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Science,English,and math Ⅱ

レス500 HIT数 5797 あ+ あ-

燻し銀三( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )
19/02/13 18:26(更新日時)

【Science,English,and math Ⅱ】

I'm going to start a new thread from now on. It seems that the description on the book of which title,『トリセツ.カラダ』will be over befere long,so after that I'll express on the math,I hope so.

I've wanted to be a splendid English speaker someday,so I've expressed some of English thread,but I'm afraid I find it hard that my hope comes true,but I won't give up,for it seems that I love English.

There are lots of things which I don't know in the world,so I've wanted to express the unknown world for me as much as I can.

No.2441339 17/03/05 20:17(スレ作成日時)

新しいレスの受付は終了しました

投稿順
新着順
主のみ
付箋

No.1 17/03/07 00:42
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Putting the internal organ away in the body】

《The system of the circulatory organ》

The heart is set at the back of the breastbone. Then main artery starts from the heart. It advances toward the head and it draws a hairpin curve and goes down through the side of the backbone. It branches into the two directions of right and left at the height of the waist and goes to the both of the feet.

The artery which goes to the both arms diverges right and left above the hairpin curve. The artery which goes to the right arm branches into other artery which goes to the head on the way.Renal artery 腎動脈 of left and right starts at the height of the waist. Veins accompany the artreies.

Putting the system of the circulatory organ in the body is over.

《The system of the respiratory organ 呼吸器》

Lungs of which shape is a fan are set at the left and right on the breast. Both of the lungs are connected with tubes called the trachea 気管 at the center of the breast,and the tubes are collected to on …

No.2 17/03/12 06:07
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Putting the internal organ away in the body】

《The system of the respirarory organ》

The tubes called trachea 気管 are collected to on the back of the heart and become one. The trachea which is next to the gullet 食道 leads to the mouth. Putting the system of the respiratory organ away is over.

《The system of the digestive organs》

Part one,the solid organs. The pancreas 膵臓 and duodenum 十二指腸 are outside the peritoneum 腹膜. The pancreas is in the center of the body. It clings to the back. It looks like a thin pennant. The liver is on the right of the pit on the stomach みぞおち. The liver is at the back of the rib. Its shape is a big inverted triangle.

Part two,the digestive organs. The gullet is through the diaphragm 横隔膜 and is connected with the stomach. The stomach is connected with the duodenum. The duodenum runs around the upper part of the pancreas. Its route looks like the U-shaped type コの字形.

The end of the duodenum is connected with the long small intestine. The large and small …

No.3 17/03/12 06:46
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Putting the internal organs away in the body】

《The system of the digestive organs》

Part two,the digestive organs. The large and small intestines start at the lower left of the body and are connected with the appendix. The large intestine runs around the outer frame in the stomach. Its route looks like a question mark. The large intestine runs through the rectum 直腸 and reaches the anus.

Part three,the connection between the solid organs and the digestive organs. The bile duct 胆管 starts from the liver and the pancreatic duct begins from the pancreas. The bile duct and the pancreatic one is connected and we call it the common bile duct. It's connected with the duodenum. Putting the digestive organs away is over.

《The system of the urinary organs》

Although when the body is built up,the urinary organs and sexual organs grow together,so we tend to confuse with them,they are different mechanism in regard to each function. The pancreas is outside the peritoneum 腹膜,and it's at the…

No.4 17/03/18 08:22
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Putting the internal organs away in the body】

《The system of the urinary organs》

The pancreas is at the height of the waist and it's on the both side of right and left of the back. Its size is a fist. The right one is a little lower position because of the kidney. The pancreas is connected with the main artery direct. Its blood vessel is thick.The ureter 尿管 starts from the dent of which size is a broad bean and it's connected with bladder. Putting the urinary system away is over.

《The system of the sex organs》

An ovary and a testis 精巣 is a size of the egg of a quail. The ovary is inside of the body and the testis is outside of the body. When being unborn baby,both of the ovary and testis is inside of the body,but after his birth the testis is outside of the body.

The ovary is connected with the womb through an oviduct 卵管 and the ovum is released in the womb. The sperm is released through a spermaduct and the prostate 前立腺. Its goal is the womb. Both of the ovary and testis…

No.5 17/03/18 21:55
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Putting away the internal organs away in the body】

《The system of sex organs》

Both the ovary and testis produce hormone as the organs of internal secretion. Putting away the sex organs is over.

《The system of the internal secretion》

All the organs of the internal secretion are the size from an azuki bean to an egg of a quail. It's just that they are connected with the blood vessels,so we have only to recognize each place.

The pituitary gland 脳下垂体 is in the center of the brain stem. Its size is as big as big a soybean.

The thyroid gland 甲状腺 is the organ which clings under the Adam's apple. Its shape looks like a nymphalidae butterfly タテハ蝶

The adrenal gland 副腎 looks like a broad bean in regard to its size and shape. It clings to upper part of the kidney.

I hope you can grasp the whole image of the body. I'm going to express the way of indicating of the illustration of the internal organs in the body from now on.

At first we draw a horizontal line on the body. Its upper part…

No.6 17/03/18 22:31
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【The way of indicating the illustration of the intenanal organs in the body】

Its upper part is the breast and lower part is the body. Its border is the diaphragm 横隔膜. There are ovals both on the right and left of the breast. There are lungs. The left one is a little smaller than the right one.

