for about 80% in Iraq, the Kurdish make up for 20% there.
The Kurdish had sought for original establishment of their own country at north in Iraq. They thought it a good chance in which they could build their independent country.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military affairs】
〈The Gulf War made Iraq change into enemy against all over the world〉
However the base of power on political power of Hussein wasn`t shaken at all.
Then the President Bush who was a son was as if he had taken over a job which his father couldn`t finish.
〈There was forbidden area for flying over the sky in Iraq〉
As the military force in Iraq was lost by the multinational force, an influence over anti Hussein was encouraged. Thousands of the Shiites in Islam at south in Iraq rose amd went into action then.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military force】
〈The Gulf War made Iraq change into enemy agains all over the world〉
At the same time, if overthrowing the political power of Hussein in Iraq, there would be a blank on power in the area, so the situation in the Middle East would be unstable.
America which was cool and had realistic eye was worried about it.
On the other hand, there was a wishful thinking that Iraq lost so serverely that the political power in Iraq would weaken even if they left it alone.
However the base of power on the political party...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military force】
〈The Gulf War made Iraq change into enemy against all over the world〉
There was an opinion of making use of the chance and attacking Bagdhad, pushing aside Hussein, but then the President Bush didn`t adopt the opinion.
A ground on resolution by the United Nations of attacking the military force by the multinational force was seeking for withdrawal the military force from Kuwait.
The resolution didn`t allow the multinational force to overthrow the political power of Hussein.
At the same time, if...
【Who borught up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military affairs】
〈The Gulf War made Iraq change into enemy against all over the world〉
As to a Japanese expression,きりがいい, to my sorrow,a proper expression in English doesn`t occur to me. I`m sorry for it.
Return to my main subject, I`m going to continue my response.
Therefore the President didn`t try to attack the military force which ran away from Kuwait to Iraq. If attacking them who tried to escape, it would be an one-side massacre.
It is said then the President Bush and then the Secretary of State Powell hated it.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military affairs】
〈The Gulf War made Iraq change into enemy against all over the world〉
After the air raid over more than a month, the multinational force decided to start battle on the ground.
The military force which was exhausted by the attack from the air raid for a long time surrendered one after another, and the battle on the ground was over with no more than a hundred hours.
Then the American President Bush who was a father made much of the number of a hundred hours on the ground, for the number was きりがいい.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big power on military force】
〈The Gulf War made Iraq changed into enemy against all over the world〉
Number of multinational force of which center was America reached 28, including each nation in Arab.
In total about eighty five hundred thousand, including fifty three hundred thousand of Americans joined, the Gulf War.
Attack against Iraq started from January in 1990. The air force of which center was the military force in America destroyed military institiution in Iraq thoroughly from the sky.
After the air raid over more than a...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military force】
〈America turned Hussein into a monster〉
It turned out that America was selfish.
〈The Gulf War made Iraq change into enemy against all over the world〉
When receiving such the support from America that it seems to be possible greatly that Iraq misundrestood that America wouldn`t complain about Iraq easily.
The misunderstanding made Iraq invade its neighboring country, Kuwait August in 1990.
I`m sure I have to review over the Gulf War.
Number of the multinational force of which center was America ...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈America made Hussein into a monster〉
In the middle of war between Iran and Iraq, America gave information on situation of deploying military force of Iraq, using a spy satellite.
Besides, America was aware that Iraq used poisonous gas in the war between Iran and Iraq, then the President Reagan who belonged to the Repbulican Party didn`t blame Iraq for it.
Then the Bush President who was political power of Republican Party
said the threat by Iraq was a problem, taking up of using poisonous gas by Iraq.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈America made Hussein into a monster〉
America has also been responsible for making Iraq into a big country on militay affairs in the Middle East.
While Soviet trained the military force in Iraq in the middle of the Cold War between East and West, America opposed against it, and it supported neighboring country, Iran.
However, a revolution by the Islam fundamentalism happened in Iran, and Iran changed into anti-America, then America opposed against Iran and supported Iraq.
In the middle of war between...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
『Column, aftereffect on bombs of depleted uranium has been a problem』
...and when returning to America the soldiers have been suffered from aftereffet what is called syndrome on the Gulf War.
The Iraqi who lived in the place where the depleted uranium scattered around place continue to be bombed by radiation continuously.
Without using the bombs of depleted uranium, Japanese Self-Defense Force uses a cannoball of which material is tangsten. It`s expensive but has nothing to do with radioactivity at all.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
『Column, aftereffect on bombs of depleted uranium』
However when the bombs of depelted uranium piercing its target, it was ablaze with a high temperature and its particles scattered. They polluted atmosphere, water and soil, and we the human being are bombed by radiation.
It is said that bombs of depleted uranium of no less than 800 ton were used in the Gulf War.
Lots of American soldiers who joined the Gulf War were bombed by radiation, and after returning to America they have been suffering from its...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military force
『Column, aftereffect by bombs of depleted uranium has been a problem』
When the U.S.Army attached Iraq in the Gulf War, it used lots of bombs of depleted uranium as cannonball.
The depleted uranium is waste under process from producing nuclear weapon and uranium fuel for nuclear power plant. Its specific gravity 比重 is so heavy that it was used for cannonball. Its specific gravity is 1.7 times as heavy as lead.
If using the bombs of depleted uranium, it is possible to pierce a thick armed clad tank easily.
【Who borught up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military force】
〈The military force in Israel dropped bombs on a nuclear reactor〉
A member of the House of Representatives continued.
I`m not sure whether or not we the America`d adopt a way of war then, he said like that and supported seizing the offensive first by Irarel, and insisted that following the precedent, America should went on the offensive first on Iraq.
『Column,Aftereffect by bomb of depleted uranium has been a problem』
When the U.S Army attacked Iraq in the Gulf War, it used lots of bombs of depleted...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈The military force in Israel dropped bombs on a nuclear reactor〉
At the same time, it was a matter of life and death for Israel which was attacked from Iraq in the Middle East War.
When looking back on the attack, a member of House of Representatives who was a Jew said that if Israel didn`t destroy the nuclear reactor by dropping bombs, we would have face the military force in Iraq which armed with nuclear weapons in the Gulf War from 1990 to 1991.
I`m not sure wheter or not we the American`d adopt...
I made a mistake again. Bombing wasn`t at Iran but at Iraq, for I misunderstood it, I made a blunder. I`m sorry for it.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Israel dropped bombs on a nuclear reactor〉
...the Pentagon praised for technical precision on the attack after that it added to that it condemned the attack strongly.
It was attacking before being attacked.
Hussein had wanted the nuclear weapon at any cost so as to match against Israel and make Iraq into a great empire in the Middle East.
At the same time it was a matter of life...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military force】
〈The military force in Iraq dropped bombs on a nuclear reactor〉
Israel which knew it worked on a plan so as to prevent Iraq from stopping development on nuclear.
As a result, if attacking after unanium fuel was loaded in the nuclear reactor, it means attacking, there would be radioacitve contamination around the nuclear reactor, so Israel aimed at attacking just before the uranium fuel was loaded into the nuclear reactor.
As to the attack,Pentagon said the bombs seemed to hit what they aimed at exactly...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈The military force in Iraq dropped bombs on a nuclear reactor〉
...and France was aware of being unreasonable, but lent a hand for help on development of nuclear in Iraq because of blinding money an immediate profit.
A newspaper at Lebanon in the Middle East reported that Hussein announced it was a first trial of arming with nuclear weapons in Arab, though the goal for construction of nuclear reactor wasn`t a nuclear weapon.
Israel which knew it worked on a plan so as to prevent Iraq from stopping...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈The military force in Iraq dropped bombs on a nuclear reactor〉
...and at the same time supplying for oil by import from Iraq safely.
France and Irar insisted that the agreement between the two countries was that Iraq`d make use of the nuclear reactor peacefully, but Iraq had plenty of heavy oil which was necessary for thermal power generation, so inventing lots of money in nuclear power generation?
What they asserted was unreasonable. Iraq made an excuse it was for study, and France was aware of..
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military force】
〈The militrary force in Iraq dropped bombs on a nuclear reactor〉
Then the Prime Minister Chirac made an agreement with Iraq over construction of nuclear reactor in Iraq in 1975, breaking down opposition within France, and after that he had been the President in France until 2007. Its total cost of construction was about $ two hundred and sixty million.
Iraq bought lots of weapons from France as its collateral. Chirac aimed at getting foreign currency by exporting weapons and at the same time supplying...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈The military force in Iraq dropped bombs on a nuclear reactor〉
So, it wasn`t helpful for Iraq which made a progress on development on nuclear power, so Iraq directed its attention each nation in western countries.
It called to countries who had wanted oil and had technical skill on nuclear power. It was Japan which it called to the first country, but Japanese government turned it down.
In the next, Iraq approached France. Then the President Chirac in France made an agreement with Iraq over...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈The military force in Iraq dropped bombs on a nuclear reactor〉
Iraq had groped for development on nuclear power since around 1960. It made an agreement with Soviet over construction on a nuclear reactor for study in suburb of Bagdhad.
Then it was in the middle of the Cold War between East and West, and Iran received aid from Soviet. The nuclear reactor started to operate from 1968.
However Soviet watched severely lest radioactive waste from the nuclear reactor convert into material for nuclear weapons.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military force】
〈The military force in Iraq dropped bombs on a nuclear reactor〉
16 bombs hit exactly on the dome of which width was 18 meters of the nuclear reactor, and only one was misfired. A storehouse where uranium fuel was kept was safe and luckily radioactivity didn`t leak.
First trial for nuclear power development by Iran was reduced to ashes literally.
All the combat planes which invaded were camouflaged, and there were no signs which belonged to a country at all. It was a secret operation by Iraq.
Iraq had...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Iraq used poisonous gas〉
...then the militray force in Iraq grew to have huge military power of about million people.
〈The military force in Iraq bombed at nuclear reactors〉
In the middle of the war between Iran and Iraq in 1981, eight combat planes of F16 and other fighters of F 15 which guarded F16 suddenly appear over the sky in Iran and invaded there with a low altitude flight.
Eight of combat planes of F16 dropped bombs at a nuclear reactor which was under construction in suburb of Bagdhad.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military force】
〈Iraq used poisonous gas〉
...then Iraq attacked the Kurdish and used poisonous gas to them. Iraq used the poisonous gas to the general who didn`t arm near border of Iran March in 1988, and about five thousand people were victims then.
Each nation in Arab supported Iraq which shielded itself preventing the Islamic fundamentalism from expanding in this war.
Iran adopted a plan of anti America, so America supported Iran from a position of anti Iran, so the military force in Iraq grew up to the one who had...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Iraq used poisonous gas〉
The people were so irritated with the war that we the Japanese call it イライラ戦争 in Japanese.
Without decisive outcome for both of them, a cease-fire was formed in 1988. About a million people were dead in both countries. It was tragic.
The military force in Iraq used weapon of poisonous gas to Iran in this war. Moreover Hussein feared the Kurdish who lived in north Iraq would take into action for anti Hussein in cooperation with Iran, so he attacked the Kurdish and used ...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Iraq used poisonous gas〉
...especially the youth who believed in the Islamic fundamentalism thought if they were dead in a holy war defending its own county, they would go to the heaven, so without fearing being dead, they rushed to their enemy.
They rushed to the field where mines were landed and made the mines explode with their own bodies, and they cut their way through charging course.
Hussein aimed at a battle for short term, but the war dragged on. The people were so irritated with the war that...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military force】
〈Iraq used poisonous gas〉
Lots of the Arab lived and the biggest oil field in Iran there. If getting the place, Iraqi national power would expand by leaps and bounds, Hussein thought like that.
Each nation in Arab which hated the Islamic fundamentalism of Iran wouldn`t criticize Hussein and support him, Hussein took it into account, but Iran resisted persistently.
On the contrary,being invaded its own country made Iran which was confused put together, and Iran counter attacked Iraq, especially the...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Iraq used poisonous gas〉
Whiel lots of people in Iraq are Arabian race, majority of the Iraq are Perusian race. The two of races are well-known because of being on bad terms.
They were at loggerheads over a right on possession of a river which flowed on their border. When Iran was confused, if taking advantage of this chance and attacking Iran, Iraq thought it could secure the right of possessing the river.
Moreover Iraq aimed at gaining southern east area of Iran. Lots of the Arab lived and the...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military force】
〈Iraq used poisonous gas in the war〉
...and the next year the military force in Iraq attacked its east neigboring country, Iran. The war between Iran and Iraq broken out.
Then Iran revolution brought about by Khomeini, and Iran was confused greatly. The revolution was based on Islamic fundamentalism, and each nation in the Middle East feared that the thought of Islamic fundamentalism lead to its own country.
On the other hand, Hussein thought it a perfect chance, and attacked Iran.
While lots of people...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairss】
『Column, Hussein`s sons in law who defected were slaughtered』
Hussein made a promise to his sons in law that he forgave all what they had done and made them return to Iraq February in 1996 and made his daughters got divorce.
His sons in law were slaughtered by their relatives and dead bodies of mothers of the sons in law were discovered February in 1999. Then their limbs were cut off.
〈Iraq used poisnonous gas in the war〉
Hussein installed as President in 1979, and next year the military force in...
【What I`ve thought】
I`ve expressed on a book, It has been so on modern history part 2, and it seems to be lots of bloody depictions. As the author said, hisroty has been covered with blood.
If you readers hope something encouraging you, I`m afraid it seems to be impossible until Aung San Suu Kyi who was at the last part of the book.
To my sorrow, my poor English is filled with mistakes, and I`m selfish, and self-conceit, so the ones who read my thread have decreased little by little, but I can blame no one, for it`s my fault. It can`t be helped.
When studying English I have fun.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Base for power was made hard by his relativies〉
...but the second son was a person who charged in an unit which kept peace and order and security guard for the President.
『Column,sons in law who defected were slaughtered』
Hussein`s two daughters and his sons in law went into exile to neighboring country, Jordan August, in 1995, especially one of his sons in law charged in project on developing weapons.
He informed the group of inspection in the United Nations on the large amount of destructive weapons.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Center for base on the power was made hard by his relatives〉
...but both the police and law court were at a loss. His punishment were transferred between the police and the law court, and he was released without punishing.It is said he possessed about no less than 1300 luxury cars.
There was such a strong antipathy to his bad reputation that a case of attmpting to assassinate him happened, then the eldest son was injured.
The second son didn`t have so bad reputation as the eldest one, but he was a ...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Base for power was made hard by his relatives〉
Center for base on the power like the secret police and security guard for the President were gathered his relatives and the ones who were from Tikrit where Hussein was from.
Hussein had two sons and he tried to make them his successors, but the eldest son was notorious for his rough nature. and it is reported he raped females.
He used to murder a one who guarded the President with a nightstick in a party October in 1988. Then his age was 24, but both ...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Base for power was made hard by his relatives〉
The security gurard for President had escorted Hussein around the clock.
The political party of Ba`th founded network as if it had been a lattice in nationwide, and members of the Ba｀th watched the people around the network.
There was a system that a suspicious person or the one who spoke ill of Hussein were informed to the secret police anoymously, and the terrible system protected Hussein firmly.
Center of secret police and security guard for...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Base for power was made hard for his relatives〉
Hussein`s base for power was the military, security organization and the political party of Ba`th.
There were several departments in the secret service, and they had been active originally. He made them compete and watch each other,and tried to prevent coup d`etat for him from causing.
Except for an ordinary military force, he trained other military force of elite who pledged their loyalty to Hussein, moreover there was other escort group for President.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Hussein absorbed in assassinating and coup d` etat〉
He read out names of 21 executives who opposed against his personal control by political party of Ba`th.
The executives who were read out their names were taken away from the place one by one, and Hussein made the rest executives shoot them to death.
Hussein recorded its situation on videotape, and delivered the videotape to each member of the political party. After that no one learned to criticize his personal control.
〈Base for power was made...〉
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military force】
〈Hussein absorbed in assassinating and coup d`etat〉
,,,and Hussein was appointed at the top or the secret service within the political party in Ba`th. It is said he tortured himself members of the political party.
After that, Hussein was selected for Vice President in 1968, and the President retired because of sickness and Hussein became President when his age was 42 March in1979.
It was purge which Hussein did at first. He gathered all the executives of the political party of Ba`th in a room.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Hussein absorbed in assassianting and coup d` etat〉
...but Kassem was killed by アリフ in 1963. It is said roughly speaking five thousand of supporters for Kassem and others who concrerned Kassem in political party in Iraq was killed then.
Then the political party of Ba`th contributed to establishment on アリフ political power so much that the political party was on the rise within the political power.
Hussein whose age was 26 returned iraq from Egypt at once and was appointed at the top position of the...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big countty on military affairs】
〈Hussein absorbed in assassinating and coup d`etat〉
When staying in Egypt, Hussein called a daughter of his uncle to Egypt and got married to her then.
His rough nature showed in Egypt as well, and he caused accident on act of violence, he was arrested by the police at least twice.
It is said when staying in Egypt, he graduated from Law department in Cairo university according to official biography in Iraq.
Kassem who controlled the power ousted アブド アリフ who caused the coup d` etat together, but...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time unitl Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Hussein was absorbed in assassinating and coup d`etat〉
Abdul Kassem carried out a coup d`etat and controlled power in the next year, but Hussein showed close to political party in Iraq gradually, and Kassem feel repelled it.
Hussein tried to assassinate Kassem as a member of Ba`th, but he failed in it. He was hit on the foot and injured, and defected to Syria and Egypt.
Egypt protected Hussein who sought asylum due to its position for anti-Kassem.
When staying in Egypt, he called a daughter of his...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Complicated situation on his home made his personality〉
It is said his uncle ordered him to murder and he carried it out actually.
It has been pointed out that those tragic experience in his childhood made him distrust people and form his cruel personality.
〈He was absorbed in assasinating and coup d`etat〉
Hussein joined the Ba`th. It`s a political party which aimed at unification of Arabian world when his age was 20 in 1957.
In the next year, Abdul Kassem in the military carrid out a coup d`etat...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Complicated situation on his home made his personality〉
It is said his father was dead before Hussein was born, but it has been unclear.
After his father was dead his mother was married again. It is said he was treated badky by his father in law and he made his son to be a thief.
He had three half-brothers by the different father. He was driven out of his house by his father in law when his age was ten and he was brought up by his uncle of his mother`s side.
It is said his uncle ordered him to...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈The one who conflicted with others,he was Hussein〉
The name of Saddam means exactly that name and natures do often agree, and he lived his life like that.
〈Complicated situation on his home made his personality〉
Saddam Hussein was born in a farming village on suburb of Tikrit near Tigris River where is north to Bagdhad and away about 150 km from Bagdhad which is capital in Iraq in 1937.
Tikrit is a place where Salahdin was from. Saladhin is an Islam and a hero who recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusades
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈The one who conflicted with others,he was Hussein〉
Nebuchanezzar the Second founded a mighty empire in B.C. invaded Jerusalem, destroyed a palace of King of Solomon, wiped out the Jewish dynasty. He took away the Jews to Babylon, what is called capture in Babylon.
Likeningi himself to the hero, he tried to gain support from the people in Arabian nations which felt rebelled Israel.
Saddam means conflicting. There is a Japanese phrase,名は体を表す, and it means that its name is equal to its actual situation.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈The one who conflicted with others, he was Hussein〉
...for while American President Bush installed as President without gaining majority by the people, the President Hussein won 100% support from the nation.
However in the vote of confidence, a number was printed on each voting slip, and the voting slip showed who voted. This was democracy in Iraq.
Hussein likened himself to Nebuchadnezzar the Second in the new Babylonia Empire who controlled there in ancient time.
Nebuchadnezzar the Second founded...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈The one who conflicted with others, he was Hussein〉
News program on TV broadcast conditions on then the President Hussein every day. Everyday life in Iraq was as if despotic political power had been depicted.
A plebiscite that whether or not the President who was over its seven year term of office service won the confidence by the people October in 2002,and it was reported that the confidence reached 100%
.
The newspaper wrote up Iraq is by far more democratic than America a great deal space, for...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈The one who conflicted with others, he was Hussein〉
When the ones who visited once Iraq couldn`t escape from Hussein, for portraits of then the President Hussein used to be shown everywhere in Iraq.
The portraits were in a variety. The one was in business suit, and the other was in military uniform, another ones were in racial costumes, and there were portraits Hussein sat astride a white horse.
Each newspaper carried photos on Hussein on the front page every day, and informed the president`s conducts.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈England founded Iraq〉
Iraq was independent as kingdom in 1932, and joined the United Nations, Hashim Royal Family controlled Iraq and the Royal Family was under rule over England.
Abdul Kassem in the military carried out a coup d`etat and overthrew the imperial rule in 1958, and family of the King was executed then. After that struggling for power continued in Iraq until Saddam Hussein controlled the power.
〈The one who conflicted with othrs, he was Hussein〉
The ones who once visited Iraq couldn`t...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time unitl Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈England founded Iraq〉
England unified the three administrative states into one in Ottoman Turkey, and founded Iraq.
It is said the name of Iraq itself originated from the birthplace of ancient civilization.
After that England admitted that Kuwait was independent from southern area in Iraq.
After Iraq was independent in the future, England tried to make a person who obeyed England rule over Iraq, The one from the Hashim became a king in Iraq controlled by England,
Iraq was independent as kingdom in...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time unitl Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈England founded Iraq〉
England which spredad its spremacy in the Middle East strengthened its military pressure to Ottoman Turkey, and separated Kuwait from Ottoman Turkey and Kuwait became a colony belonged to England in 1913.
Besides England was at war with Ottoman Turkey in the World War First, and invaded Mesopotamia, occupied there.
England which beaten Ottoman Turkey dismantled it with France and the two countries divided Ottoman Turkey equally in 1921.
England unified Baghdad, Mosul, and Basra.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈England founded Iraq〉
Iraq is close to Iran in the east, to Jordan in the west, to Turkey and Syria in the north,and to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait in the south. A place which is between Iran and kuwait is a passage to the Persian Gulf.
The area is bigger Japan a little, and its population is about twenty four million. As to oil deposits, it takes pride in second place in the world.
Iraq used to be a part of Ottoman Turkey for a long time. It`s England which appeared in the history on the Middle East.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈England established Iraq〉
What kind of person was Hussein who promoted to make the large amount of destructive weapons and to refuse to be inspected by the United Nations?