The right lung is divided into three parts and the left one is done into two parts. There is the heart between the lungs. The left part of the heart is a little bigger than the right part. The heart and the lungs are put in perfectly.

The gullet 食道 runs through from the upper part to the lower part at the back of the heart. It's connected with the stomach.

The heart is divided into the four parts. The duodenum 十二指腸 starts from the stomach. Its shape looks like コ,which is one of Japanese phonetic syllabary カタカナ. The pancreas is put in the dent of the コ.

The small intestine starts from the duodenum and its resembles like a hairpin curve. It stops at the right lower part of the stomach.

No.7 17/03/19 07:54
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【The way of indicating the illustration of the internal organs in the body】

Oh! I've made a mistake! The small intestine stops not at the lower right part of the stomach but at the right abdominal region. The large intestine starts there. We call the place the cecum 盲腸,and the appendix is suspended there.

To be exact the cecum is different from the appendix with regard to the structure of the body. The large intestine has each name in each different place. The place where the small intestine changes into the large intestine. We call it the cecum,and there is the appendix at the tip of the cecum. The appendix is suspended from the cecum as if it were a tail.

We say commonly suffering from the appendicitis 盲腸炎,it's an inflammation 炎症 in the appendix. It doesn't happen in the cecum exactly.

The large intestine runs through along the innner frame of the whole body. It looks like a big ? mark. It starts from the right abdominal region,and runs through right upper,left lower,left …

No.8 17/03/19 07:54
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【The way of indicating the illustration of the internal organs in the body】

Oh! I've made a mistake! The small intestine stops not at the lower right part of the stomach but at the right abdominal region. The large intestine starts there. We call the place the cecum 盲腸,and the appendix is suspended there.

To be exact the cecum is different from the appendix with regard to the structure of the body. The large intestine has each name in each different place. The place where the small intestine changes into the large intestine. We call it the cecum,and there is the appendix at the tip of the cecum. The appendix is suspended from the cecum as if it were a tail.

We say commonly suffering from the appendicitis 盲腸炎,it's an inflammation 炎症 in the appendix. It doesn't happen in the cecum exactly.

The large intestine runs through along the innner frame of the whole body. It looks like a big ? mark. It starts from the right abdominal region,and runs through right upper,left lower,left …

No.9 17/03/19 08:52
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【The way of indicating the illustration of the internal organs in the body】

The ? mark of the large intestine starts from the right abdominal region,and runs through the upper right,upper left,left abdominal region,and reaches the center of the lower part of the body. We call the goal the rectum 直腸.

There is the liver of which shape is a triangle at the right upper part of the body. There is a bag called the gallbladder 胆嚢 under the liver. The liver is in front of the large intestine.

The biliary 胆管 starts from the gallbladder. The pancreatic duct runs through the center of the pancreas. The biliary and the pancreatic duct are connected and we call it the common bile duct 総胆,and the common bile duct leads to the duodenum and there is an opening there.

There are kidneys of which shape are oval next to the small intestine. They are both on the right and left side of the small intestine. There is the bladder 膀胱 at the center of the body. It's connected with both of the kidneys…

No.10 17/03/25 15:22
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【The way of indicating the illustaration of the internal organs in the body】

The bladder is connected with the kidneys of the both sides on the right and left side by the ureter. Sticking the spleen 脾臓 of which shape is oval at the end of the pancreas. In the next,I'm going to start the way of putting away the system of the blood vessels away in the body.

The main artery of which mark is ? starts from the heart to the waist. There are 8 of the artreys branching off from the main artery. Each of them runs through the right hand,left place on the jaw,left hand,right foot,left foot,both kidney of right and left side,and abdominal cavity. 腹腔.The artrey which runs through the right hand and the head,so it forks into two.

The way of the illustration of the internal organs in the body is over,so everyone can illustrate. If trying to do,it'll be actually simple. If repeating to illustrate it,everyone will be surprised,for it will know throughly on the body unconsciously.

No.11 17/03/25 16:00
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Putting together the functions in the body】

《The nervous system》

What to receive,or what to feel is sent or received with the electrical signal in the nervous system,the center of its role is the central nerves,from the cerebrum 大脳. The net of peripheral nerve 末梢神経 spreads over the whole body from the cerebrum. Its basic unit is connection of nerve cells. We also call the nerve cell neuron.

《The system of blood vessel》

The system of blood vessel delivers necessary materials over the whole body,and collects unnecessary ones. Its center of the role is the heart in the breast. The net of the blood vessel spreads over the whole body from the heart through the order of the artrey,the capillary tube 毛細血管,and the vein.

《The respiratory system 呼吸器系統》

An alveolus 肺胞 is a basic unit in the lung. The oxygen is absorbed in the alveolus. The waste of the carbon dioxide is discharged from the alveolus into the blood at the same time. Its center of the role is the breast and the lung.

No.12 17/03/25 16:36
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Putting together the functions in the body】

《The system of the digestive organs》

The neutrient is taken in from the mouth as food and and absorbed in the capillary vessels of the mucous membrane 粘膜 of the small intestine through the digestive organs. The nutrient is sent into the liver and stored there. After that it's
delivered all the internal organs with circulation of the blood.

The center of the role is the digestive organs in the abdomen. Water is absorbed in the mucous membrane of the large intestine and sent into the lymph vessel,or the blood vessel.

《The system of the urinary organs》

The waste in the blood is filtered through the glomerule 糸球体. The glomerule is a kind of the capillary vessel,and a part of a basic unit of the kidney called nephron. The waste is abandoned from the bladder as urine.

《The system of sex organs》

Sperm is produced in the testis 精巣 in the body of a male,and the ovum 卵子 is produced in the ovary 卵巣 in the body of a female. The female has the…

No.13 17/03/31 06:31
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Putting together the functions in the body】

《The system of sex organs》

The women have the womb where a fertilized egg is brought up to be an unborn baby.

《The system of internal secretion》

It's the internal organs which secrete the hormone in the blood. When secreting the hormone,there are the internal organs as target,and the secreting the hormone acts on there alone,it's so to speak,a special order.

《Homeostasis 恒常性》

There is the border between the body and its outside. Taking in necessary things inside the body from the outside and releases unnecessary things outside the body. It's the basic rule. It means that the body wants always to keep a fixed stable situation. For example,the blood pressure is 120,the cardiac rate 80,and the temperature 36.

We call the function which tries to keep the fixed stable situation the maintenance of the homeostasis. If saying it in other words,the body is the system which maintains the homeostasis. The mechanism of the body looks like…

No.14 17/03/31 08:37
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Homeostasis】

The body looks complicated seemingly,but it's simple actually. Both of the necessary and unnecessary things go in and out through the capillary vessels,of which aim is keeping the stable and fixed situation of the body.

【Medical outline】

《Living and dying》

Living is opposite of dying. Living means breathing,its heart beats,and being able to think something. Being dead is opposite of them. When being dead,no one breathes,its heart stops,and it's unconscious.

Being dead means that both its breath and the beat of the heart stops,and dilatation of the pupil 瞳孔散大. They are the three symptoms of the death. The dilatation of the pupil means losing light reflex 対光反射.

Light makes the diameter of the pupil change. The brighter the light is,the larger the diameter of the pupil becomes. The amount of the light which reaches to the pupil is controlled with the reflex. As a result the retina can adapt itself to various the strength of light. It means that the brain stops …

No.15 17/03/31 10:23
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Medical outline】

《Living and dying》

In short,the dilation of the pupil means stopping the activity in the brain. Thus both of stopping breathing,and beating the heart,and the dilation of the pupil which is the brain death used to be the three symptom in regard to the death long ago.

However with the development of the medical science,the one could have been dead in the old days isn't dead easily. Even if it stops breathing,an respirator 人工呼吸器 can support its life. In consequence,some people have appeared. They think of the loss of conscious as important element concerned the death. When the one was falls into the situation of the brain death,it means that the one is dead really. It's the conception of the brain death.

There is a reason for the rule of the brain death,for the internal organs of the one who was the brain death is transplanted to others,but there have been other various opinions on the brain death,so the discussion on the brain death has been done both in …

No.16 17/03/31 10:52
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Medical outline】

《We don't have to be afraid of being dead》

There have been such the other various opinions on the brain death that the discussion on the brain death has gone on both in the academic meeting and the National Assembly.

Everyone is always dead once. No one is immortal. The author of the book said in the book like the next. "I'm sure the duty of the one who is alive is going on living until being dead." He continued like the next.

Even if being able to live a long life,the ones who read this book can't live for 100 years from now on. On the other hand,4,6 billion years have past since the earth was born. We the human beings have appeared on the earth and long years have passed but it's below a billion years.

If comparing it with the human life span which is at most about a century,it's just for an instant,however even if it's for an instant,how elaborate the body of we the human beings are made! Each of our bodies is a precision instrument. If trying to create the…

No.17 17/03/31 11:37
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Medical outline】

《We don't have to be afraid of being dead》

If trying to create the same things as our bodies,even if its budget is ¥10 billion,it won't be enough,so we're the one who are worth ¥ 10 billion,however even if we take care of ourselves and we do our best,we'll always be dead a hundred years later. Therefore we should live until being dead. It's one of choices.

The author continues. "If coming across the situation in which you are forced to feel like dying,I want you to remember my remarks once. 『We don't have to make a haste so much,for we'll always be dead 100 years later.』There is one more thing. 『If having to face something dangerous,we don't have to do our best,it's just that we have only to run away from it.wwwww.』

《Death and medical science》

The death of myself has nothing to do with me at all,for I myself can never think of it after my death. In short the death is the conception for others who are still alive. The way of dealing with the dead shows an …

No.18 17/03/31 12:58
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Medical outline】

《Death and medical death》

The way of dealing with the dead shows a basic attitude for the way of handling the others who are still alive. If being dead,its consciousness disappears. Then no one can feel happy,sad,painful,nor hard. In short our death itself doesn't matter at all for us.

We don't have to think of the thing after our death. It's the thing which others do. In fact our death is the business for the others who are still alive. Then do we have to think nothing about the our death? No,for everyone is always dead,so everyone has to think over the universal thing. Then what should we do?

Its answer is that we should think over what to do after others' deaths. It links to the thing which we want others to do after our death.