I`m going to see from a history on Iraq which was founded at first.
Iraq is an artificial nation which was founded by England. The place has been well-known for a place of birthplace on ancient civilization of Mesopotamia which developed along Tigris and Euphrates River.
Iraq is close to Iran in the east, is close to Jordan in the...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Iraq continued to make a large amount of destructive weapons〉
Instead of UNESCO,the United Nations established other organization at the end of 1999, but the inspection had never been done several years.
It was November in 1999 when the inspection was done. The United Nations Security Council adopted a desolution for seeking for inspection on the large amount of destructive weapons against Iraq. The desolution was passed unanimously, and Iraq agreed with it, and the inspection started again then.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Iraq continued to make the large amount of destructive weapon〉
The air raid was done as sanction from America and England.
Then the President Clinton was met with a scandal on a woman then. The bombing was done so as to hide his scandal, the President was ridiculed like that, so the air raid didn`t make Iraq`s attitude change.
Far from it, Iraq started to stiffen its attitude, and refused to be investigated by the United Nations at all. The group for investigation in the United Nation withdrew from Iraq
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Iraq continued to make the large amount of destructive weapon〉
In the beginning, Iraq cooperated with the United Nations on the investigation, but with dismantling and discovery of the large amount of destructive weapon one after another, Iraq learned to obstuct the inspection.
The group for investigation submitted report to the United Nations that Iraq wasn`t cooperative to the inspection December in 1998.
America and England bombed facilities on its government and military violently after four days.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Iraq continued to make the large amount of destructive weapon〉
The fact of loading chemical weapon to its warhead was discovered.
The group of investigation dismantled 817 scud missiles, 30 warheads loaded with biological weapon, 70 launching pad for missile, forty thousand of chemical bomb which were in the middle of making.
In addition, Iraq admitted it made 2850 ton of mustard gas, 790 ton of sarin, and 290 ton of tabun in the past.
In the beginning, Iraq cooperated with the inspection by the...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Iraq continued to make the large amount of destructive weapon〉
...and a group for investigation was fromed, so the investigation started then.
The large amount of destructive weapon means all the nuclear weapons, chemical weapons, biologicah weapons, ways of producing all of them, and missile of which shooting range is over 150 km.
The investigation showed clearly that Iraq advanced development of nuclear weapon. Iraq would complete the nuclear weapon in more six months.
A fact that chemical weapon...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Iraq continued to made a large amount of destructive weapon〉
Iraq invaded its neighboring country of Kuwait August in 1990, and the Gulf War broke out in the next year.
After Iraq lost in the war, the United Nations learned to make Iraq harmless so as to prevent Iraq from invading other countries no more.
The United Nations gave a notice to Iraq that they`d investigate the large amount of destructive weapons the country held and dismantle them. Iraq accepted it, and a group for investigation was ...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
『Column, suspicious death on an international terrorist』
On the other hand, his companies refuted that it`s not a suicide but he was killed by the secret service in Iraq.
Whether or not he killed himself is unclear, but why Iraq tried to arrest him?
If the country harbored him, the country would be criticized as the one which supported terrorism, so Iraq killed him so as to avoid it. The suspicion has been pointed out.
〈The country continued to made a large amount of destructive weapon〉
Iraq invaded...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
『Suspicious death on an international terrorist』
A terrorist who seemed to cause almost a hundred cases of terrorism in countries of which number were more than 20 from 1970s to 1980s had been put on the international wnated list committed suicide at Baghdad August in 2002. Iraqi government announced it.
When secret service in Iraq tried to arrest him on suspicon of illegal immigration, he killed himself, the government insisted on it.
On the other side, his companies refuted that it`s not a suicied...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Then the President Bush declared officially they`d attack Iraq〉
American assembly of both the Upper and Lower House adopted resolution which allowed the Presidnt to take measure on everything including resoting to arms against threat from Iraq.
The U.S. army mobilized the large number of soldiers and started to prepare for attacking Iraq.
It was 1990 when Iraq was adopted in the international news greatly for the first time.
『Suspicious death on an international terrorist』
A terrorist who caused...
【Who borught up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Then the Bush declared officially they`d attack Iraq〉
However Libya abandoned development on nuclear weapon, and it has been lifted from the country which supported terrorism in 2006.
Except for Iraq,immediately after the synchronized terrorist attack, six countries issued announcement they criticized the terrorism, but Iraq didn`t criticize the terrorism, and America tried not to hide its hostile against America.
American assembly of both the Upper House and the Lower House adopted resolution that...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Then the Presisent Bush decalred officially they`d attack Iraq〉
This political power made a promise to agree with the international inspection, but it drove the inspectors out of the country.
This political power must have had something which they wanted to hide from civilized society.
Thus then the President Bush showed hostility to Iraq like that.
America has regarded seven countries such as Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lybya, Cuba, Sudan, and North Korea as the ones which have supported terrorism from before.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Then the President Bush declared officially they`d attack Iraq〉
Moreover he said on Iraq like the next.
Iraq has shown hostile to America continuously, and supported terrorism. Its present political power has planed to develop on bacteria of anthrax 炭疽菌, nerve gas and nuclear weapon for the past ten years.
This political power actually used poison gas, and killed thousands of its people. They piled up corpse of children on the corpse of their mothers and leave them alone.
This political power...
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affairs】
〈Then the President Bush declared officially they would attack Iraq〉
...he labeled three countries like Iraq, Iran, and North Korea bad axis powers.
He said he made ringleaders who broke out synchronized terrorist attack in America eleventh October be judged by law then.
At the same time, he emphasized that he`d prevent countries who supported terrorism from exposing America and its allied countries to threat of the large amount of the destuctive weapons.
When saying he was conscious of Iraq clearly.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country on military affair】
〈Then the President Bush declared officially that they would attack Iraq〉
Iraq promised to destroy the large amount of destructive weapons the country held after the Gulf War in 1991 to the international society.
It suspended once in 1998, but the inspect started again.
Without cooperating with the search for the large amount of the destructive weapons, it would bring about a serious matter to Iraq, Bush warned to Iraq.
He made a speech at an American assembly January in 2002, he labeled three...
【Preface】
To my sorrow, I have littl knowledge and am lacking of imagination, and I`m not sure of the situation then. If reading this book, can I understand? I hope I can.
【Who brought up Hussein? The time until Iraq became a big country of military affairs】
〈Then the President Bush declared officially that they would attack Iraq〉
Iraq had been adopted in international news program on TV greatly since 2002, for a group of inspection in UN went into Iraq and started to search for a large amount of destructive weapons November in the same year.
Iraq promised to destroy the large amount....
【Preface】
The author said he hoped this book is something helpfur for its readers to seek for its answer.
There are some people who were taken away from Japan to North Korean. Some of them came back Japan once but they returned to North Korea. It became news.
Some young people asked the author, why have they returned to North Korea?
The ones who returned to North Korea, believing for their homeland, and others who saw them off.
How hard to imagine its atmosphere of the situation at present, the author felt keenly,and we need imagination so as to understand history, the author said so.
【Preface】
Then what is the peace? If there is no war, do we call it the peace?
The author said he wrote this book, thinking he`ve wanted to answer the simple question even if it`s a little.
People have something to protect at the risk of their lives. Some people fight so as to protect it, and others seek for peace desperately for something worty.
The people who lost their dearest in the eleventh October, and others who lost their blood relatives in civil war of Afghanstan, and the people in Iraq are the same...
When writing this book the author thought like that. Why do people make war?
【Preface】
Oh! I made a blunder. I`ve mistook the preface of the part one for the part two. It happened to be the part one at hand. so I`ve made a mistake. I`m embarrassed.I`m going to start part two from now on. This time is true.
Everyone has sought for peace, but why hasn`t war disapperaed from the earth?
A student in university asked the author that question and the author didn`t know what to say.
It was so simple, but therefore is a fundamental question. It is certain that everyone wants peace, but there seem to be some people who think the peace for slaves is worse than a war.
【Preface】
I`m going to express a book of which title,It has been so the modern history! part 2 in English from now on. At first from its prefsce.
″Has Wall in Berlin in border between East and West Germany, hasn`t it?″
″Why China don`t get along with Taiwan?″
The author has often been asked like that. As to the second question, a new news reporter asked a senior one in a newspaper company. The senior seemed that he didn`t know what to say.
The rookie seemed to want to say, he didn`t learn it at school.
There is hardly any chance to learn modern history in school life until high school.
【Afterword】
...on the other hand, there is a trial of grappling on peace and doing away with a frame as nation by the EU. The author said he`ve wanted to believe there is wisdom of the human kind there. He continued.
The way of seeing things is his personal thing. The way of seeing history and evaluation is different according to the one who sees the history or its time. Concept on history is like that, the author said
When understanding modern society, and seeking for a course in the future, there are lots of things in which we learn.
Has it been so the modern history? is over.
【Afterword】
If learning a failure by Mao Zedong 毛沢東 in China, there couldn`t have been the violent slaughter by Pol Pot in Cambodia.
If studying a failure by America in Vietnamese War, Soviet couldn`t have invaded into Afghanistan.
There are no phrase of if or couldn`t have in history, but when looking back the history, I`m forced to think like that, the author said like that.
If making light of history, it will be punished by history.
Modern history is depicted with lots of death and blood actually, on the other hand, there has been a trial by EU of grappling on peace, or removing...
【Afterword】
When looking back history after the World War Second, it`s filled with confrontation between ideology, and selfish action of big countries which thought of profits for their own benefit alone.
There is a cruel reality that they tried to pursue ideal but without knowing they slaughtered their people of the same persuasion.
It is said the one who doesn`t learn from history repeats the same mistake.
If learning failure in the military force in France on Indochina War in Vietnam, America couldn`t have suffered from damage by Vietnamese War.
If learning failure by Mao Zedong 毛沢東...
【End of the Cold War broke out other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈After that what`s happened to ex-Yugo?〉
Thus all the six republics in ex-Yugoslavia have taken apart.
On the other hand, after the military force in Serbia withdrew, UN has managed Kosovo in Serbia, but Albanian people have taken leadership, and there are lots of refugees of the Serbian this time.
Movement of the Albanians who try to be independent Kosovo is so active that it is likely to independent in near future. Ex-Yugoslavia seems to be smaller.
Though I don`t know on actual situation of Kosovo at present.
【Afterword of the..】
【End of the Cold War borught about other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Pandora`s box of race and religion has been open〉
As the Cold War was over and Pandora`s box has been open.
〈After that what`s happened in ex-Yugo?〉
After ex-Yugoslavia took apart, two republics of Serbia and Montenegro alone formed Yugoslavian Federation, and it`s changed its name into Serbia Montenegro in 2003.
Management of the country was done by Serbia mainly, and Montenegro dissatisfied with it, and Montenegro declared independence June in 2006. At last they separated into two independent nations.
On the other hand...
【End of the Cold War brought about other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Pandora`s box of race and religion has been open〉
As a result, we expected the end of the Cold War which is symbolized by the collapse of Wall in Berlin brought peace on the earth, but it`s intensifying disputes each area which have brought us.
The Gulf War is one of them,and civil war in ex-Yugo broke out. The Cold War was over, and restriction which bound each nation loosened.
Opposition over race and religion which we regarded as the ones in the history in the past started to appear in front of us.
The Cold War was over...
【End of the Cold War brought about other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Pandora`s box of race and religion has been open〉
History in the world is the one of which the war and dispute over difference between race and religion.
The Cold War after the World War Second was hostile to each other by difference of ideology.
As nuclear weapon has been developed, a direct confrontation between the two majors of America and Soviet causes destruction on the world, so it had been avoided with a point of view on nuclear deterrence.
Instead, hot wars were unfurled in Indochina and Korean Peninusla as proxy war.
【End of the Cold War broke out other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈After end of the Cold War,the military movements by NATO〉
I`m going to continue to express the content on the agreement on peace in Bosnia.
A side of federation by Islam and Croatia occupied 51% of the territory, and other side of Serbian Republic 49%, and military force in UN stationed there.
Bosnia and Herzegovina was separated by race. Even if peace is formed there, it`s just that the agreement confirmed after the fact that those races lived there separately.
〈Pandora`s box of race and religion has been open〉
History in the...
【End of the Cold War broke out other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈After end of the Cold War, military movements by NATO〉
Without shooting any bullet during the Cold War, the military organization was all right then, but after the end of the Cold War, and there was no enemy for it, the organization did military movement for the first time ironically.
In the end, as America arbitrated between the concerened countries, an agreement on peace in Bosnia was signed November in 1991. Its content is like the next.
Bosnia and Herzegovina exists as unified nation, and a side of federation by Islam and the...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
『Column,power and limit on a reconnaissance satellite』
Information which is useful for us actually isn`t enough the one which is taken from the sky, so we have to get it on the ground eventually.
〈After end of the Cold War, military movement by NATO〉
International criticism intensified on the cruel treatments by Serbia.
NATO was born so as to prevent Soviet and East Europe from attacking West Europe,but it started a large scale of air raid in order to stop with military power actions of military force of the Serbian.
Without shooting..
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
『Column, power and limit on a reconnaissance satellite』
Serbia didn`t suffer from damage so much then.
The reconnaissance satellite can distinguish between the ones which are from the ground by ten centimeters and can send us its digital photo at once.
However even if its efficiency improved so much, it is a person who analyzes its image, and the side who is taken photos have put into great effort into developing ways of cheating the reconnaissance satellite.
Information which is useful for us actually isn`t enough the one which is..
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
『Column, power and limit on a reconnaissance satellite』
Serbia noticed it and made lots of tanks and combat planes made of paper-mache, and placed them side by side on the ground.
If watching them from the sky they looked real things. Military force in NATO mistook them for genuines and shot a missile of which price was millions of dollars one after another.
NATO announced it drove Serbia into almost destruction utterly, but when the miiitary force of Serbia withdrew from Kosovo, it drove lots of the tanks one right behind another.
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
『Column, power and limit on a reconnaissance satellite』
...he showed three of them the situation of deploying military units of each nation and appealed how fair the idea of division. It is said the photos were very useful for conclusion on the agreement of peace.
On the other hand, the reconnaissance satellite showed its limit on disputes over ex-Yugoslavia.
Attacks on Serbia with missiles by military force of NATO was deciced being based on photos taken by American reconnaissance satellite beforehand.
Serbia noticed it, and made...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Republics escaped one after another〉
The photos make us imagine concentration camp for the Jew by Nazis Germany.
『Column, power and limit on a reconnaissance satellite』
Photos taken by a reconnaissance satellite of America demonstrated its power when an agreement on peace for Bosnia was concluded.
Then the President Clinton called presidents of Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia to America. Three of the countries were the ones who were directly concerned the civil wars.
He showed them photos taken Bosnia from the sky, and situation of ...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Republics escaped one after another〉
Slaughtering all the males in Islam, and raping females in Islam and made them born children of Serbian. It was done each place.
Abortion has never been permitted in Islam, so the Serbian expected Serbian children were born absolutely. It reminded us of barbarous act by Hitler in the World War Second, and the people all over the world were frightend at it.
There are photos of detention camp for captives by influential military force of Serbia, and there are thin Islams in the photos. It made us...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Republics escaped one after another〉
A civil war between influential power of the Serbians and Islam, the Croatians which supported the independence started then.
The Serbian advanced the war advantageously with a view of millitary affair point supported by the military force of federation.
They expanded ruling area by the Serbians in Bosnia, and tried to realize Great Serbia which the area combined with Serbian Republic, so the military force of the Serbian adopted racial purification.
Slaughtering all the males of Islam, and...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Republics escaped one after another〉
Both Slovenia and Croatia were independent October in 1991 by arbitration of each nation in Europe.
On the other hand, residents of Serbian ancestry in Croatia which was independent started a strife for independence from Croatia.
Limitless disputes made division start.
Moreover Bosnia and Herzegovina declared for independence March in 1992, but there were lots of influential power of the Serbian in UN who opposed to left of Bosnia and Herzegovina from Yugoslavia federation.
Then a civil war...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Republics escaped one after another〉
When watching cruel treatments by Miselovic, other races were wavered.
People who feared that ex-Yugoslavia might be a country controlled by Serbia with one-side way advanced for independence.
At first Slovenia and Croatia declared for independence from Yugoslavia federation June 1961. Military force of Yugoslavia frederation by the Serbian mainly were indignant at it and attacked both of the countries, and a civil war started then.
Then each nation in Europe arbitrated between the countries, and...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Kosovo is a holy place for the Serbian〉
By the way, I`ve expressed Serbian religion until now, but it`s Serbian Orthodox Christianity exactly. I`ve neglected to correct it until now. I`m sorry for it.
To return to my main topic...
Kosovo is a holy place for the Serbians who believe in Serbian Orthodox Christianity even at present time.
Lots of residents of Albanian ancestry who believed in Islam learned to live in Kosovo after that, and the nationalists of the Serbian couldn`t endure it.
〈Republics escaped one after another〉
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
『Column, Milosevic』
In the middle of an international trial over slaughter residents of Kosovo at Hauge in Holland, Milosevic was dead in prison March in 2006.
〈kosovo is a holy place for the Serbian〉
Kosovo is a place where the Serbians had a deep intensity of thought.
Ottman Turkey attacked Kosovo which was a kingdom for the Serbian in 1389. The Serbian lost at war in Kosovo and was under control of Ottman Turkey.
Ottman Turkey was a country of Islam, and the people who lived there converted from Serbian religion to Islam.
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
『Column, Milosevic』
When his age was five, his parents got divorce and both of them killed themselves separately before long.
It is said that his experience of this had influence over greatly his forming charcter.
After graduating Belgrade university, he became an elite member of the communist party, and plotted the ones to who he owed his position to downfall.
His plot made his rivals lost their positions, and he won his power.
There was an international trial over slaughter of residents at Kosovo at Hauge in Holland, and he was...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈A nationalis, Milosevic, showed up〉
The Serbians were pleased with the speech. It made nationalism of Serbia of a motto that the Serbias were the first be strong in Serbia.
Milosevic made the movement strong, and won his own power. He expanded authority of Serbian republic and had the right of self-governing in Kosovo self governing dominion revoked 1989.
At the same time, he strengthened suppression and arrest on activists of the Albanian in Kosovo.
『Column,Milosevic』
He was born in Serbia in 1941. When his age was five, his...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈A nationalist, Milosevic, appeared〉
While residents of Albanina ancestry were minority in the whole republic of Serbia, they were majority in Kosovo self-governing dominion.
Milosevic was an executive of the communist party in republic of Serbia, and he was sent to the dispute as arbitrator.
He was at a place where residents of Serbian ancestry and party of policemen of Albanian conflicted, and then he stood at the side of the Serbian and made a speech like the next.
I won`t made anyone strike you any more.
The Serbian was pleased...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Tito died, the Cold War was over, and Yugoslavia took apart〉
Its national awareness which was united against Soviet took apart.
Thus historical complicated racial emotion and religious consness came to the surface, and ex-Yugoslavi advanced to division.
〈Nationalist, Milosevic, appeared〉
It started from appearance of a nationalist in Sarajevo.
After Tito died, a dispute between residents of Albanian ancestry which was majority and other ones of Serbian ancestry which was minority at Kosovo self-governing dominion in Serbia republic.
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Tito died, the Cold War was over, and Yugoslavia took apart〉
Then unity moved by domestic politics of single despotism of the communist party was lost.
The communist party divided and various racial political parties jumbled up, and unity as a single nation was lost.
Moreover reform by the leader of the communist party in Soviet, Gobachev, made Soviet change greatly, and the Cold War was over.
Then Yogoslavia didn`t have to be worried about attack from the military force in Soviet.
Its national consicousness which was united...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Tito died, the Cold War was over, and Yugoslavia took apart〉
When its unity started to be bad, international surroundings changed violently. Revolutional wave surged to each nation of East Europe which were actually under control by Soviet.
Despotism by the communist party continued in each nation of the East Europe, but they adopted system of plural political parties one after another.
Ex-Yugoslavia adopted it and abolished single despotism by the communist party December in 1989.
Then unity of domestic policy which was moved by...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Tito died, the Cold War ended, and Yugoslavia took apart〉
After Tito was dead, representatives of six republics and two self-governing dominions which consisted of Yugoslavia served president of the federation in turn.
However its term was only a year. When being get used to the job of president, it had to change. Its term was too short to do substantial job.
However if its term was two years, turns of rest of other representatives of republics and self-governing dominions became late, so there was dissatisfaction among them.
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Tito died, the Cold War was over,and Yugo took apart〉
Tito who gathered together complicated elements which were opposed was, so to speak a charismatic leader. He was respected as father of building nation.
While he was a Croatian, he suppressed natioanal demand from the Croatian and maintained racial co-existence.
He was dead in 1980, and Yugoslavia lost its leader who put together Yugoslavia into one, and the nation loosened its restriction then.
After Tito died, representatives of six republics and two self-governing dominions ...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Powder magazine in Balkan〉
Varied civilizations and religion were conveyed, and various races advanced there so much that complicated elements overlapped.
Greek Orthodox Church from East, and Catholic from West were conveyed in the Middle Age, and Balkan was a place of a point of contact on two religions.
Habsburger Empire from north, the Empire of Ottman Turkey from east advanced there, and Balkan became a place where two empires which represented Europe and Asia met.
Tito unified the area which had complicated elements into one.
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Powder magazine in Balkan〉
After that the place aournd Sarajevo is called Powder Magazine in Balkan. It means that various races and varied religions were mixed up so much that a slight spark by collision caused an explosion.
Geographical condition played a role greatly on the complicated situation in the Balkan peninsula.
The Balkan Peninsula occupies a position which connects Europe and Asia as corridor. It has been a main artery for the people both East and West, and a place where civilization between East and West was contacted.
【End of the Cold War caused other wars ex-Yugo】
〈Fear for Soviet heightened solidarity〉
When opposition between races became serious, they held weapons and fought each other easily. Those unexpected thing frequently happened.
〈Poweder magazine in Balkan〉
It was a shot in Sarajevo which caused the World War First.
Sarajebo in Bosnia and Herzegovina was reigned by Habsburger Empire. The couple of Crown Prince of the Empire were assassinated by a young man of Sarajevo of nationalist in 1914, and it caused the World War First.