《If others are dead》

The author said in the book. "I find it important to research the cause of death of the others. Researching the cause of the others means thinking of them as something great. If being aware of the cause of …

No.19 17/03/31 20:41
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Medical outline】

《If others are dead,what should we do?》

For example,if being aware of cause of the death of a near relative like a grandfather,its relatives will be relieved. If unable to being aware of the reason why he was dead,its relatives' remain being worried about his death. As a result it's important for others who are still alive to research the cause of the death.

《An anatomy》

Researching the cause of the death used to be a good chance for studying from a medical point of view. It had been said that the anatomy was a basis for the medical science from the time of Hippocrates. The general idea hadn't changed until the end of the 21th century.

A phrase that a corpse is an active master for studying the medical science has been said in China too,so as to the anatomy, it's no doubt that learning from the corpse was natural from the standpoint of the medical science in the world.

When doing the anatomy,the corpse is mutilated,its internal organs are taken away from the…

No.20 17/03/31 21:17
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Medical outline】

《An anatomy》

When doing the anatomy,the corpse is mutilated,its internal organs are taken away from the corpse,and the corpse is damaged extremely. It's a hard work. The anatomy is researching the cause of the death by damaging the corpse. Roughly speaking,there are two reasons for the anatomy.

The anatomy is done so as to be verified that the person wasn't dead unfairly. Then the anatomy is done for the society. The anatomy is done in order to research the cause of the death and to make good use of it for the medical development.

However there are lots of people who hate to being damaged the corpse of the family members,so the anatomy has hardly been done recently in Japan. Considering the situation,if the Japanese society is criticized that it has made light of the medical base,none of us the Japanese can talk back to it.

《Autopsy imaging appears》

To be exact,the phrase that just after being dead researching the cause of the dead is rather fovorable than …

No.21 17/03/31 23:42
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Medical outline】

《Autopsy imaging appears》

To be exact,the phrase that just after being dead,researching the cause of the death is more favorable rather than the anatomy,for after being death,the corpse always doesn't have to be done the anatomy because of the autopsy imaging.

The anatomy began to decline from the latter part in the 21th century,and the medical science was on the verge of a crisis little by little,but a new technology appeared then,and situation that after being dead,the way of researching the cause of the death has made a rapid progress as general idea because of the autopsy imaging.

The autopsy imaging is the way of diagnosis of the corpse with its image. When being dead,checking up the outward appearance of the corpse was done,and the anatomy was done in the 20th century,but the situation has changed dramatically from the 21th century.

If using the autopsy imaging,without being damaged the corpse,the cause of the death can be researched,so the new technology…

No.22 17/04/01 00:27
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Medical outline】

《Autopsy imaging appears》

The new technology called the autopsy imaging seems to have changed the society and medical science so much. Instead of the anatomy,without being damaged the corpse,the autopsy imaging can research the cause of the death. The family members' feeling doesn't hurt so much,if comparing it with the anatomy.

However the autopsy imaging isn't always almighty,so it sometimes seems to fail to clarify unclear part of the death,so then the anatomy is forced to be done,but the family members seem to be easy to accept the situation then. By the way an abbreviation of the autopsy imaging is Ai.
《The Ai cooperates with the anatomy and both of them functions smoothly》

The Ai isn't always an examination which expels the anatomy. It's the examination which makes up for the fault of the anatomy,but the Ai is the examination which is done at first easily,so just after being dead when researching the corpse is done,instead of the anatomy,the Ai will be …

No.23 17/04/01 01:09
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Medical outline】

《The anatomy corporates with the Ai and both of them functions smoothly》

The Ai is the easy examination and is done at first,so just after death,when researching the cause of the death,instead of the anatomy,the Ai will be made use of more and more in the future. On the other hand,the anatomy will display its efficiency as assistant for the Ai from now on.

《The people who object to the Ai》

It is regrettable when something new starts,some people who object to it appear. For example,the people who object to the Ai are government officials. They seem to insist on like the next.

The Ai is such a device for new examination that it costs a lot of money.

By the way,my electric dictionary is suddenly out of order. Its button doesn't function any more,so I'm forced to stop describing. I'm sorry for it.

No.24 17/04/01 16:43
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Medical outline】

《The people who object to the Ai》

The government officials continue like the next. "Japan is filled with such the debt that we can't spend any money on the device at all" if changing their viewpoint,it seems that they make little of our near relatives' death. They've thought little of us,haven't they?

《Other people who object to the Ai》

There are other people who object to the Ai. They are the one who have been engaged in the autopsy,for example,specialists in the forensic medicine 法医学,or pathologists 病理医学者

The Ai doesn't make anyone understand the cause of the death entirely,so we have to dissect 解剖 the corpse for ourselves. They have insisted on like that,but they are in the wrong.

While there are more than a million of people who are dead in Japan every year,there are no more than 50 thousand people who are dissected. Without being dissected,the cause of death of the great number of people have been set up every year. Therefore,researching the cause of…

No.25 17/04/01 17:17
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Medical outline】

《Other people who object to the Ai》

Therefore researching the cause of the death with the Ai is vital at least.

The people who are engaged in the autopsy are afraid that their job will decrease,if the Ai is introduced,so they've spread bad things on the Ai,and they've tried to do the Ai for themselves,but what they have done is beside the point.

There are difference between the autopsy and the Ai on the technical skill. They are different as if they were succer and swimming. The insistence of the people who are engaged in the autopsy is as if a swimmer insisted on being a regular player in soccer in what is called J league. They are calling at the wrong house. 御門違い

《There are another people who object to the Ai》

There are another people who object to the Ai. They are the doctors who do diagnosis with the Ai. They hate to do the new job,so they use various excuses and try to avoid the new job,for example,they are busy,they can win little money with the Ai…

No.26 17/04/02 10:11
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Medical outline】

《There are another people who object to the Ai》

They are busy,they earn little money with the Ai,they can't get help from another,they can't understand how to do it,the Ai isn't their job,etc…they are their excuse to neglect their job. They think they have only to do their job as usual. They are frequently in high position in a learned society.

Without understanding the Ai,some people object to the Ai so much that the Ai has hardly spread in the world. There are lots of obstinate people who are in high position. It's the defect in Japanese society,but residents strongly want the Ai to be introduced into the society,so I want the people in high position to listen humbly to the voice of the residents.

The author of the book said like that.

Roughly speaking,I've finished describing the book of トリセツ.カラダ カラダ地図を描こう. There are a few pages left at the end of the book,but I'm going to omit them. Next time I'm going to express the book on math. I hope I can carry it out.

No.27 17/04/02 17:52
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Mechanism of number】

《The concept which starts from counting something》

We can imagine easily the concept that math starts from counting something from the historic point of view. When counting apples,oranges,or other things,the concept of the numbers like 1,2,3,is abstracted from the different kinds of things. It's what is called the birth of a natural number.

We've used the numbers without difficulty at present but we the human being would have needed a long history until we got the concept,for there is a big difference between counting something and grasping the number abstractly.

Needless to say the abstract has never been done by the specific person alone. It has been recognized by lots of people through the long history gradually.

When counting apples or oranges,arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction were introduced in the society naturally. How much they can count is aside,small ones in the natural number seemed to be recognized naturally.

No.28 17/04/15 08:57
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Mechanism of number】

《The concept which starts from counting something》

The concept which starts from the natural number leads to the discovery of zero and introduction of minus number,and integral numbers are 整数 completed. Dividing something into some parts expands to rational numbers. The rational number means the a fractional number of which both denominator 分母 and numerator 分母 are composed with the integral number.

Irrational number which is an answer of a square root 平方根 is added to the rational number,and real number is
completed,but the announcement of the irrational number has been restrained for a while,for some mathematician like Pythagoras found hard that other people accepted the concept of the irrational number.It seemed that they were conscious that the irrational number was something unnatural as its name is indicated.

Imaginary numbers 虚数 are added to the real numbers,and the expansion of the number comes to an end for the time being,but its process …

No.29 17/04/15 09:50
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

The expansion of the numerical concept seems to come to an end for the time being,but its distance has never been easy. The numerical concept which we the human being have gained through the long history is the valuable thing which was brought by wisdom of the human being.

【Discovery of zero】

《Being conscious clearly that there is nothing and displaying it. It's significant》

Zero in math means that there is nothing. There is nothing but is there something significant for the existence? Some people may have thought like a simple question,for we've been used to the 『0』so much everyday that we are hardly aware of its benefit unless being asked.

It is said that India is the birthplace of the symbol of zero,0. When looking up a star which is blinking in the night sky,it looks like a dot or a small circle,so the Indian described the star with ・or 0. They called the zero シューニャ in their language. The シューニャalso means the god who created the world in India.

The concept of the シューニャ…

No.30 17/04/15 18:26
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Discovery of zero】

《Being conscious clearly that there is nothing and displaying it. It's siginificant》

It seems that the conception of zero which means nothing had learned to be described with either of the sign of ・or 0,coupled with the religious reason in India.

There are two significance of existence with regard to the zero. The one is it indicates the situation of nothing. The other is it's useful when dictating its digit for some number like 230.

When describing some number,the decimal classification system or the binary classification system are used. Then the sign of 0 is indispensable.

Some people used to put space where there should be the zero long long ago,but we find it hard to recognize how many number of the zero there are. At first,if the number of the first digit is zero,we aren't sure whether or not there is the space there.

The digits are described with Chinese characters like 一、十、百、千、万、億 in both Japan and China. There are each name for each digit in…

No.31 17/04/30 08:47
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Discovery of zero】

《Being aware clearly that there is nothing and displaying it. It's important》

There are each name for each digit in each country,but the way of displaying numbers has a limit. The concept of a number like the binary system or decimal system overcomes the limit and then the zero is indispensable.

For example,there is a number 31415906535897932304626. Instead of the Arabic numericals,if trying to display it with Chinese character it's 三百十四垓千五百九十京六千五百三十五兆八千九百七十九億三千二百三十万… 

I should display the number in English,but I won't,for I find it complicated,so I'm forced to recognize the zero is indispensable.

When looking around us,we find the place is filled with the zero. For instance,"A start from zero" "Water is frozen at 5 degree centigrade" or "An out-of-town telephone call 市外局番 zero"

【The part of minus number】

《If making use of the numbers dynamically,a minus number appears inevitably》

The number is used when counting something,it takes a step,we've learned to…

No.32 17/04/30 09:24
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【The part of zero】

《If taking advantage of each number dynamically,a minus number appears inevitably》

The number is used when counting something,and it takes a step forward,we've found calculates are useful.