After that the place around Sarajevo had been called a powde...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Fear for Soviet heightened solidarity〉
On the other hand, Tito pushed forward a plan of militarizing all the people from the experience of defeating Nazis Germany for itself.
When being a highschool student, all of the people were engaged in military training, and learned how to use weapons, and they had a care of guns at home.
A situation was founded if armed force of Soviet invaded, all the people held weapons in hand and took action.
As a result, almost all of the people learned to be able to use weapons. When opposition between...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Fear for Soviet strengthened solidarity〉
Concepts on republic or federation is hard for us the Japanese to understand.
In simple words, each republic has equal power as if it were different and independent from others, but for example when joining the UN, they put together as federation against outside.
Besides, the self governing dominion is a part of the republic but its authority is as strong as the ones of republic.
Each republic has its original police, but federation has armed force. On the other hand Tito pushed forward a...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Solidarity strengthened due to fear for Soviet〉
They always feared as if Soviet had been about to attack because ex-Yugoslavia opposed against Soviet which had mighty armed forces. The fear became the power for solidarity which got over difference between religions and races. Moreover Tito`s reign was also skillful.
He admitted right of each nation and founded republics and self-governing dominion, and formed a federation with equal position. His contrivance had an exquisite balance.
Concept on republic or federation is hard to us...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Federal republic founded by Tito〉
The people in ex-Yugoslavia were proud that they defeated Nazis Germany for themselves. Tito founded depostic political power by communist party.
However its self-confidence of emancipating its own country for itself was so strong that it didn`t obey Soviet led by Stalin like other nations in Eastern Europe.
As a result, Yugoslavia opposed against Soviet squarely, and adopted original course which belonged to neither side of capitalism nor the side of socialism.
〈Solidarity strengthened because of...〉
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Federal republic founded by Tito〉
Ex-Yugoslavia was a nation of which formal name was Yugoslavia socialism Federal Republic. As it was controlled by Nazis Germany during the World War Second, Tito fought against Germany with partisan which was the communist party, and defeated it with their own military force alone. Ex-Yugoslavia alone could do it in Europe.
Eastern Europe was emancipated from Nazis by America, other nations in Eastern Europe were done by Soviet. On the other hand, ex-Yugoslavia done it for itself, and its people were...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
『Column, Tito』
When groping the third course, he was in concert with other countries which weren`t allied with America and Soviet.
『Column, partisan』
It`s the French, and means a flying squd 遊撃隊 of residents who took action with a weapon. It`s almost same meaning of guerilla.
However if comparing it with the guerilla, it has a nuance of being supported by residents.
Military force of releasing people 人民解放軍 in communist party in China used to start as partisan originally.
〈Federal republic founded by Tito〉
Ex-Yugoslavia was a nation..
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-yugo】
『Column, Tito』
He was born in Croatia in 1982, and was from a farm house, and used to be a metalworker. He joined the World War First as soldier and became a captive of Russia. He had experienced Russian Revolution there, and aimed at realizing socialism then.
In the middle of the World War Second he led partisan and fought against Germany as leader of communist party of Yugoslavia.
After the World War Second, he disobeyed Soviet which led by Stalin and groped the third course which didn`t belong to both America and Soviet.
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Yugoslavia is a nation from one to seven〉
In civil wars of Bosnia Herzegovina, people of Serbia, Croatia, and Islam fought against each other.
Islam used to be believers of religion, and isn`t a race originally. Lots of them were either the Serbia or the Croatia with regard to a race.
However believing in Islam made them have different culture from Catholic and Serbian religion, and they learned to think they are a race of Islam.
A structure that difference between religion was equal to difference between races existed there.
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Yugoslavia is a nation from one to seven〉
There were some kinds of bills which were used in the time of ex-Yugoslavia. Each language of Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia were written by each language of Latin letters and Cryillic alphabet. It was complicated.
There was no language of Yugoslavia. When the nation of Yugoslavia existed, some people who wre conscious that they were the Yugoslavian, but lots of the people thought they were the Serbian or Croatian.
In the civil wars Bosnia and Herzegovina, the people of Serbia....
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Yugoslavia was a nation from one to seven〉
...and seven borders.
Ex-Yugoslavia was single as a nation, some races used Latin letters and other races used Cryillic alphabet. There were believers of Catholic, Serbian religion, and Islam. Four kinds of languages were used. There were five main races. The nation was composed of six republics and was surrounded by seven countries.
Actually the number of nations were far from five. It was said it was over 20. The nation was as if it had been composed of mosaic.
The bills which were used...
【End of the Cold War caused other wars over ex-Yugo】
〈Civil Wars and disputes continued in the ex-Yugoslavia〉
Thus various areas formed a single nation in the ex-Yugo, and it separated into one after another and tragic wars were caused, and the tragic wars added fresh fuel to separation, so the ex-Yugoslavia took apart more and more.
〈Yugoslavia was a nation from one to seven〉
Yugoslavia is a nation composed of southern Slavs. There used to be a famous phrase which expressed the ex-Yugoslavia.
One nation, two letters, three religions, four languages, five races, six republicans, and ...
【End of the Cold War caused other war over ex Yugo】
〈Civil Wars and disputes continued in the ex-Yugoslavia〉
In the end NATO continued the air raid for two months and made the military force in Serbia withdraw from Kosovo June in 1999, and then lots of refugees remained.
There used to be civil wars in Slovenia and Croatia before the ones in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Declaring independent from the ex-Yugo made start the military force of Yugo Slavia federation attack them and the civil broke out.
Both of Slovenia and Croatia were independent and the civil wars were over.
Thus various...
【End of the Cold War caused other war over ex-Yugo】
〈Civil wars and disputes continued in the ex-Yugoslavia〉
Then a special representative from the UN grappled the problem, but he didn`t handle it very well.
After that military force in NATO bombed corps of Serbia in Bosnia and Herzegovina and forced the Serbian who were advantageous on military affairs negotiate for peace, and NATO succeeded in winning a cease fire.
NATO tried to blockade Serbia in Kosovo with the way, but failed to do it.
After that NATO continued the air raid for two months and made the military force of Serbia...
【End of the Cold War caused other war over ex-Yugo】
〈Ex-Yogoslavia where civil wars and disputes continue〉
Yugoslavia which formed after the World War Second was taken apart since 1991. In the next year two republics of Serbia and Montenegro alone formed Yugoslavia federation.
We call Yugoslavia which didn`t take apart before the end of the Cold War ex-Yugo.
Civil war went on in Bosnia and Herzegovina before suppression to residents of Albanian ancestory in self-governing dominion of Kosovo.
Then a tragic struggle that Muslim and residents of Serbian ancestory killed each other continued.
【End of the Cold War causes a dispute over ex Yugo】
〈A missile hit Chinese embassy〉
Each nation in Europe which were grieved over the suppression and slaughter to residents in Serbia tried to stop them with the military force, but their damage increased.
The Cold War which continued from the end of the World War Second was over and various systems which were supported by the Cold War collapsed.
It means that loosening restriction of Yugoslavia which put together into a single nation, and the nation was taken apart and those problems were caused.
〈Ex Yugoslavia where civil wars and...〉
【End of the Cold War causes a dispute over ex-Yugo
〈A missile hit on Chinese embassy〉
However the air raid often caused bombing by mistake and lots of residents of Albanian and Serbian of both ancestry were dead then.
On the other hand, force on suppression to residents of Albanian ancestry by the ones of Serbian ancestry increased so much that no less than about a hundred thousand of the ones of Albanian ancestry lost their homes and became refugees.
Each nation in Europe which were grieved over suppression and slaughter to residents in Serbia so much that each nation tried to stop the...
【End of the Cold War causes other war, which is a dispute over ex Yugo】
〈A missile hit Chinese embassy〉
When setting up its offensive target, it used an old map, then caused the bombing by mistake. Air raid to Serbia started by NATO from March in the same year.
An aim of attack to Serbia was preventing the government of Serbia from suppressing residents of Albanian ancestry who lived in self-governing dominion by Kosobo in Serbia. Complicated... it`s hard to understand for me.
However the air raid often caused bombing by mistake, and lots of residents of both Albanian ancestry and...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈After that what`s happened?〉
Should the EU allow Turkey to join the EU? Its opinion opposes among each nation becomes clear.
【End of the Cold War causes other war, which is a dispute over ex Yugo】
〈A missile hit Chinese embassy in Serbia〉
A missile hit Chinese embassy in Belgrade which is a capital of Serbia by military force of Nato May in 1999. Three people of the staff in the embassy and news reporter died then.
NATO apologized for it to Chinese government that it was a bombing by mistake. When setting up offensive target, using an old map caused the...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈Aftet that what`s happened in Europe?〉
Except for dollars, countries of which rate for preparing for euro as foreign currency have increased.
On the other hand, each nation in Eastern European which used to be under Soviet joined the EU, so companies of France and Germany moved their factories to Eastern Europe where personnel expenses are low have increased.
Hollowing out of European industry has been conspicuous.
Besides Turkey hopes to join the EU. Turkey belongs to Islam block,but has a mutual base of Christine society. Whether or not the EU should...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈What`s happened after that?〉
Each nation of Eastern Europe which used to be under Soviet Union joined the EU one after another. Bulgaria, and Romania have participated in January in 2007, and number of countries which join in reach to 27.
Furthermore, Slovenia joins in the currency of euro from the same year,and the number of countries which join the euro become 13.
Value of euro becomes higher than dollar as they aim, and amount of circulation has exceeded dollar at the end of 2006.
Except for dollars, countries of which rate for preparing for foreing...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈To European Federation〉
Needless to say, even if European Federation that each country in Europe changes into one nation comes true completely in the future, it will be done in the farther future.
However there seems to be a lots of things to learn from ideal perseverance, and ability to plan of European statesmen who try to advance toward their ideal step by step from a place where they can do.
It`s a trial of a brave experiment which has an ability of robust plan.
〈What`s happened after that?〉
After that, the EU continues to expand. Each nation of...
【A dream foa a single Europe】
〈To European Federation〉
They`ve prepared for an unification of a single nation as the EU in the future by founding those organizations.
〈A brave experiment for the future〉
Modern history is the one which is covered with blood such as a war between nations, hostile among nations, and civil war in its country. It was symbolized with the Cold War between East and West.
The author said whenever watching those history, forming a single nation so as to prevent war from breaking out by the EU makes his eyes open for something important.
Needless to say, even...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈To European Federation〉
A person is elected for a member of the European committee from each nation. Its main job is carrying out on content of decision by the board of direction of Cabinet Ministers.
Judiciary on the EU is equal to judicial court in the EU. Number of judge are 27. Its court has nothing to do with crininal case nor civil action.
When a trouble breaks out among nations in the EU over its actual management, the judicial court in the EU plays a part on its decision.
They`ve prepared for unification of a single nation as European Federation...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈To European federation〉
The European assembly which is equal to the consultative body can say its opinion on decision of a board of direction from Cabinet Ministers.
Besides it has authority of giving approval on appointment of members of European committee. The European committe is equal to the government in the EU.
As to number of members on the European assembly, its fixed number is alloted each country according to its population.
The members are elected with a proportional representation system. Its election is done every five year.
Member of the...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈To European federation〉
This is legislatative power where law is made for the whole EU should observe. It`s composed of representatives from each country.
For example, when dealing with economic problem, ministers of finamce gather from each nation and discuss it with others and make its law.
When handling an agricultural problem, ministers who are in charge agriculture.
On the other hand, there is European assembly. Though it has a name of assembly, it doesn`t have any legislative power. It`s just a consultative body.
It can say its opinion on...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈Competing with America over money in the world〉
We`ve never heard on a figure on the yen in the future from any Japanese statesmen and people who are in charge on the Japanese finance.
〈To European federation〉
EU has had an ideal that it has the common currency, advances various unification for a long time, and finally reaches political unification.
It has a single original organization as if it were a single nation.
Let`s suppose that the EU was a single nation. Then European alliance of a board of directions is equal to a national assembly. This is...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈Competing with America over the money for the world〉
,,,then American economy in which high price of its stock maintained by flowing funds from foreigh countries may change something wrong.
As a result the part which ueros play in the world economy is very big, at the same time, there is a possiblity that main money in the world may be yen, euro, and dollar.
However yen has hardly been used when paying for trades between foreigh nations, so it doesn`t have ability as international currency like dollar and euro.
How should we use yen?
We have never heard...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈Competing with America over the money for the world〉
...and other countries which are connected with European nations deeply will leanr to use euros when paying. Then it seems that a position of the dollar drops in the whole economy in the world.
As starting the euro, and it makes dealing between nations in Europe active, and if the EU will develop economically, foreign countries may think instead of dollars, euro is better.
Then money which has flown into America at present may flow into the EU, so American economy in which the price of stock maintains....
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈Competing with America over the money for the world〉
As having introduced the common money, euro, the EU has tried to make compitition between countries which join the EU hard, and it makes other competition between America harder.
Dollars of American money have played a part in the money for the world at present. When paying money for trade between countries, a dollar has been used.
However if an euro is adopted, when paying, European countries don`t have to use, and other countries which are connected with European coutries will learn to use euros when...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈A central bank has been formed in Europe〉
The centrla bank in Europe is neutral politically and independent power.
Even if the central bank in the EU alone was formed, each nation has its own centrlal bank, but issuing euro and decision of crtiterion of interest are done by the central bank of the EU alone.
Central banks of each nation have to listen to orders from the centrtal bank in the EU alone. Main business which central banks of each nation take charge in are economic study, and supervise private banks its country.
〈Competing with America over the...〉
【A dream for a Europe】
〈Competition advanced in EU〉
Price of difference on main new cars which were sold each nation in Europe was held within 20% before the EU started. Price of difference on home appliance has shrunken.
〈Central Bank of European has been formed〉
They need a central bank which issues currency so as to be common currency. The central bank ie equivalent to the Bank of Japan in Japan. The central bank of Europe was established at Frankfurt in Germany.
Its six directors including a chairperson of terms are six years, and any statesmen can make them retrie. It`s neutral...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈Competition advanced in the EU〉
If countries who joined the EU learn to use the same currency, they know the price of the same commodity which is sold in other countries at once.
Then if its quality is the same, the one of higher price isn`t sold, so we can expect economic competition in Europe will still be harder.
It is thought as a result consumers will be able to buy commodity of which quality is good with low price, and ability to compete in enterprise becomes strong.
Actually difference between price on main new cars including tax each nation is...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈They aimed at doing away with risk on froeign exchange rate〉
...if travelling in Europe, whenever going into a neighboring country, they need to change their currency, then they had to pay for charge of changing currency.
It is said if travelling each nation in Europe,and changing currency every time, the money they had with them becomes half by charge of changing currency alone.
They thought introducing the common money made the problem doing away with it all at once.
〈Competition advanced in the EU〉
If the countries who joined the EU learnt to use the...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈There is a background of stagnation in European economy〉
If factories are moved, even if economy was stagnate and jobs are limited in some countries, they may grasp of first step of development.
〈They aimed at doing away with risk on foreign exchange rate〉
EU introduced a common currency of euro,and still aimed at economic development.
If each nation uses other currency, it has influence over trade by change of foreign exchange rate. Charge for changing currency is necessary.
Currency used to be different each nation in Europe until then, if travelling ...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈There is a background of stagnation in European economy〉
There is difference between economic power in Europe according to each nation.
For example, as to economic power, Portugal is behind the others, and its criterion on wage is low. German companies of which criterion on wage is high should build its industry rather in Portugal than its own country, so cost of producing is low.
If European economy becomes a single one, building a new factory, or moving it becomes simpler.
If factories are moved, even if its economy is stagnate and a job is limited in a...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈There is a background of stagnation in European economy〉
If the whole Europe becomes as if it were a single nation, companies of each nation learn to compete with other ones in foreign countries except for Europe, the ability to compete becomes strong.
If advancing a merger and cooperation beyond border, its ability to compete will still be strong.
As the population in the whole Europe was so much that if being able to sell beyond borders, markets will expand, they can sell lots of commodities. Cost drops, and international ability to compete becomes strong.
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈There is a background of stagnation in European economy〉
,,,and its international ability to compete reamined weak. They would be defeated by America and Japan, especially japanese commodities which were low price and were good efficiency were filled with Europe by export offense of Japanese in 1980s.
Each naion in Europe had a sense of impending crisis. They would be defeated by Japan, if they reamined the situation.
If the whole Europe becomes as if it were a single nation, companies of each nation compete with other ones in foreigh nations except for...
【A dream for a single nation】
〈There is a background of stagnation in European economhy〉
Economy of both Japan and America revived from oil shock in 1970s at once, but Europe reamined stagnate for a long time. Their managers were conservative, and new industry wasn`t prosperous,situation of its ability to compete was weak continued for a long time.
Each nation in Europe was small and its economic power was weak, so producing and selling in one nation alone isn`t effective very much.
Its cost was high, and even if its product was sold so so, its price remained high, and ability to,,,
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈EU was born〉
Its headquarters was at Brussels in Bergium. Belgium is allied nation by people who speak the language of Dutch, France and Germany and their cluture are differnet.
Belgium is as if it were an epitome of EU, so it`s appropriate to put its headquarter,they thought like that, and they avoid putting its headquarters in a big country like France and Germany from political consideration.
〈There is a background of stagnation of European economy〉
EC developed into EU,and its background was a stagnation of European economy. Economy of both of Japan...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈EU was born〉
Piling up those efforts,countries which joined EC signed on a treay of founding EU which aims at unifying economy and currency and at being political alliance December in 1991.
It was done in Maastricht of a pleasure resort in Holland, so we also call it Maastricht Treaty.
EU has started November in 1993, being based on the Maastricht treaty.
Austria, Holland, and Sweden joined newly January in 1995, and number of country which joined were 15 then.
Population of countries which joined the EU are about 0.37 billion. A gigantic group was born.
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈Column, England which didn`t join the euro〉
...so there seeeed to be emotional repelulsion among the English.
However without joining euro, there is change on the foreign exchange rate between pond of English currency and euro, so when trading with each nation with Europe, England is disadvantageours.
So the nation considered to join the euro in the future, though this book was written in 2007, so present situation has changed so much. England seems to retire from EC and...
I`ve seldom watched news, so I`m not sure of present situation, so I can`t comment.
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈Developing into EC〉
...so dozens of paper gave them much trouble and it took time too much when going through the checkpoint, but joining countries negotiated themselves on the matter tenaciously one by one, and solved them.
『Column, England which didn`t join euro』
While England joined EC, it didn`t adopt euro in the beginning, for its people were opposed to it violently.
The people in England which is an island country feel originally repelled by putting together European continent.
If money is unified, a portrait of Elizabeth Queen disappears, so ...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈Developing into EC〉
...even if the number of joining countires increase, the number of stars on the flag don`t increase, for the number of twelve means complete in Europe.
Advancing economic unification in the EC needed a great effort. Even if getting rid of the customs duty, there were lots of obstacles what is called customs barrier.
For example, English chocolate didn`t fit German standard on way of producing which was decided in Germany.
Or when a driver of truck turned in papers at a checkpoint, the number of papers reached dozens, so giving them ...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈Developing into EC〉
European Coal and Steel Community, European Economy Community, and European Atomic Energy Community were combined into one and EC was born.
The countries which joined the EC was the same six ones as the EEC in the beginning, but England, Denmark, and Ireland participated in it January in 1973, and Greece Portugal,and Spain did in 1980s, so EC was made with twelve countries.
There is a circle made of twelve golden stars on blue flag of EC, and then the number of countries are twelve, so they are the same number, but the number of joining...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈To a common market〉
At first they planed to found an union on customs duty. Without imposing customs duty on importing any commodity, the countries joining the union can purchse commodities with low price.
It`s beneficial for consumers, and industries in its country becomes strong through competition with foreign countries,they thought like that.
〈Developing into EC〉
Going on those tackles and EC which is an abbreviation of European Community was born July in 1967.
European Coal and Steel Community, European Economy Community, and Eeropean Atomic Energy...
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈To a common market〉
They increased fields where they cooperated with each other.
At first, the Eruopen Economy Community tried to make a common market so as to turn Europe into a single nation.
Everyone goes in and our without a passport or visa. Selling commodities is done at will beyond border. They tried to be possible that founding a company in a foreing country or purchasing a company in a foreign country.
Trying each economic policy of some countries to be close gradually, and cooperating with each other, and aiming at economic development each other.
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈To a common market〉
There were coal mine shafts in border between the two countries, and steel industry in which they made use of the coal mine shafts developed in the both nations.
So a way of thinking that international organization which went over a frame of nation managed the steel and coal led by France was proposed.
France, Italy, West Germany, Belgium, Holland and Luxenbourg joined it and an international organinzation was born.
The same six countries started European Economy community, and European Atomic Energy Community January in 1958.
【A dream for a single Europe】
『Column, customs duty』
On the other hand, if each nation does the same thing, neither the nation can get any profits, so doing away with the customs duty has been a main stream in the world.
However actual situation is the customs duty protects its main industry,so each country can`t abandon the customs duty easily.
〈To a common market〉
A history on the trial of unifying a single Europe dated back to Europen coal and steel community which began in 1951.
Coal and steel aren`t only very important for both Germany and France but led to a discord between them.
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈A trial of removing war from Europe〉
It`s a way of thinking that if Europe becomes a single nation, there won`t be a war.
『Column,customs duty』
If a commodity from foreign country is low price, there is a possibility that other commodity of its own countires isn`t sold, so imposing a tax on commodity of the imported from foreign coutry, and tries to raise its price in its country. Then the tax is called customs duty.
It protects its domestic porducts, and increases its tax revenues. so it`s killing two birds with one stone.
On the other hand, if each..
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈A trial of removing war from Europe〉
...but each of them gave up their sovereignty and moved it in an organization of EU. It`s a first step of founding a huge nation of European federation.
Why do they continue the trial? It`s a magnificent experiment of eliminating war from Europe.
Europen countries divided into a friend and a foe in the middle of the World War Second, and fought each other and there were plenty of victims.
After the war there has been a movement of founding structure of never break out war again. It`s a way of thinking that if Europe is...
【A dream of a single Europe】
〈Euro was born〉
Countries which adopted the euro were Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Luxemburg, Spain, Ireland, Austria, Portugal, Greece and Finland.
Rest of England, Denmark, and Sweden postponed to join.
The nations which adopted the euro were called euroland. It symbolizes as if they were a single nation.