There are three apples,and there are five apples. If adding two of them there are eight apples,so addition is introduced into us naturally,so subtraction is also same…I want to say so,but it's not so easy.

There are 5 apples. Then we can take 3 apples,but when there are 3 apples we can't take 5 apples. A minus number appears after being worried about the situation.

There are 3 apples. It means that the number of the apples are three,but is there the minus number of the apple? It doesn't exist at all,but we make use of the minus number. Why? In short,it's like the next.

The minus numbers correspond to phenomena in natural science or the situations of our activities everyday as the human being,and when displaying it the minus number is useful. In other words,there are lots of…

No.33 17/04/30 10:20
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【The part of a minus number】

《If making use of a number dynamically,a minus number appears inevitably》

In other words,there are lots of phenomena naturally which correspond to the minus number. The author indicates some examples for it.

For example,let's suppose that I had income of $ 300,and if spending $ 500, I'm $ 200 in the red. Then a theory that the part of the red is minus stands up.

Or there is a basic point. Let's suppose that its eastward was plus. Then if walking 7kilometers eastward and walking 10 kilometers westward,it means 7 - 10 = -3. It means I'm at the point of 3 kilometer the westward and I'm at the point of -3 kilometers the eastward. It's the way of thinking as vector.

Descartes displayed some numbers on a number line 数直線. The numbers displayed on the number line would have extended to a real number later. The number line on which an equation of 3-5 is displayed is in the book.

The real number means that a rational number like a fractional number or…

No.34 17/04/30 17:20
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【The part of a minus number】

《If making use of a number dynamically,a minus number appears inevitably》

The real number means rational number like a fractional number or irrational number.

When solving an equation,if its answer was minus,it didn't used to be permitted as answer from the historic point of view. We used to think the minus number was irrational one. Its days of obscurity lasted long.

Geometric idea of the number line by Descartes removed the blot on its name. To tell the truth,the geometric idea saved the crisis of existence of an imaginary number 虚数.

【Expansion to an irrational number】

《The concept of the number extends from calculations like addition,subtraction,multiplication,and division to rational number》

There are 6 apples. If three people wants to take the apples equally,two apples have to be distributed to each of the three,but if there's one apple,then the apple has to be divided into three equally. Without the remainder,no one can figure within the range…

No.35 17/04/30 17:51
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Expansion to an irrational number】

《The concept of the number extends from the four basic operation of arithmetic to rational number》

Without any remainder no one can figure within the range of integral numbers,so if wanting to divide the one into three equally,we need to think up a new number,so we are forced to describe the number was one-third. In short a fractional number appears.

The fractional number of which both of denominator 分母 and numerator 分子 are integral number is rational number. When natural number is extended to integral number,we've learned to do addition and subtraction at will,at the same time,when the integral number is extended to the rational number,we've learned to do multiplication and division at will.

In this way the system of rational number in which we can do the four basic operation of arithmetic is completed,so we can add,subtract,multiple and divide at will.

There are two simple question as to the four basic operation of arithmetic on the…

No.36 17/04/30 18:22
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Expansion to a rational number】

《The concept of number extends from the four basic operation of arithmetic to a rational number》

There are two simple questions to which almost all of us used to occur with regard to the four basic operation of arithmetic on rational number. The author said."I'm going to answer them."

The one is addition of fractional numbers. For example,when a half is added to one-third,its answer is two-fifths,isn't it? Without reducing the fractions to a common denominator 通分,we add one fractional number to the other as they are,its answer becomes like that,but needless to say it's in the wrong.

There are illustrations for the answer in the book. They are two rectangles. They are the same size,but the one is divided into two and the other is done into three,

And there are three other illustrations. Each of them are divided into six. One of them is black on the part of its one-third,and the other is black on the part of its half,and the last one is black on the…

No.37 17/05/02 09:09
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Expansion to a rational number】

《The concept of a number extends from the four basic operation of arithmetic to a rational number》

The last rectangle is black on the part of five-sixths.

The first two rectangles means the fractional numbers which aren't reduced to common denominators. The former is a half and the latter is one third.

The second three rectangles are the fractional number which are reduced to common denominators. The first is one-third,the second one is half,and the last one is five-sixths.

As for the fractional number,we can't add any of them if their denominators are different. In short reducing of fractions to a common denominator means that different sizes of the rectangles change into the same size,so we can count them easily.When each size is different,neither we can add nor subtract exactly.

When multiplying each two of minus number,its answer is plus. Why? It's other simple question.

ー2 × 3 = ー6 It means that minus 2 is added three times,so it's …

No.38 17/05/02 10:57
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Expansion to a rational number】

《The concept of a number from the basic operation of arithmetic to a rational number》

ー2 × 3 = ー 6,it means that minus 2 is added three times so it's easy to understand for even me,but ー 2 × ー 3 = 6…why? I'm going to think why it is.

Intuition tells me that minus is opposite of plus. One minus number multiply by other minus number means that opposition of the opposition,so it returns as it is,so it's plus. To tell the truth I can't understand it any more,but the book expresses like the next.

The distributive law stands up to the plus number. Considering that the distributive law stands up to the whole rational number,minus number multiple by multiple minus number becomes a plus number is indicated. By the way what is the distritbutive law?

It's the equation that a(b+c)=ab + ac. Then there are next two equations,the one is a×0=0,and and let's suppose the a was ー2,and other equation is 0 = 3ー3. It means that ー2 × 0 =3 ー3… I find it tedious…

No.39 17/05/02 11:38
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【The fact that there is an irrational number】

《Even if we can recognize the rational number,we find impossible to acknowledge an irrational number》

I don't feel like expressing the distributive law and calculation of multiplication of minus numbers no longer. I'm not interested in it at all. If you are please research it for yourself.

By the way as to the numbers which we use everyday life,as long as there are rational numbers,it looks enough,but the people in the ancient were conscious that it's insufficient. It's in relation to the Pythagorean theorem. It's relation of each of three side,x,y,and z in a right-angle triangle.

The theorems doesn't remain as geometric significance but has a tremendous impact on the concept of numbers. What is the Pythagorean theorem?

There is an isosceles triangle 二等辺三角形 which is right angle. Then two sides which aren't oblique sides 斜辺 and each length is 1. Pythagorean theorem says addition of each second power of the two sides is equal to …

No.40 17/05/07 11:43
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【The fact that ther is an irrational number】

《Even if we can recognize a rational number,we find impossible to acknowledge an irrational number?》

Pythagoras' theorem says that addition of second power of two sides is equal to the second power of the oblique. Then the length of the oblique side isn't an rational number. The Pythagoras school has discovered it.

However the demonstration in those days depended on their intuition,so it's not logical,so it's the weakness,but they acknowledged that there is a number which isn't rational number. It's significant.

However the Pythagoras school seemed to be confused the unexpected fact so much,for the fact of the irrational number is opposed to their philosophy that every length should be described with the rational numbers,so they tried to prevent it from leaking out,but it leaked out,lots of other people have learned to know in the society.

A number which is the second power of 2 is equal to the diagonal line of a regular square of …

No.41 17/05/07 19:15
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【The fact that there is an irrational number】

《Even if we can recognize a rational number,we find it impossible to find an irrational number》

A number of which is the second power of 2 is equal to the diagonal line of a regular square of which side 1 exists. We can't deny its its existence. It's not any rational number,so when describing it we need a mark something new,so √ has appeared. It is said that Descartes is the first one who start to use the mark of √.

We call the number which isn't rational number but we have to use the mark of √ a irrational number. We call the one which the rational number and irrational are united real numbers. When lined up the real numbers it becomes a line,and each point of the line is deemed a real number. In other words,the real number is the line itself. It is said that we can explain even the time with the real number.

To my sorrow even if the time is explained with the real number,I find it impossible it understand it!

I've said there is a…

No.42 17/05/26 23:57
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【A mysterious imaginary number】

《Does an imaginary number exist really?》

When being squared,is there a number which becomes minus? The people used to be worried about it long long a year ago,for when real number squares it becomes plus number or 0. As a result,no one could find the number like the imaginary one then.

We introduce a new number,it's the imaginary number,when being squared it becomes — 1. It's expressed with a sign like √—. It's in the solution of the formula in a quadratic equation 二次方程式の解の公式 when coming across the imaginary number for the first time. I'm sure I'll never come across the number until I'm dead.

Judging from its name,we seem to suffer from labor pain until we recognize the number. If the number is expanded to the imaginary number,we can solve both of the equation of quadratic,cubic,and biquadratic,but it has been unclear that the solution of the imaginary number has what kinds of meaning.

Speaking of the imaginary number,it develops into philosophical

No.43 17/05/27 02:06
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【 An imaginary number】

《Does the imaginary number exist really?》

Speaking of the imaginary number,it will get to something philosophical "Is there the imaginary number?" or “What is the imaginary number?" It is a German great mathematician Gauss who brought the dispute on the existence an end.

While real numbers are expressed on the points of a straight line,the imaginary number is expressed on the point of a coordinate 座標. Gauss thought like that. He regarded a plane as a group of dots which are the imaginary numbers. We call it a complex plane 複素平面.

The imaginary number has now been fully accepted by given the geometric feeling of the plane,though I've never accepted it at all. Too hard to understand it at all. The more I read the book,the less I can understand!

The imaginary number is indispensable not only as mathematical theory but the one in quantum mechanics 量子力学. Moreover if using the imaginary number in the electric theory,it seem that we can express its theory clearly.

No.44 17/05/27 02:43
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Simple but mysterious…】

《A prime number 素数 looks like an atom of number,for we can't resolve it the form of the product 積 any more》

The prime number is the base of natural numbers. It's one of natural numbers which is bigger than 1. If the number trying to be divided by any other number,except for 1 and the number itself,there is always a remainder.

Gauss who is a Germa great genius on math said like the next. When learning the integral numbers,its central lesson is studying the prime numbers,for however bigger number than 1,all the numbers are resolved into the products of the prime numbers.

If taking no account of its order,the way of resolving the number is only one. While all the materials are composed of atoms,all the numbers are made up with the prime numbers. While the proper of the materials has a peculiarity of the atoms and their combinations,the natural numbers has the peculiarity of the prime numbers and their combinations.