〈A trial of removing war from Europe〉
Each nation in Europe uses euro which is common money means that each of them abondoned its original currency.
A right of issing its original currency is one of their important sovereignty, but each of...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈After that what`s happened?〉
An automobile of which fuel is ethanol made by corn or sugarcane runs.
Hedge fund is a large investment trust which avoids crisis and tries to earn profit. Gathering fund from limited investors, making full use of derivative, and adopting speculative ways.
【A dream for a single Europe】
〈Euro was born〉
Euro which is common money in Europe was born in 1999, but it was 2002 when both bills and coins for euro began to be used actually.
When euro was born, 15 countries joined EU, but the countries which adopted the euro was 12.
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Aftet that what`s happnened?〉
There are main markets where petroleum is dealt with in New York, Tokyo, and London, especially the price where it was handled in New York has have a great influence over the world.
Money flows into the market in New York from hedge fund, and speculation has made the price of petroleum rise and fall.
Besides, with development of economy on China and India, demand for petroleum extends, and it caused its price rise.
Petroleum becomes so high that development on energy which replaced with petroleum has advanced. An automobile...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Japanese economy which got over the oil shock〉
...and as a result the oil shock founded a base of development on Japanese economy after that. Japan practiced turning a misfortune into a blessing.
〈After that what`s happened?〉
Not only petroleum becomes a weapon but a commodity which earns a large amount of fund.
After the oil shock settled a matter for the time being, international price of petroleum dropped, but whenever situation in the Middle East was unstable, the price of petroleum rose remarkably. Pertoleum becomes an object for speculation.
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Japanese economy which got over the oil shock〉
After the oil shock,percentage of reducing consumption on petroleum became a top among deloped countries.
Development and study on energy which is replaced with petroleum has started. Movement that instead of petroleum, adopting atomic energy advanced, but opposition movement was unfurled each place.
Automobiles made in Japan which were small and got good mileage were popular among America, and it made Japanese automobile industry develope greatly.
Oil shock promoted efficiency on Japanese economy, and founded...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Situation of developing countries which couldn`t produce oil became serious〉
...so price of crude oil rising led collapse of each nation of socialism in East Europe.
〈Japnese economy which got over the oil shock〉
The fourth Middle East War became a cease-fire November and OPEC decided to stop reduction of petroleum and to start producing December. Oil shock was over for the present.
Japanese government and private section tackled the oil shock hand in hand, and technology on development of omitting energy advanced in Japan.
After the oil shock, percentage...
【Pertoleum becomes a weapon】
〈Situation of developing countries which couldn`t produce oil became serious〉
A gap between the haves and the haves-not expanded bigger.
Economy in East Europe was damaged heavily. Each nation in East Eurpe was in the block of Soviet then, and it could buy the crude oil with low price extremely.
However as the international price of crude oil rose, Soviet also raised the price of oil. It was a heavy damage to the economy in East Europe where economic dullness continued,and it triggered a failure on economy of soialism each nation in 1980s, so it led to...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Situation of developing countries which couldn`t produce oil becomes serious〉
Oil shock was serious for developing countries which couldn`t produce oil. Petroleum is indispensable fuel and important raw material even in developed countries.
However developing countries didn`t have any technology which reduce amount of consuming petroleum, and rising of price on commodity hit directly them.
International fund which should have used for help for developing countries was done for paying to the countries of producing oil. A gap between the haves and the haves...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Things which have been brought in countries of producing oil in the Middle East〉
Furthermore a movement of buying lots of weapons with the oil money and expanding armanents advanced, and it spurred on competition of increasing armanents in the Middle East.
〈Situation of developing countries which couldn`t produce oil becomes serious〉
Wealth from the world gathered to countries of exporting petroleum. The rich in Arab learned to live it up 豪遊 in Europe, and they disgusted people.
On the other hand, gathering wealth in one place made poverty serious.
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Things which were brought in coutries of producing oil in the Middle East〉
...so a movement of Islamic fundamentalism of being equal in front of the god which was a principle in the beginning of Islam, and the movement was trying to return to the beginning of Islam.
On the other hand, a part of the rich tried to increase their wealth through international investement. Oil money went around all over the world for seeking increaseing itself, so international speculation became active more and more.
Besides, a movement of buying lots of weapons with the oil...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Each nation in the world was close to Arab〉
Lots of developing countries started to criticize Israel, and Israel was isolated.
〈Things which were brought in the countries of producing oil in the Middle East〉
Strategy on oil by Arab made a large amount of oil money flow into countries of producing oil in the Middle East. As a result, developmets happened all of sudden, and a strain spread over their society.
Gap between the poor and rich became bigger, and dissatisfaction between the people heightened, so a movement of Islamic fundamentalism of being equal...
【Pertoleum becomes a weapon】
〈Is Japan close to Arab or...〉
Changing policy on diplomacy of Japanese government was made a cynical remakr like the next.
Japan is rather close to アブラ than close to Arab.
Arab rhymes with アブラ in the Japanese in the book, so I`ve wanted to express in English alone, but I find it hard. I`m sorry for it.
〈Each nation in the world was close to Arab〉
However it wasn`t Japan alone which behaved shamefully. A threat of may be unable to get oil was effective. Each nation in EC showed clerary it was close to Arab.
Lots of developing countries started criticize..
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Is Japan close to Arab or...〉
Moreover the Chief Cabinet Secretary 官房長官 said the government of our country would be forced to consider policy on Israel again, according to change on the situation of the Middle East.
In the beginning the way of saying was objective, but it became to close to Arab gradually, and finally hinted to be anti-Israel.
If it was criticized by making sure on the situation of the Middle East exactly, its judgement would be evaluated, but it was done because of wanting petroleum. It was obvious.
Changing policy on diplomacy of...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Is Japan close to Arab or...?〉
Japanese government which had never spoken positively on the situation of the Middle East was forced to turn its plan. After announcement of OPEC of raising the price of crude oil was hoped establishment of peace by base of resolution by UN.
However it changed into the one in which Japan involved itself one step into the situation on the Middle East like the next.
Our country supports the resolution by UN which admitted equal and self-determination for the Palestine.
After that the Chief Cabinet Secretary said the government...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Time of TV broadcasting shortened〉
Japanese government which was flurried over a sudden rise on petroleum started save petroleum then.
So saving petroleum and electirc power by the government and municipal office, shortening business hours on department stores and supre market, saving neon signs, and limitting of using elevator was done.
Number of fluorescent light was decreased on corridors from every building, and it became dim. Neon signs turned off in towns. TV boradcasting in the midnight was restrained themselves after 0：00.
〈Is Japan close to Arab..〉
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
『Column, summit has begun』
Leaders of six developed countries of France, America, England,West Germany, Italy and Japan gathered in France then.
After that the summit has been held every year, and the country where it was held changed every time. Canada and EC joined them. EC changed into EU later.
After Soviet Union collapsed, Russia also joined in 1997 formally, but Russia wasn`t a developed country, so the way calling conference by develpoped countries changes into conference by leaders of main countries, though it`s word for word by me.
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Oil shock attacked〉
Stagflation is a combination of inflation and stagnation, and the new word was born then. Number of the unemployed was over a million in Japan Febrary in 1975.
『Column, a summit has begun』
The oil shock made recession in the world serious, and international friction over trade also happened. Then the President in France, Giscard d`Estaing called to the leaders in developed countries, let`s talk over various things in the future.
It`s a beginning of summit. The first time was done in Rabouuillet in France in 1975. Then leadrs of six...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Oil shock attacked〉
Wholesaale price went up 37%, retail price 25%, on the other hand, average wage increased 32.9%. They were high number.
The price of commodity rose, and it caused the wage to go up, and it pulled up costs, and the price of commodity rose...Japan fell into a vicious circle.
Japan raised the official rate by 9%, and tried to restrain the inflation, but couldn`t prevent the price of commodities from rising , and inflation deteoriotated.
In spite of recession, inflation advanced which means stagflation. It was conbination of inflation and...
【Pertoleum becomes a weapon】
〈Oil shock attacked〉
Not only gasoline, kerosene, and heavy oil of commodity from petroleum but polyethylene,synthetic detergent 合成洗剤 are commodity of petrochemichal.
In Japan, we depended on oil with regard to even agriculture. Agricultural machine of which fuel is petroleum, chemical fertilizer of which raw material is petroleum, and a vinyl house in which the petroleum is fuel for warming.
Prices on all those commodities rose all together. Some of them were the follow-up price increase 便乗値上, then the prime minister called it skyrocketing price.
Wholesale...
【petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Oil shock attacked〉
If it were not any oil from the Middle East...but there was none of crisis management in Japan, for we the Japanese had never thought of it at all.
Taichi Sakaiya who was a bureaucrat in the Ministry of Finance used to depict it in a novel in the near future. Its title was 油断. It was exactly 油断 which means that being quitted the oil happnened then.
The petroleum isn`t only an indispensable and essential fuel in our life but a raw material for the petrochemical industry.
Not only gasoline, kerosene, and and heavy oil of commodity of...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Oil shock attacked〉
However Japan and Europe which relied on the oil by the Middle East were greatly shocked at the oil shock.
Economuc development used to be natural after the World War Second, but the Middle East pressed to forced to plan to be revised again.
The price of importing the crude oil in Japan in average of 1972 was 2.6 dollars a barrel, one barrel is 159 liters, but it became 11.5 dollars in 1974. It was about fourth times.
Then percentage of depending on oil in Japanese energy was 77 %, and more than its 99 % was import.
If it were not any...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈They robbed the Seven Sisters off decision-making authority〉
The strategy on oil by Arab robbed the gignatic compnies, Seven Sisters off decision-making suthortiy on price and output on petroleum, so it was epoch-making.
〈Oil shock attacked〉
After a sudden announcement, oil shock attacked all over the world including Japan.
America had a large amount of producing oil in its own country and imported oil from south America, so the oil shoch didn`t have influence over America so much.
However Japan and Europe which relied on oil in the Middle East greatly...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈They robbed the Seven Sisters off decision-making authority〉
Besides, OAPEC which was made of producing oil in Arab alone was formed January in 1968. Amount of producing oil increased from five hundred million ton directly after the World War Second to 2.3 billion ton in the beginning of the 1970s.
Amount of producing oil in the Middle East accounted for 36% in the world, so the world`s dependency for oil on the Middle East heightened.
The countries of producing oil went on the offensive with a background of those situations.
The strategy on oil by Arab...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈They robbed the Seven Sisters off decision-making authority〉
Enormous international oil companies called Major or Seven Sisters controlled the oil in the world after the 1930s until then.
The oil companies were made of seven countries like America, England,and Holland, and they made an agreement on production and price, and they adjusted the production at will, maintained high profits.
A Side of producing oil countries resisted against the Seven Sisters and founded the OPEC October in 1960. Besides OAPEC which was made of producing oil in Arab alone was...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Preparing for a day when the oil would dry up〉
...and drying up the crude oil of underground resouce quickens.
Otherwise, countries of producing oil cooperate each other and restrain supply, they can protect the underground resource and its value would be raised.
If they arrange the economic base with the funds, even if the resource of petroleum dried up in the future, they would survive. They figured it.
〈Robbing the Seven Sisters off decision-making authority〉
Enormous international oil companies which we called Major or Seven Sisters controlled the oil...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Preparing for a day when the oil would dry up〉
At the same time, countries of producing oil in the Middle East had a sense of inpending crisis for their future.
They could produce plenty of petroleum then, so it`s all right, but underground resource would dry up in the future. Preparing for the day, they had to arrange economic base so as to develop its economy without the petroleum.
Then they need a large amount of funds. If countries of producing oil try to increase the crude oil and to increase their income at will, price of the crude oil would drop and ...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Oil becomes a weapon〉
Arab countries made other countries which consumed petroleum take an allegiance test, which country they choose, Arab or Israel? It was an open threat.
Arabian countries which produced oil noticed that if oil was their weapon, they would have influence over the international society.
Having petroleum as weapon and spreads supporting Arab, and making Israel being isolated from international society. It`s a strategy of petroleum by Arab.
〈Preparing for a day when the oil dries up〉
At the same time countries of producing oil in the...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Oil becomes a weapon〉
Moreover they announced that they would supply the oil for the countries as usual which supported Arab, and others which took a strong measures to seek Israel to withdraw from the place where Israel occupied.
As to America and Holland which supported Israel, each country in the Middle East took measure to forbid to export oil in its entirety.
It means while they would sell oil for the countries which supported Arab as usual, they would reduce oil for the countries which didn`t support Arab.
Arab countries made the countries which...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Oil becomes a weapon〉
Egypt and Syria made a surprise attack at Israel in the Middle East October in 1973, and the fourth War in the Middle East broke out then.
At the same time, six countries who joined the OPEC announced that price of the crude oil went up by 21% in the same month.
Then ten countries who participated in the OAPEC announced that they would reduce the amount of producing oil for countries which supported Israel by every five percent every month, being based on the amount of producing oil in the last month.
Moreover they announced that...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Housewifes who crowded over toilet papers〉
...so even if the toilet papers vanished from shelves from super markets, it took some time until its production expanded and the product was shown on the super market.
Some makers held back their commodity so as to gain more profits, so it spurred on the shortage of commodity.
As a groundless rumor that commodities disappeared spread over the people, the people learned to know how terrible commodities disappeared actually.
〈Oil becomes a weapon〉
Egypt and Syria made a surprise attack at Israel in the Middl East...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Housewives who crowded over toilet papers〉
Though oil shock had nothing to do with toilet papers, once a person who stocked up toilet papres appeared, the toilet paper actually disappeared from a shelf of a super market.
The people rushed to the super market so as to stock up the toilet paper, and shortage of goods promoted.
There are some peopel who stocked up toilet paper and their closets are filled with the toilet papers.
On the other hand, stock of the toilet paper is restrained to be necessary and minimum, so even if the toilet paper vanished from ...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Housewives who crowded over toilet papers〉
Some countries who exported oil in the Middle East announced that price of petroleum went up and reduce its produce October in the same year.
Anxiety that petroleum products may be shortage, and its price may go up spread over the society, strange to say, a rumor that toilet paper may be shortage spread over, and housewives rushed to super markets.
Plenty of houses had installed flush toilets, and the toilet papers were indispensable. Anxiety that what if we can`t get any toilet papers? spread over the people.
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Housewives who crowded over toilet papers〉
″There are enough commodities. Please don`t panic! Please don`t push!″ a sales clerk cried himself hoarse. Customers who were pushed from backward and cried.
At first the people who sought for toilet paper rushed to a supermarket in Kansai region November in 1973.
After the information conveyed, there was a line of people in front of a supermarket in Tokyo before two hours the supermarket was open in Tokyo. It`s a panic. It was an oil shcok.
Some countries which export petroleum in the Middle East announced that...
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Price of oil rose up and strikes of resistance happened〉
Movements of resistance against rising up the price of gasoline happened each place in Europe September in 2000. The ones who were engaged in farming blockaded a railway with tractors and resisted against the rise in price.
Movement of recovering prosperity expanded in central Asia, and price of crude oil went up in the world.
Vulnerability on the world economy which has been influenced greatly by changing the price of petroleum became clear.
〈Housewifes who crowded over toilet paper〉
″There are ...″
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈What`s happened after that?〉
...and it has been firmly established as derivatives, moreover hedge funds which make use of funds have a good command of the devivatives. They appeared a lot.
Demand of fund for selling and buying money itself is several times as large as demand of actual fund on export and import, so expectation of the ones who take advantage of the funds makes the foreign exchange rate change violently, and the foreign exchange rate becomes unstable so much.
【Petroleum becomes a weapon】
〈Price of oil rose up and strikes of resistance happened〉
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈What`s happened after that?〉
Dealing with money which becomes a commodity has been active more and more.
When a contract of selling and buying on export and import is formed, a foreign exchange rate changes, there is a possiblity that there is a damage by a currency exchange gain, and a way of avoiding has been contrived. For example, an option.
It decides the price of 1 dollar which would be dealt with after six months beforehand, and selling and buying the right itself of dealing with at the price.
Those financial ways have been developed in varied ways...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Selling and buying money becomes a gambling〉
...and economy in Thailand was damaged heavily then. It`s a monetary crisis.
After Thailand, the trail of the monetary crisis in Thailand led to Malaysia, and Indonesia, and it made Suharto structure which continued for a long time collapse in Indonesia.
Collapse of the Bretton Woods system which supported the world economy after the World War Second have brought about new situation of the world economy that money becomes a commodity.
〈What happened after that?〉
Dealing with money which becomes a commodity has...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Selling and buying money becomes a gambling〉
If it escalates gradually, without waiting for the money on which they had their eyes to drop its price, they try to drop it by force, or making the currency which they bought become high price by force and sell to others.
If being aimed at target from them, we`re forced to be at a loss, but it happened at Thailand of Eastsouthern Asia July in 1997 actually.
The gamblers aimed at baht which was currency in Thailand and movement in which making baht become cheap by force appeared, and economy in Thailand was damaged..
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Selling and buying money becomes a gambling〉
It means failing in the gambling.
Dealers who are related to the foreign exchange rate are glued to a screen of computers which shows a change on the foreign exchange rate with their eyes bloodshot.
The scene doesn`t become unusual at present. We sometimes call the situation the capitalism in casino. It means that gamblers who conspire to make money have occupied the foreign exchange market in the world.
If it escalates gradually, without waiting for the currency on which they had their eyes to drop its price...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Money becomes merchandise〉
It`s exactly we deal with the money as commodity.
〈Selling and buying money becomes a gambling〉
Buying a currency when its price is low, and waiting till its price becomes high, and selling it. This business develops into a gambling before long.
If the currency on which they have their eyes drops its price even a little, they buy it a large amount, and sell it when its price becomes high. Making big money.
On the other hand, when being lower buying plenty of it, but its price dropped more and more. Then there is a loss. It means...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Money becomes merchandise〉
...there is something which changes more than anything. It`s that money itself becomes a commodity.
When having currency, if its foreign exchange rate drops, when exchanges it with other currency of other nation, we lose some money. It`s a currency exchange loss.
On the other hand, if its foreign exchange rate rises, when exchanging, we make some money. It`s a currency exchange profit.
Then some people take action that buying foreign currency with low price and selling it when its price is high and win the currency exchange profit.
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Something risky has increased in trade due to the free-exchange rate system〉
Its paying increased by twenty million yen in an instant. Companies which are related to importing and exporting have to pay attention to the future of the foreign exchange rate, and to do their business with preparation for the risk.
The people who have been influenced over the foreign exchange rate increased so much that the price of foreign exchange rate is broadcast every day.
〈Money becomes a commodity〉
Foreign exchange rate changes, so there is something which changes more...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Something risky has increased in trade due to the free-exchange rate system〉
Companies which do business of trade have increased risk on being unable to prospect in the future thanks to the free-exchange rate system.
For example, when 1 dollar was 100yen, let`s suppose that a Japanese company came into a contract of importing commodity of which price was a million dollars. Then Japan has to pay for a hundred million yen.
However if 1 dollar becomes 120 yen then, Japan has to pay a hundred and twenty million yen then. Its paying increases to tweny million yen...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Wasting nature of American wasn`t coming to a stop〉
The American seemed to think that even if they bought foreign commodities so much, it`s all right, for it`s all right as long as they pay them with American dollar.
As a result, wasting nature of the Americans wasn`t coming to a stop in the least. The dollars overflowed the world more and more.
As to the relation between demand and supply, supplying of dollar was too much and it becomes a weak dollar. It means a strong yen made proceed quickly all of sudden.
〈Somethin risky increased in trade owing to the...〉
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Wasting nature of the Americans was not coming to a stop〉
There was a possibility that if America printed lots of American bills, the dollars found their ways to foreign countries, and the foreigh countries pressed American to exchange dollars with gold until then, but th possibility vanished.
Even if lots of dollars flowed out to foreign countries, America doesn`t have to exchange the dollars with gold any more.
As a result American trade continued to show deficit without being worried about it, so American dollar flowed out more than as it used to be.
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈It`s changed into the free-exchanged rate system in which the value of money wavers〉
However the Smithonian system didn`t continued for a long time. After that American trade continued a deficit,and confidence for dollars were lost, and fixed exchanging rate for dollars couldn`t be maintained.
Each nation including Japan moved to the free-exchange rate system one after another in the world. After that the dollar became from around 300 yen to around 200 yen, and the time when it becomes around 100 yen has come.
〈Wasting nature of America wasn`t coming to a stop〉
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈It`s changed into the free-exchange rate system in which the value of money wavesrs〉
It means the value of dollar dropped, and exchanging rate from Japanese yen to American dollar changed then. 1 dollar was 308 yen. Unitl then we had a fixed idea or common knowledge that 1 dollar was 360 yen, so it was hard for us to understand the exchanging rate between a dollar and yen changed.
Moreover even if it is said the value of 1 dollar changes from 360 to 308 yen,and it`s a strong yen, almost all of the people coundn`t understand it at all then.
However the...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈It`s changed into the free-exchange rate system in which the value of money wavers〉
A trial of maintaining the fixed exchage rate system was done for a while before moving to a complete free-exchange rate system. Its conference was held at a meeting room of Smithsonian museum in Washington of America in 1971. It was called Smithsonian system named after the museum.
Then the dollar was devaluated. The price a 1 ounce of gold changed from 35 to 38 dollars then.
Being able to buy 1 ounce of gold with 35 dollars until then, but being unable to do it with the price
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈It`s changed into the free exchage rate system in which the value of money wavers〉
The dollars which each nation in the world couldn`t exchange with gold suddenly, so the economy in the world disrupted greatly. Changing rate between dollars and currency of each country couldn`t continued to fix any more.
Thus changing rate on currency of each country changed from the fixed exchange rate system to the free exchage rate system. Exchanging rate with dollars changes according to economic situation of countries.
However a trial of maintain the fixed exchange rate...
【Money bocomes a commodity】
〈Japan alone continued to open its foreign exchange market in the world〉
...so it means issuing a large amount money newly. Without changing economical scale, the bill increased in such a short term that it spurred inflation to Japanese economy after that.
Nixon shock made the Bank of Japan lose its money which was the Japanese people`s and brought inflation in Japan, so the response by the Japanese government was a failure of double meaning.
【It changed into the free-exchange rate system in which the value of money wavers】
The money which each nation in the...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Japan alone continued to open its foreign exchange market in the world〉
However foeign countries all over the world which thought the price of a dollar dropped rushed to the foreign exchange market in Tokyo and the Bank of Japan bought a large amount of dollars then more than 4 billion dollars.
Those dollars dropped that 1 dollar was 308 yen before long, so Japan lost more than seven hundred million doallars which meant two hundred twenty billion yen.
In addition responding to demand of changing dollars with yen means issuing a plenty of bills of yen, so ...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Japan alone continuted to open its foreign exchange market in the world〉
...and Japanese companies would be damaged by it, so the Bank of Japan continued to open the foereign exchange market and to change dollars with yen even to some extent.
In short they considered that Japanese companies avoided damagin, so the Bank of Japan saved Japanese banks and companies with its money.
Without closing the foreign exchagne market, Japan continued to change dollar with yen with the rate that 1 dollar was 360 yen.
However companies all over the world who thought the...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Japan alone continued to open its foreigh exchange market in the world〉
However it`s thought they were the ones who committed a crime of conscience.
If its foreign exchange market was driven into a close, when it opened again, the price of both dollars and yens would drop. It means a strong yen, and would damage to Japanese economy, and they hated it, but some other people say like the next.
Japanese banks and business companies had a large amount of dollars at hand.
If the price of dollars dropped, the dollars which they owned would drop, and Japanese...
【Money bocomes a commodity】
〈Japan alone continued to open its foreigh exchange market〉
Governments of each country in the world closed its foreign exchange market in the wrold so as to avoid the disruption, but Japan alone continued to open it. Why? Some people say like the next.
Nixon shock made selling dollars rushed to the foreign exchange market and what happpened? The Japanese ones who were charging with economy like the Ministry of Finance, Japanese Bank, the Minister of Finance,and the prime minister couldn`t forsee at all.
However it is thought they were the ones who committed...
【Money becomes a commodity】
『A froeigh exchange market』
Dealings between brokes were done across a round table and receiving orders from good customers over telephone.
〈Japan alone continued to open the foreigh exchange market in the world〉
Banks and companies of each country foresaw that price of dollars drop,and tried to change dollars with a courrency of other country while it maintained the value of dollars.
They sought for exchanging dollars with curreny of other countires in a foerign exchange market of other countries, so the foreign exchange markets were greately disrupted then.
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Voice by Nixon aimed at devaluating a dollar〉
...so American commoditits would be sold and its export expand, Ameirca thought,and America tried to rebiuld its own economy.
『Column, a foreign exchange market』
Though a name of market is added to the phrase, it doesn`t always mean there is a market somewhere.
Dealing on changing foreign currency like yen and dollar and yen and pound have been done through a computer or a telephone.
When starting, there was no computer,so teleophone between banks or dealing between brokesr were done with regard to the dealings.
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Voice by Nixon aimed at devaluating dollars〉
If 1 dollar of which worth is 360 yen is devaluated to 1 dollar is 300 yen, what`s happened?
We could buy a coomodity of which price is 1 dollar with 360 yen until then, but we could buy the one with 300 yen alone after that. A worth of dollar drops. It`s devaluating a dollar.
Then let`s suppose that there was an automobile of which price was ten thousand dollars in America. When it was sold in Japan, its price dropped from 3.6 to 3 million yen.
In short price of American commodity in foreign countries drops and ...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Voice by Nixon aimed at devaluating a dollar〉
Voice by Nixon that didn`t change dollars with gold. It had other big goal. It aimed at devaluateing dollars.
The voice declared that even if 35 dollars was brought, America wouldn`t exchange it with gold. It means that dollars wasn`t worthy of gold as it used to be. In short, price of dollar dropped.
In this way, America tried to change a rate of exchanging dollars with currency of other nations.
America which was worried about deficit in trade devaluated dollar and tried to rebuild its own economy.
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Being unable to change dollars into gold〉
...then America didn`t know what to do.
This sense of impending crisis led to voice by Nixon.
America founded the Bretton Woods Organization and guaranteed that worth of dollar was gold, but stopped it.
It means that America gave up international responsibility of maintaining international monetary system after the World War Second.
However in spite of the Nixon shock, dollar was the money which was to use for trades in the world, for except for dollar, there is no appropriate money.
〈Voice by Nixon which aimed...〉
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Being unable to change dollars into gold〉
After 10 years in 1959, the amount of gold which America possessed decreased to worth of 19,5 billion dollars. After that it continued to decrease.
While gold which America possessed was worth of about a little under 11.1 billion dollars, amount of fund American government lent from official institution in foreign countries reached about 193 billion dollars at the end of 1970.
If governments and central banks in foreign countries applied to American to return the fund they borrowed America with gold all together...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Being unable to change dollars into gold〉
If the amount of dollars of countries except for America is more than American gold, America couldn`t change dollars into gold.
Governments of each country felt anxiety and started to demand America to exchange dollars which they possessed into gold. After that, amount of the gold which American government possessed the gold started to decrease rapidly.
As to the amount of gold which American government possessed in 1949 was about 24.5 billion dollars when converting into dollars.
After 10 years in 1959, it...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Being unable to change overflowed dollars〉
America helped foreign countries and it caused a deficit with trades between foreign countries, and dollars overflowed all over the world. As a result dollars spread over the world, and dollars are to spend for trades everywhere each country in the world. It was a sturcture on the Bretton Woods organization.
However European economy rivived, and they leraned to have plenty of dollars. Each country in Europe started suspect how much can America exchange dollars into gold?
If the amount of money of the countries...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈American dollars overflowed in America〉
...America contiued to help its allied countries so as to opposed to each country in Eastern Europe of which center was Soviet.
U.S.Army joined Korean War and Vietnamese War directly and invested lots of dollars into them, espeically as the Vietnamese War dragged on endlessly, American expenditure continued to increase.
Vietnamese War made American economy weak. As a result, American dollar overflowed all over the world.
〈Being unable to change overflowed dollars into the gold〉
America helped foreign countries and...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈The world overflowed with American dollars〉
Lots of American dollars spread out into western Europe by the Marshall plan. After economy revived, commodities of each country in Europe export increased. America bought them.Whenever America bought European commodities, dollars flowed into Europe.
On the other hand, Japanese economy developed and export to America incresased. Whenever America bought Japanese commodity, American dollar flowed into Japan.
Besides, in the middle of the Cold War, America continued to help its allied countries with money so as to ...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈The world overflowed with American dollars〉
In the beginning, the plan was to help the whole Europe, but as the Cold War was intensified, Soviet thought like the next.
If each nation in Eastern Europe received the help, American influence became too strong.
So, Soviet put pressure on each country in Eastern Europe to refuse the help.
Instead, Soviet formed COMECON and opposed against America in 1949.
COMECON is unified Soviet and Eastern Europe economically.
America and Soviet were in a cutthroat battle for economic revival in Europe during the Cold War.
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈The world was overflowed with American dollars〉
Bretton Woods organization was formed by plentiful American dollars.
Europe which was a battlefield in the World War Second became the ruins altogether. Asian economy remained backward, and Japan alone developed but it lost in the war.
Then America alone wasn`t a battlefield and remained unhurt.
Ameirca made use of the economic power and helped European economy for over four years since 1948. We call it Marshall Plan, named after the Security of State who made the plan.
In the beginning, the plan was to help...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Nixon shock attacked〉
It means that America had to buy lots of commodities overseas and pay for plenty of dollars in foreign countries.
As a result, a deficit increases in America. American physical strength on economy becomes weak gradually.
In addition, the world is filled with dollars means that there will be demand which dollar is changed into gold in the future.
The gold which America possesses has a limit. A day comes true when America can`t change dollar with gold before long. Nixon shock made us inform the deadlock.
〈The world was overflowed with...〉
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Nixon shock attacked〉
Thus Bretoon Woods organization founded a base on economy in the world after the World War Second, but it came to a deadlock before long.
Ironically it had been brought by structure which supported the Bretton Woods itself. What was it?
Bretoon Woods organization is on condition that American dollars spread out all over the world. Each country was to use the dollars and had dealing with trade in the world.
So American dollars had to flow out from America. It means that the Ameircans buy lots of commodities and pay them for dollars.
【Money becomes a commodity】
『Column, a strong yen is disadvantageour for industry of export』
A strong yen means like the next. Then 1 dollar was 360 yen, so for example, let`s suppose that 1 dollar became 300 yen.
Then an automobile of which price was 1 million yen went up from 2778 to 3333 dollars.
The commodity didn`t change at all, but its price alone went up, so the commodity didn`t sell at all overseas then.
As a result, it is said a strong yen is disadvantageour to industries of export.
〈Nixon shock attacked〉
Thus Bretoon Woods organization founded a base on economy in the...
【Money becomes a commodity】
『Column, the gold standard system, and a convertible note』
Gold used to be used as money in many countries, including Japan, but carrying away lots of gold is dangerous, and inconvenient, so a bank learned to issue notes which is printed like the next, the note is always changeable with gold. We call it a convertible note.
Though it`s just a paper, it has confidence which is always changeable with gold, so it`s used as money, bill.
We call a system in which gold is kept in bank the gold standard system.
『Column, a strong yen is disadvantageour for industry..』
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈1 dollar used to be 360 yen〉
Plenty of people may have thought 1 dollar changes around 100 yen,and it is natural, but 1 dollar used to be fixed at 360 yen at 1949, and it continued for 22 years since that.
We needed 360 yen in order to get only 1 dollar then, so we can recognize how weak Japanese economy was then. Going abroad used to be hard.
For example, when we needed 36 万円 so as to get 1000 dollars. If calculating 1 dollar is 105 yen, 36 万円 means 3400 dollar over at present.
『Column, the gold standard system and convertible note』
Gold used to be used...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Bretton Woods organization decides that dollars are the money for the world〉
Immediately after the World War Second, about 60 % of gold which world official institution possessed gathered in America. America could always exchange dollar with gold easily because it had such the gold.
The world of capitalism after the World War Second had been supported by the strong American dollars overwhelmingly.
〈1 dollar was 360 yen in Japan〉
When the World War Second was over, after four years, it was decided that 1 dollar was 360 yen by GHQ which occupied Japan then.
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Bretton Woods organization decides that dollars are the money for the world〉
...for dollars have played part as the money for the world. Dollar which was always exchanged with gold played part as if it had been a convertible note then.
America could always exchange dollar with gold because there used to be lots of gold in America.
America alone wasn`t a battlefield for the World War Second. Orders from other countries which were at war to America increased so much that gold came into America one after another for paying for commodities.
Directly after the...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Bretton Woods organization decides that dollars are the money for the world〉
In other words, introducing an international gold standard system 金本位制 into each nation through American dollar.
Currency of each country could be always exchanged with fixed dollars, moreover it could be done with gold through the organization.
The organization made each country trade each other with a sense of security, and then dollar was to be used when paying.
As a result, a stable economic relation had been founded for the time being after the World War Second, for...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Bretton Woods organization decides that dollaras are money for the world〉
Then the exchanging rate with gold is 1 ounce which means 28.35 gram was 35 dollars.
Dollar couldn`t be exchanged with gold in America, but it could be responded to demand of exchanging from foreign countries.
After the World War Second was over, Japan, Italy and Germany which lost in the war joined the organization.
In short money of each nation could be exchanged with dollar with fixed rate, and the dollar could be exchanged with gold.
In other words, introducing an international..
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Bretton Woods organization decides that dollars are money for the world〉
If trying to say characters on the Bretton Woods organization with a single phrase, it connects currency which means money of each country with dollars in America.
Both mark in Germany and franc in France fixed exchanging rate with dollars. How much mark or franc to 1 dollar? It used to be fixed. We call it the fixed rate system.
If foreign countries demanded America to exchange dollars with gold, America would respond to it. Then its exchanging rate was 1 ounce which means 28.35 gram...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Bretton Woods organization decides that dollars are money for the world〉
If an economic situation in a country deteriotates, and the country can`t pay for foreign countries, IMF lends money to the country in a short term,
On the other hand, the World Bank lends money which needs for a long term development. It`s a mechanism on the Bretton Woods organization.
After the World War Second, Japan also lent money from the World Bank and constructed Tokaido Shinkansen Line and a superhighway from Tokyo to Nagoya, and return the money little by little.
If trying to...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Bretton Woods organization decides that dollars are money for the world〉
World panic in 1929, after it the World War Second made international currency organization vanish, and trade between countries didn`t go smooth then.
We call the organization which was decided there Bretton Woods organization, naming after the name of the town.
Foundation of IMF which is an abbreviation of International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were decided so as to make the economy in the wrold after the World War Second be stable.
If an economic situation in a country...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Bretton Woods system deciced that dollars are money for the world〉
It was September in 1944 when the World War Second continued that American dollar becomes a key currency.
Representatives of forty four countries of allied powers which were at war with Japan or Germany gathered at a small town called Bretton Woods of New Hampshire in America.
After Japan and Germany surrendered, what kind of international currency organization should they create for world economy after the World War Second? they talked about it there.
World panic in 1929, and after the ...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Nixon shoch which shook economy all over the world〉
Without changing worth of money, price of money had been fixed under the sense of security on dollars.
For instance, 1 dollar was fixed to 360 yen, and it had never changed, in addition then there were no words of a strong yen nor a weak yen.
Announcement of then the Nixon President that dollar wasn`t changed with gold any more means that a situation on economy was shaken greatly after the World War Second.
At the same time, the people all over the world had learned to know that price of money is changeable.
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Nixon shoch which shook economy all over the world〉
As to dollars which each nation in the world possessed,whenever they went to America, they could exchnage it with gold until Nixon shock happned.
As there had been a sense of security on dollars whenever being able to change with gold, paying with dollar had been admitted by each country in the world.
Except for trading with America, paying with dollar used to be common sense, for there used to be a sense of security on American dollars.
Without changing worth of money, price of money of each country had...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Dollar is money for money〉
...dollars become a criterion so as to make people in other countries understand. We call a currency which plays a part like dollars a key currency.
〈Nixon shock which shook economy all over the world〉
By the way, why does price of yen change every day? It started by Nixon shock.
Nixon who was then the President in America announced that America wouldn`t respond to change dollar with gold any more August in 1971.
It was so shocking then, for it means a collapse on the international currency system, so we call it Nixon shock.
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Dollar is money for money〉
...Europe was filled with dollars then.
American economy is so strong that a person or a company who received dollars can possess dollars feel relieved on dollars.
When buying commoditites from America, they pay dollars which they received for the commodities.
Other countries have had such a confidence on dollars that when trading between other countries, dolllars are paid then.
Thus everybody has learned to think over the dollar as criterion. When expressing a worth of money on its own country, the dollar becomes a criterion...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Dollar is money for money〉
By the way, I have little confidence on a way of using prepositions. I`ve tried to improve my English ability gradually, but to my sorrow, my effort can`t reach enough. I`m sorry for it.
Return to my main topic...
America imports various things from other foreign countries, and paid dollars for the commodities, so dollars have spread out all over the world.
After the World War Second, America offered plenty of money so as to help Europe which was ruined by the war. Needless to say, it was done by dollars, so Europe was filled with...
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Dollar is money for money〉
When expressing a worth of money of each nation, its way is exchanging it into a dollar,and we calculate it. How much is it? We usually do like that.
In short all the moneys all over the world is expressed with dollars, so dollar is money for money.
By the way, why can dollar decide the worth of money in the world?
Because American money is the strongeset in the world.
If an economy is stronger, confidence of money for its country becomes higher, we can use the money as criterion for worth of money for other countries.
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Price of yen is expressed with a dollar〉
If 1 yen is its criterion, 1 dollar is 110 yen means １ devided by 110 equal 0.009090. 1 yen is 0.009090 dollar.
1 divieded by 105 equal 0.0095238, so then 1 yen is 0.0095238 dollar.
When comparing two of them, it turns out that 1 dollar is 105 yen is higher.
As a result, when 1 dollar changes from 110 yen to 105 yen, it is expressed with a strong yen.
〈A dollar is money for money〉
Why does Japanese yen is expressed with dollar?
Because a worth of money in the world has been decided as dollar is a criterion.
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Price of yen is expressed with a dollar〉
A news appears every day like the next, a strong yen continues in a market on foreign exchange...it is a weak yen sometimes and a strong yen in other time.
Price of yen is shown with a dollar, and for example it is expressed with 1 dollar is 105 yen.
When changinging the price of one dollar from 110 yen to 105 yen, it`s a strong yen. Why?
If changing from 110 yen to 105 yen it means dropping the price, doesn`t it?
This question is caused by expressing the price of yen with a dollar.
If 1 yen is a criterion for its...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈After that what`s happened in China?〉
Dissatisfaction to the ruling by the communist party from the people has accumulated so much.
【Money becomes a commodity】
〈Price of yen is expressed with a dollar〉
After the World War second, economy has also changed greatly. We need to know history on economy in order to understand the modern society.
It`s also useful when recognizing everyday news on economy which is indispensable for our life. There are three chapters left from now on, and modern history on economy has been described in the book.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈After that what`s happened in China?〉
It was the communist party which beat the Japanese militarism and relieved the Chinese.
They have to emphasize how great the communist party is, so they were forced to emphasize how tragic the Chinese were before, and as a result, it becomes an education of anti-Japan.
The youth was educated like that, and unfurled demonstration for anti-Japan in 2005, and we the Japanese were surprised at it.
However after the accident in Tian-an-men square, the nature of corruption has never grown better,it`s expanded.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈What happened in China after that?〉
Leaders in the communist party of China felt terrible to the riot by students, for it was asking political legitimacy on the communist party.
So Jiang Zemin 江沢民 made the people drummed political legitimacy for the communist party in China into their minds.
Education for patriotism has been done in schools all over China. In short it was forced to love the communist party.
The Chinese were forced to live miserable lives by Japanese militarism once. It was the communist party which defeated the Japanese...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Fear for conspiracy from peace〉
...as long as the recognition continues, regulation on thought will go on in China from now on.
〈Residents who know freedom〉
Though it limited to a big city alone, lots of the Chinese enjoyed freedom and democracy even in an instant.
Though they`ve held their tongue, as long as reform and opening on economy continues, western thought and culture come into China by force.
Late spring should arrive in China in the future.
〈After that, what happened in China?〉
A leader in the communist party of China felt...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Fear for conspiracy from peace〉
...capitalism tries to overthrow structure of socialism from inside of China, China thought like that.
As socialism of Soviet and Eastern Europe collapsed, a confrontation between capitalism and socialism changes into surrounding socialism by capitalism.
Capitalism tries to overthrhow socialism without restoring force, and this is recognition on Deng Xiaoping とう小平,and leaders of the communist party after him.
Whether or not it`s a persecution complex 被害妄想,as long as this recognition continues, regulation for...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Fear for conspiracy from peace〉
Soviet and Eastern Europe. Nations of soicalism abandoned the socialism, and political parties lost their political power.
Except for China,the ones who have put up a flag of soialism are North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, and Cuba, though whether or not it`s worthy of its name of soicalism is other story.
The communist party in China thought those movements in the world were conspiracy by nations of capitalism like America.
Bringing thought like peace and democracy into China, capitalism tried to overthrow China ...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
『Column, inviting olympic failed because of the accident in Tian-an-men』
After 4 years the accident at the square in Tian-an-men September in 1993, International Olympic committee decided the host country of the Olympic was Sydney in Australia. Beijing lost by two votes.
If allowing Beijing where the accident in Tian-an-men happened to invite Olympic, it means forgiving suppressing movement for deomocratization by military force. Each nation in Europe and America like the U.S.A.and the U.K. thought like that, so they objected to China thoroughly.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Capitalism under despotism of the communist party〉
There is no liberty of the press in China. Without permission from the communist party, no one can inform people of an event.
The police, the prosecution, and courts receive directions from the communist party. In short, if the communist party corrupts, no one can correct it. The political party doesn`t function a self-cleansing action.
Unless the democratization which the students appealed at the risk of their lives makes progress, corruption on the communist party and the government go ahead.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Capitalism under despotism of the communist party〉
Students appealed the corruption on the executives of the communist party at the risk of their lives at the square in Tian-an-men, but the corruption deteriorated worse and worse.
Though there are some political party which doesn`t oppose to the communist party formally, the communist party has ruled over everything on politics and economy under despostism of the communist party. Everyone has to obey the communist party.
But, if there is a corruption inside the communist party, who regulates it?
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Capitalism under political power of the communist party〉
Gorbachev made progress democratization but it brought collapse Soviet itself. Deng xiaoping とう小平 watched over it, so without making progress the democratization for politics, he did on capitalism on economy under a rigid control by the communist party.
A strange system that capitalism under despotism of the communist party was formed. We call it a market economy in socialism.
As a result, China is different from Eastern Europe and Soviet, ruling by the communist party continues in China.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Jiang Zemin 江沢民 appeared〉
The movement for democratization was suppressed, and talking on the politics was a taboo for the Chinese again.
Without directing their eyes toward the politics, the people thought over the reform and opening alone which Deng Xiaoping とう小平 recommended.
Reformation and opening meant for the people was making
money.Mammonism 拝金主義 spread over in the society. While being indifferent to the politics, a trend of money was the first spread over more and more.
〈Capitalism under rule of the political power of the...〉
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Students who were betrayed by the communist party〉
...but their purity didn`t get through to the conservatives in the communist party and Deng Xiaoping とう小平 who didn`t forgive a little resistance.
Students who expected the communist party was betrayed by the communist party.
〈Jiang Zemin 江沢民 appeared〉
とう小平 Deng Xiaoping who abandoned Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦 and Zhao 趙紫陽,without adopting Li Peng 李鵬 who was the conservatives, brought Jiang Zemin 江沢民 who made progress reform and opening from Shanghai. He made Jiang Zemin a leader of the communist party.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Students who were betrayed by the communist party〉
The images of the ones who were put on the wanted list were broadcast in China. It means ignoring literary property 著作権 openly, and violation on faith for boradcasting station in foreign countries.
Besides, broadcasting them in its country showed that they didn`t try to observe rules.
Students who sought for democratization and liberalization under rule of the communist party were too pure and simple, but their purity didn`t get through to the conservatives in the communist party and ...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Students who were betrayed by the communist party〉
Including sneaking a shot by video camera,collating a photograph of a face with full name was done. After wiping away the square of Tian-an-men, activists were arrested and executed one after another.