By the way how can we judge whether or not…

No.45 17/05/27 03:22
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Simple but mysterious…】

《The prime number looks like an atom in numbers,for we can't resolve it in the form of the product any more.》

By the way how can we judge whether or not it is the prime number? When being some natural number,if trying deviding with each other smaller number except for the number itself one after another,we can recognize whether or not it's the prime number.

We'll be aware instantly that we have only to try with some numbers below its square root,but if being tremendous number,it'll be hard even if we use computer,so when verifying it actually,we have to make full use of the computer plus mathematic study. We have to try saving energy.

On the other hand the prime number is frequently used for a cryptogram 暗号文 by taking advantage of its difficulty. If the prime number is so important,how many are there the prime numbers? Simple question may occur to us like that.

Unexpectedly someone answered the question in ancient time. It's Euclid who is famous in …

No.46 17/06/03 00:47
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Simple but mysterious…】

《The prime number looks like an atom in mumbles,for we can't resolve it in the form of a product any more》

Euclid is famous for in the field of geometry. Its answer is so simple. The prime numbers exist limitlessly. I'm wondering how we can find the prime number. It's the way to find the prime number from 1 to 100.

At first we take away 1. Then except for 2,we take away the multiples of the 2. Except for the 2, 3 is the smallest prime number,so except for the 3,we remove the multiple of the 3. Then except for the 3, 5 is the smallest prime number,so except for the 5,we take away the multiples of the 5…we have only to continue more and more like this.

Euclid used reductio 背理法 and demonstrates that ther are the prime number limitlessly. When demonstrating at first we deny a conclusion. Then we continue an inference 推論. Then there is a contradiction in the inference. It means that denying the conclusion is in the wrong,so the conclusion is right.

No.47 17/06/03 01:15
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【Simple but mysterious】

《A prime numbers look like an atom,for we can't resolve it in the form of product any more.》

I'm sure I need to express the content of the reductio on that there are prime numbers limitlessly,but to my sorrow I can't understand it very much,so if you are interested in it,please research for it for yourself.

【There is each meaning in each number】

Each number used to have each meaning in Ancient Greece. For example,1 means a creation,and 2 symbolizes a female,and 3 is a male. 5 which is addition of 2 and 3 means a marriage,and 6 which is special one.

Except for the 6 itself,the divisors of the 6 is 1,2,and 3. When adding three divisors,it becomes 6. The Ancient Greek found this mysterious nature,and named the 6 a perfect number. It's also an origin of Genesis 創世記 that the God creates everything in 6 days. It means that the creation of the God must be perfect.

There is a natural number,N. Except for the N itself,if adding its all divisors and it becomes N…

No.48 17/06/03 01:53
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【There is each meaning in each number】

There is a natural number,N. Except for the N,when adding its all divisors and it becomes the N,we call it a perfect number. There are other perfect numbers. The next one is 28,which is relatively easier to find. The next one is harder than we expect. Far from it,we need lots of perseverance to search it. It's 496,and the fourth is 8128. The Ancient Greek found these four numbers.

The fifth perfect number is found in the Middle Age. It's 33,550;336. There was no computer in the Middle Age,but how patient one who found the fifth perfect number,I'm wondering.

We can find 31 perfect numbers because of the computer,it seems to be less than we expect,it means that perfect ones are less,I'm wondering.

While the perfect number is the nature of the number itself,there are two kinds of numbers which are related each other. The one is the numbers of friendship and the other is the one of engagements.

There are two natural numbers,A and B. Except for…

No.49 17/06/25 18:59
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【There is each meaning in each number】

There are two natural numbers,A and B. Except for the A itself,the addition of of the divisor is equal to the B,and except for the B itself,the addition of its divisor is equal to the A. Then we call the two the number of friendship.

Except for 1 and the A itself,the addition of its divisor is equal to the B and except for 1 and the B itself,the addition of its divisor is equal to the A. Then we call the the two the number of engagement.

If trying to discover the numbers for ourselves,I'm afraid I need to have lots of patience. The smallest numbers of friendship are 220 and 284 and the smallest numbers of engagement are 48 and 75.

By the way the numbers of engagement which we have known are combinations of odd number and even number alone. The numbers of engagement of which combination is odd numbers alone or even numbers alone has never been discovered yet,so we may call them the numbers of engagement,the author said like that.

No.50 17/06/25 19:37
燻し銀三 ( 50代 ♂ Oe38xe )

【What is a function?】

《Vending machines for a soft drink or a ticket for a train are also the function》

Speaking of the function,primary function or quardratic function occur to us at once. If thinking over it a little more ,we may hit on trigonometric function三角関数,exponential one指数関数,or logarithmic one 対数関数.

We may recognize the concrete function,but when being asked,"What is the function itself?" Lots of people may find it hard to answer exactly,so at first let's start from answering the question.

As for two things when the one is fixed,the other is done. We call the relation the function. It's a grave definition with regard to the function.

For example let's suppose there was a factory. 10 cars are produced an hour there. Then the factory makes 20 cars by two hours,30 cars by 3 hours… When its time is fixed the number of cars which is produced is done. Its relation is the function. If showing the relation with a formula it's y=10x. Needless to say the x means the time and …

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