The press in foreign countries sent images of the people who received the intervies to their countries from China, using a parabolic antenna.
Authorities of public peace recorded their images on video tape at will, and after the accident, the images of the people were put on the wanted list.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 lost his position〉
Zhao Ziyang was sympathetic with the students and sought for withdrawal the editorial from 人民日報, but it was refused from Deng Xiaoping とう小平 and the conservatives.
After Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦,Deng Xiaoping とう小平 also abandoned Zhao Ziyang who was his loyal pupil.
〈Students who were betrayed by the communist party〉
Thus suppression to the people by military force of releaving the people started.
When the students gathered at the square, authorities of public peace collected a large amount of data. Including by a....
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 lost his position〉
After that Zhao Ziyang disappeared officially.
At night on that day, the prime minister in the conservatives called to the poeple to recover the peace in the capital on TV. He said he represented the government.
The prime minister is a representative of the government, so he said he represented the government is naturla, but Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 who represented the communist party.
Instead, the prime minister made a speech, so the people knew Zhao Ziyang lost his place.
He was sympathetic with the students and...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 lost his position〉
Zhao Ziyang appeared in front of the students at the square at an early dawn.
He called to the students with a hand speaker from one of students like the next.
All of the students, we`ve arrived too late. I`m sorry for it, but you`re still young, and you have future.
Though you find it good what you`ve done for China, it has a great influence over each place. Please think over it and what happens after that calmly and give up hunger strike.
In the last part, he was appealing with a cry. After that Zhao...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈The people took into action〉
Lots of members of the staff in the communist party joined the demostration parade, and they showed their names of their jobs openly and appealed for democratization.
It is said that no less than ten million people appeared in the street in the whole China that day.
All the people were conscious who was responsible for everything by the bombshell from Zao Ziyang 趙紫陽, and placards appealing for Deng Xiaoping とう小平 to retire were conspicuous in the demostration parade.
【Zao Ziyang lost his position】
Zao Ziyang....
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈People took into action〉
The reporter continued like the next.
Neither they were disorderly crowded nor look reckless. I felt a dizzy for a moment, for I`ve never thought I could see such a scene in China until before.
In this country, when gathering people a little, the police peeace came and it made thme break up. If putting up a bill on the wall, it was kept in custody at once.
I couldn`t believe lots of people gathered at will in the square, without fearing anything, they talk their opinion at will. I`ve never thought the day comes true.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈People took action〉
A reporter described the situation with regard to the square in Tian-an-men like the next.
All the emplpoyees disappeared from a restaurant at a hotel in Beijing. They stood at the window and waved their hands to the group of demonstration.
Cooks painted freedom on their white cap, and without doing their job, they watched over the square from the windows.
Every face was filled with a feeling of released and joy. Even if directing a camera to them, without cowing, they wave thier hands.
Neither they were disorderly...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈A bombshell statement from Zao Ziyang 趙紫陽〉
It was obvious that revealing such the important secret means that he uncovered to the whole China and to the whole world Deng Xiaoping とう小平 was responsible for everything. It was a challenge to Deng Xiaoping from Zao Ziyang openly.
〈The people took action〉
It is said that the square in Tian-an-men was covered with the people, the square can accommodate about a million people, and after the next day of the bombshell statement by Zao Ziyang 趙紫陽, the square was covered with demostration parade.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈A bombshell statement from Zao Ziyang 趙紫陽〉
...and we still need Deng Xiaoping とう小平. Whenever there is the most important thing for us, we`ve reported it to him and asked him what to do. Zao Ziyang said like that.
He was aware enough that it was a live broadcast, and said like that.
All the Chinese knew that Deng Xiaoping was the most influential person, but not only members in the communist party but the people in China didn`t know the communist party decided in secret that Deng Xiaoping determined everything important.
Revealing such a...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Though there was a radical change in Eastern Europe and Soviet, in China...〉
The Chinese head made much of its face than any other things, so it was a humiliation for it. As a result a pressure to the students by the conservatives heightened.
Then a bombshell statement sprang out from Zao Ziyang 趙紫陽.
〈A bombshell statement by Zao Ziyang〉
Zao Ziyang talked with Gorbachev at the State Guesthouse, and it was a live broadcast. Roughly speaking, he said in the talks like the next.
Deng Xiaoping とう小平 retired from the political world, but we still...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Though there was a radical change in Eastern Europe and Soviet, in China...〉
Needless to say, the press paid attention to the movement by the students who sought for liberalization, and the students also tried to make use of a perfect chance which all over the world watched over them.
Chinese government tried to hold a welcoming ceremony for Gorbachev at the square in Tian-an-men, but gave it up because of a sit-down strike by the students, and the welcoming ceremony was forced to change in the airport.
A head of China thought it lost its face.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Though there was a radical change Eastern Europe and Sovieth,in China...〉
The conservatives and Deng Xiaoping とう小平 thought it important to ruin the demand for democratization before it had a chance to develop.
At the very moment, Gorbachev who had made progress the liberalization in Eastern Europe and Soviet visited China. The press in the world were interested in the leader in Soviet who made progress liberalization said what kind of thing to China which rejected to the liberalization. The press came to China from all over the world.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Though there was a change in Eastern Europe and Soviet, but in China...〉
There was remarks of Deng Xiaoping who was worried about that china may have committed the same error like Eastern Europe and Soviet. The same error means liberalization of politics in Eastern Europe and Soviet.
Then there was a radical change of democratization of politics in Eastern Europe and Soviet which continued for a long time after the World War second.
On the other hand, the conservatives and Deng Xiaoping とう小平 feared the democratization may have come to China.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Opposition between Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 and the conservatives〉
It means that the opposition between a formal leader of the communist party and a combination of the conservatives and the most influential person in the communist party.
It is natural to admitted that the political party which is the top of the political organization is common knowledge in the Western World,but it isn`t the common knowledge at the communist party in China.
If running the editorial was decided by the most influential person, Deng Xiaopin とう小平,it wouldn`t be overturned.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Opposition between Zao Ziyang 趙紫陽 and the conservatives〉
When the editorial was carried on the 人民日報, Zao Ziyang 趙紫陽 who was a leader in the communist party formally visited North Korea.
It is said the carrying the editorial was decided on a place where he wasn`t concerened.
Zao Ziyang showed understanding to the students, for he thought domocrtization for the society should be done so as to make progress the reform and opening on economy.
As a result he was opposed to the conservative over withdrawal of the editorial. It means the...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈The communist party concluded the movement by the students was a riot〉
The students were astonished at the editorial so much that fifty thousand of students did a demonstration parade the next day. They put up banners of supporting the communkist party, protecting socialism.
They tried to show they sought for liberalization or democratization under rule by the communist party.
〈Opposition between Zhao Ziyang 趙紫耀 and the conservatives〉
When the editorial of the 人民日報 was carried, Zhao Ziyang who was a leader in the communist party forally...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈The communist party concluded the movement by the students was a riot〉
After receiving the judge from Deng Xiaoping とう小平, there was an editorial on an official organ of the political pary,人民日報, let`a object to the riot.
The riot in terms of the communist party means anti-revolution which opposes to the communist party.
The students were shocked at the editorial greatly, for they didn`t try to overturn the communist party.
They believed if asking the communist party, their natural demand would be accepted. The students were astonished so much...
【Tian-an-men square was covered by blood】
〈The communist party concluded the movement by students was a riot〉
Deng Xiaoping とう小平 Continued like the next.
The ones who broke out the riot haves been influenced by liberalization of political thought by Yogoslavia, Hungary, Poland and Soviet Union.
We must not be afraid of slander of the people nor international response. We have millions of the military force of releasing by the people.
When conceding once in Poland, it led to more concession. The more conceded, the more there was confusion there.
After receiving the judgement from Deng...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈The communist party concluded the movement by the students was a riot〉
Autonomous assembly organization by universities was formed. Independent original organization which didn`t receive any direction from the communits party was formed for the first time.
It is said that Deng Xiaoping とう小平 Who had a sense of inpending crisis for the movement by the students told like the next.
This isn`t a ordinary movement by students but an obvious riot. We have to suppress the riot by force. The ones who broke out the riot have been influenced by...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
『Column, weren`t the deceased in the square of Iian-an-men?』
...but after that the military force repeated indiscriminate firing,and there were lots of the deceades then.
〈The communist party concluded the movement by the students was a riot〉
Memorial service for Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦 led by the communist party was held, but valuation for Hu Yaobang wasn`t done again.
Students whose demand wasn`t accepted escalated their movement. They boycotted their class in the university indefinitely each place,
Autonomous assembly organization by universities..
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
『Column, weren`t the deceased in the square of Tian-an-men?』
...it`s an establishded theory that there weren`t the deceased in the square in Tian-an-men itself.
Just before rushing into by the military force, the students decided to withdraw from the square.
As a result of the negotiation with the military force, the military force prepared for a path of retreat to the students in the eastsouth of the square, and the students withdrew from there.
However after that, the students and residents collided with the military force, and....
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Students who mourned over death of Hu Yaobang〉
A hand-made figure of statue of goddess for freedom by students was built in the square of Tian-an-men.
『Column.Weren`t the deceased in the square of Tian-an-men?』
When an armored car in the military force rushed into the square of Tian-an-men square, how many people were dead then? It was debated for the present, for tents where students did hunger strike were trampled down, or soldiers fired guns blindly.
After that the press inspected carefully, it`s an established theory that there wasn`t...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Students who mourned over death of Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦〉
...and they wanted the authorities to evaluate again that Hu Yaobang wasn`t in the wrong.
However the demand developed into movement for democratization gradually. They sought for securing freedom of speech, opening income of executives in the communist party, in the government and theri children.
Wangdan 王丹, Shiba Rei 柴玲 and Walkaishi who became famous leaders in student movement later began to distinguished themselves in the movement.
A hand-made figure of statue for freedom was built by...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Students who mourned over death of Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦〉
So students found it a perfect chance to appeal anti corruption.
Needless to say students knew well what Hu Yaobang was sympathetic with students who sought for democratization and he was dismissed owing to his sympathetic attitude toward students.
Students may have thought to try to appeal dissatisfaction everyday under pretext of Hu Yaobang`s death.
Number of students and residents increased more and more.
In the beginning, it`s just that they mourned over Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦,and wanted the...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Students who mourned over death of Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦〉
When his death was announced, a mourning gathering for his death was held by students at Beijing university at that night.
After two days five hundred students marched of demonstration started to Tian-an-men square.
While there were lots of corrupted executives in the communist party, in the government, or in public office, Hu Yabang 胡耀邦 was a clean person who didn`t have a romor on corruption.
Students were tired of corruption, so they found it a perfect chance to appeal against corruption.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
『Column, images of figures in modern history. Leaders in student movement』
Walkaishi escaped to Hongkong through an underground organization, after that he got married a female who was from Taiwan and becomes an advisor on a magazine published in Taiwan.
〈Students who mourned over death of Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦〉
Hu Yaobang was dismissed from the leader of the communist party and after two years he died September in 1984. Just then march of demonstration started by students who mourned over the death of Hu Yaobang.
When his death was announced ...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
『Column, image of figures in modern history. Leaders in student movement』
After the accident in Tian-an-men, she and her husband were put on the wanted list, and escaped to Hongkong by helping Buddhist group in China. They moved to Paris once and were divorced there.
Shiba Rei 柴玲 went to America and graduated from Princeton university, and business school of Harvard university.
Walkaishi was the Uighur who was from self-government of Uighur. He was also a student at an university in Beijing.
After the accident, he escaped to Hongkong through...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
『Column. Image of figures in modern history. Leaders of student movement』
Wangdan 王丹 was released once but he joined a movement which saved other student who dropped out of university because of the accident in Tian-an-men.
It was regarded as a conspiracy which founded influential power of antiestablishment, and was imprisoned again. He was sick there and went to America under the pretext of medical treatment.
Shiba Rei 柴玲 was a heroine in student movement thanks to her beauty. Then she was a student at an university in Beijing and was married.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Two of disciples of Deng Xiaoping〉
...but Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 also though liberalization and democratization needed to some extent in order to make progress the reform and opening, so he was forced to stand in a position like Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦.
『Column, Image of figures in modern history. Leaders of student movement』
Wangdan 王丹 was a freshman at an university in Beijing when a demonstration by students started.
After the accidents in Tian-an-men, while leaders of the students escaped oversesas, he stayed in China and he was arrested.
He was...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Two of disciples of Deng Xiaoping〉
While he was small, his two pupils were tall, so when standing between the two disciples who were tall, even if the sky fell, it bumped them and he was safe. It was just a joke, but they seemed to support him actually.
While prompting reform on economy, being unable to permit the reform which shook the ruling by the communist party. The plan of Deng Xiaoping とう小平 was like that, so Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 was removed.
However Deng Xiaoping was going to make progress the reform,and he adopte his other loyal pupil...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Losing position of Hu Yabang 胡耀邦〉
Deng Xiaoping とう小平 deserted Hu Yabang who always followed his faithful pupil. Then his age was 82, and his pupil 71. An old man of age 82 ousted other old one of age 71.
〈Two disciples of Deng Xiaoping〉
Zhao Ziyang 趙紫陽 succeeded to Hu Yabang. In fact two of them were pupils of Deng Xiaoping, and they promoted the plan of reform and opening which Deng Xiaoping began.
Deng Xiaoping frequently said two of his disciples supported enough,he didn`t fear even if the heaven fell.
Whiel he was small, his disciples...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Losing position of Hu Yabang 胡耀邦〉
Hu Yabang has made progress of reform and opening under Deng Xiaoping とう小平, and he thought he need democratization and liberalization so as to make progress the reform and opening more and more.
So he showed the students understanding for the movement, but he was criticized severely because he didn`t take a reslute attitude, it means that he didn`t suppress the students.
In addition, Deng Xiaoping agreed with the criticism and Hu Yabang retired from the leader of the communist party. He was forced to resign.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Lost position of Hu Yabang〉
Without suppressing, a leader of the communist party, Hu Yabang 胡耀邦 watched the movements by the students.
However senior executives of the conservatives in the communist party had a sense of impending crisis, for without taking a resolute attitude by Hu Yabang, that tumult has happned, they thought like that.
Insisting on democratization which would deny dictatorship by the communist party means liberalization of the bourgeoisie, and it will never be permitted, they thought.
Hu Yabang has made progress a plan of...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Lost position of Hu Yabang 胡耀邦〉
In the beginning, it was just that appealing dissatisfaction that a service at a students` dining hall was bod, but the students began to speak of democracy or liberty gardually.
They thought without going through democratic procedures, they couldn`t solve their problems to close them and varied dissatisfactions around them everyday life were put together to the demand for democratization.
The movement spread over no less than 150 universities in Shanghai and Beijing all at once.
Without suppressing, a leader....
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Does a nation love you?〉
Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦 who belonged to the reform intervened in the movement, and the movement was stopped, but opposition between Hu Yaobang in the reform and senior executives who belonged to the conservatives in the communist party over the democratization and liberalization came to the surface.
〈Lost position of Hu Yaobang〉
After that movement for democratization continued.
An university in Anhui 安徽省 students had a social gathering and sought for democratization December in 1986. In the beginning it was appealing...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Does a nation love you?〉
On the other hand, dissatisfaction wasn`t removed from the conservatives of the communist party.
A movement of clearing away the mental pollution was done by the conservatives in 1983.
Filthy thought went in China from countries in capitalism by reform and opening, so mental pollution has happened in China, and it had to be cleared away, the conservatives thought like that.
Having a perm on the hair or wearing a skirt were mental pollution, and listening to a song of ﾃﾚｻ テン who was from Taiwan was mental pollution.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Does a nation love you?〉
There was a line in the script like the next.
While you love the nation, does the nation love you?
It was the problem. The authorities thought it made an impression on the communist party damage. Though the impression on the communist party was enough bad by what the communist party had done until then, but the criticism on the communist party wasn`t permitted.
However Deng Xiaoping とう小平 didn`t made the problem bigger, and the serviceman who was also a writer wasn`t ousted from the communist party.
On the other hand...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Spring in Beijing〉
...the central figure in the Spring in Beijing was released a prison on parole, but was sentenced 14 years` imprisonment again. Spring in Beijing was short.
〈Does a nation love you?〉
After that whenever movement for liberalization or democratization appeared, suppression by the communist party was repeated.
An accident of 苦恋 happened in 1981. A serviceman who was also a writer wrote a script for a movie, and it became a problem. Its content was persecution on intellectuals in the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Spring in Beijing〉
A central figure in the Spring in Beijing asked Deng Xiaoping とう小平 in essay like the next.
What is content of democracy which you understand? If it doesn`t include a right that the people announce its opinion at will, what is the democracy for you?
Whether Deng Xiaoping was criticized or pushing aside Hua Guo-feng was successful and the wall newspaper was useless for him...
He suppressed and the central figure in the Spring in Beijing was arrested. The judge sentenced him 15 years` imprisonment and released a prisoner on ...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Spring in Beijing〉
Has the spring of liberty of freedom come to Beijing?, so it was called Spring in Beijing.
Deng Xiaoping とう小平 permitted it tacitly when the wallpaper was limited to the criticism on Mao Zedong or the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.
It was convenient for him to push aside Hua Guo-feng 華国鋒 Who called himself a pupil of Mao Zedong.
However once he controlled the power, he suppressed the Spring in Beijing, for sentence of criticism on Deng Xiaoping was とう小平carried on the wall newspaper.
A central figure of the Spring ...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Spring in Beijing〉
A wallpaper for democratization was posted on the wall at a conrer of the central part in Beijing. The people called the wall the wall of democratization.
Sentences on criticism to Mao Zedong,or the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, and an essay for democratization in China was carried on the wall newspaper.
There was a scene that lots of residents went to read the wall newspaper everyday, for there is no the press which conveys residents` opinion, so the wall newspaper was only a way of showing opinions from residents.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
『Column,a man who stopped a tank』
He showed a resistance of nonresistance by stopping the tank, and the world was moved by the unknown man`s bravery.
〈Spring in Beijing〉
When liberalization and opening on economy started, various way of thinking went in China. When knowing actual situation overseas, and having chance of coming in contact with in a variety of culture increased, the people who know the way of thinking on freedom of speech also increased.
Intellectuals and students started a movement for democratization in 1978. A wallpaper was...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Reform and opening by Deng-Xiaoping とう小平〉
...and the people felt their life improved actually.
『A man who stopped a tank』
There is an image which symbolize the accident in Tian-an-men.
In the next day when the suppression by the military force started, a man in white shirt stood in front of a line of tank in an empty main street.
As lots of people watched him, tanks stopped and the man and the people in tanks stared each other. He was the one who stopped the tank.
He was taken from the place before long, but he showed a resistance of...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Opening and reform by Deng Xiaoping とう小平〉
...China didn`t hve to be worried about hunger for the first time in its history. Presonal business was admitted and commerce had developed. They are equivalent to the reform.
The wirepuller admitted to invest from companies overseas. Companies in foreign countries and Chinese one invested their money each other and founded a new company. It was a joint mnaagement.
The joint management also increased, and it was equivalent to reform.
Thus Chinese economy developed under Deng Xiaoping, the people felt...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Reform and opening by Deng Xiaoping とう小平〉
Deng Xiaoping who controlled the power adopted a plan of reform and opening on economy. He gave up a group farming and revived a persnoanl farming.
After selling farming product to some extent to the nation, he allowed the presnonal farming to deal with the rest of the farming product at will.
As to the one who is engaged in farming, the more it produced, the more it made money. so its will of producing would rise.
Agriculture took a great leap forward then, and China didn`t have to be worried about...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Reform and opening by Deng Xiaoping とう小平〉
...and Deng Xiaoping controlled essential power in 1979. After that Hu-Yaobang 胡耀鋒 who was a faithful disciple became a leader of the communist party in 1981.
Though Deng Xiaoping would be the leader if he would, but he was a vice leader. Without assuming the highest ranking post officially, he maintained a position of the most influential person as wirepuller.
Instead using formal title,after that Japanese press called Deng Xiaoping とう小平 the most influential person in China.
Deng Xiaoping adopted ...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈Reform and opening by Deng Xiaoping とう小平〉
Mao Zedong who brought a great damage by the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was dead September in 1976.
Hua Guofeng 華国鋒 who was appointed a succeessor by the predecessor arrested Mao Zedong`s wife and others who promoted the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was over.
Howver Hua Guofeng lost his position at once.
Deng Xiaoping とう小平 Who lost his position during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution revived, and controlled essential power in...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
『Column,a cell phone』
As a result reporting with tearful voice was done then.
『Hunger strike』
Without having a meal at all, showing a will of resistance. It`s used for a powerful power or system as non-violence, non-resistance.
While not having a meal in the least, drinking is done so as to maintain its life at least.
〈Reform and opening by Deng Xiaoping とう小平〉
Movement for democratization was born even if a brief space of time and disappear finally in China. Its cause was Deng Xiaoping.
Mao Zedong 毛沢東 who brought great damage by the Great...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
『Column, a cell phone』
When reporting from the Tian-an-men square, each news company used a cell phone. Then the cell phone used to bigger than present one. When using they had to sling it over its shoulder. It was so heavy that the one who used the cell phone had a stiff nech.
The first cell phone was introduced gradually in Japan, but it was for the first time in China.
When reporting, the reporter had to return to its branch office once and telephone to Japan until then, but using the cell phone made listeners feel of being at the place.
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈The whole world looked at the suppression at the students〉
...so some families of the deceased reported false damage that it was an accident in other place.
Announcement of the number of the deceased in the press conference by the Chinese government was unusual. A spokesman who said the number of the deceased grinned to himself from the start to end.
When watching at the image of the press conference, the author said he was so indignant that he lost his voice.
『Column, a cell phone』
When reporting from the Tian-an-men square, each news...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈The whole world looked at the suppression at the students〉
It has not been clear that the number of students were dead by this suppression.
Official announcement from Chinese government is the deceased were 319, the injured were 9000, but in general, it is said that the number of the deceased were too less, but there is no data to oppose it.
If being clear that being dead there, neither funerl nor burial were done, and the family of deceased were punished, so some families of the dedceased reported false damage to the authorities that it was...
【Tian-an-men square was covered with blood】
〈The whole world looked at the suppression at the student〉
Children of executives in the communist party were given a privileged position, and they made an great effort to make money.
Students couldn`t put up with the actual situation and took into action from pure sense of justice. They thought if asking the communist party, it could accept pure wish from the students simply.
However the communist party was frightened at it. Resisting against the despotic political power mustn`t have been done. An answer to wish from the students were tanks.
【Tian-mien-mon square was covered with blood】
〈The whole world looked at the suppression at the students〉
As a result the people in the world were astounded at the suppression by the military force which went against the time.
Then the French President Mitterand declared like the next.
The government which fired at the youth who stood up under the name of freedom reduced so low that the government has no future for it.
Corruption had been spread over under despotic government by the communist party. Without using any bribe, anything didn`t move there.
Children of executives in the...
【Tian-men-mon square was covered with blood】
〈The whole world look at the suppression at the students〉
The press stayed from all over the world so as to report the visit of Gorbachev in China and reported on the students.
The communist party in China suppressed the students by militrary force in front of the press all over the world.
The people in the world were shocked at it very much.
Then each nation in East Europe gave up socialism of Soviet style and democratization by free election of the people made progress.
As a result, the people were astound at the suppression by the...
【Tian-men-mon square was covered with blood】
〈The whole world looked at the suppression at students〉
As a result the military force in China doesn`t receive any directions from its government but from the communist party alone in China.
In short firing at the students and residents by the military force which releases the people was done by the communist party.
Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦 who lost his position because he was sympathetic for students died April in 1989, and it made the democratic movement active.
Then Gorbachev happened to visit China in the middle of the movement. The press...
【Tian-men-mon square was covered with blood】
〈International which echoed in the square of Tian-men-mon〉
There was a firing at hotels and high-rising building at random in Beijing. It was a firing at students, and the labor by the military force by the people.
〈The whole world looked at the suppression to the students〉
The military force in China is the one which releases the people. It`s usually the military force for a nation, but China is different.
The military force which releases the people is the one for the communist party in China. It isn`t for a nation.
So the military...
【Tian-men-mon square was covered with blood】
〈International which echoed in the whole square of Tian-men-mon〉
Then armored cars, tanks and soldiers in camouflaged uniforms rushed into the square all together.
Soldiers burst of shots at a crowd at random around the square. The people ran around this way and that trying to escape,and their clothers were stained with red blood and fell down one after another.
Petrol bombs were thrown at armored cars and the fire was burning in the sky.
Firing at the crowd by the military force continued in the next day. There was a firing at hotels and ...
【Tian-men-mon square was covered with blood】
〈International which echoed in the square of Tian-men-mon square〉
A young reporter belonged to NHK who reported from the actual spot with tearful voice.
Military force surrounded the students who sat down and went on a hunger strike at the square of Tian-men-mon In Beijin June in 1989.
Then a demand for democratization by stdents went on seven weeks were trampled down by armored cars and tanks.
After songs of international by students broke off, a red signal was launched into the sky, and it was a signal for attack.
Armored cars, tanks, and...
【Tian-men-mon square was covered with blood】
〈International which echoed in the whole square of Tian-men-mon〉
″In the middle of danger that no one is sure when the armored car or tank rushed into the square, the students are singing the international″
Internationa is a song for the labor. It`s a song for the labor that without daunting by suppression. let`s struggle for it, hand in hand.
It`s familiar with an assembly for the communist party, but the students who were about to be suppressed by the military force of the communist party were singing the international.
A young reporter...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈What`s happned after that?〉
There is a reality that the ex Eastern German looks lazy from the ex Western Germany, and the ex Western German looks the one who is mad for money. A wall in each mind remains.
【Square of Tian-an-men was covered with blood】
〈International which was echoed in the whole of square of Tian-men-mon〉
There was a report from actual spot of Tian-men-mon.
″Students are singing international. They are surrounded by armed cars and tanks, and as if those vehicles for war were about to rush into the square″
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈What`s happened after that?〉
After the wall in Berlin collapsed, Germany was unified with a form of absorption of East Germany by West Germany.
Before Germany was unified, lots of people wished it from the bottom of the heart, but after unified, its reality has been severe.
Economic situation in East Germany which was called an honor student in socialism was so poor that ex-East Germany was a dead-wood お荷物 for the new-born Germany.
Economy gap between East and West in Germany has never been annulle even at present.
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈Electric wave went over a border〉
Walesa continued.
Nothing is to be able to be hidden, neither joy nor weapons.
〈What`s happened after that?〉
A long time has passed since the wall in Berlin which was a symbol of the Cold War between East and West collapsed. Lots of the youth who didn`t know existence of the wall in Berlin have occupied in Japan at present.
However the wall of Berlin remains in Germany with a form of gap between the poor and rich, or at the heart of the bottom in the people.
After the collapse of the wall..
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈Electric wave went over a border〉
Comparing Romania with Hungary, its democratization was delayed. National broadcasting in Hungary reported a movement of anti-government in Hungary, and it wasn`t reported in Romania.
However they could watch from the boradcast in neighboring country. Electric wave went over a border and information changed into power of revolution for the people.
A chairman of Solidarity in Poland, Walesa, said like the next.
Satellit TV is going to make the world a single village. Nothing isn`t be able...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈Electric wave went over a border〉
Then not only TV antenna at home in East Berlin but in East Germany turned to TV tower in West Germany boldly.
Besides English company for broadcasting started a satellite broadcasting having seven channels February in 1989.
Every country in East Europe could watch broadcast from England as long as turning parabolic antenna upward.
It is said the people stood on a slightly elevated hill with a TV set so as to watch the boradcast from Hungary in Romania.
Democratization was delayed in...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈Electric wave went over a border〉
Tension over the Cold War between the East and West heightened in 1960s, the people were prohibitted to watch the boradcast from West Germany by the government of East Germany.
In school the government made the children say TV program which they watched at home and checked whether or not they watched the TV program of West Germany.
However the government could`t forbid to watch TV program from West Germany, and the government gave up checking before long.
Then not only TV antenna at home...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈Electric wave went over a border〉
For example, TV station in West Germany set up 7 places for transmitter at borders between east and west Germany, in addition, there was other one in west Berlin.
The boradcast sent from the places was watched by two thirds of the whole East Germany.
As to a technical skill on TV, East Germany was different from West one, but attaching a simple changing frequecy, the people in East Germany could watch the broadcast from West Germany.
When tension the Cold War between the East and West...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈Electric wave went over a border〉
The announcement was the people led a poor and hard life in the west side of the capitalism.
The people in east side couldn`t believe in the government which told such the obvious lie,so they overthrew the government without being worried about Soviet.
Liberalization for travelling foreign countries made the wall in Berlin collapse. It wasn`t done by TV in East Germany but West Germany.
For example, TV station in West Germany set up 7 places for transmitters at borders between east and...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈Electric wave went beyond a border〉
It is sometimes called a revolution in East Europe, for the political power changed by the people, and its driving force is an eletcric wave which went beyond a border.
The people in East Europe watched broadcast of TV from West Europe. No one could prevent the electric wave from going over a border.
Watching the broadcast made the people in East Europe know how high a living standard were each country in West Europe.
They found announcement of their government was a false then.
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈Gorbachev appeared and a reform in East Europe made progress〉
Even if staying in the political party which went out of the power, they couldn`t succeed in their life, so plenty of people ran away.
This is different from the members in the communist party in capitalism which prepared for their disadvantaege and joinied the communist party, believing in their ideology.
〈Electric wave went beyond a border〉
The communist parties retired from the political power one after another in East Europe,and it is sometime called....
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈Gorbachev appeared and a reform in East Europe made progress〉
Except that a dictator of Romania, CeauSescu, was executed by military force which broke out rebellion, there was no tragic accident of bloodshed.
When the communist party went out of the power, members ran away from the communist party. Plenty of members didn`t join the communist party because of ideology like in Soviet.
It`s just that they could succeed in life in its country because they joined the communist party.
Even if staying in the political party which...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈Gorbachev appeared and a reform in East Europe made progress〉
If Soviet didn`t intervene in its political situation, the people tried to put aside the communist party which wasn`t popular among them from the political power in East Europe without being worried about.
Wall in Berlin collapsed November in 1989, and political power by the communist party was overthrown in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany and Bulgaria.
Except that a dictator of Romania, CeauSescu, was executed by the military force which broke out...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈Gorbachev appeared, and a reform in East Europe made progress〉
Without being worried about Soviet, we can choose political situation for our own country.
The people in East Europe were relieved like that, and democratization moved forward without a rest.
Instead the communist party, other political party comes into power, it would oppressed by military force in Soviet, there used to be fear each nation in East Europe, and it made the communist party maintain its political power.
However if Soviet didn`t intervene in...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈Gorbachev appeared, and a reform in East Europe made progress〉
Each nation in Eastern Europe watched an experimental trial in Poland with bated breath, but Gorbachev didn`t try to intervene in a change on politics in Eastern Europe.
Even if the communist party lost its political power, it`s just that each has chosen it. Gorbachev`s attitude was like that.
It got rid of fear over Soviet which has been covered with East Europe from the World War second.
Without being worried about Soviet, we can choose political situation...
【Electirc wave went beyond. Wall in Berlin collapse】
〈Gorbachev appeared and a reform in East Europe made progress〉
Solidarity put up candidates for elections as political party, and first political power of non communist pary was established after the World War second.
When Czechoslovakia or Hungary were disobedient to ruling by Soviet, Soviet made military force go into action, and the military force oppressed the two countries in Eastern Europe in the past.
However the communist party lost the political power in Poland means politics which was disobedient to Soviet started.
To the one who response to No 76.
Thanky you very much and you are welcome.
When expressing myself in English, I sometimes come across some words which isn`t in English dictionary. Solidarity is in dictionary, but I didn`t have enough confidence to the word.
It may have been a special way of saying, I`m wondering.
To my sorrow, it`s just that a few people who read my thread, for it seems that almost all of the people aren`t interested in my thread.
However you`ve read,in addition you gave me an advice. It is kind of you. I`m grateful to you for it.
Have a nice day.
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈A nation of Eastern Germany vanished〉
...as a result of democratization of Hungary in Eastern Europe, Eastern Germany led to the collapse.
〈Gorbachev appeared and reform on East Europe made progress〉
An election of members on national assembly was done at Poland in East Europe July in 1989, and the communist party which was only a ruling party was defeated by other political party, what is called 連帯.
連帯 is an independent organization of labor which isn`t related to a labor union in government. 連帯 put up its candidate for...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈A nation of Eastern Germany disappeared〉
Western Germany incorporated Eastern one into its nation October in 1990, and then a nation of Eastern Germany disappeared.
After the World War second, Eastern Germany became a nation of socialism of style on Soviet because it was under Soviet, but it was absorbed into Western Germany, for the East side lost in the Cold War.
It was after 41 years from division into east and west. In short, democratization made proceed in Hungary and as a reslut of the democratization of Hungary in...
【Electirc wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈The Eastern Germany who began to run away via Hungary〉
However a slip of tongue who was in charge of public information led to the collapse of the wall in Berlin.
〈A nation of Eastern Germany disappeared〉
After collapse of the wall in Berlin, no less than about two thousand people ran away from Eastern to Western Germany every day.
A nation of Eastern Germany itself lost power to continue to exist, and assembly of Eastern Germany resolved unification with Western Germany.
Western Germany incorporated Eastern one into its...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈The Eastern German who began to run away via Hungary〉
Violent demonstrations anti-government caused one after another each place in Eastern Germany.
Number of people who joined the demonstrations increased day by day and neither armed force nor the police could go into action.
An explosion of anger by the people made an dictator who reigned over Eastern Germany for a long time resign from a leader of socialst party.
The one who succeeded to the dictator started a plan of liberalization on travelling overseas. A slip of...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. A wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈The Eastern Germany who began to run away via Hungary〉
Government of Eastern Germany suspended an agreement of exempting a vias between Eastern Germany and Czechoslovakia. The government tried to stop its people to go to Cezchoslovakia so as to prevent them from going to Hungary.
The Eastern German who was held up overseas exploded their dissatisfaction. If being unable to run away overseas, they were forced to change their own country. They thought like that, and it developed into their movement.
Violent demonstration...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈The Eastern German who began to run away via Hungary〉
Government of Hungary couldn`t leave it alone with a humanitarian point of view, Hungary judged like that and announced the Eastern Germany could leave Hungary with passport of its own country alone.
In short, the Eastern German could go into Austria at will. No less than about six thousand of the Eastern Germany went into Austria on the day alone. After several weeks fifty thousand of the Eastern Germany ran away.
Government of Eastern Germany suspended an agreement on...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈The Eastern German who began to run away via Hungary〉
If being able to receive a visa for going into Western Germany, the Eastern German could receive papers which allowed to go to the third country.
Number of the Eastern Germany who stayed at Hungary reached about no less than two hundred thousand in 1989.
The Eastern Germany who stayed on the road around the embassy of Western Germany increased more and more, and a family with a baby was attracted attention.
Government of Hungary couldn`t leave it alone with a...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. A wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈The Eastern German who began to run away via Hungary〉
The agreement prevented each of the nation from escaping to the west side.
WIthout having the necessary papers, if trying to escape from Hungary to Austria, the govenment of Hungary had to catch the Eastern German, observing the agreement.
Therefore, without going beyond a border on Hungary by force, the Eastern German thronged to an embassy of Western Germany in Hungary, and offered an asylum in Western Germany.
If receiving a visa for going into Western Germany...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈The Eastern German who began to run away via Hungary〉
Government of Hungary was puzzled at the Eastern German, for Hungary got rid of the barbed wire at a border between Hungary and Austria because it wanted show Hungary was a free country like Austria.
Hungary didn`t think the Eastern German made use of it.
There was an agreement between Hungary and Eastern Germany after going into each country they had to carry some papers so as to go into the third country.
The agreement prevented each of the nation from escaping to...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈The Eastern Germany who began to run away via Hungary〉
At first the Eastern Germany went into Czechslovakia where they could go in and out at will and pass through it and travelled to Hungary, and went beyond its border.
A rapid stream of the Eastern Germany from Czechslovakia, Hungary, Austria, to Western Germany happened.
It was reported through news by TV of Western Germany, and the Eastern Germany who watched the news took into the same action, so the force of rapid stream on the Eastern Germany was accelerated.
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall of Berlin collapsed】
〈The Eastern Germany who started to run away via Hungary〉
Hungary gave up watching the border severely, and it caused an unexpected reaction from the Eastern German.
There was an mutual agreement on exemption of visa between Hungary and Eastern Germany, so both of the people could travel each country at will.
As a result, lots of the Eastern German travelled to Hungary and went beyond a border and went into Austria.
They went to an embassy of Eastern Germany in Austria, and sought asylum in Western Germany.
At first the...
【Electric wave went beyond a borderl. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈The Eastern German who started to rnu away via Hungary〉
...but Hungary didn`t have to be worred about it due to appearance of Gorbachev, so a speed of reform became fast.
President of Hungary inspected the border between Hungary and Austria, and was shocked at situation of defending Hungarian border.
Barbed wires and alarming devices extended over about 350 km on the border of both countries. When watching it, he thought it was a second wall in Berlin.
So he got rid of the barbed-wires at the border. Hungary gave up...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈The Eastern German who started to run away via Hungary〉
Hungary removed barbed-wires set up at a border between Hungary and Austria May in 1989.
Each country in Eastern Europe under control by Soviet in the middle of the Cold War started to move forward to democratization little by little since the latter of 1980s, especially Hungary was very cautious.
If democratization moved forward quickly, military force in Soviet may intervene in Hungary again like Disturbance in Hungary, Hungary was worried about it, but it didn`t...
【Electric wave went beyond a border】
〈It started from a slip of tongue〉
Collapse of the wall started from a slip of tongue by the staff who was in charge of public information of Eastern Germany.
Though the news was reported from TV in Eastern Germany, its residents didn`t take into action, reporting from TV in Western Germany made the resident go into action.
In short, instead watching its own country`s TV, residents in eastern Berlin watched TV in Western Germany.
〈The Eastern German who started run away via Hungary〉
Hungary removed barbed-wire set up at a border between Hungary...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈It started from a slip of tongue〉
...but lots of residents marched on the checkpoint, crying,″Liberalization of leaving our country has been done!″,so the garrisons were pressed and were forced to open the door of the checkpoint at 11 p.m.
Residents in the Eastern German rushed into west Berlin, giving a shout of joy. Lots of the youth clambered up the wall in Berlin and started to dance on the wall.Some people tried to destroy the wall with a hammer.
Authorities in Eastern Germany couldn`t suppress them any more.
Collapse...
【Electric wave went beyond a border】
〈It started from a slip of tongue〉
Even if the news was reported from TV in Eastern Germany, the Eastern German didn`t take into any action, but it was done from the Western Germany at 8：00, residents in east Berlin started to move.
The residents started to gather one after another in front of a checkpoint at the wall which separated Germany into east and west.
Garrisons who weren`t informed on liberalization of leaving its country refused that the residents passed through in the beginning, but lots of residents marched on the checkpoint, crying...
【Electric wave went beyond a border】
〈It started from a slip of tongue〉
...it planed to announce on the tneth day at once.
The Eastern German could travel foreign countries of socialism alone in Eastern Europe, but they couldn`t go for other countries in the West side, so the announcement was an epoch-making.
However when hearing the announcement from the staff, both inside and outside reporters of the Eastern Germany thought the Eastern German could learn to leave its country at will from just then.
The big news was reported quickly.
Even if the news was reported from TV in Eastern...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈It started from a slip of tongue〉
However it was a slip of tongue. The plan of the communist party was that the Eastern German who hoped to leave its country could apply for a visa from the next tenth day, and when getting the visa, it could leave its country at will.
The Eastern German had to apply for the visa for leaving its country to the police, but the staff didn`t say on a procedure of a visa leaving its country was to be done in the announcement.
The date of the papers was the tenth day, so it planed to announce on...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈It started from a slip of tongue〉
The staff was ordered to announce a content of the papers in a press conference.
A plan that the Eastern German could travel foreign countries at will was written on the papers.
The staff announced it was decided that the Eastern German could leave its country through a border in the press conference.
A reporter asked,″When is it put into practice?″
The staff answered.″Travelling on one`s own and emigration to foreign countries will be done at will. It`ll be done at once as long as I know.″
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈It started from a slip of tongue〉
...and a leader of Soviet, Gorbachev made progress on reform, so the party of reform in the Eastern Europe was encouraged with it.
On the other hand, in Eastern Germany where the reform was delayed, the people who gave up the reform ran away to the West side one after another.
A staff of political bureau who was in charge of public information was handed over papers from a new leader of the communist party in Eastern Germany.
The staff was ordered to announce a content of the papers in a...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. Wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈The world was surprised at the collapse of the wall in Berlin〉
...but it started from a slip of tongue by the one in Eastern German authority.
〈It started from a slip of tongue〉
It was the second day of a general assembly on central committee by the communist party which was the ruling party in Eastern Germany November in 1989.
Then residental movement against ruling by the communist party arose among countries in the Eastern Europe.
Soviet has ruled over the Eastern Europe actually, and its leader, Gorbachev has made...
【Electric wave went beyond a border. The wall in Berlin collapsed】
〈The world was surprised at the collapse of the wall in Berlin〉
As a nation of Soviet disappeared from the earth, the Cold War came to an end finally, but starting to tell us the Cold War would come to and end was a collapse of the wall in Berlin before Soviet disappeared.
The author said whenever reminding him of images that youths danced on the wall, a misical piece of Beethoven, the ninth, songs for joy echoed his ears.
It was a day when the German who were separated into east and west have been waiting for, but it...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈What`s happened to Russia after that?〉
However its economy which used to be extremely confused once has recovered, and it has developed.
Large amount of income on foreign currency has been brought to Russia because of rising the price of crude oil worldwide, for Russia is blessed with resource like natural gas and crude oil.
President Putin has natiaonalized enterprises which are related to energy and tried to maintain its influence over Ukline and Belarus, making use of resource as weapon.
Soviet has tried to revive with other form.
【Electric wave...】
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈What`s happened to Russia after that?〉
After Soviet collapsed, Putin has stood at the top of Russian federal which inherited lots of the large amount of territory, and others sometimes call him a democratic dictator.
Though Russia is a democratic country formerly, an actual situation in which Putin and his followers have absolute power is a reasno why they call Putin like that.
Some enterprises which are related to the Mafia continue to exist, and an economic situation which is far from capitalism with the Western point of view continues as well.
【A nation of Russia disappeared】
〈From Yeltsin to Putin〉
Russia has to be a strong prosperous civilized nation of which all the people take pride in. The nation has to be respected all over the world, Putin said like that.
Without rebuilding the nation where the confusion continued, Yeltsin who was apt to be sick left the nation to young Putin.
The world has paid attention to Putin, what kind of politics does he adopt? Even if Soviet collapsed, Russia is always a big country.
〈After that, what`s happened to Russia?〉
After Russia collapsed, Putin has stood on the top of Russian..
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Confusion continued after Soviet collapsed〉
Russia which introduced a principle of a free competition under the capitalism halfway added fresh fuel to its confusion.
Making use of the confusion, it is reported the Mafia has been active behind the scenes. The Mafia holds a large part of the real power of the economy.
〈From Yeltsin to Putin〉
Putin of age 47 assumed the office of the second president in Russia May in 2000. When making an inaugural speech, he appealed to the people like the next.
Russia has to be a civilized nation of which all the people...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Confusion continued after Soviet collapsed〉
However its precondition was that there were some companies which produced and sold the same kind of commodities, and they unfurled a violent free competition.
However, it was limited to a single company which produced a single commodity in the time of Soviet Union.
When being able to fix its price at will, without increasing its production, companies raised prices alone. Then they could make money easily.
Russia which introduced a principle of free competition under the capitalism halfway added fresh fuel to...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Confusion continued after Soviet collapsed〉
Prices of commodities are fixed with relation between demand and supply under the capitalism. If the price of commodities is high, its production increases and its price drops gradually.Then commodities of unreasonable price appear on the market.
However in fact price of the commodities rose sharply all of sudden.
When a price of a commodity rises under the capitalism, other companies starts to produce the same kind commodity, so the commodities appear abundantly on the market, so its price drops.
However its...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Confusion continued after Soviet collapsed〉
Their opinion for market economy was so optimistic that I couldn`t believe my ears. I felt as if the communism had destroyed not only their liberty but knowledge how they acquired their liberty.
Russia went ahead to the capitalism under Yeltsin. All the prices of goods were fixed by the government until then. Russian government changed it, and liberalized the price of goods.
Each company could learn to decide the price of commodities at will. It was fron the next thought.
Price of commodities are fixed with...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Soviet disappeared and fifteen new countries were born〉
A world map changed greatly.
All the nuclear weapons scattered and stocked each place in Soviet were removed to Russia. Launching button for nuclear missiles were hand over from Gorbachev to Yeltsin.
〈Confusion after collapse of Soviet〉
Russia led by Yeltsin continued confusion. Then the Secretary of State in America talked on Russia like the next.
Without being exception,each of democratic party on reform had little realistic knowldedge how they construct the society for residents.Their prospect..
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Soviet disappeared and 15 countries were born〉
...and the community of independent sovereign wasn`t a single national organization. Each of independent country concluded a treaty and cooperated each other.
Soviet used to occupy a position of a permanent member of the U.N.Security Council until then, and Russia succeeded to the position automatically.
Russia used to occupy three-fourths in the whole Soviet. Though fifteen new countries were born, in fact Soviet changes into enormous one country and little fourteen countires.
A world map has been changed...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈A conspiracy in a forest of Belovezha〉
After the World War second, Soviet divided the world into two with America and unfurled the Cold War. It sometimes caused a proxy war, but disappeared by collapsing itself.
A national flag of Soviet was pulled down from Kremlin which was a building for president, instead tricolored flag of Russia was put up.
〈Soviet disappeared and 15 countries were born〉
After an enormous country of Soviet vanished all of sudden, fifteen new nations were born.
The community of independent sovereign was different from Soviet, and...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈A conspiracy at a forest in Belovezha〉
...so the community of independent sovereign was made up with almost all the Slave alone.
Other republics which made up with Soviet Union together until then were got angry with the three republics, but after that except for Baltic three republics、the rest of twelve joined the community of independent sovereign.
All of sudden, a nation of Soviet vanished.
Gorbachev retired from the president of Soviet December in 1991, and in the next day Soviet Union disappaered formerly.
After the World War second, Soviet....
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈A conspiracy at a forest in Belovezha〉
...and three republics alone like Russia, Ukline, and Belarus declared the disband of Soviet and built a foundation of the community of independent of sovereign.
Without consulting delegation of Soviet and listening to opinions from the people in Soviet, the leaders in three republics alone decided at will. It`s also coup d` etat by Yeltsin.
There were various races in Soviet, and Russia, Ukline, and Belarus are made up with almost all the Slav, so the community of independent sovereign was made up with the Slav...
- << 68 Ukline × Ukraine 〇
【A nation of Soviet disappeared
〈A conspiracy in forest of Belovezha〉
...so Soviet became a nominal one, but even if it`s nominal it existed as nation, and it had the president who was Gorbachev, so Yeltsin outwitted Gorbachev by means of a clever plan.
Yeltsin, the president in Ukline, and a leader in Belarus gathered and held a secret meeting at a vacation house in forest of Belovezha December 1991.
They declared disband of Soviet and foundation of community of independence sovereign through the meeting.
15 republics made up with Soviet, and three republic of Russia, Ukline, and...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Coup d` etat by Yeltsin〉
Gorbachev who was rescued by Yeltsin couldn`t resist against Yeltsin`s measures beyond the law at all, and retired from a leader of the communist party, and the central committee was also disbanded.
The communist party in Soviet which had no less than 18 million party members vanished in an instant.
It was like a coup d` etat by Yeltsin who took advantage the failure on the coup d` etat by the conservatives.
〈Conspiracy in forest of ヴェロベシー〉
Almost all of the fortune in Soviet belonged to Russian republic by Yeltsin, so Soviet..
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈A coup d` etat by Yeltsin〉
... and there was a main government facilities and national treasure belonged to Soviet in a territory of Russia republic. Yeltsin stole all of the things makng use of the confusion.
If comparing the situation with Japan, all the main building in Japanese government are in Tokyo prefecture. It resembles as if a government of Tokyo prefecture declared that the both the Diet Building and the Prime Minister`s official residence belonged to Tokyo prefecture.
Gorbachev who was rescued by Yeltsin couldn`t resist against measures...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈A coup d` etat by Yeltsin〉
Gorbachev who was confined leniently was rescued by the party of vicep-president in Russia which was dispatched by a direction by Yeltsin, and he returned to Moscow.
However a strength between Gorbachev and Yeltsin was reversed thanks to a series of events.
Yeltsin blockaded a building of the communist party on the central headquarters, and forbade the communist party to take into action.
He moved all the national fortune belonged to Soviet in Russia to Russia.
Russia republic was a part of Soviet Union, and there was main...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Coup d` etat failed〉
The peopele were pleased with a news on the failure of the coup d` etat so much that they pulled down brnoze statues of Lenin each place in Soviet.
They said no to the present situation by pulling down the statue of a father of building nation.
The reform started by Gorbachev made progress beyond Gorbachev`s expectation.
The coup d` etat by the conservatives reminded lots of the people of a dark expectation of returning to the past, and it changed into support for Yeltsin and exploded. They couldn`t return to the past any more.
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Yeltsin appeared〉
The party of Coup d` etat was confused with their refusal.
The military force which was ordered to arrest Yeltsin didn`t take into action, so the party of the coup d` etat was stood at bay.
〈Coup d` etat failed〉
The coup d` etat finished all too soon. One of eight who broke out the coup d` etat committed suicide and other seven were arrested.
A failure in the coup d` etat made Soviet start collapse.
The people were pleased with a news of failure on the coup d` etat so much that they pulled down a bronze statue of Lenin who was a..
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Yeltsin appeared〉
WIth response from Yeltsin, about twenty thousand people gathered in front of the white house. A military unit of tank which didn`t obey order from the coup d` etat ran to the white house and defended the assembly.
Special military unit was ordered to attack the white house but the special military unit refused to it. Various military unit in Soviet rejected to move to Moscow.
All the people in Soviet, including executives in the military force didn`t think they wanted to return to the past when the communist party`s despotic government.
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Yeltsin appeared〉
...and he made hard for the first position in Russia as leader who was elected from the people direct.
Yeltsin stood on a tank in front of a building called white house in which assembly was included, and called to the people for objection against the coup d` etat.
His calling through radio and TV was suppressed, but anti-coup d` etat started an illegal radio broadcasting, and the radio told declaration of Yeltsin and broadcast live on the situation of the white house.
With response from Yeltsin, about twenty thousand people gathered ...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Yeltsin appeared〉
He obtained no less than 90% of the total votes and was elected chairman at the assembly and became a new leader.
He set up a new position as president which was elected from the people direct, and put a presidential election in Russian republic alone June in 1991. He became the president then.
The leader had never been elected in an election direct from the peope in the republics which consisted of Soviet until then.
Yelstin obtained support from the people by unfurling criticism to the communist party in Soviet and made hard of...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
『Gorbachev and Yeltsin』
Yeltsin criticized lives of executives in the communist party how privileged they were, and he got support from the people and revived as if he had been the phoenix.
〈Yeltsin appeared〉
Then Yeltsin appeared. He was a president in one of republics
in Russia which consisted of Soviet Union.
In the middle of the reform by Gorbachev, Yeltsin ran for a member of a national assembly in Russia March in 1990 and was elected. Criticizing the communist party severely aroused sympathy many in the residents of Moscow.
Then he won no less....
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
『Gorbachev and Yeltsin』
Yeltsin was also born in 1931 at a southern rural town in Russia as son of the ones who were engaged in agriculture.
After graduating from a technical college, he used to work at a factory, but he supported the reform by Gorbachev and Gorbachev cajoled him into joining the communist party, and became the top of the communist party.
As he criticized the reform by Gorbachev because his reform was halfway, he was demoted, and his political life was about to come to an end at one time.
However criticizing lives of executives of...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
『Column, Gorbachev and Yeltsin』
...and could entered a national university in Moscow.
When being a student, Stalin was dead, so he went through the time when a severe control in Soviet loosened a little.
After graduating from the university, he returned to his local area, and succeeded in the communist party rapidly.
The place where he was born was a health resort, and some of the exectives in the communist party often visited there. as he had lots of chances of meeting the executives, he promoted smoothly and was called to Moscow.
Yeltsin was also...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared.
〈Coup d` etat broke out by the conservatives〉
The eight high officials held a press conference, and said that the vice-president succeeded to Gorbachev because the president was sick.
They were executives who were promoted by Gorbachev and supported Gorbachev until the coup d` etat. In short Gorbachev was betrayed.
『Column,Gorbachev and Yeltsin』
Gorbachev was born at a collective farm at southern area in Russia in 1931 as a son of the ones who were engaged in farming.
He began to distinguish himself in a local youth group of the communist party and...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Coup d` etat broke out by the conservatives〉
Executives of the conservatives in the communist party in Soviet who recognized the dissatisfaction among the people had a sense of impending crisis against the reform by Gorbachev.
They thought if leaving it to Gorbachev, the communist party lost its political power, and Soviet fell apart. as a result, the coup d` etat broke out.
When Gorbachev stayed at health resort at Crimea near the Black Sea in summer vacation in August in 1991, eight high officials set up a committee of emergency for the nation.
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Ideal and reality on a reform by Gorbachev〉
...and then a new energy would be born in the society. The communist party would be democratized, and was supported from the people and maintained its political power. Gorbachev planted to do like that.
However not only vodka but also other commodities vanished in front of the store one after another, and the people knew how the communist party ruled Soviet in the past.
Their dissatisfaction against the communist party itself heightened more and more.
〈Coup d` etat broke out by the conservatives〉
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Ideal and reality on a reform by Gorbachev〉
...it accelerated movement of stock for commodity, and dissatisfaction among the people heightened.
In addition, glasnost uncovered problems in Soviet one after another, and the people were astound at them. They understood how Soviet was corrupted and behind times for the first time.
It connected with criticism to the communist party which was a ringleader of the worst situation.
A plan of Gorbachev was like the next.
Gorbachev tried to liberaize economy and made the people speak their opinion at will, and...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Ideal and reality on a reform by Gorbachev〉
However, as a result commodities disappeared in front of the store.
When being given discretion, at first managers raised salary of labors, including themselves. Incomes of the labors increased and they tried to buy commodities more than as they did.
In capitalism, demand is heightened so price of the commodity also rises, but price control continued in Soviet, so the price of commodity remained low.
The people tried to stock enough commodities of low price, so the commodities vanished instantly from the store..
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Ideal and reality on a reform by Gorbachev〉
...so Sovite faced a severe financial crisis.
On the other hand the people continued to drink the vodka which they produced illegally when working, so the accidents did not decrease and orders in workplaces were not improved at all.
Dissatisfaction against Gorbachev from the people heightened because they could not buy the vodka at will.
Gorbachev gave companies self-direction. A plan was pressed from upper level alone did not make an ability of the one who managed the company improve, he thought like that.
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Ideal and reality in a reform by Gorbachev〉
In the middle of drinking in when working led to plenty of accidents in workplaces, and Gorbachev unfurled a campaign in moderate of drinking so as to remove a corrupt practice.
He reduced product of vodka and unexpected thing happened.
The people started to produce vodka illegally at home, then they needed sugar, so they struggled to buy the sugar so much that the sugar disappeared in front of the store in Soviet.
Moreover decreasing sales of liquor made tax revenue from liquor fell, so Soviet faced a severe...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Aim of Gorbachev〉
Until then, the communist party appointed the candidae for the member of the delegation, and the people were forced to vote for it. There was no other selection.
〈Ideal and reality on the reform by Gorbachev
There was difference between ideal and reality on the reform by Gorbachev.
Economy was stagnant, and there was no freedom of speech, so the people drowned their dissatisfaction in drink. It seems they love vodka of which alcholic content is high.
Lots of labors were drinking vodka when working, and it led to plenty of accidents...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈An aim of Gorbachev〉
...criticism to the bureaucracy would be heightened and the society would move forward to a reform.
The people who were passive attitude and who were obeyed orders from upper levels of government. Ignorant people who were separated from information could not make their economy be active.
When real democracy came true, socialism would develope still more.
Gorbachev thought purely like that.
He reformed an election for members of delegation, so other candidate who was opposed to the communist party could run the member of delegation.
【A nation of Soviet disappeared
An aim of Gorbachev
...but the class of bureaucracy alone who were charged in the economy led rich lives as priviledged classes, so they were satisfied with the present situation.
We have to support from the people so as to remove the resistance by the bureaucracy and made progress on reformation.
Making progress of opening information would make the people recognize how much Soviet was behind the times,and how many problems to solve in Soviet.
At the same time, if opening information made the people debate active, criticism against the bureaucracy would...
た【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Gorbachev who finished the Cold War〉
Gorbachev talked with the President Bush at Malta in Mediterrean Sea December in 1989, and agreed with him on reduction of nuclear weapon, and they declared an end of the Cold War, then the Cold War was over.
〈Aim of Gorbachev〉
When starting glasnost, Gorbachev thought like the next.
Stiffened policy by the communist party had made economy in Soviet stagnant so much for a long time, so the economy had to be rebuilt,but a class of bureaucracy alone who was charged in the economy led a rich lives as privileged...
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈Gorbachev who finished the Cold War
Cuba resisted against America since 1989 and Soviet continued to help Cuba, but Soviet reduced the help. Military force of Soviet invaed into Afghanistan, but withdrew from Afghanistan completely.Besides, Soviet urged Vietnam to withdraw from Cambodia.
America and Soviet had made their own group each side in the world and increased their own company through helps until then,but Soviet retired from the competition of expanding territory one-sidedly.
Gorbachev talked with the President Bush at Malta in Mediterrean Sea...
【A Nation of Soviet disappeared】
〈A new thought for diplomacy finished the Cold War〉
Executives in Soviet thought like that. They feared that if the war started, America would win and Soviet disappear from the earth.
So they tried to finish the expansion of armanents which increased missiles of nuclear weapon so as to prevent the war from starting even if they compromised with America.
It was a background of the new thought for diplomacy by Gorbachev.
〈Gorbachev who finished the Cold War〉
Gorbachev took into action in order to detent tension between America and Soviet. Cuba resisted....
そ【What I've thought】
Having suffered from the Asperger Syndrome isn't my fault, no one wants to suffer from it. I'm forced to make others trouble, so everyone always blames me, but I can't do anything effective. What should I do?
While I can't do almost anything useful, I can do English so so, is it fortune or not for me? It is certain one thing.
If being defeated by my own fate, I'll be unlucky, and if so it's my choice, it's myself I choose to be unlucky. I can blame no one.
The one of age looks my son used to make fun of me in the factory, I've wanted to hit him on the face some day.
せ【What I've thought】
It is said that the one who suffers from the Asperger Syndrome has a damage on its brain, and the damage prevents if from functioning. Does it mean I'm stupid?
I'm sure without being worried about myself, I should try to move forward with a hope, but it doesn't always go well, so I don't feel like doing anything.
I'm sure I have to do my best, but when my effort is rewarded?
I'm sure everyone has fate, and does its best so as to try to overcome it, but when being unable to look at its goal, I'm apt to be worried about it. I should stop whining, but I'm tired a little.
す【What I've thought】
It is said that the one who suffers from the Asperger Syndrome isn't good at doing something changeable.
Without understanding the whole situation, it can't do its part, so the one who suffers from the Asperger Syndrome is good at remembering lots of things.
However lots of products have to be produced every day, exactly and quickly, so everyone forced to omit showing its detail when changing schedule, it's just that minimum necessary is showed, so I'm forced to be confused.
However everyone is all right, except for me.
It is said the one who suffers from the...
し【What I've thought】
However without having any chance of showing English ability I'm of no use. I'm miserable.
I used to work in a factory where a water supply produces. I belonged to a department of painting, and I was charged in carrying product.
After metal sheet 板金 is done, the product is painted and assembled, so when completing one kind of product, the whole factory is scheduled minutely on that kind of product.
As a result, if a machine is disorder, the schedule doesn't go well, so each department has to adjust each other, including the department of painting where I belonged to.
さ【What I've thought】
I'm sure I've suffered from Asperger Syndrome. It's autism without intellectual disorder.
To my sorrow,I can't do what others can easily.
When working in a factory, there are the ones who have just graduated from high school every spring. While they can do something at ease, but I can't.
On the other hand I can do other thing easily comparatively what others can't, as long as I'm interested in it, for example it's English. It seems that my concentration is better than others as long as being interested in it.
However without having any chance of showing English...
こ【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[A new thought for diplomacy which finished the Cold War]
Both of countries continued to increase missiles loaded nuclear weapons each other, being based on a terrible balance, a theory on nuclear deterrence.
SDI is a next plan.
Even if a missile loaded nuclear weapon came flying from Soviet, lots of artificial satellites in the outer space launched a laser, and destroyed the missile, so prevented the missile from reaching America.
If having completed it, without fearing Soviet, America took into action, so the position of Soviet became worse decisively.
け【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[A new thought for diplomacy which finished the Cold War]
Soviet need to relax a tension between nations in order to devote itself to domestic problems, especially having a sense of impending crisis that America started a plan of SDI under then the President Reagan.
SDI is an abbreviation of Strategic Defense Initiative.
Both America and Soviet had missiles loaded plenty of nuclear weapons.
If the enemy launches a nuclear missile, we also do the missiles which annihilates the enemy as revenge.
Both the countries continued to increase missiles loaded...
く【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[A new thought for diplomacy which finished the Cold War]
Adopting a plan in cooperation with America, going ahead with a reduction in armanents on nuclear weapons, helping military force in foreign countries, Stopping or reducing to intervene in other countries, and giving up a competition of expanding armanents.
With those plan,Gorbachev tried to reduce economic burden and to gain economic assistant from the West.
As its economy was stagnant, Soviet didn't have enough power to continue to compete with America for expanding armanent. It had to relax...
き【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
『Column,a false on SDI』
However, America spread propaganda as if it had been realizable so as to pull out Soviet in a place of negotiation on reduction in armanents of nuclear weapons.
Soviet was neatly entangled in a bluff by America.
I'm going to express on the SDI later.
[A new thought for diplomacy which finished the Cold War]
While the perestroika and glasnost' were domestic reforms, a new thought for diplomacy was other one against a foreign policy.
Adopting a plan in cooperation with America, going ahead with a reduction in armanents on...
か【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[Glasnost' was done]
Besides, it turned out that damage expanded and situation became worse because the information wasn't opened in public quickly, so Gorbachev felt keenly opening the information was to be done.
『Column, False on SDI』
Though a plan on SDI made Soviet be frightened, American side disclosed that the SDI was very unpracticable.
If a missile come flying across the space in the universe with a breaknech speed, then trying aiming at it with a lazer from far distance exactly wasn't done easily, even if spending on it plenty of money.
お【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[Glasnost' was done]
The people in Soviet didn't know how much their country came to a deadlock because there was no freedom of the press.
Going ahead with the opening information, making the people understand problems, and trying to go ahead with better reform, Gorbachev thought like that.
The disaster in the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl accelerated the opening information. The disaster showed how careless Soviet controlled safety because the nation was covered with a secret veil.
Besides it turned out that damage was expanded and situation became...
え【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
『Column, a nuclear power plant disaster in Chernobyl』
As the radioactivity reached Northern Europe with wind, measuring instruments for the radioactivity showed something unusual, so other nations in the world knew the nuclear power plant disaster in Soviet.
Secretive methods in Soviet was criticized severely then.
[Glasnost was made progress.]
Gorbachev thought glasnost was needed so as to go ahead with the perestroika. Glasnost means opeining information in Russian.
The people in Soviet didn't recognize how much Soviet came to a deadlock because...
う【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[A nuclear power plant disaster in Chernobyl]
...explosion of steam expanding explosively happened then. Lots of radioactivity was sprouted out because of the explosion.
It is said that about no less than three hundred thousand people died in total in Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus until April in 1997 after the disaster.
When the disaster broke out, without being informed the outbreak of the disatser itself by then the government in Soviet, taking refuge and its measure were delayed.
As the radioactivity reached Northern Europe with wind, measuring..
い【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
『Column, a nuclear power plant disaster in Chernobyl』
Temperature rose sharply in a nuclear reactor because of a thoughtless way of without stopping driving the nuclear reactor doing trial was done in Chernobyl April in 1986.
Though trying to stop driving in haste, the tempearture rose so extremely that lots of steam generated and the nuclear reactor exploded.
It seemed to be easy to misnuderstand, but it doesn't always mean it was an explosion like the one of an atomic bomb.
When water was heated so suddenly and became steam, the explosion of steam...
あ
【A nation of Soviet disappeared】
[Perestroika was a password]
Gorbachev thought he needed to get rid of a fault of socialism that whether or not working hard, its salary is the same so as to reform stagnant economy in Soviet.
He permitted private companies of small scale in economy made from state enterprises alone, besides he introduced a system of paying a bonus according to its work and sales in order to stimulate for producing eager for all the workers.
『Column, a nuclear power plant disaster in Chernobyl』
A temperature in an atomic reactor rose because of a thoughtless way of..
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アザーズ🫡 ここは楽しくな〜んでも話せる「憩いの場所🍀」となっており〜ま〜す🤗 日頃の事…
365レス 3260HIT 理沙 (50代 女性 ) 名必 年性必 -
母親の誕生日プレゼント何が良い？
来週の金曜日は私の母親の誕生日です、誕生日なので母親の好きな物や欲しい物をプレゼントしよう、と思った…
30レス 467HIT 張俊 (10代 男性 ) -
親が会社に挨拶、、
私はシングルマザーなのですが、子供2人が同時にインフルとコロナになり、会社に迷惑かけました。 社長…
13レス 417HIT おしゃべり好きさん ( 女性 ) -
高熱だと知り長時間放置
先日、私が高熱が出た時の話です。 彼は、彼と一緒に過ごした日が風邪の原因だと、何回も謝って…
13レス 457HIT 社会人さん (20代 女性 ) -
彼氏と分かり合えない。納得できない
親を大事にしない人嫌いって言われました。 私はただ連絡を取りたくないから疎遠になっただけ。 …
85レス 2451HIT おしゃべり好きさん (30代 女性 ) -
がんばっても何も言ってもらえない会社
仕事でがんばっても、成果をだしても、結果をだしても何も言ってもらえない。 がんばってるね、ありがと…
11レス 295HIT 気になるさん - もっと見る
